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ABSTRACT: In this study, analysis and design of lining of canal tunnel has been made for cut and cover method of
construction. The structural design of lining is affected by many factors, namely, shape of tunnel, nature of foundation,
physical properties of fill materials, overburden pressure, ground water position, etc. This work comprises of studying
different forces and moments acting on the different sections of the tunnel lining. Cut and cover tunnels can be analysed
using IS: 7563 (1986) and USBR monograph for various loading conditions and foundation reactions. In cut and cover
tunnel, due to arching effect, the overburden pressure of fill material reduces considerably. In this way, phenomenon of
arching helps in reducing the dimension of sections of tunnel lining and helps in an economical and safe design. Critical
section of the tunnel lining has been analysed. The results show that for design of canal tunnel lining, saturated
overburden fill is the most critical case. The most critical loading condition is due to overburden, backfill and empty
condition of tunnel. Buoyant force, uplift pressure and seepage force do not play vital role in most critical loading
condition. Out of the various loads acting on the tunnel lining, uniform vertical load is the most influencing load.
Thickness of the section and reinforcement required for the tunnel lining increases as the overburden above the crest,
density of backfill and radius of the tunnel lining increases.
Keywords:Lining; Tunnel; Arching of soil; Cut and cover; Earth pressure
1. Introduction 1.1 Types of lining
Tunnels play a vital role in our way of life as it ease the Earlier mainly three types of tunnel linings have been
method of transportation and canal. Lining is the used namely timber, brickwork and masonry. Timber is a
necessary permanent ground support system to the traditional building material and has been used as a
periphery of a tunnel or shaft excavation. Lining in limited scale as a structural lining in conjunction with an
tunnels is technically an important component and internal skin of brickwork or concrete. Brickwork linings
generally constitutes 30 to 40 percent of the total cost of have been used for a considerable length of tunnel. These
the tunnel. Therefore, lining operation requires are usually horse shoe shaped. Masonry linings have been
considerable study and careful planning. In this study, mostly used in canal tunnel and railway tunnel. Now a
analysis and design of lining of canal tunnel has been days various modern type of lining is being used namely
done for cut and cover method of construction. The steel linings, precast concrete tunnel linings, cast in-situ
structural design of lining is affected by many factors, concrete linings, fibre reinforced concrete linings etc.
namely, shape of tunnel, nature of foundation, physical (Ramamurthy, 2010).
properties of fill materials, overburden pressure, ground
Scope of the proposed study is to have an understanding
water position, etc.A review of available literature shows
on types of forces, reactions, thrust, shear and moments
that there is a dearth of information on the lining of
acting on the lining of canal tunnel.
tunnel. General tunnel design principals, includes site
investigation, ground characteristics, in situ monitoring, 2. Arching of soil
excavation methods, the external ground loading, and
Due to the frictional resistance provided by the vertical or
initial support methods.Lining is the necessary permanent
inclined walls, only a fraction of the self-weight of the
ground support system to the periphery of a tunnel or
backfill material is transferred to the bottom, and the rest
shaft excavation, and/or the material installed in the same
position with an inner surface suitable for the specific is transferred to the walls in the form of shear stresses.
end-use of the underground excavation. The lining may This phenomenon is known as arching. The effect of
arching therefore works in favour of the designer,
vary from limited support in a stable rock formation to
enabling the design of the buried structures and stability
continuous support in unstable ground. The term lining
analysis of the slopes to be carried out to withstand lower
does not normally include temporary support (Bickel and
loadings than what is expected when arching is ignored.
et al., 1996; Brierley et al., 2016; Hoek and Marinos ,
2009). 2.1 IS : 7563 (1986) code method
Lining in tunnels is technically an important component The code covers the structural design of cut and cover
and generally constitutes 30 to 40 percent of the total cost concrete conduits meant for transporting water under
of the tunnel. Therefore, lining operation requires pressure or otherwise. The structural design of cut and
considerable study and careful planning. Tunnels forming cover concrete conduits is affected by many factors,
part of water conductor system have to be invariably namely, type of installation, rigidity of conduit, shape of
lined with cement concrete from structural and hydraulic conduit, nature of foundation, physical characteristics and
considerations with some exceptions when the rock is degree of compaction of fill materials.
extremely hard, sound and massive (Hossam, 2011).
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Analysis and Design of the Lining of Canal Tunnel
2
Indian Geotechnical Conference 2017 - GeoNEst
14-16 December 2017, IIT Guwahati, India
been given to soil and 60 % weightage has been given to 4.2 Arching effect
rock and combined weightage has been presented in
Arching of soil reduces the vertical stress (v) due
Figs. 3 to 5. It is totally engineering judgement of
overburden above the crest. The effect of Arching has
researcher/designer.
been shown in Table 2.
Table - 2 Comparison of vertical pressure without and
with arching effect
v (kN/m2)
Overburden v (kN/m2)
without
with arching
(m) arching
effect
effect
4 88 69.90
8 176 113.18
11 242 134.45
Fig. 3: Segment wise variation of combined moment for
canaltunnel lining for 8 m overburden above crest
4.3 Design of tunnel lining
For designing the section of the tunnel lining, the result
of maximum positive moment, maximum negative
moment, maximum thrust, maximum positive shear and
maximum negative shear has been tabulated in Table 3.
Table - 3 Maximum and minimum moment, thrust
and shear for different overburden above crest
Over- Max. Max. Max Max.
Max.
burden +ve ve +ve ve
Thru.
above mom. mom. shear shea
(kN)
crest (m) (kNm) (kNm) (kN) (kN)
Fig. 4: Segment wise variation of combined thrust for 4 191.6 -133.1 367.2 93.5 284.3
canal tunnel lining for 8 m overburden above crest 8 328.1 -215.1 600.3 170.8 466.9
11 408.3 -263.3 737.3 216.2 574.3
Segment
14 10 10 04 11
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Analysis and Design of the Lining of Canal Tunnel
References
Bickel, J. O., King, E. H. and Kuesel, T. R. (1996)
Tunnel engineering handbook, 2nd Edition, Kluwer
Academic Publishers, London.
Brierley, G., Gamal, M. and Berends, R. (2016), Tunnel
lining design: Seven things you need to know,
Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Congress,
ASCE, 1834-1849p.
Hoek, E. and Marinos, P. G. (2009) Tunnelling in
overstressed rock, Taylor and Francis, London.
Hossam T. (2011) Tunnel Lining Methods: Selection of
an efficient method, International Journal of Advanced
Technology in Civil Engineering, 14-20p.
IS: 7563 1986 Code of practice for structural design of
cut and cover concrete conduits.
Mouratidis, A. (2008) The Cut and Cover and Cover
and Cut techniques in highway engineering, Electronic
Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 13.
Phillips, H. B. and Allen, I. E. (1968) Beggsdeformer
stress analysis of single-barrel conduits, Bureau of
Reclamation, U. S. Government Printing Office,
Washington.