MPIF STANDARD 35

2016 Edition

Materials Standards for

Metal
Injection
Molded Parts
2016
 MPIF Standard 35
Materials
Standards
for
Metal
Injection
Molded
Parts*
*See MPIF Standard 35,
Materials Standards for PM
Structural Parts for structural
parts made by the powder
metallurgy (PM) process.
*See MPIF Standard 35,
Materials Standards for PM
Self-Lubricating Bearings for
bearings and bushings made by
the PM process.
*See MPIF Standard 35,
Materials Standards for P/F
Steel Parts for steel
components made by the
powder forging (PF) process.
Table of Contents2016 Edition
EXPLANATORY NOTES AND DEFINITIONS
Minimum Value Concept .................................................................................. 3
Minimum Mechanical Property Values ............................................................ 3
Minimum Magnetic Property Values ............................................................. 3
Minimum Controlled-Expansion Property Values ........................................ 3
Practical Methods of Demonstrating
Part Performance .................................................................................................3
Typical Values .........................................................................................................4
Chemical Composition...................................................................................... 4
Mechanical Properties ...................................................................................... 4
Heat Treatment .......................................................................................................4
Surface Finish ................................................................................................................4
Microstructure..........................................................................................................4
MIM Material Designation ................................................................................. 4
Material Selection....................................................................................................4
Grade Selection ......................................................................................................5
Density ........................................................................................................... 5
Ultimate Tensile Strength ................................................................................. 5
Yield Strength ..........................................................................................................5
Elongation.......................................................................................................................... 5
Elastic Constants ....................................................................................................5
Youngs Modulus (E) ........................................................................................ 5
Shear Modulus (G) .................................................................................................5
Poissons Ratio ( ) ................................................................................... 5
Impact Energy................................................................................................................5
Macroindentation Hardness (Apparent) ........................................................... 5
Microindentation Hardness ........................................................................... 6
Corrosion Resistance ....................................................................................... 6
Sulfuric Acid Testing ...................................................................................... 6
Copper Sulfate Testing .................................................................................. 6
Boiling Water Testing..................................................................................... 6
Soft Magnetic Properties .................................................................................. 6
Magnetizing Field (H)..................................................................................... 6
Induction (B) .........................................................................................................6
Maximum Induction (Bm) ............................................................................... 6
Maximum Permeability ( max)....................................................................... 6
Coercive Field (Hc)......................................................................................... 6
Residual Induction (Br)................................................................................... 6
Thermal Properties ................................................................................... 7
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) ........................................................ 7
Thermal Conductivity................................................................................ 7
SI Units .......................................................................................................... 7
Referenced MPIF Standards .................................................................... 7
Comparable Standard ...................................................................................... 7
DATA TABLES INCH-POUND UNITS
Low-Alloy Steels.................................................................................................. 8-9
Stainless Steels ........................................................................................ 10-11
Soft-Magnetic Alloys ...............................................................................12-13
Controlled-Expansion Alloys ..................................................................14-15
Copper .............................................................................................. 16-17
DATA TABLES SI UNITS
Low-Alloy Steels ....................................................................................... 18-19
Stainless Steels ........................................................................................ 20-21
Soft-Magnetic Alloys ................................................................................. 22-23
Controlled-Expansion Alloys ..................................................................24-25
Copper .............................................................................................. 26-27
1
i
INDEX
Alphabetical Listing & Guide to Material Systems &
Designation Codes Used in MPIF Standard 35 ......................................... 28

SI UNITS CONVERSION TABLE

Quantities/Terms Used in MPIF Standards ................................................ 33

2
ii
 MPIF Standard 35

Materials Standards for

Metal Injection Molded Parts
Issued 1993
Revised 2000, 2007 and 2016

Scope
MPIF Standard 35 is issued to provide the design and materials engineer with the information necessary for specifying
powder metal (PM) materials that have been developed by the PM parts manufacturing industry. This section of Standard 35
deals with products manufactured by Metal Injection Molding (MIM). It does not apply to conventional PM structural materials,
PM self-lubricating bearings or powder forged (PF) materials which are covered in separate editions of MPIF Standard 35.
Each section of this standard is divided into subsections based on the various types of MIM materials in common commercial use
within that section. Notes at the beginning of each subsection discuss the characteristics of that material. The same materials
may appear in more than one section of the standard depending upon their common use, e.g., some low-alloy or stainless
steel materials may also be used in soft-magnetic applications.
The use of any MPIF Standard is entirely voluntary. MPIF Standards are issued and adopted in the public interest. They
are designed to eliminate misunderstandings between the manufacturer and the purchaser and to assist the purchaser in
selecting and obtaining the proper material for a particular product. Existence of MPIF Standards does not in any respect
preclude any member or non-member of MPIF from manufacturing or selling products that use materials or testing procedures not
included in MPIF Standards. Other such materials may be commercially available.
By publication of these Standards, no position is taken with respect to the validity of any patent rights nor does the MPIF
undertake to ensure anyone utilizing the Standards against liability for infringement of any Letters Patent or accept any such
liability.
Neither MPIF nor any of its members assumes or accepts any liability resulting from use or non-use of any MPIF Standard. In
addition, MPIF does not accept any liability or responsibility for the compliance of any product with any standard, the achievement
of any minimum or typical values by any supplier, or for the results of any testing or other procedure undertaken in accordance
with any Standard.
MPIF Standards are subject to periodic review and may be revised. Users are cautioned to refer to the latest edition. New,
approved materials and property data may be posted periodically on the MPIF website. Between published editions, go to
mpif.org to access data that will appear in the next printed edition of this standard.

Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible misconceptions or misunderstandings,
agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component: material selection, chemical
composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application.

No part of this publication may be Published by

reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or Metal Powder Industries Federation
transmitted, in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, 105 College Road East
recording or otherwise, without the prior Princeton, New Jersey 08540-6692 U.S.A.
permission of the publisher. Tel: (609) 452-7700
Fax: (609) 987-8523
Copyright 2016 E-mail: info@mpif.org
ISBN No. 978-1-943694-05-1 Website: mpif.org

1
 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher

ISBN No. 978-1-943694-05-1

2016 Metal Powder Industries Federation

105 College Road East
Princeton, New Jersey 08540-6692 USA

All rights reserved

Produced in the U.S.A.

2
 MPIF Standard 352016
Materials Standards for
Metal Injection Molded Parts
Explanatory Notes and Definitions
Minimum Value Concept
The Metal Powder Industries Federation has adopted
the concept of minimum property values for metal
injection molded (MIM) materials. These values may
be used to determine the material best suited to the
particular application as it is manufactured by the metal
injection molding (MIM) process.
As an aid to the user in selecting materials, in
addition to minimum property values, typical values for
other properties are listed. This makes it possible for
the user to select and specify the exact MIM material
and properties most suitable for a specific application.
The data provided define minimum values for listed
materials and display typical properties achieved under
commercial manufacturing procedures. Enhanced
mechanical properties and other improvements in
performance characteristics may be attained through
more complex processing. To select a material
optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is
essential that the part application be discussed with the
MIM parts manufacturer.
Minimum Mechanical Property Values
The minimum mechanical property values for MIM
materials are expressed in terms of yield strength
(0.2% offset method), ultimate tensile strength and
percent elongation for all materials in the as-sintered
and/or heat treated conditions. MIM materials exhibit
properties similar to wrought materials because they
are processed to near full density.
The tensile properties utilized for establishing this Stan-
dard were obtained from tensile specimens prepared spe-
cifically for evaluating MIM materials. Tensile properties of
test specimens machined from commercial parts or from
non-standard MIM test specimens, may vary from
those obtained from specimens prepared according to
MPIF Standard 50. (See MPIF Standard 50 for additional
details)
Minimum Magnetic Property Values
The minimum magnetic property values for MIM
materials are expressed in terms of part density,
maximum permeability, maximum coercive force and
magnetic saturation. The specified minimum magnetic
saturation is measured with an applied field of 25 oersteds.
All magnetic test data reported are for DC testing only.
3
The magnetic properties utilized for establishing this
Standard were obtained from specimens prepared and
tested in accordance with ASTM A773.
Minimum Controlled-Expansion Property Values
A minimum density level is expressed for the MIM
controlled-expansion alloys due to their use in electronics
applications to provide hermetic seals with materials such
as glasses and ceramics.
Practical Methods of Demonstrating Part
Performance
For structural parts, the practical method of
demonstrating minimum values is through the use of a
static or dynamic proof test by the manufacturer and
the purchaser using the first production lot of parts and
a mutually agreed upon method of stressing the part.
For example, from the design of a given part, it is
agreed that the breaking load should be greater than a
given force. If that force is exceeded in proof tests, the
minimum strength is demonstrated. The first lot of parts
can also be tested in service and demonstrated to be
acceptable. The static or dynamic load to fracture is
determined separately and these data are statistically
analyzed to determine a minimum breaking force for
future production lots. Exceeding that minimum force
on future lots is proof that the specified strength has
been met.
For parts that require minimum magnetic characteristics,
the practical method of demonstrating acceptable mag-
netic properties is through the use of a magnetic proof
test. For example, from the design of a given part, it is
agreed that the magnetic force generated by the part
when a specified magnetic field is applied should be
greater than a mutually agreed upon value between the
parties concerned. If that force is exceeded in proof tests,
the minimum magnetic performance is demonstrated.
Exceeding this minimum value on future lots is proof that
the specific magnetic properties have been met.
Utilization of MPIF Standard 35 to specify a MIM material
means that unless the purchaser and manufacturer have
agreed otherwise, the material will have the minimum
value specified in the Standard. (See Material Properties
section.)
MPIF Standard 35, Metal Injection Molded Parts2016 Edition
Typical Values
For each MIM material listed, a set of typical values is
shown for properties, e.g., density, hardness, elongation,
etc., some or all of which may be important for a specific
application. Typical values are shown for properties,
e.g., elongation, hardness, coercive field, etc., some or
all of which may be important for a specific application.
The property data were compiled from test specimens
processed by individual MIM producers.
The typical values are listed for general guidance
only. They should not be considered minimum values.
While achievable through normal manufacturing
processing, they may vary somewhat depending upon
the area of the component chosen for evaluation, or
the specific manufacturing process utilized. Those
properties listed under the typical value section for
each material which are required by the purchaser
should be thoroughly discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer before establishing the specification.
Required property values, other than those expressed
as minimum should be separately specified for each
MIM part, based on its intended use.
Chemical Composition
The chemical composition of each material lists its
principal elements and allowable ranges.
Mechanical Properties
Mechanical property data indicate the minimum and
typical properties that may be expected from test
specimens conforming to the density and chemical
composition criteria listed. It should be understood that
mechanical properties used in this standard were
derived from individual test specimens prepared
specifically for material evaluation and sintered under
commercial production conditions.
Hardness values of heat treated specimens are given
first as apparent hardness and second, when available,
as equivalent particle or matrix hardness values.
Residual porosity found in MIM components will slightly
affect the apparent hardness readings. Microin-
dentation hardness values shown as Rockwell C were
converted from 100 g load (0.981 N) Knoop microin-
dentation hardness measurements.
Heat Treatment
MIM materials may be heat treated to increase strength,
hardness and wear resistance. The percentages of car-
bon, alloying elements and residual porosity determine
the degree of hardening possible. Tempering or stress
relief is required after quenching for optimum strength
and durability. Ferrous MIM parts processed with little
or no final carbon may be surface carburized for
increased surface hardness while retaining core
toughness. Martensitic and precipitation hardening
stainless steels may also be heat treated for increased
hardness and strength.
4
Most MIM materials respond well to normal wrought
heat treating practices and procedures. It is recommended
that the heat-treatment procedures for any MIM
material be established in cooperation with the MIM
part manufacturer to achieve the desired balance of
final properties in the finished part.
Surface Finish
The overall finish and surface reflectivity of MIM materi-
als depends on density, tool condition, particle size and
secondary operations. Effective surface smoothness of
as-sintered MIM components is usually better than an
investment cast surface. Surface finish can be further
improved by secondary operations such as coining,
honing, burnishing or grinding. The surface finish
requirements and methods of determination must be
established by mutual agreement between purchaser
and producer. (See MPIF Standard 58 for additional
details.)
Microstructure
MIM materials generally contain less than 5%
porosity, approaching the density of wrought materials.
The examination of the microstructure of a MIM part
can serve as a diagnostic tool and reveal the degree of
sintering and other metallurgical information critical to
the metal injection molding process. There are several
observations common to most sintered MIM materials,
as briefly described below. Comments on specific
materials will be found in the subsections devoted to
those particular materials.
Sintered parts are normally examined first in the
unetched condition. With a proper sinter, there will be
no original particle boundaries seen at 200X. Small,
uniformly distributed, well rounded discrete pores lead
to higher strength, ductility and impact resistance.
MIM Material Designation
The Metal Injection Molding Association has chosen
to use the designation system similar to AISI-SAE
where applicable. These designations were chosen
because MIM parts are likely to be used as
replacements for wrought products already in service.
When specifying a material made by the MIM process,
it should be so designated with a MIM prefix to the
material grade. For example, a part fabricated from
Type 316L stainless steel by MIM would be designated
as "MIM316L".
Material Selection
Before a particular material can be selected, a careful
analysis is required of the design of the part and its
end use. In addition, the final property requirements of
the finished part should be agreed upon by the
manufacturer and the purchaser of the MIM part.
Issues such as static and dynamic loading, wear
resistance, machinability and corrosion resistance may
also be specified.
 MPIF Standard 35, Metal Injection Molded Parts2016 Edition
Grade Selection
For certain magnetic materials, the material
designation will specify the material as either Grade 1
or Grade 2. The Grade 1 material, as compared with
Grade 2, will exhibit improved magnetic characteristics.
The difference between a Grade 1 and Grade 2
material can usually be found in the materials
microstructure, with a high density, large grain size and
low amounts of interstitials (carbon, oxygen, nitrogen,
etc.) all contributing to improved magnetic properties.
A careful analysis of the design and function of the
part should determine what grade material is required
for a given application. It is recommended that a
discussion of the required magnetic performance take
place between the manufacturer and the purchaser
before the final grade selection.
Density
Density is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter
3
(g/cm ) and may be determined by various standardized
methods. Some common methods of MIM density deter-
mination include:
MPIF Standard 54: This method is generally used for
products that contain less than 2% porosity (impermeable
PM). It is based on the principle of water displacement.
MPIF Standard 63: This method comprises use of a
gas pycnometer. Any open porosity will not be included
as part of measured volume. The density obtained by
the gas pycnometer method will typically be higher than
the density obtained by water displacement.
MPIF Standard 42: This method is generally used for
PM products having surface-connected porosity and is
based on the use of Archimedes principle. MIM
materials generally contain less than 5% porosity, so
impregnation is not applicable.
Ultimate Tensile Strength
Ultimate tensile strength, expressed in 103 psi (MPa)
is the ability of a test specimen to resist fracture
when a pulling force is applied in a direction parallel to
its longitudinal axis. It is equal to the maximum load
divided by the original cross-sectional area. (See MPIF
Standard 50 for additional details.)
Yield Strength
Yield Strength, expressed in 103 psi, is the load at which
a material exhibits a 0.2% offset from proportionality on a
stress-strain tension curve divided by the original cross-
sectional area. (See MPIF Standard 50 for additional
details.)
5
Elongation
Elongation (plastic), expressed as a percentage of the
original gage length (typically 1.0 in. [25.4mm]), is
based on measuring the increase in gage length after
fracture, providing the fracture takes place within the
gage length.
Elongation can also be measured with a break-
away extensometer on the tensile specimen. The
recorded stress strain-curve displays total elongation
(elastic and plastic). The elastic strain at the 0.2% yield
strength must be subtracted from the total elongation to
give the plastic elongation. (See MPIF Standard 59 for
additional details.)
Elastic Constants
Data for the elastic constants in this standard were
generated from resonant frequency testing. An equation
relating the three elastic constants is:
Youngs Modulus (E)
Youngs modulus, expressed in 106 psi (GPa), is
the ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for
tensile or compressive stresses below the proportional
limit of the material.
Shear Modulus (G)
Shear modulus, expressed in 106 psi (GPa), is the
ratio of shear stress to corresponding shear strain
below the proportional limit of the material.
Poissons Ratio ( )
Poissons ratio is the absolute value of the ratio of
transverse strain to the corresponding axial strain
resulting from uniformly distributed axial stress below
the proportional limit of the material.
Impact Energy
Impact energy, measured in foot-pounds-force
(Joules), is a measure of the energy absorbed in
fracturing a specimen in a single blow. An unnotched 5
mm X 10 mm cross- section Charpy specimen was used
to establish the MIM impact energy values. (See MPIF
Standard 59 for additional details.)
Macroindentation Hardness (Apparent)
The hardness value of a MIM part when using a
conventional indentation hardness tester is referred
to as "apparent hardness" because it represents a
combination of matrix hardness plus effect of
residual porosity. The effect of residual porosity on
hardness values is minor for MIM parts. Apparent
hardness measures the resistance to indentation.
MPIF Standard 35, Metal Injection Molded Parts2016 Edition
The manufacturer and the purchaser should agree on
the hardness, the measuring procedure, and the
hardness scale for each part tested. (See MPIF
Standard 43 for additional details.)
Microindentation Hardness
Microindentation hardness is determined by utilizing
Knoop (HK) or Vickers (HV) indentors with a microinden-
tation hardness tester. It measures the true hardness of
the structure by eliminating the effect of porosity, and thus
is a measure of resistance to abrasive and adhesive
wear. Microindentation hardness measurements are
convertible to equivalent Rockwell hardness values
for comparison with other materials.
A description of the microstructure must be reported.
The specimen shall be polished to reveal the porosity
and lightly etched to view the phases in the micro-
structure and to determine where to place the hardness
indentation. If the indentor strikes an undisclosed pore,
the diamond mark will exhibit curved edges and the
reading must be discarded. Since the data tend to be
scattered compared with pore-free material, it is recom-
mended that a minimum of 5 indentations be made,
anomalous readings discarded, and an average taken of
the remainder. (See MPIF Standard 51 for additional
details.)
Corrosion Resistance
Three media and test methods were used to rate the
resistance of the MIM stainless steel alloys to corrosion.
Sulfuric Acid Testing - Standard 5 mm X 10 mm X 55 mm
test specimens were immersed in a 2% sulfuric acid
solution at room temperature (72 F 4 F [22 C 2 C])
for 1,000 hours. Two replicates were tested. The loss
in mass for each was determined and then
converted into a mass loss per surface area (in dm2)
per day factor, in units of
g (A/m).
2
(dm ) (day)
(See MPIF Standard 62 for additional details.)
Copper Sulfate Testing - The copper sulfate test
consists of mixing 22.5 ml of distilled water with 1 g
cupric sulfate crystals and 2.5 g sulfuric acid.
Specimens are immersed in this solution for 6 minutes
at a temperature between 63 and 67 F (17 and 19 C).
Specimens that show no visual signs of copper plating
are classified as passing this test. (See ASTM F1089 for
additional details.)
6
Boiling Water Testing - The boiling water test consists
of immersing the specimen in boiling, distilled water for
30 minutes. After 30 minutes, the heat source is shut
off and the specimen remains in the water for 3 hours.
The specimen is then removed and left to dry for
2 hours. Specimens that show no visual corrosion are
classified as passing this test. (See ASTM F1089 for
additional details.)
Soft-Magnetic Properties
The magnetic data presented in this standard were
developed in accordance with ASTM Standard A773.
Magnetizing Field (H)
The magnetic field applied to a test specimen,
measured in oersteds (Oe) or amperes/metre (A/m).
Induction (B)
The measured magnetic field generated in a test
specimen due to an applied magnetic field, measured
in kilo- gauss (kG) or tesla (T).
Maximum Induction (Bm)
The maximum value of induction in a DC hysteresis
loop. This value depends on the magnetizing field
applied. Data are reported at magnetizing fields of 25 Oe
and 500 Oe, (1,990 A/m and 39,800 A/m), in units of
kilogauss (kG) or tesla (T).
Maximum Permeability (max)
The slope of the line from the origin to the knee of
the initial B-H magnetization curve. This parameter is
dimensionless.
Coercive Field (Hc)
The DC magnetizing field required to restore the
magnetic induction to zero after the material has been
symmetrically, cyclically magnetized, measured in Oe
Residual Induction (Br)
The retained magnetism in the specimen after
the applied field has been reduced to zero Oe (A/m).
This is reported in kG or T.
 MPIF Standard 35, Metal Injection Molded Parts2016 Edition

Referenced MPIF Standards

The test method standards referenced in this document
are published by MPIF and are available in the latest
edition of Standard Test Methods for Metal Powders and
Powder Metallurgy Products.
Std. 42 Density of Compacted or Sintered
Powder Metallurgy (PM) Products
Std. 43 Apparent Hardness of Powder
Metallurgy Products
Std. 50 Preparing and Evaluating Metal
Injection Molded (MIM) Sintered/Heat
Treated Tension Test Specimens
Std. 51 Microindentation Hardness of Powder
Metallurgy Materials

Idealized Magnetic Hysteresis Curve Std. 54 Density of Impermeable Powder

Reference: Soft Magnetism, Fundamentals for
Metallurgy (PM) Materials
Powder Metallurgy and Metal Injection Molding, Chaman Std. 58 Surface Finish of Powder Metallurgy
Lall, Metal Powder Industries Federation, 1992, p.11.
(PM) Products

Thermal Properties Std. 59 Charpy Impact Energy of Unnotched

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) Metal Injection Molded (MIM) Test
The fractional increase in the length per unit rise in Specimens
temperature at constant pressure. Std. 62 Corrosion Resistance of MIM Grades
of Stainless Steel Immersed in 2%
Thermal Conductivity Sulfuric Acid Solution
The rate of heat flow, under steady state conditions,
through a unit area, per unit temperature gradient in the Std. 63 Density Determination of Metal
direction perpendicular to the area. Thermal conductivity Injection Molded (MIM) Components
was determined in accordance with ASTM E1461, (Gas Pycnometer)
thermal flash method.
Comparable Standard
SI Units Standards for metal injection molded parts have been
Data were determined in inch-pound units and con- issued by ASTM. The ASTM standard was adapted
verted to SI units in accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10. from MPIF Standard 35 and uses the MPIF MIM
nomenclature system.

ASTM B883 Standard Specification for Metal

Injection Molded (MIM) Materials

Additional MIM materials and property data are under

development. When available, data will be published in
subsequent editions of this Standard.
New, approved materials and property data may be
posted periodically on the MPIF website. Between
published editions, go to mpif.org to access data
that will appear in the next printed edition of this
standard.

7
MIM Material Section2016 MPIF Standard 35

Low-Alloy Steels
This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured Application
from both prealloys and admixtures of iron powder and Low-alloy steels are generally used for structural
other alloying elements such as nickel, molybdenum, applications, especially when carburized. They are
and carbon. specified for applications where high strength and
The proportions of each element used and heat hardness are necessary.
treat conditions may be varied to achieve a range of
properties. Alloys may be hardened for very high Microstructure
strength with moderate ductility. Lower carbon alloys Residual pores should be small, discrete, well
may be case hardened for wear resistance while distributed and rounded. The microstructure will vary
achieving a tough core. with composition and heat treatment.
Material Characteristics
Complete diffusion of alloying elements normally
takes place during sintering. The homogeneous
structure imparts exceptional strength properties. The
high density attained through MIM processing also
gives these materials good ductility.

Material Chemical Composition, % Low-Alloy Steels

Designation
Code Fe Ni Mo C Cr Si (max) Mn (max)
MIM-2200(1) Bal. 1.5 2.5 0.5 max 0.1 max 1.0
MIM-2700 Bal. 6.5 8.5 0.5 max 0.1 max 1.0
MIM-4140 Bal. 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.2 0.6 1.0

MIM-4605(2) Bal. 1.5 2.5 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.6 1.0

Other Elements: Total may not exceed 1.0% combined.

(1) Formerly designated as MIM-4600

(2) Formerly designated MIM-4650 with the addition of a minimum 0.2% Mo.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component:
material selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application

8
 Low-Alloy Steels
MIM Material Properties Inch-Pound Units

MINIMUM VALUES TYPICAL VALUES

Tensile Properties Tensile Properties Elastic Constants Hardness
Material Unnotched
Charpy
Designation Yield Yield Macro- Micro-
Poissons Impact
Code Ultimate Strength Elongation Ultimate Strength Elongation Youngs Energy indentation indentation
(condition) Ratio (apparent) (converted)
Strength (0.2%) (in 1 inch) Density Strength (0.2%) (in 1 inch) Modulus (A)
103 psi 103 psi % g/cm3 103 psi 103 psi % 106 psi ftlbf Rockwell
MIM-2200
37 16 20 7.65 42 18 40 28.0 0.28 100 45 HRB N/D
(as-sintered)
MIM-2700
55 30 20 7.6 60 37 26 28.0 0.28 130 69HRB N/D
(as-sintered)
MIM-4140 200 155 3 7.5 240 180 5 29.5 0.28 55 46 HRC N/D

9
(quenched & tempered)
MIM-4605
55 25 11 7.5 64 30 15 29.0 0.28 50 62 HRB N/D
(as-sintered)
MIM-4605
215 190 <1 7.5 240 215 2 29.5 0.28 40 48HRC 55 HRC
(quenched & tempered)

NOTES:
(A) Impact energy values derived from an un-notched 5 mm x 10 mm cross-section
Charpy specimen (see MPIF Standard 59).

N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.

2016 Edition
Approved: 1992 Revised: 2000, 2007, 2016
MIM Material Section2016 MPIF Standard 35

Stainless Steels
This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured
from prealloyed or elementally blended stainless steels.
Included are austenitic, ferritic and precipitation hardening
grades.
Material Characteristics
High densities achieved by the MIM process enhance
the strength, ductility and corrosion resistance of these
materials.
Application
There are several grades of MIM stainless steels.
Each has specific properties which cover a wide variety of
applications:
MIM-316L Austenitic Grade
This grade is used in applications which require
extremly good corrosion resistance. Parts made from
this material have a good combination of strength and
ductility.
MIM-420 and MIM-440 Martensitic Grades
These martensitic stainless steels combine high
strength, hardness and wear resistance with moderate
corrosion resistance. A range of properties and
hardness can be achieved though modifications of the
carbon content and heat-treating conditions.
MIM-430L Ferritic Grade
This ferritic stainless steel combines good magnetic
response with corrosion resistance. It is suitable for
applications in a corrosive environment where protective
coatings are impractical. (See Soft-Magnetic Alloys
section for additional information about this material.)
MIM-17-4 PH Precipitation Hardening Grade
The precipitation hardening grade of stainless is used
where a high level of strength and hardness is
necessary. It generally has better corrosion resistance
than the 400 series stainless steels because of low
carbon content. A range of properties and hardness
can be achieved through modifications of the aging
temperature during heat treatment.
Microstructure
All materials should exhibit wrought-like microstructures
except that MIM materials have evenly dispersed, well
rounded pores. There should be no evidence of original
particle boundaries. Internal oxides, nitrides and chromium
carbides are detrimental to properties.

Material Chemical Composition, % Stainless Steels

Designation
Code Fe Ni Cr Mo C Cu Nb Nb + Ta Mn (max) Si (max)
MIM-316L Bal. 10 14 16 18 23 0.03 (max) 2.0 1.0
MIM-420 Bal. 12 14 0.15 0.4 1.0 1.0
MIM-430L Bal. 16 18 0.05 (max) 1.0 1.0
MIM-440 Bal. 0.6 (max) 16 18 0.75 (max) 0.9 1.25 3.5 (max) 1.0 1.0
MIM-17-4 PH Bal. 35 15.5 17.5 0.07 (max) 3 5 0.15 0.45 1.0 1.0

Other Elements: Total may not exceed 1.0% combined.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component:
material selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application

10
 Stainless Steels
MIM Material Properties Inch-Pound Units

MINIMUM VALUES TYPICAL VALUES

Tensile Properties Tensile Properties Elastic Constants Hardness Corrosion Resistance
Material Unnotched
Designation Yield Yield Charpy Macro- Micro-
Code Poissons Impact
Ultimate Strength Elongation Ultimate Strength Elongation Youngs indentation indentation
Ratio Energy Boil
(condition) Strength (0.2%) (in 1 inch) Density Strength (0.2%) (in 1 inch) Modulus (A) (apparent) (converted) H2SO4 Test
103 psi 103 psi % g/cm3 103 psi 103 psi % 106 psi ftlbf Rockwell g/dm2/d CuSO4 (H2O)
MIM-316L
65 20 40 7.6 75 25 50 28.0 0.28 140 67 HRB N/D <0.005 Pass Pass
(as-sintered)
MIM-420
180 (B) (C) 7.4 200 174 <1 28.0 0.30 30 44 HRC 50 HRC N/D N/D Pass
(heat-treated)**
MIM-430L
50 30 20 7.55 60 35 25 30.0 0.29 110 65 HRB N/D 0.125 Pass Pass
(as-sintered)

11
MIM-440
150 (B) (C) 7.5 190 170 <1 29.0 0.29 4 56 HRC 60 HRC 0.364 N/D Pass
(heat-treated)***
MIM-17-4 PH
115 94 4 7.5 130 106 6 28.0 0.29 100 27 HRC N/D <0.005 Pass Pass
(as-sintered)
MIM-17-4 PH
155 140 4 7.5 172 158 6 28.0 0.29 100 33 HRC 40 HRC <0.005 Pass Pass
(heat treated)*

*Heat-treated MIM-17-4 PH parts were aged at 900 F (482 C) NOTES:

**Heat-treated MIM-420 parts were austenitized and tempered at
400 F (204 C) for a minimum of 1 hour.
***Heat-treated MIM-440 parts were austenitized, oil quenched and
tempered at 325 F (160 C) for 2 hours
(A) Impact energy values derived from an un-notched 5 mm x 10 mm
cross-section Charpy specimen (see MPIF Standard 59).
(B) Heat-treated MIM materials may not show any yield point based
on a 0.2% offset.
(C) There may be no measurable elongation for MIM heat-treated
materials

N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard

2016 Edition
Approved: 1992 Revised: 2000, 2007, 2016
MIM Material Section2016 MPIF Standard 35

Soft-Magnetic Alloys
This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured
from prealloyed powder or admixtures of iron and other
elements such as nickel, chromium, cobalt and silicon.
These alloys are classified as soft-ferromagnetic
materials, that allows them to be easily magnetized
and demagnetized.
Material Characteristics
Complete diffusion of alloying elements normally
takes place during sintering. A homogeneous
microstructure, low levels of interstitials and high
sintered density will enhance magnetic properties.
Grade Selection
Certain materials in this standard with the same
nominal composition have been assigned two grades.
When selecting a material, a comparison should be
made between the magnetic properties required and
the properties of each grade.
Application
There are several MIM soft-magnetic alloys. Each
has specific properties that covers a wide range of
applications.
MIM-2200
Used in applications requiring high magnetic output,
comparable to iron, but with improved strength.
MIM-Fe-3%Si
Exhibits low core losses and high electrical resistivity
in AC and DC applications (e.g., solenoids, armatures,
relays). Since this alloy readily work hardens, it is
particularly suited to net-shape forming via MIM.
MIM-Fe-50%Ni
High permeability and low coercive field are the
hallmark magnetic properties for this alloy. It is used in
motors, switches and relays, and for magnetic
shielding applications.
MIM-Fe-50%Co
The iron-cobalt alloys produce the highest magnetic
saturation, surpassing pure iron. This material is
suitable for small components required to carry high
magnetic flux densities.
MIM-430L
This ferritic stainless steel combines good magnetic
response with corrosion resistance. It is suitable for
applications in a corrosive environment where
protective coatings are impractical.
Microstructure
The unetched structures exhibit small, uniformly distrib-
uted, well-rounded pores that are not interconnected. In
the etched condition, the microstructure is well-homoge-
nized with little or no evidence of carbides or oxides.

Material Chemical Composition, % Soft-Magnetic Alloys

Designation
Code Fe Ni Cr Co Si C (max) Mn V
MIM-2200 Bal. 1.5 2.5 1.0 max 0.1
MIM-Fe-3%Si Bal. 2.5 3.5 0.05
MIM-Fe50%Ni Bal. 49 51 1.0 max 0.05
MIM-Fe50%Co Bal. 48 50 1.0 max 0.05 2.5 max
MIM-430L Bal. 16 18 1.0 max 0.05 1.0 max
Other Elements: Total may not exceed 1.0% combined.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component:
material selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application

12
 Soft-Magnetic Alloys
MIM Material Properties Inch-Pound Units

MINIMUM VALUES TYPICAL VALUES

Magnetic Properties Tensile Properties Hardness
Material Maximum Yield Macro-
Designation Maximum
Perme- Ultimate Strength Elongation indentation
Code Perme- Maximum
Density ability Hc B25 ability Hc Br B25 B500 Density Strength (0.2%) (in 1 inch) (apparent)
as-sintered 3
g/cm max Oe kG max Oe kG kG kG g/cm3 103 psi 103 psi % HRB
MIM-2200 7.60 2,000 2.0 14.0 2,300 1.5 8.0 14.5 20.0 7.65 42 18 40 45
MIM-Fe-50% Ni-Grade 1* 7.70 40,000 0.15 13.0 47,500 0.13 10.0 14.0 15.0 7.75 66 23 30 50
-Grade 2* 7.70 20,000 0.25 13.0 27,000 0.20 10.0 14.0 15.0 7.75 66 23 30 50
MIM-Fe-3% Si-Grade 1 7.60 8,000 0.75 14.0 8,500 0.7 12.0 14.5 19.5 7.62 77 57 24 80
-Grade 2 7.45 5,500 1.1 14.0 6,000 1.0 12.0 14.5 19.0 7.50 77 57 24 80
MIM-Fe-50% Co 7.70 4,800 2.0 19.0 5,200 1.5 14.0 20.0 22.0 7.75 30 20 <1 80

13
MIM-430L 7.50 1,000 2.3 11.0 1,500 1.8 5.5 11.5 15.8 7.55 60 35 25 65

*Interstitials (oxygen, nitrogen) content and grain size affect

magnetic response.

2016 Edition
Approved: 2000 Revised: 2007, 2016
MIM Material Section2016 MPIF Standard 35

Controlled-Expansion Alloys
This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured
from pre-alloyed powder and/or admixtures of iron,
nickel and cobalt.
The proportions of the elements iron, nickel and
cobalt may be varied to meet the requirements of the
coefficient of thermal expansion.
Application
Controlled-expansion alloys are used in electronics
applications to provide hermetic seals with materials
such as glasses and ceramics.
MIM-F-15
This low expansion alloy is used for glass-to metal seal-
ing applications. It provides hermetic seals for electronic
fiber optic and microwave packages, such as splitters,
dual in-line packages and micro-electronic mechanical
systems.
Material Characteristics
Complete diffusion of alloying elements normally takes
place during sintering. The homogeneous microstructure
and high sintered density provide for exceptional her-
meticity and controlled thermal expansion.
Microstructure
The un-etched structures exhibit small, uniformly distrib-
uted, well-rounded pores that are not interconnected. In
the etched condition, the microstructure is well-homoge-
nized with little or no evidence of carbides or oxides.

Nominal Chemical Composition, % Controlled-Expansion Alloys

Material
Designation Fe Ni Co Mn Si C Al Mg Zr Ti Cu Cr Mo
max max max max max max max max max max

MIM-F15 Bal. 29 17 0.50 0.20 0.04 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.20

Other Elements: Aluminum, magnesium, zirconium and titanium may not exceed 0.20%
combined. Total may not exceed 1% combined.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component:
material selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application

14
 Controlled-Expansion Alloys
MIM Material Properties Inch-Pound Units

MINIMUM VALUE TYPICAL VALUES

Tensile Properties Hardness
Material
Designation
Yield Macro- Micro-
Code
(condition) Ultimate Strength Elongation Youngs indentation indentation
Density Density Strength (0.2%) (in 1 inch) Modulus (apparent) (converted)
3
g/cm g/cm3 103 psi 103 psi % 106 psi Rockwell
MIM-F-1 5
7.7 7.8 67 43 25 17 65 HRB N/D
(as-sintered)

NOTES:
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.

15
The coefficient of thermal expansion was determined for the
MIM-F-15 alloy in accordance with ASTM E228. A push-rod
dilatometer was used for these tests, using a 3.6 F/minute
heating rate in a nitrogen atmosphere. The average
coefficient of thermal expansion was determined from room
temperature (68 F) up to a series of temperatures.

From 68 F Average CTE

To: (X 10-6/ F)
212 F 3.7
302 F 3.4
392 F 3.2
482 F 3.1
572 F 3.0

2016 Edition
Approved: 2007
MIM Material Section2016 MPIF Standard 35

Copper
This subsection covers MIM copper. MIM copper is made
using commercially pure copper powder.
Material Characteristics
MIM copper has the typical color of copper and is
commonly used for its excellent thermal and electrical
conductivity.
Applications
Pure copper parts are used in applications requiring
excellent thermal or electrical conductivity. Sintered
copper parts can be treated like a wrought copper part
in the annealed condition and can be machined, plated,
brazed, crimped, and staked.
Microstructure
Copper will sinter to a point where very few original
particle boundaries are observable. The un-etched
microstructure will exhibit small, uniformly distributed,
well-rounded pores that are not interconnected. In the
etched condition, the microstructure is homogenous
with little to no evidence of oxides or contaminants.

Nominal Chemical Composition, % - Copper

Material
Designation
Cu

99.8 Minimum
MIM-Cu
100.0 Maximum

Other Elements: 0.2% max, excluding silver

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component:
material selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application

16
 Copper
MIM Material Properties Inch-Pound Units

MINIMUM VALUES TYPICAL VALUES

Tensile Properties
Material
Thermal Thermal
Designation
Code Conductivity Conductivity Ultimate Yield Strength Elongation
(condition) Density (at 77 F) Density (at 77 F) Strength (0.2%) (in 1 inch)
g/cm3 Btuft/(hft2F) g/cm3 Btuft/(hft2F) 103 psi 103 psi %
MIM-Cu
(as-sintered) 8.50 190 8.75 208 30 10 30

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE)

The coefficient of thermal expansion was determined for the
MIM-Cu alloy in accordance with ASTM E228. A push-rod

17
dilatometer was used for these tests, using a 1.8 F/minute
heating rate in air atmosphere. The average coefficient of
thermal expansion was determined from room temperature
(68 F) up to a series of temperatures.

From 68 F Average CTE

To: (X 10-6/ F)
100 F 8.7
150 F 8.9
200 F 9.1
250 F 9.3
300 F 9.4

2016 Edition
Approved 2012

17
MIM Material Section2016 MPIF Standard 35

Low-Alloy Steels
This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured Application
from both prealloys and admixtures of iron powder and Low-alloy steels are generally used for structural
other alloying elements such as nickel, molybdenum, applications, especially when carburized. They are
and carbon. specified for applications where high strength and
The proportions of each element used and heat hardness are necessary.
treat conditions may be varied to achieve a range of
properties. Alloys may be hardened for very high Microstructure
strength with moderate ductility. Lower carbon alloys Residual pores should be small, discrete, well
may be case hardened for wear resistance while distributed and rounded. The microstructure will vary
achieving a tough core. with composition and heat treatment.
Material Characteristics
Complete diffusion of alloying elements normally
takes place during sintering. The homogeneous
structure imparts exceptional strength properties. The
high density attained through MIM processing also
gives these materials good ductility.

Material Chemical Composition, % Low-Alloy Steels

Designation
Code Fe Ni Mo C Cr Si (max) Mn (max)
(1)
MIM-2200 Bal. 1.5 2.5 0.5 max 0.1 max 1.0
MIM-2700 Bal. 6.5 8.5 0.5 max 0.1 max 1.0
MIM-4140 Bal. 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.2 0.6 1.0

MIM-4605(2) Bal. 1.5 2.5 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.6 1.0

Other Elements: Total may not exceed 1.0% combined.

(1) Formerly designated as MIM-4600

(2) Formerly designated MIM-4650 with the addition of a minimum 0.2% Mo.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component:
material selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application

18
 Low-Alloy Steels
MIM Material Properties SI Units

MINIMUM VALUES TYPICAL VALUES

Tensile Properties Tensile Properties Elastic Constants Hardness
Unnotched
Material
Charpy
Designation Yield Yield Impact Macro- Micro-
Poissons
Code Ultimate Strength Elongation Ultimate Strength Elongation Youngs Energy indentation indentation
Ratio
(condition) Strength (0.2%) (in 25 mm) Density Strength (0.2%) (in 25 mm) Modulus (A) (apparent) (converted)
MPa MPa % g/cm3 MPa MPa % GPa J Rockwell
MIM-2200
255 110 20 7.65 290 125 40 190 0.28 135 45 HRB N/D
(as-sintered)
MIM-2700
380 205 20 7.6 415 255 26 190 0.28 175 69 HRB N/D
(as-sintered)

MIM-4140 1,380 1,070 3 7.5 1,650 1,240 5 205 0.28 75 46 HRC N/D
(quenched & tempered)

19
MIM-4605
380 170 11 7.5 440 205 15 200 0.28 70 62 HRB N/D
(as-sintered)

MIM-4605 7.5 1,655 1,480 2 205 0.28 55 48 HRC 55 HRC

1,480 1,310 <1
(quenched & tempered)

NOTES:
(A) Impact energy values derived from an un-notched 5 mm x 10 mm cross-section
Charpy specimen (see MPIF Standard 59).

N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.

2016 Edition
Approved: 2000 Revised: 2007, 2016
MIM Material Section2016 MPIF Standard 35

Stainless Steels
This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured
from prealloyed or elementally blended stainless steels.
Included are austenitic, ferritic and precipitation hardening
grades.
Material Characteristics
High densities achieved by the MIM process enhance
the strength, ductility and corrosion resistance of these
materials.
Application
There are several grades of MIM stainless steels.
Each has specific properties which cover a wide variety of
applications:
MIM-316L Austenitic Grade
This grade is used in applications which require
extremly good corrosion resistance. Parts made from
this material have a good combination of strength and
ductility.
MIM-420 and MIM-440 Martensitic Grades
These martensitic stainless steels combine high
strength, hardness and wear resistance with moderate
corrosion resistance. A range of properties and
hardness can be achieved though modifications of the
carbon content and heat-treating conditions.
MIM-430L Ferritic Grade
This ferritic stainless steel combines good magnetic
response with corrosion resistance. It is suitable for
applications in a corrosive environment where protective
coatings are impractical. (See Soft-Magnetic Alloys
section for additional information about this material.)
MIM-17-4 PH Precipitation Hardening Grade
The precipitation hardening grade of stainless is used
where a high level of strength and hardness is
necessary. It generally has better corrosion resistance
than the 400 series stainless steels because of low
carbon content. A range of properties and hardness
can be achieved through modifications of the aging
temperature during heat treatment.
Microstructure
All materials should exhibit wrought-like microstructures
except that MIM materials have evenly dispersed, well
rounded pores. There should be no evidence of original
particle boundaries. Internal oxides, nitrides and chromium
carbides are detrimental to properties.

Material Chemical Composition, % Stainless Steels

Designation
Code Fe Ni Cr Mo C Cu Nb Nb + Ta Mn (max) Si (max)
MIM-316L Bal. 10 14 16 18 23 0.03 (max) 2.0 1.0
MIM-420 Bal. 12 14 0.15 0.4 1.0 1.0
MIM-430L Bal. 16 18 0.05 (max) 1.0 1.0
MIM-440 Bal. 0.6 (max) 16 18 0.75 (max) 0.9 1.25 3.5 (max) 1.0 1.0
MIM-17-4 PH Bal. 35 15.5 17.5 0.07 (max) 3 5 0.15 0.45 1.0 1.0

Other Elements: Total may not exceed 1.0% combined.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component:
material selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application

20
 Stainless Steels
MIM Material Properties SI Units

MINIMUM VALUES TYPICAL VALUES

Tensile Properties Tensile Properties Elastic Constants Hardness Corrosion Resistance
Unnotched
Material
Charpy
Designation Yield Yield Macro- Micro-
Impact
Code Ultimate Strength Elongation Ultimate Strength Elongation Youngs Poissons Energy indentation indentation Boil
(condition) Strength (0.2%) (in 25 mm) Density Strength (0.2%) (in 25 mm) Modulus Ratio (A) (apparent) (converted H2SO4 Test
MPa MPa % g/cm3 MPa MPa % GPa J Rockwell g/dm2/da CuSO4 (H2O)
MIM-316L
450 140 40 7.6 520 175 50 190 0.28 190 67 HRB N/D <0.005 Pass Pass
(as-sintered)
MIM-420
1,240 (B) (C) 7.4 1,380 1,200 <1 190 0.30 40 44 HRC 50 HRC N/D N/D Pass
(heat-treated)**
MIM-430L
350 210 20 7.55 410 240 25 210 0.29 150 65 HRB N/D 0.125 Pass Pass
(as-sintered)

21
MIM-440
1,030 (B) (C) 7.5 1,310 1,170 <1 200 0.29 5 56 HRC 60 HRC 0.364 N/D Pass
(heat treated)***
MIM-17-4 PH
790 650 4 7.5 900 730 6 190 0.29 140 27 HRC N/D <0.005 Pass Pass
(as-sintered)
MIM-17-4 PH
1,070 970 4 7.5 1,190 1,090 6 190 0.29 140 33 HRC 40 HRC <0.005 Pass Pass
(heat treated)*

*Heat-treated MIM-1 7-4 PH parts were aged at 482 C (900 F).
**Heat-treated MIM-420 parts were austenitized and tempered at
204 C (400 F) for a minimum of 1 hour.
***Heat treated MIM-440 parts were austenitized, oil quenched
and tempered at 160 C (325 F) for 2 hours
NOTES:
(A) Impact energy values derived from an un-notched 5 mm x 10 mm
cross-section Charpy specimen (see MPIF Standard 59).
(B) Heat-treated MIM-420-SS may not show any yield point based on a
0.2% offset.
(C) There may be no measurable elongation for the MIM-420-SS
heat-treated material.

N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.

2016 Edition
Approved: 2000 Revised: 2007, 2016
MIM Material Section2016 MPIF Standard 35

Soft-Magnetic Alloys
This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured
from prealloyed powder or admixtures of iron and other
elements such as nickel, chromium, cobalt and silicon.
These alloys are classified as soft-ferromagnetic
materials, that allows them to be easily magnetized
and demagnetized.
Material Characteristics
Complete diffusion of alloying elements normally
takes place during sintering. A homogeneous
microstructure, low levels of interstitials and high
sintered density will enhance magnetic properties.
Grade Selection
Certain materials in this standard with the same
nominal composition have been assigned two grades.
When selecting a material, a comparison should be
made between the magnetic properties required and
the properties of each grade.
Application
There are several MIM soft-magnetic alloys. Each
has specific properties that covers a wide range of
applications.
MIM-2200
Used in applications requiring high magnetic output,
comparable to iron, but with improved strength.
MIM-Fe-3%Si
Exhibits low core losses and high electrical resistivity
in AC and DC applications (e.g., solenoids, armatures,
relays). Since this alloy readily work hardens, it is
particularly suited to net-shape forming via MIM.
MIM-Fe-50%Ni
High permeability and low coercive field are the
hallmark magnetic properties for this alloy. It is used in
motors, switches and relays, and for magnetic
shielding applications.
MIM-Fe-50%Co
The iron-cobalt alloys produce the highest magnetic
saturation, surpassing pure iron. This material is
suitable for small components required to carry high
magnetic flux densities.
MIM-430L
This ferritic stainless steel combines good magnetic
response with corrosion resistance. It is suitable for
applications in a corrosive environment where
protective coatings are impractical.
Microstructure
The unetched structures exhibit small, uniformly distrib-
uted, well-rounded pores that are not interconnected. In
the etched condition, the microstructure is well-homoge-
nized with little or no evidence of carbides or oxides.

Material Chemical Composition, % Soft-Magnetic Alloys

Designation
Code Fe Ni Cr Co Si C (max) Mn V
MIM-2200 Bal. 1.5 2.5 1.0 max 0.1
MIM-Fe-3%Si Bal. 2.5 3.5 0.05
MIM-Fe50%Ni Bal. 49 51 1.0 max 0.05
MIM-Fe50%Co Bal. 48 50 1.0 max 0.05 2.5 max
MIM-430L Bal. 16 18 1.0 max 0.05 1.0 max
Other Elements: Total may not exceed 1.0% combined.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component:
material selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application

22
 Soft Magnetic Alloys
MIM Material Properties SI Units

MINIMUM VALUES TYPICAL VALUES

Magnetic Properties Tensile Properties Hardness
Material Ultimate Yield Macro-
Maximum Maximum Maximum Elongation
Designation Tensile Strength indentation
Perme-
Code Density Perme- Hc B1,990 Hc Br B1,990 B39,800 Density Strength (0.2%) (in 25 mm) (apparent)
3
ability ability
as-sintered g/cm max A/m T max A/m T T T g/cm3 MPa MPa % HRB
MIM-2200 7.60 2,000 160 1.40 2,300 120 0.80 1.45 2.00 7.65 290 125 40 45
MIM-Fe-50% Ni-Grade 1* 7.70 40,000 10 1.30 47,500 10 1.00 1.40 1.50 7.75 455 160 30 50
-Grade 2* 7.70 20,000 20 1.30 27,000 16 1.00 1.40 1.50 7.75 455 160 30 50
MIM-Fe-3% Si-Grade 1 7.60 8,000 60 1.40 8,500 56 1.20 1.45 1.95 7.62 530 390 24 80
-Grade 2 7.45 5,500 90 1.40 6,000 80 1.20 1.45 1.90 7.50 530 390 24 80
MIM-Fe-50% Co 7.70 4,800 160 1.90 5,200 120 1.40 2.00 2.20 7.75 205 140 <1 80

23
MIM-430L 7.50 1,000 185 1.10 1,500 140 0.55 1.15 1.58 7.55 415 240 25 65

*Interstitials (oxygen, nitrogen) content and

grain size affect magnetic response.

2016 Edition
Approved: 2000 Revised: 2007, 2016

23
MIM Material Section2016 MPIF Standard 35

Controlled-Expansion Alloys
This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured
from pre-alloyed powder and/or admixtures of iron,
nickel and cobalt.
The proportions of the elements iron, nickel and
cobalt may be varied to meet the requirements of the
coefficient of thermal expansion.
Application
Controlled-expansion alloys are used in electronics
applications to provide hermetic seals with materials
such as glasses and ceramics.
MIM-F-15
This low expansion alloy is used for glass-to metal seal-
ing applications. It provides hermetic seals for electronic
fiber optic and microwave packages, such as splitters,
dual in-line packages and micro-electronic mechanical
systems.
Material Characteristics
Complete diffusion of alloying elements normally takes
place during sintering. The homogeneous microstructure
and high sintered density provide for exceptional her-
meticity and controlled thermal expansion.
Microstructure
The un-etched structures exhibit small, uniformly distrib-
uted, well-rounded pores that are not interconnected. In
the etched condition, the microstructure is well-homoge-
nized with little or no evidence of carbides or oxides.

Nominal Chemical Composition, % Controlled-Expansion Alloys

Material
Designation Fe Ni Co Mn Si C Al Mg Zr Ti Cu Cr Mo
max max max max max max max max max max

MIM-F15 Bal. 29 17 0.50 0.20 0.04 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.20

Other Elements: Aluminum, magnesium, zirconium and titanium may not exceed 0.20% combined.
Total may not exceed 1% combined.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component:
material selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application

24
 Controlled-Expansion Alloys
MIM Material Properties SI Units

MINIMUM VALUE TYPICAL VALUES

Tensile Properties Hardness
Material
Designation
Yield Macro- Micro-
Code
(condition) Ultimate Strength Elongation Youngs indentation indentation
Density Density Strength (0.2%) (in 25 mm) Modulus (apparent) (converted)
3
g/cm g/cm3 MPa MPa % GPa Rockwell
MIM-F-15 7.8 450 300 25 120 65 HRB N/D
7.7
(as-sintered)

NOTES:
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.

25
The coefficient of thermal expansion was determined for the
MIM-F-15 alloy in accordance with ASTM E228. A push-rod
dilatometer was used for these tests, using a 2 C/minute
heating rate in a nitrogen atmosphere. The average
coefficient of thermal expansion was determined from room
temperature (20 C) up to a series of temperatures.

From 20 C Average CTE

To: (X 10-6/ C)
100 C 6.6
150 C 6.2
200 C 5.8
250 C 5.5
300 C 5.4

2016 Edition
Approved: 2007
MIM Material Section2016 MPIF Standard 35

Copper
This subsection covers MIM copper. MIM copper is made
using commercially pure copper powder.
Material Characteristics
MIM copper has the typical color of copper and is
commonly used for its excellent thermal and electrical
conductivity.
Applications
Pure copper parts are used in applications requiring
excellent thermal or electrical conductivity. Sintered
copper parts can be treated like a wrought copper part
in the annealed condition and can be machined, plated,
brazed, crimped, and staked.
Microstructure
Copper will sinter to a point where very few original
particle boundaries are observable. The un-etched
microstructure will exhibit small, uniformly distributed,
well-rounded pores that are not interconnected. In the
etched condition, the microstructure is homogenous
with little to no evidence of oxides or contaminants.

Nominal Chemical Composition, % - Copper

Material
Designation
Cu

99.8 Minimum
MIM-Cu
100.0 Maximum

Other Elements: 0.2% max, excluding silver

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component:
material selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application

26
 Copper
MIM Material Properties SI Units

MINIMUM VALUES TYPICAL VALUES

Tensile Properties
Material
Designation Thermal Thermal
Code Conductivity Conductivity Ultimate Yield Strength Elongation
Density (at 25 C) Density (at 25 C) Strength (0.2%) (in 25 mm)
(condition)
g/cm3 W/(mK) g/cm3 W/(mK) MPa MPa %
MIM-Cu
(as-sintered) 8.50 330 8.75 360 207 69 30

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE)

The coefficient of thermal expansion was determined for the
MIM-Cu alloy in accordance with ASTM E228. A push-rod
dilatometer was used for these tests, using a 1 C/minute

27
heating rate in air atmosphere. The average coefficient of
thermal expansion was determined from room temperature
(20 C) up to a series of temperatures.

From 20 F Average CTE

To: (X 10-6/ C)
38 C 15.7
66 C 16.0
93 C 16.4
121 C 16.7
149 C 16.9

2016 Edition
Approved 2012

27
Index
Alphabetical Listing & Guide to Material Systems &
Designation Codes Used in MPIF Standard 35
The MPIF Standard 35 family of publications comprises
four separate publications dealing with materials for: metal
injection molded parts, conventional PM structural parts,
PM self-lubricating bearings and powder forged (PF) steel
parts. The same materials may appear in more than one
publication or section of the standard depending upon
their common use, e.g. some structural materials may also
be used in bearing applications and vice versa and stain-
less steel materials may be manufactured by more than
one PM process, such as MIM or conventional PM, depen-
dent upon part design and use.
The following indices provide the user with a reference
tool to more easily locate the information on the standard-
ized material needed for a specific application.
INDEX 1 (35MIM1-2016) provides information on materi-
als contained in this edition of MPIF Standard 35,
Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded Parts. The
standardized material designation codes are listed
alphabetically, followed by the name of the specific mate-
rial system section of the standard where the chemical
composition and/or mechanical property data can be
found. See Table of Contents for page numbers where
cited material systems (inch-pound or SI units) can be
found.
INDEX 2 (35MIM2-2016) provides similar information on
the other three MPIF Standard 35 publications.
KEY - MPIF Standard 35 Publications:
MIM Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded
Parts
PF Materials Standards for P/F Steel Parts
SLB Materials Standards for PM Self-Lubricating
Bearings
SP Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts

INDEX 1. (35MIM1-2016) Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded Parts

Material Section
Designation Code Material System Key
MIM-17-4 PH Stainless Steels MIM
MIM-2200 Low-Alloy Steels MIM
Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM
MIM-2700 Low-Alloy Steels MIM
MIM-316L Stainless Steels MIM
MIM-4140 Low-Alloy Steels MIM
MIM-420 Stainless Steels MIM
Stainless Steels MIM
MIM-430L
Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM
MIM-440 Stainless Steels MIM
MIM-4605 Low-Alloy Steels MIM
MIM-Cu Copper MIM
MIM-F-15 Controlled-Expansion Alloys MIM
MIM-Fe-3% Si Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM
MIM-Fe-50% Co Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM
MIM-Fe-50% Ni Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM

28
 MPIF Standard 35 Publication KEY
MIM Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded Parts SLB Materials Standards for PM Self-Lubricating Bearings
PF Materials Standards for P/F Steel Parts SP Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts

INDEX 2. (35MIM2-2016)
Material Section
Designation Code Material System Key
AC-2014 Aluminum Alloys SP
C-0000 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
CFTG-3806-K Diluted Bronze Bearings SLB
CNZ-1818 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
CNZP-1816 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
CT-1000 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
CT-1000-K Bronze Bearings SLB
CTG-1001-K Bronze Bearings SLB
CTG-1004-K Bronze Bearings SLB
CZ-1000 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
CZ-2000 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
CZ-3000 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
CZP-1002 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
CZP-2002 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
CZP-3002 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
F-0000 Iron and Carbon Steel SP
F-0000-K Iron and Iron-Carbon Bearings SLB
F-0005 Iron and Carbon Steel SP
F-0005-K Iron and Iron-Carbon Bearings SLB
F-0008 Iron and Carbon Steel SP
F-0008-K Iron and Iron-Carbon Bearings SLB
FC-0200 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP
FC-0200-K Iron-Copper Bearings SLB
FC-0205 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP
FC-0205-K Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings SLB
FC-0208 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP
FC-0208-K Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings SLB
FC-0505 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP
FC-0508 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP
FC-0508-K Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings SLB
FC-0808 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP
FC-1000 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP
FC-1000-K Iron-Copper Bearings SLB
FC-2000-K Iron-Copper Bearings SLB
FC-2008-K Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings SLB
FCTG-3604-K Diluted Bronze Bearings SLB
FD-0105 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP
FD-0200 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP
FD-0205 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP
FD-0208 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP
FD-0400 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP

29
INDEX 2. (35MIM2-2016)
Material Section
Designation Code Material System Key
FD-0405 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP
FD-0408 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP
FDCT-1802-K Diffusion-Alloyed Iron-Bronze Bearings SLB
FF-0000 Soft-Magnetic Alloys SP
FG-0303-K Iron-Graphite Bearings SLB
FG-0308-K Iron-Graphite Bearings SLB
FL-3905 Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-4005 Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-4205 Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-4400 Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-4405 Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-4605 Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-4805 Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-4905 Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-5108 Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-5208 Prealloyed Steel SP
Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-5305
Sinter-Hardened Steel SP
FLC-4608 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP
FLC-4805 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP
FLC-4908 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP
FLC2-4808 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP
FLC2-5208 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP
FLDN2-4908 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP
FLDN4C2-4905 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP
FLN-4205 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLN2-3905 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLN2-4400 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLN2-4405 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLN2-4408 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP
FLN2C-4005 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLN4-4400 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLN4-4405 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLN4-4405(HTS) Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLN4-4408 Sinter Hardened Steel SP
FLN4C-4005 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLN6-4405 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLN6-4408 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP
FLNC-4405 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLNC-4408 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP
FN-0200 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel SP
FN-0205 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel SP
FN-0208 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel SP
FN-0405 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel SP
FN-0408 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel SP
30
INDEX 2. (35MIM2-2016)
Material Section
Designation Code Material System Key
FN-5000 Soft-Magnetic Alloys SP
FS-0300 Soft-Magnetic Alloys SP
FX-1000 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP
FX-1005 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP
FX-1008 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP
FX-2000 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP
FX-2005 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP
FX-2008 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP
FY-4500 Soft-Magnetic Alloys SP
FY-8000 Soft-Magnetic Alloys SP
P/F-1020 Carbon Steel PF
P/F-1040 Carbon Steel PF
P/F-1060 Carbon Steel PF
P/F-10C40 Copper Steel PF
P/F-10C50 Copper Steel PF
P/F-10C60 Copper Steel PF
P/F-1140 Carbon Steel PF
P/F-1160 Carbon Steel PF
P/F-11C40 Copper Steel PF
P/F-11C50 Copper Steel PF
P/F-11C60 Copper Steel PF
P/F-4220 Low-Alloy P/F-42XX Steel PF
P/F-4240 Low-Alloy P/F-42XX Steel PF
P/F-4260 Low-Alloy P/F-42XX Steel PF
P/F-4620 Low-Alloy P/F-46XX Steel PF
P/F-4640 Low-Alloy P/F-46XX Steel PF
P/F-4660 Low-Alloy P/F-46XX Steel PF
P/F-4680 Low-Alloy P/F-46XX Steel PF
SS-303L Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-303N1 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-303N2 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-304H Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-304L Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-304N1 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-304N2 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-316H Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-316L Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-316N1 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-316N2 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-409L Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP
SS-409LE Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP
SS-409LNi Stainless Steel 400 Series Alloy SP
SS-410 Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP
SS-410L Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP

31
INDEX 2. (35MIM2-2016)
Material Section
Designation Code Material System Key
SS-430L Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP
SS-430N2 Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP
SS-434L Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP
SS-434LCb Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP
SS-434N2 Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP

32
33
NOTES

34
Metal Powder Industries Federation 2016 MIM Standards
105 College Road East, Princeton, NJ 08540-6692 U.S.A.
(609) 452-7700 FAX (609) 987-8523
Email: info@mpif.org website: mpif.org