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Indian Geotechnical Conference 2017 GeoNEst

14-16 December 2017, IIT Guwahati, India

Analysis and Design of the Lining of Canal Tunnel


Parmeshwar Kumar Verma
Akhileshwar Kumar Singh
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jamshedpur 831014
E-mail: pkvnitjsr@gmail.com; aksingh.civil@nitjsr.com

ABSTRACT: In this study, analysis and design of lining of canal tunnel has been made for cut and cover method of
construction. The structural design of lining is affected by many factors, namely, shape of tunnel, nature of foundation,
physical properties of fill materials, overburden pressure, ground water position, etc. This work comprises of studying
different forces and moments acting on the different sections of the tunnel lining. Cut and cover tunnels can be analysed
using IS: 7563 (1986) and USBR monograph for various loading conditions and foundation reactions. In cut and cover
tunnel, due to arching effect, the overburden pressure of fill material reduces considerably. In this way, phenomenon of
arching helps in reducing the dimension of sections of tunnel lining and helps in an economical and safe design. Critical
section of the tunnel lining has been analysed. The results show that for design of canal tunnel lining, saturated
overburden fill is the most critical case. The most critical loading condition is due to overburden, backfill and empty
condition of tunnel. Buoyant force, uplift pressure and seepage force do not play vital role in most critical loading
condition. Out of the various loads acting on the tunnel lining, uniform vertical load is the most influencing load.
Thickness of the section and reinforcement required for the tunnel lining increases as the overburden above the crest,
density of backfill and radius of the tunnel lining increases.
Keywords:Lining; Tunnel; Arching of soil; Cut and cover; Earth pressure
1. Introduction 1.1 Types of lining
Tunnels play a vital role in our way of life as it ease the Earlier mainly three types of tunnel linings have been
method of transportation and canal. Lining is the used namely timber, brickwork and masonry. Timber is a
necessary permanent ground support system to the traditional building material and has been used as a
periphery of a tunnel or shaft excavation. Lining in limited scale as a structural lining in conjunction with an
tunnels is technically an important component and internal skin of brickwork or concrete. Brickwork linings
generally constitutes 30 to 40 percent of the total cost of have been used for a considerable length of tunnel. These
the tunnel. Therefore, lining operation requires are usually horse shoe shaped. Masonry linings have been
considerable study and careful planning. In this study, mostly used in canal tunnel and railway tunnel. Now a
analysis and design of lining of canal tunnel has been days various modern type of lining is being used namely
done for cut and cover method of construction. The steel linings, precast concrete tunnel linings, cast in-situ
structural design of lining is affected by many factors, concrete linings, fibre reinforced concrete linings etc.
namely, shape of tunnel, nature of foundation, physical (Ramamurthy, 2010).
properties of fill materials, overburden pressure, ground
Scope of the proposed study is to have an understanding
water position, etc.A review of available literature shows
on types of forces, reactions, thrust, shear and moments
that there is a dearth of information on the lining of
acting on the lining of canal tunnel.
tunnel. General tunnel design principals, includes site
investigation, ground characteristics, in situ monitoring, 2. Arching of soil
excavation methods, the external ground loading, and
Due to the frictional resistance provided by the vertical or
initial support methods.Lining is the necessary permanent
inclined walls, only a fraction of the self-weight of the
ground support system to the periphery of a tunnel or
backfill material is transferred to the bottom, and the rest
shaft excavation, and/or the material installed in the same
position with an inner surface suitable for the specific is transferred to the walls in the form of shear stresses.
end-use of the underground excavation. The lining may This phenomenon is known as arching. The effect of
arching therefore works in favour of the designer,
vary from limited support in a stable rock formation to
enabling the design of the buried structures and stability
continuous support in unstable ground. The term lining
analysis of the slopes to be carried out to withstand lower
does not normally include temporary support (Bickel and
loadings than what is expected when arching is ignored.
et al., 1996; Brierley et al., 2016; Hoek and Marinos ,
2009). 2.1 IS : 7563 (1986) code method
Lining in tunnels is technically an important component The code covers the structural design of cut and cover
and generally constitutes 30 to 40 percent of the total cost concrete conduits meant for transporting water under
of the tunnel. Therefore, lining operation requires pressure or otherwise. The structural design of cut and
considerable study and careful planning. Tunnels forming cover concrete conduits is affected by many factors,
part of water conductor system have to be invariably namely, type of installation, rigidity of conduit, shape of
lined with cement concrete from structural and hydraulic conduit, nature of foundation, physical characteristics and
considerations with some exceptions when the rock is degree of compaction of fill materials.
extremely hard, sound and massive (Hossam, 2011).

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Analysis and Design of the Lining of Canal Tunnel

2.1.1 Loads due to backfill


Vertical Load - The vertical load due to backfill on rigid
trench conduits resting on natural strata shall be given by
equation:
W = 10 Ct Bt2 (1)
where,
W = vertical load at the top of conduit in N/m;
= unit mass of fill material in kg/m3;
Bt = width of trench at the crown level of the
conduit in m.
H
2 Ka (B )tan,
1e t Fig. 2 Different loads acting on the tunnel with uniform
Ct = (2) foundation reaction
2Ka tan
where,
4. Result and discussion
Ka = tan2 (45- /2),
The present study of analysis and design of lining of
= angle of friction between the backfill and
canal tunnel is a live project being constructed by
the natural soil on the side of the trench,
Department of irrigation, under Swarnrekha multi-
H = difference of final grade and top of conduit,
purpose Project at Sundernagar for canal starting from
= angle of internal friction of fill material.
Ganjia Barrage (on Kharkai River) towards Jadugora,
Jamshedpur, Jharkhand. In the present work, analysis of
3. USBR Monograph Method
the forces and moments acting on D shaped tunnel
Reaction coefficients for bending moment, thrust, and
lining has been analysed properly. The most critical
shear at selected locations along the centroidal axis of the
loading condition is considered due to overburden,
conduits have been determined for 15 different loading
backfill, self-weight of structure and empty condition of
conditions. A conduit of unit length was considered in the
tunnel. If water is flowing freely inside the tunnel then it
analysis. Bending moment, thrust, and shear coefficients
will counter balance the horizontal thrust acting on the
were determined at the various locations shown, and are
tunnel lining. In rainy season or in case of flood for short
expressed in terms of unit intensity of loading and unit
duration, the backfill material gets fully saturated and this
internal crest radius. Multiplying the reaction coefficient
saturated unit weight of backfill material is creating most
by the proper load factor gives the total bending moment,
critical situation for the tunnel lining. In the present case,
thrust, or shear at the centroid of the section under
both soil and rock around the tunnel lining is encountered
consideration. In case of pure rock foundation triangular
hence as per the site condition, 40 % weightage has been
foundation reaction occurs and in pure soil uniform
given for soil and 60 % weightage has been given to
foundation reaction occurs. Various segment and
rock. This weightage depends upon the engineering
dimensions of tunnel lining has been shown in Fig. 1 and
judgement as per prevailing condition at the site. The half
Table 1. Different type of loadings on the tunnel with
of the tunnel has been divided into 14 segments and then
uniform foundation reaction has been given in Fig. 2.
moment, thrust and shear at all the segments have been
computed for different loads and reactions. For
computing moment, thrust and shear their coefficients
given by USBR has been used. After getting the
combined moment, thrust and shear, dimension of the
tunnel lining section has been designed for the critical
segment for safety of the tunnel lining.
Illustrative example
An illustrative example is considered to compute
moment, thrust and shear of D shaped tunnel for
following details:
Width of tunnel lining = 5.0 m, Height of crest = 5.0 m,
Radius of arch = 2.5 m, Height of overburden over crest
= 8.0 m, Width of trench at crest level = 7 m, Saturated
Fig.1 D Shaped tunnel lining with various segments unit weight of backfill = 22 kN/m3.

4.1 Combined moment, thrust and shear


Table - 1 Dimension of tunnel lining
For all the four loading conditions and two different
t = r/2 t = r/3 t = r/6 foundation reactions (uniform in case of soil and
triangular foundation reaction in case of rock), combined
0.33333 r 0.33333 r 0.33333 r bending moment, thrust and shear have been
D 1.50000 r 1.33333 r 1.16667 r calculated.The foundation of tunnel at the Sundernagar
site, proportion of soil and rock is 40 % and 60 %
Area (r2) 4.4635 2.7773 1.2895 respectively. So for design purpose, 40 % weightage has

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Indian Geotechnical Conference 2017 - GeoNEst
14-16 December 2017, IIT Guwahati, India
been given to soil and 60 % weightage has been given to 4.2 Arching effect
rock and combined weightage has been presented in
Arching of soil reduces the vertical stress (v) due
Figs. 3 to 5. It is totally engineering judgement of
overburden above the crest. The effect of Arching has
researcher/designer.
been shown in Table 2.
Table - 2 Comparison of vertical pressure without and
with arching effect
v (kN/m2)
Overburden v (kN/m2)
without
with arching
(m) arching
effect
effect
4 88 69.90
8 176 113.18
11 242 134.45
Fig. 3: Segment wise variation of combined moment for
canaltunnel lining for 8 m overburden above crest
4.3 Design of tunnel lining
For designing the section of the tunnel lining, the result
of maximum positive moment, maximum negative
moment, maximum thrust, maximum positive shear and
maximum negative shear has been tabulated in Table 3.
Table - 3 Maximum and minimum moment, thrust
and shear for different overburden above crest
Over- Max. Max. Max Max.
Max.
burden +ve ve +ve ve
Thru.
above mom. mom. shear shea
(kN)
crest (m) (kNm) (kNm) (kN) (kN)
Fig. 4: Segment wise variation of combined thrust for 4 191.6 -133.1 367.2 93.5 284.3
canal tunnel lining for 8 m overburden above crest 8 328.1 -215.1 600.3 170.8 466.9
11 408.3 -263.3 737.3 216.2 574.3
Segment
14 10 10 04 11

As seen in Tables 3, segment 10 is the most critical


segment because both thrust and moment acting on this
segment is maximum. If segment 10 is safe then the
whole structure will be safe. Hence, tunnel has been
designed for moment and thrust acting at segment 10.
Thickness of the section has been calculated according to
structure subjected to combined axial force and bending
moment. The result of thickness and main reinforcement
Fig. 5: Segment wise variation of combined shear for
required has been tabulated in Table 4.
canal tunnel lining for 8 m overburden above crest
Table - 4 Thickness of section required for different
Distribution of moments, thrusts and shears due to overburden over the crest
different weightage of soil and rock at different segments
(1- 14) shows that maximum bending moment occurs at Thickness of
Overburden Main
the 14th segment i.e. middle of the base slab of the tunnel section
over the crest reinforcement
lining whereas maximum thrust occurs at the 10th required
(m) required
segment i.e. at the horizontal junction of vertical wall and (mm)
base slab and maximum shear occurs at 11th segment i.e. 12 mm @ 125
at the vertical junction of vertical wall and base slab. 4 350
mm c/c
Maximum moment, thrust and shear for 4 m overburden
is 191.6024 kNm, 367.2025 kN and - 284.33 kN 16 mm @ 125
8 500
respectively which increases to 328.1206 kNm, 600.3691 mm c/c
kN and 466.987 kN respectively for 8 m overburden 20 mm @ 100
and 408.3353 kNm, 737.3749 kN and 574.314 kN 11 600
mm c/c
respectively for 11 m overburden.

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Analysis and Design of the Lining of Canal Tunnel

5. Conclusions Ramamurthy, T. (2010) Engineering in rocks for slopes,


foundations and tunnels, 2nd edition, PHI Publishers, New
On the basis of results and rigorous discussion, important
Delhi.
conclusions are drawn as follows:
Arching of soil plays very important role in
computing the loads and reactions acting on the
tunnel lining. Arching of soil reduces the vertical and
horizontal pressure due overburden above the crest.
The most critical loading condition is due to
overburden, backfill, self-weight of structure and
empty condition of tunnel. Buoyant force, uplift
pressure and seepage force do not play vital role in
most critical loading condition.
Maximum thrust and moment is developed at the
horizontal junction between side wall and the base
slab and thus it is most critical section susceptible to
failure for the tunnel lining.
Maximum shear is developed at the vertical junction
between side wall and the base slab thus it is most
critical section susceptible to failure due to shear.
Uniform foundation reaction should be taken for
pure soil foundation condition and triangular
foundation reaction should be considered for pure
rock foundation.
Out of the various loads acting on the tunnel lining,
uniform vertical load is the most influencing load.
The saturated unit weight of the backfill is the most
critical unit weight.
Moment, shear and thrust acting on the tunnel lining
increases with increase in overburden above the
crest, density of backfill, angle of internal friction of
backfill and radius of the tunnel lining.

References
Bickel, J. O., King, E. H. and Kuesel, T. R. (1996)
Tunnel engineering handbook, 2nd Edition, Kluwer
Academic Publishers, London.
Brierley, G., Gamal, M. and Berends, R. (2016), Tunnel
lining design: Seven things you need to know,
Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Congress,
ASCE, 1834-1849p.
Hoek, E. and Marinos, P. G. (2009) Tunnelling in
overstressed rock, Taylor and Francis, London.
Hossam T. (2011) Tunnel Lining Methods: Selection of
an efficient method, International Journal of Advanced
Technology in Civil Engineering, 14-20p.
IS: 7563 1986 Code of practice for structural design of
cut and cover concrete conduits.
Mouratidis, A. (2008) The Cut and Cover and Cover
and Cut techniques in highway engineering, Electronic
Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 13.
Phillips, H. B. and Allen, I. E. (1968) Beggsdeformer
stress analysis of single-barrel conduits, Bureau of
Reclamation, U. S. Government Printing Office,
Washington.

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