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ABSTRACT: Piling is expensive but often necessary for building of large structures, for example bridges and high rise
buildings, therefore it becomes necessary to find the best Pile Foundation design in terms of performance and economy.
The foundation cost, of real-world structural systems, can vary from 5% to 10% of the construction cost of the
superstructure while the number of piles required might exceed several hundreds or even thousands. Over the past
decades, many optimization algorithms have been developed for various engineering problems such as structural
design, transportation planning and so forth. Very few attempts, however, have been made in developing an effective
optimization methodology for foundation design. This study presents the optimization of pile foundation using
computer program in C++ that can minimize the construction cost and save time. Two different design code
procedures are considered in this study in order to assess the performance of the designs obtained during the
optimization process, namely IS: 2911 (Part I) and IS: 2911 (Part III). In this study, length of pile is reduced keeping
constant load carrying capacity by varying the parameters like shaft diameter, number of piles, bulb diameter for under-
reamed etc., and volume of earthwork and concrete has been calculated.
Keywords: Computer programming; Concrete pile; Under-reamed pile; Pile group; Optimization
1. Introduction optimized its cost on reduced volume obtained for same
Piling is expensive but often necessary for building of load (Hill, 1981; Hurd, and Truman, 2006; Poulos, and
large structures, for example bridges and high rise Davis, 1980).
buildings, therefore it becomes necessary to find the best
Pile Foundation design in terms of performance and 2. Theoretical Analysis
economy. The foundation cost, of real-world structural Different theoretical equations used for analysis and
systems, can vary from 5% to 10% of the construction design of piles have been studied. Piles are design in such
cost of the superstructure while the number of piles a way that the load coming from the structure, can be
required might exceed several hundreds or even transmitted to the soil without causing failure of soil or
thousands. At any site, if engineer is facing problems in failure of pile material and without causing settlement
providing designed length of pile then he will get (total & differential) under loading as may result in
alternative solution such as larger diameter pile of smaller structure damage.
length, more number of piles of lesser diameter which
make the pile foundation economical without 2.1 Ultimate load bearing capacity of cast-in-situ
compromising the load carrying capacity. The program concrete pile
for design of pile foundation allows the user to input data
that includes: parameters of pile and properties of soil. 2.1.1 Piles in granular soil
Different analytical equations for both cohesive and non- The ultimate load bearing capacity ( ) which the pile
cohesive soil as given in IS: 2911 (Part I) and IS: 2911 can support through the combined resistance of skin
(Part III) have been used for computer programming. For friction and point bearing for granular soils is given by
certain value of reduced length, stem diameter has been the following formula:
changed for obtaining same load and then volume of the (1)
concrete in both cases (original length and reduced length
of pile) has been calculated. Similarly, for reduced length 2.1.2 Piles in cohesive soil
of pile, no. of piles, no. of bulbs, bulb diameter, etc. has In clay soils the contribution of point bearing is small
been increased and studied at constant pile load and then compared to that of shaft skin frictional resistance. The
volume of earthwork and concrete have been computed. ultimate load bearing capacity ( ) of piles, in cohesive
In this way cost effective alternative can be selected. soils is given by the following formula:
This study presents the optimization of pile foundation (2)
using computer program in C++that can minimize the 2.2 Ultimate load bearing capacity of under-reamed
construction cost and save time. Two different design pile
code procedures are considered in this study in order to 2.2.1 Piles in cohesive soil
assess the performance of the designs obtained during the The ultimate load bearing capacity of an under-reamed
optimization process. In this study, length of pile is pile for cohesive soil is given by the following
reduced keeping constant load carrying capacity by expressions:
varying the parameters like shaft diameter, number of
piles, bulb diameter for under-reamed, etc, and volume of (3)
earthwork and concrete has been calculated. In present
work, program has been developed for checking load
carrying capacity by varying the parameters and then
1
Optimization of Pile Foundation
2.3 Estimation of earthwork and volume of concrete least cost will give the most optimum choice for the given
for cast-in-situ pile and under-reamed pile load.
1.8
Remaining volume of concrete for n number of bulb is
Volume of concrete (m3)
2
Indian Geotechnical Conference 2017 - GeoNEst
14-16 December 2017, IIT Guwahati, India
Table 2 Output of computer program for pile in non- 0.8
cohesive soil ( = 350)
Initial Diameter of Pile = 0.4 m (400 mm) 0.399 0.898 152.067 0.998
3
Optimization of Pile Foundation
1.4
more number of piles of lesser diameter or more no. of
Volume of concrete bulbs which make the pile foundation economical
1.2 without compromising the load carrying capacity. On the
1 basis of work done, results obtained and rigorous
(m3)