DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A CLOCKLESS, MULTISTABLE

CMOS ANALOG CIRCUIT

A Thesis submitted

in the partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of the degree of

Masters of Technology
in

VLSIDESIGN
by

Chapter 1 Introduction
 1. Dissertation preface

Due to continuing progress in analog circuit technology, Complementary metal oxide semiconductor
(CMOS) is becoming larger requiring many long on-stable circuit module. Transistor performance and
reduces the power dissipation. A chips maxi-mum The wide popularity of the CMOS circuit is due to its
low dissipation power and high noise margins in every logic states. Scaling of CMOS features sizes
improves density, increase noise margin, increase stability power dissipation depends on its technology
as well as its implementation. As scaling of technology down and CMOS circuits are supplied by lower
supply voltages, leakage current becomes considerable. Static power is becoming the main source of
energy waste. The creation of methodologies that support effective designs, good performance, lower
costs in the era of low power, is up to the design. When the threshold voltage is reducing due to scaling,
it leads to increase in sub threshold leakage current and cause to increase in static power consumption.
This dissertation performance analysis of inverter using analog CMOS circuit, stack and dual threshold
transistor stacking techniques. The performance analysis of CMOS were analyzed in 90nm technology
using Cadence virtuoso environment. The use of dual threshold voltages can significantly reduce the
static power consumption in CMOS analog circuits. In early 1980s, providing high speed analog circuit
with minimum scale was main aim of designing the circuit This task was achieved from concentrated
tools. ITRS reported that power consumption leakage may effected the total chip power. As we can
observed that static power consumption tends to increase over the year as dynamic power consumption
increase. There have been two multistable analog circuits suitable for analog memories implementation
will be presented. The use of this circuit is to implement completely analog circuit, one type based on a
CMOS and thus having a linear resolution in complexity. Two possible architectures of this analog circuit
have been defined, which differ by managing principle, performance and scaling area. The circuits have
been realized with the AMS 0.7 m CMOS technology, and results from the experimental measurements
done over all the construction have been analyzed.

1.2 Background and Motivation of Dissertation

The CMOS based analog circuit fully changed the vision of entire semiconductor industry. CMOS-based
analog circuit play a major role in the evolution of the high speed, low consumption less scaling
(required less space). The major advantage of CMOS based analog circuit is that increasing capacity
for integration and low power dissipation at very low cost. For example, one consequence of
integration includes doubling the number of transistors in a microprocessor every 12 months, while
down the price of each transistor by a factor of 100 over 15 years. There has been a miracle progress in
developing new methods for modelling and diagnosing reliability at the level of an individual
transistor, but not much Work is being done on propagating these models to higher levels of
abstraction to analyze and optimize the reliability of larger circuits.

1.3 Basic MOS device physics

It includes the study of basic MOS device structure at an elementary level such that developing each
and every model by developing its semiconductor based technology and doping level. Several power
dissipation effects causing error in circuit current can only be understood only when the basic structure
on which we are working can be disclosed. The relative technology of the circuit surrounds between
CMOS circuits, their advantages and their replacements with new technology like carbon nanotubes.

To enhance the technological parameter calculation which is used at 180nm in this thesis can easily be
adjusted by changing (W\L) ratio of circuit. The doping level concentration of substrate as well as drain
current parameters all depends upon semiconductor type used and its extrinsic type.

1.4 Analog versus digital signals processing

In modern criteria, digital circuits are proved to be far better than analog circuits due to following
aspects:

1. Analog circuits are much more sensitive to noise and cross talks than digital circuits thus
causing problem in scaling in modern era.

2. Each and every parameter has to be analyzed in analog circuitry like power dissipation , speed ,
accuracy , delay etc while in digital circuits trade-off is between only 2 parameters speed and
power dissipation.

3. Second order effects do not impact digital circuits as harshly as analog circuits.

4. Design of high level analog circuits is usually hand-crafted while in case of digital circuits they
can be automated.

5. Modeling and simulation of analog circuits is very difficult task due to its complicated design.

6. The main problem is to develop analog circuitry over modern ICs causing a severe complexion.

1.5 Why analog for this presentation?

Besides analog design is complicated to implement and fabrication requires a lot of efforts but still in
modern circuit era, digital processing can only be done after a basic analog prototype prepared.

It is not a difficult task today to interconvert analog to digital and digital to analog signals with
the help of converters and thus analog signals are still reliable in modern technology as even with
complexity they provide practical results. My project CLOCKLESS CMOS MULTISTABLE ANALOG
CIRCUIT finds analog circuitry output in both TRANSIENT as well as DC form so as to gain complete
knowledge of various aspects related to multi stable circuits.
1.6 Feedback
It is defined as the modification or control of a process or system by its result or effects. It occurs when
outputs of a system are routed back as inputs as part of a chain of cause and effect that forms a circuit
or loop. The system can then be said to feedback into itself.