STRUCTURAL

STRUCTURAL

Zoning, site characteristics, occupancy, configuring structural system and height

The procedures and limitations for the design of structures shall be determined by the following factors.

14

Minimum number of stories recommended to be provided with at least 3 approved recording

accelerographs.

Owner

Maintenance and service of accelorographs shall be provided by the ___

Occupant o the building

Who shall be responsible for keeping the actual live load below the allowable limits and shall be liable for
any failure on the structure due to overloading

Load duration

The period of continuous application of a given load or the aggregate of periods of intermittent application
of the same load

14 sq. m

Minimum area in square meters a member supports which the design live load may be reduced

1.50 sq. m

Minimum height of any wall requiring structural design to resist loads onto which they are subjected

1/240 of wall span

Maximum deflection of a brittle finished wall subjected to a load of 250 Pascal applied. Perpendicular to
said wall

1/120 of wall span

Maximum deflection of flexible finished wall subjected to a load of 250 Pascal applied perpendicular to
said wall

60 sq. m

Maximum floor area for a low-cost housing unit

Base

The level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the structure of the level at
which the structure as a dynamic vibrator is supported
Collector

A member or an element provided to transfer lateral forces from a portion of a structure to vertical elements
of the lateral force resisting system

Diaphragm

A horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements it
includes horizontal bracing system

Base Shear V

The total designed lateral force or shear at the base of a structure

Boundary element

An element at edge of opening or at perimeters of shear walls or diaphragm

Brace Frame

An essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or accentric type which is provided to resist lateral
forces

Building Frame System

A essentially complete space frame which provides supports for gravity loads

Dual System

A combination of a Special or Intermediate Moment Resisting Space Frame and Shear Walls or Braced
Frame

Eccentric Brace Frame (EBF)

The form of braced frame where at least one end of each brace intersects a beam at a point away from the
column girder joint

Joints

The entire assemblage at the Intersection of the members

Girder

The horizontal member in a frame system, a beam

-the major horizontal supporting member of the floor system

Diaphragm Strut

An element of a diaphragm parallel to the applied load, which collects and transfers diaphragm shear to
vertical resisting elements of distributes loads within the diaphragm. Such members may take axial tension
or compression

Diaphragm Chord

The boundary element of a diaphragm or a shear wall which is assumed to take axial stresses analogous to
the flanges of a beam

Essential facilities

Those structures which are necessary for emergency post earthquake operations

Lateral Force Resisting System

That part of the structural system assigned to resist lateral forces

Ordinary Moment Resisting Space Frame

Moment resisting space frame not meeting special detailing requirements for ductile behavior

Story Drift

The displacement of one level relative to the level above or below

Strength

The usable capacity of a structure or its members to resist loads within the deformation limits prescribed in
this document

Platform

The lower rigid portion of a structure having a vertical combination of structural system

Horizontal Bracing system

Horizontal truss system that serves the same function as a diaphragm

Structure

An assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads and resist lateral forces

Bearing Wall System

A structural system without complete vertical load carrying space frame. This system provides support for
gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced frames

Building Frame system

A structural system with essentially complete space frame providing support for gravity loads. Resistance
to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced frames

Moment Resisting Frame System

A structural system with an essentially complete space frame providing support for gravity loads. Moments
resisting space frames provide resistance to lateral load primarily by flexural action of members.

Weak story

Is one in which the story strength is less than 80% of that the story above

Time History Analysis

An elastic or inelastic dynamic analysis in which a mathematical model of the structure is subjected to a
ground motion time history. The structures time dependant dynamic response to these motion is obtained
through numerical integration of its equations of motions.

Orthogonal Effect

The effect on the structure due to earthquake motions acting in directions other than parallel to the direction
of resistance under consideration

P-delta effect

The secondary effect on shears and moments of frame members induced by the vertical loads acting on the
laterally displaced building frame

Admixture

Material other than water aggregate or hydraulic cement used as an ingredient of concrete and added to
concrete before or during its mixing to modify its properties

Plain Concrete

Concrete that doesnt not conform to definition of reinforced concrete

Pedestal

Upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to average least lateral dimension of less
than three (3 m)

Modulus of Elasticity

Ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or compressive stresses below proportional limit
of material

-in the formula e=PL/AE, E stands for ___

Jacking Force

In prestressed concrete, temporary force exerted by device that introduces tension into prestressing tendons

Embedment Length

Length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical section

Effective Prestress

Stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all losses have occurred, excluding effects of dead load and
superimposed loads

Development Length

Length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength of reinforcement at a critical
section

Curvature friction

Friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified prestressing tendon profile
Structural Lightweight Concrete

Concrete containing lightweight aggregate

Bonded tendon

Prestressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or through grouting

Structural Steel

ASTM A36

ASTM A514

High Yield Strength Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Plate, Suitable for Welding

TRUE

True or False, bar larger than 32mm in diameter shall not be bundled in beams

40 mm

Minimum concrete cover for a Prestressed concrete for beams and columns for primary reinforcement

Poissons Ratio

In a material under tension or compression, the absolute value of the ratio transverse strain to the
corresponding longitudinal strain

Slenderness Ratio

In column, the ratio of its effective length to its least radius of gyration

Torsion

A quantity which measures the resistance of the mass to being revolved about a line

Flat slab

A type of concrete floor which has no beam

Shear

The tendency for one part of a beam to move vertically with respect to an adjacent part

Deformation

A change in shape of a material when subjected to the action of force

Yielding Stress

The maximum value of tension, compression, or shear respectively the material sustain without failure

Stress
-It means that by which a body develops internal resistance to stress

-Intensity of force per unit area

Allowable Stress

The greatest stress which a material is capable of developing without permanent deformation remaining
upon the complete release of stress

Tie / Stirrup

Loop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement

Stiffness Ration

The measure of stiffness of a material

Punching Shear

The failure in a base when a heavily loaded column strikes hole through it

Deflection

The deformation of a structural member as a result of loads acting on it

6 inches

Nominal thickness of a timber

Equilibrium

The sum of forces in the orthogonal directions and the sum of all moments about any points are zero

2 years

The complete records of tests conducted (slump, compression test, etc.) shall be preserved and made
available for inspection during the progress of construction and after completion of the project for a period
of not less than ___

Not less than 1x4

Wood board should have a thickness specification

Run

The distance from the first to the last riser of a stair flight

Portable Hand router

A high-speed rotary shaping hand power tool used to make smooth cutting and curving on solid wood

Knots

Wood defects are: heart shake, cup shake, star shake and ___

Smoothed and planed lumber

Dressed lumber is referred to ___

Live load

It refers to the occupancy load which is either partially or fully in place or may not be present at all

Cross cut saw

The other kind of handsaw other than rip cut saw

Effective Length

The distance between inflection points in the column when it breaks

Volume

The amount of space measured in cubic units

Contraction Joint

An expansion joint of adjacent parts of a structure to permit expected movements between them

Total Run

The total of all tread widths in a stair

Bond stress

The force adhesion per unit area of contact between two bonded surfaces

Purlin

A structural member spanning from truss to truss or supporting a rafter

Size of dead load deflection

Size of camber for a 25 meters steel truss

Shear connector

A connector such as a welded strut, spiral bar, or short length of channel which resists horizontal shear
between elements

Shear Stress (Shearing Stress)

The force per unit area of cross section which tend to produce shear

Hooks Law

The law that relates the linear relationship between stresses and strain

4 x diameter of bolt

Minimum spacing of bolts in timber connection measured from center of bolts parallel for parallel to grain
loading is equal to ___
4 x diameter of bolt

According to the provision of the NSCP on timber connection and fastening the loaded edge distance for
perpendicular to grain loading shall be at least

2.5

NSCP specifies spacing between rows of bolts for perpendicular to grain loading shall be at least ___ times
bolt diameter for L/d ratio of 2

12 mm

Minimum diameter of bolts to be used in timber connections and fastening in accordance with NSCP
specifications

50

Simple solid timber columns have slenderness ratio not exceeding ___

11 diameters

Nails and spikes for which the wire gauges or lengths not set forth in the NSCP specifications shall have a
required penetration of not less than __

1/6 depth of member

Notches in sawn lumber bending members in accordance with the NSCP specifications shall not exceed

Middle third span

Notches in sawn lumber shall not be located in the

the depth

Notches in the top and bottom of joist shall not exceed

.60 of specified yield strength

Allowable stresses for tension in structural steel in terms of gross area

.50 of specified minimum tensile strength

Allowable tensile stress of structural steel based on effective area

0.45 Fy

Allowable stress for tension on pin connected members based on net area
0.40 Fy

Allowable shear stress on structural steel on the cross sectional area effective in resisting shear

100%

For structures carrying live loads which induce impact, the assumed live load shall be increased sufficiently
to provide for same, for supports of elevators the increase shall be

200

The slenderness ratio of compression members shall not exceed ___

240

The slenderness ratio main members in tension shall not exceed ___

40 mm

Concrete cover for pipes, conduits, and fittings shall not be less than ___ for concrete exposed to earth or
weather

20 mm

Concrete cover for pipes, conduits, and fittings shall not be less than ___ for concrete not exposed to earth
or weather

7 days

Curing of concrete (other than high-early strength) shall be maintained above 10 C and in moist condition
for at least the first ___ days after placement

7 days

If concrete in structure will dry under service conditions, cores shall be air-dried for ___ days before test
and shall be tested dry.

3 days

Cutting for high early strength concrete shall be maintained above 10 C and in moist condition for at least
the ___days after placement

25 mm

The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in layer shall be db (diameter of bar) but not less than
___

180 deg. Bend +4db extension but not less than 65 mm at the end of bar

Standard hooks used in reinforced concrete beam shall mean

90 deg. Bend + 6db extension at free end

Standard hooks for stirrups and tie hooks 16mm bar and smaller
90 deg. Bend + 12db extension at free end

Standard hooks for stirrups and thie hooks 20-25 mm bar

-12 mm

Allowable tolerance on minimum concrete cover for depth greater than 200 mm

+-50 mm

Allowable tolerance for longitudinal location of bends and ends of reinforcement

40 db

Individual bars with a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall terminate at different
points with a stagger of at least

3 db

Clear distance between pre-tensioning tendons at each end of member shall not be less than ___ for strands

4 db

Clear distance between pre-tensioning tendons at each of member shall to be less than ___ for wire

75 mm

Minimum concrete cover provided for reinforcement of cast in place against permanently exposed earth or
weather using bars larger than 36 mm