2C10

Fire Resistance
of Steel Structures

Zdenk Sokol
Frantiek Wald
esk vysok uen technick v Praze
List of lessons

1) Introduction to fire safety

2) Fire load
3) Advanced fire models
4) Structural analysis at fire, steel structures at fire
5) Fire resistance of steel structures
6) Fire resistance of composite structures
7) Fire resistance of timber and aluminium
structures
8) Fire resistance of concrete structures
9) Fire resistance of timber and aluminium
structures
10) Loading at explosion
11) Structural analysis at explosion
12) Robustness
13) Fire tests
2
 Introduction
Design procedure
Properties of
steel at high
temperatures

Design models
for structural
elements

Thermal analysis Temperature

Design model
Design models of the fire compartment of structural elements
for joints

SN EN 1991-1-2 SN EN 199x-1-2 SN EN 199x-1-2

EN 1991-1-2 EN 199x-1-2 EN 199x-1-2
Conclusion

3
 Introduction
Introduction
Properties of
steel at high
temperatures
Generally, the same method as for normal temperature
is used
Design models
for structural The partial safety factor for steel at fire is
elements
M , fi 1,0
Design models The change of material properties caused by high
for joints temperature is very important
Slightly different formulas are used when resistance to
Conclusion
buckling (compression) or lateral-torsional buckling
(bending) needs to be evaluated
Attention should be paid to structural detailing, design of
joints and maintaining the structural integrity to prevent
the progressive collapse of the structure

4
 Introduction
List of contents
Properties of
steel at high
temperatures
Properties of steel at high temperature

Design models The critical temperature method

for structural
elements Classification of cross-sections
Elements in tension
Design models
for joints Beams
Elements in compression
Conclusion
Beams subject to lateral-torsional instability
Combination of bending and compression
Elements with class 4 sections
Connections

5
 Introduction
Material testing
Properties of
at high temperature
steel at high
temperatures

Grip
Design models
for structural Test specimen
elements

Thermal insulation
Design models
for joints Heating device

Conclusion
Furnace
External tenzometre
Thermocouple

Grip

6
 Introduction
Properties of steel
Properties of
at high temperature
steel at high
temperatures Reduction factor
1,0
ky,
Design models 0,9
for yield limit
for structural 0,8
elements kE,
0,7 for modulus of elaticity
0,6 ka,
Design models
for joints 0,5 for proportional limit

0,4
Conclusion 0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Temperature, C

7
 Introduction
Stress-strain diagram
Properties of
at high temperature
steel at high
temperatures

Design models
for structural
elements

Design models
for joints

Napt

Conclusion f y,

f p,

E a, = tan

p, y, t, u,
Pomrn protaen 8
 Introduction
Fire resistant steel
Properties of
steel at high
temperatures
Fire proof steel

Design models For industrial structures

for structural (furnaces, etc.) exposed to
elements
600 C to 1200 C
Fire resistant steel
Design models
for joints Fine crystal structure
(reduced sulfur content)
Conclusion
Addition of molybdenum and
niobium
Used at EXPO 2000 in Hannover -
The Christ Pavilion

9
 Introduction
Fire resistant steel FRS275N
Properties of
steel at high
temperatures
Increased yield limit at temperature 600C

Design models 1,0 ky,

for structural steel FRS275N
elements 0,9
0,8 ky,
kE,
0,7 standard steel
Design models steel FRS275N
kE,
for joints 0,6 standard steel
0,5
Conclusion 0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Temperature, C
10
 Introduction
Critical temperature
Properties of
steel at high
temperatures

Design models
for structural Stress, MPa Utilization factor, 0
elements Resistance of element 1,0

Load at fire situation 0,8

Surplus resistance
Design models
0,6
for joints Collapse

0,4

Conclusion 0,2

Critical temperature Critical temperature

0,0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Temperature, C Temperature, C

11
 Introduction
Critical temperature
Properties of
steel at high
temperatures
Attention!

Design models The formula is applicable only to elements whose

for structural resistance depends on the yield limit only (no stability
elements
effects)
1
Design models a ,cr 39,19 ln 1 482
for joints 0 ,9674 3,833
0

Conclusion
Utilization factor 0

E fi,d Load at fire

0
R fi,d,0

Resistance at fire
at temperature 20C
12
 Introduction
Classification
Properties of
at normal temperature
steel at high
temperatures
at normal
temperature
Design models
for structural
elements
where Element Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
Design models 235
for joints Flange c/tf=10 c/tf=11 c/tf=15
fy
Web in bending d/tw=72 d/tw=83 d/tw=124
Conclusion

Web in d/tw=33 d/tw=38 d/tw=42

compression

13
 Introduction
Classification
Properties of
steel at high
temperatures
The slenderness r tf
tw
b d
Design models p
for structural 28 ,4 t k
elements
c

The general formula

Design models b
for joints
p t
2 E both values depend
k
Conclusion
12 235 1 2
on the temperature

after simplification
b b b
p t t t
E
2
235 2 E E
k k 0 ,904 k

12 235 1 2
fy
12 1 2
fy fy

14
 Introduction
Classification
Properties of
steel at high
temperatures
The factor is used at normal temperature

Design models 235

for structural fy
elements

It needs to be modified at high temperature

Design models
for joints
E k E k E
E , E ,
f y , k y , f y k y , fy
Conclusion

Simplified approach is used in standards

235
0 ,85
fy

15
 Introduction
Classification
Properties of
at high temperature
steel at high
temperatures
at high
temperature
Design models
for structural
elements
reduced Element Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
Design models 235
for joints 0 ,85 Flange c/tf=10 c/tf=11 c/tf=15
fy
Web in bending d/tw=72 d/tw=83 d/tw=124
Conclusion

Web in d/tw=33 d/tw=38 d/tw=42

compression

16
 Introduction
Elements in tension
Properties of
steel at high
temperatures
Elements with uniform temperature distribution in the cross-
section
Design models A k y , f y
for structural N fi ,t ,Rd
elements M , fi

Design models
for joints
Non-uniform temperature distribution
n
Conclusion Ai k y , ,i fy
i 1
N fi ,t ,Rd
M , fi

17
 Introduction
Laterally restrained beams,
Properties of
Class 1 and 2
steel at high
temperatures
Uniform temperature distribution (constant temperature)
W pl , y k y , f y
Design models M fi ,t ,Rd
M , fi
for structural
elements

Non-uniform temperature distribution (general method)

Design models
for joints neutral axis
temperature stress

N N
Conclusion

bending moment resistance

n
Ai k y , ,i zi fy
i 1
M fi ,t ,Rd
M , fi

18
 Introduction
Laterally restrained beams,
Properties of
Class 1 and 2
steel at high
temperatures
Non-uniform temperature distribution (alternative method)
1 W pl , y k y , f y
M fi ,t ,Rd
Design models 1 2 M , fi
for structural
elements Adaptation factors
Factor 1 to take into account non-uniform temperature of
Design models the cross-section
for joints 1 = 1,00 for beams exposed on four sides
1 = 0,70 for beams exposed on three sides
1 = 0,70
Conclusion with concrete slab on the fourth side

Factor 2 to take into account non-uniform temperature of

the beam
2 = 0,85 for intermediate supports of statically indetermined
beams 2 = 0,85

2 = 1,00 in other cases 2 = 1,00

19
 Introduction
Laterally restrained beams,
Properties of
Class 3
steel at high
temperatures
Uniform temperature distribution (constant temperature)
Wel , y k y , f y
Design models M fi ,t ,Rd
M , fi
for structural
elements

Non-uniform temperature distribution

Design models
for joints the maximum temperature of the cross-section should
be used for evaluation of moment resistance
Conclusion
1 W pl , y k y , ,max f y
M fi ,t ,Rd
1 2 M , fi

20
 Introduction
Beams (shear resistance)
Properties of
steel at high
temperatures
All sections
AV ,z f y
Design models V fi ,t ,Rd k y , ,web
for structural 3 M , fi
elements

Design models
for joints

Conclusion

21
 Introduction
Buckling resistance
Properties of
steel at high
temperatures
For sections of class 1, 2 and 3

Design models
the maximum temperature should be used for non-uniform
for structural temperature
elements
only one buckling curve with the imperfection factor
A k y , ,max f y 235
N b , fi ,t ,Rd fi 0,65
Design models M , fi fy
for joints
Slenderness
k y ,
Conclusion
k E ,
Buckling reduction factor
1
fi
2 2

where
1 2

2
22
 Introduction
Buckling reduction factors
Properties of
steel at high
temperatures

Design models 1,0 0,13 - curve a 0
for structural 0,21 - curve a
0,9 0,34 - curve b
elements
0,8 0,49 - curve c
0,7 0,76 - curve d
Design models fire - 500C
0,6
for joints fire - 700C
0,5
0,4

Conclusion 0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0

23
 Introduction
Buckling resistance of element
Properties of
steel at high
temperatures

Design models Resistance Nb,fi,t,Rd , kN

for structural
elements 2500

2000 20C

Design models 300C 1001003,5

for joints 1500 400C steel S235
500C
1000
Conclusion 600C
500 700C
800C
0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
Slenderness

24
 Introduction
Reduction of buckling length
Properties of
of columns
steel at high
temperatures
Generally, the buckling lengths at fire are the same as
those at normal temperature
Design models
for structural The buckling lengths for multi-storey buildings can be
elements
reduced, when
it is non-sway structure
Design models
for joints there are separate fire compartments in each storey
the floors have the same or higher fire resistance than the
Conclusion columns
0,7 L

0,5 L

0,7 L
25
 Introduction
Unrestrained beams
Properties of
steel at high
temperatures
Beams with class 1 and class 2 sections
reduction of the yield limit is based on the temperature of
Design models the compressed flange
for structural
the maximum temperature can be also used (conservative
elements
approach)
W pl , y k y , ,com f y
M b , fi ,t ,Rd LT , fi
Design models M , fi
for joints Beams with class 3 sections Imperfection factor
Wel , y k y , ,com f y 235
0,65
M b , fi ,t ,Rd LT , fi fy
Conclusion M , fi
Slenderness
k y ,
LT , LT
k E ,
Buckling reduction factor where
1
LT , fi 1 LT , LT , 2
LT , LT , 2 LT , 2 LT ,
2

26
 Introduction
Buckling reduction factor
Properties of
(lateral torsional instability)
steel at high
temperatures

LT,
Design models 1,0 0,21 - curve a hot-rolled H sections

for structural 0,34 - curve b hot-rolled I sections

0,9
elements 0,49 - curve c welded H sections
0,8 0,76 - curve d welded I sections

0,7
Design models fire - 500C
0,6
for joints fire - 700C
0,5
0,4
Conclusion 0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 LT,

27
 Introduction
Bending and compression
Properties of
steel at high
temperatures
For class 1 and class 2 sections

Design models restrained elements (no lateral torsional instability)

for structural
elements N Ed k y M y ,Ed k z M z ,Ed
1
A k y , f y W pl , y k y , f y W pl ,z k y , f y
min, fi
M , fi M , fi M , fi
Design models
for joints unrestrained elements (with lateral torsional instability)
N Ed k LT M y ,Ed k z M z ,Ed
1
A k y , f y W pl , y k y , f y W pl ,z k y , f y
Conclusion z , fi LT , fi
M , fi M , fi M , fi

For class 3 sections

similarly, but elastic section modulus is used

28
 Introduction
Class 4 sections
Properties of
steel at high
temperatures Critical temperature a,cr ,C
800
Elements with class1, 2 and 3 sections
Design models 700
for structural
elements 600 Thin walled
elements in tension
500
Design models
for joints
400 Beams with class 4 sections
Columns with class 4 sections
Conclusion 300

200

100

0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0
Utilisation factor, 0
29
 Introduction
Class 4 sections
Properties of
steel at high
temperatures
As an alternative method, the resistance of thin-walled
elements can be evaluated the same way as for class 3
Design models sections, but effective section properties should be used
for structural
elements
The effective section properties can be evaluated at
normal temperature
Design models
for joints The reduction factor for thin-walled sections (both, hot-
rolled and cold-formed) is different from the factor for
hot-rolled sections
Conclusion

30
 Introduction
Reduction factors for thin-walled
Properties of
sections
steel at high
temperatures
The reduction factors are used for thin-walled sections
cold-formed
Design models hot-rolled, welded
for structural
elements Reduction factor
1,0
ky,
0,9
for yield limit of hot-rolled sections
Design models 0,8
for joints kE,
0,7 for modulus of elasticity
0,6 ky,
Conclusion 0,5 for yield limit
of thin-walled sections
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Temperature, C 31
 Introduction
Joints
Properties of
steel at high
temperatures
The joints are usually not the critical part of the structure,
as the temperature is lower than the temperature of the
Design models connected elements
for structural
elements There are requirements for structural integrity

Design models To check resistance of the joints:

for joints
The temperature is the most important
The methods:
Conclusion
simplified models for temperature
calculation using step by step method
with A/V ratio for the joint
The resistance calculation
can be based on component method
adopted for high temperatures
32
 Introduction
Temperature of the joints
Properties of
steel at high
temperatures
Pictures from thermo cameras used to measure the beam to
beam and beam to column connections
Design models a) Heating phase (30 min) b) The maximum temperature (54 min)
for structural
635,0C 945,9C
elements 600
800
SP03
SP03
SP02
400 SP02 600
SP01
SP01
Design models
for joints
400
200
200

20,0C 31,5C

Conclusion
c) Cooling phase (69 min) d) The end (240 min)
750,0C 250,0C
250

700
200
SP03 SP03
SP02 SP02
SP01 SP01 150
600

100
500
50

430,0C 25,0C

33
 Introduction
Simplified model for temperature
Properties of
steel at high
temperatures
Temperature of the beam supporting the concrete slab is
based on beam temperature in the mid span
Design models h < 400 mm
for structural
elements hk
h 0 ,88 0 1 0,3
h

Design models h > 400 mm

for joints h
h 0,88 0 pro hk
2
h h
Conclusion
h 0,88 0 1 0,2 1 2 k pro hk
h 2
Concrete slab
h 400 mm h > 400 mm
0,62 0 0,70 0

h 0,75 0 0,88 0
hk

0,88 0 0,88 0

34
 Introduction
Temperature of the joint
Properties of
steel at high
temperatures
Temperature of the joint depends on the location of the
elements (bolts, weld, etc.)
Design models
for structural
elements

Design models 425C

for joints
460C IPE 360
300 hk h
Conclusion
664C 720C

35
 Introduction
Temperature by
Properties of
step by step method
steel at high
temperatures
Splice connection of the lower chord of the truss, R45 required
P 28

Design models 500 kN 500 kN

for structural 150
elements

4 M24
85 125 40 45
Design models
for joints Unprotected connection
Am 54,0
43,18 m 1
Conclusion V 1,24
the fire resistance is 44 min 45 sec (standard curve)
Protected connection (protection thickness 15 mm)
Ap p 54,0 0 ,1
288 Wm 3 K 1
V dp 1,24 0 ,015
the fire resistance is 112 min (standard curve)

36
 Introduction
Reduction factors
Properties of
steel at high
temperatures
EN 1993-1-2 gives the reduction factors for
bolts
Design models welds
for structural
Reduction factor
elements
1,0
ky,
0,9
for yield limit
Design models 0,8
for joints kb,
0,7 for bolts
0,6 kw,
Conclusion 0,5 for welds

0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Temperature, C 37
 Introduction
Component method
Properties of
steel at high
temperatures
Components
Resistance
Design models
Fi , k y , Fi
for structural
elements Stiffness M z
k i , k E , ki

Deformation
Design models k y ,
Fi ,
for joints i , i
k i , k E , M, kNm 20 C
70
Joint 60
50
100C
500C
Conclusion
Resistance 40
30 600C
M j , ,Rd k y , M j ,Rd 20
700C
10
800C
0
Stiffness 0 20 40 60 80 100
, mrad
E z 2
S j ,ini ,
1

i k i ,

38
 Introduction
Structural integrity
Properties of
steel at high
temperatures
Axial force in the joint
for various fire scenarios
Design models
for structural
elements

Axial force, kN
300
Design models I. Part of the beam (localised fire)
for joints 200 II. Single beam
III. The whole floor
100

Conclusion 20 40
The frame
0
60 80 100
-100 Time, min

-200 The analysed joint 6 3,75 m

I. II.
- 300
III.
720C
Heating Cooling
4 6,0 m

39
 Introduction
Comparison of different joints
Properties of
steel at high
temperatures
Axial force, kN
80
Design models 60
for structural
40
elements
20
0
0
Design models -20
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
for joints Time, min
-40
-60
Conclusion -80
-100
-120

Heating Cooling

40
 Introduction
Conclusion
Properties of
steel at high
temperatures
Simple design models for steel structures
Based on design at ambient temperature
Design models
for structural
elements
Knowledge of material behaviour at high
temperature is necessary
Design models
for joints
Joints usually do not represent critical part of the
structure, no specialised check is necessary
Conclusion
Simple temperature model for joints is available

Proper detailing of joints ensuring structural

integrity is very important

41
Thank you for your attention
URL: www.ocel-drevo.fsv.cvut.cz

Zdenk Sokol
Frantiek Wald
esk vysok uen technick v Praze