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4 MATERIALS
Pure Bending
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Pure Bending
Pure Bending
Other Loading Types
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending
Bending Deformations
Strain Due to Bending
Stress Due to Bending
Beam Section Properties
Bending of Members Made of Several
Materials
Reinforced Concrete Beams
Unsymmetric Bending
4-2
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Pure Bending
4-3
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Pure/Non-Pure Bending
4-4
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Other Loading Types
4-5
4-
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending
Internal forces in a cross section are equivalent
to a couple moment, i.e., the section bending
moment.
Couple moment is same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple.
4 -66
4-
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Terminologies/Assumptions
4-7
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Physical meaning of assumptions.
Assumption that plane sections remain plane and
perpendicular to deflection curve after deformation implies
shear strain = 0. Thus Hookes law gives shear stress
= 0. This is exactly true in pure bending (since no
Shear force).
If plane sections remain plane but not perpendicular to
deflection curve after deformation, (hence ) is
nonzero but constant through depth (y-direction).
If plane sections dont remain plane or perpendicular to
deflection curve after deformation, (hence ) is
nonzero and varies through depth (y-direction). This is
what we will obtain later when we find shear stresses.
4-8
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Longitudinal Strain
4-9
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Normal Stress
4 - 10
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Resultant of Normal Stress Distribution
4 - 11
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Resultant Force
4 - 12
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Resultant Moment
4 - 13
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Relationship between Bending Stress and Moment
4 - 14
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Area Moments of Inertia
I zz y 2 dA; I yy z 2 dA; I zy I yz yz dA; C=centroid
A A A
4 - 15
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Area centroids and Area Moments of Inertia
4 - 16
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Area centroids and Area Moments of Inertia
4 - 17
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section
Recall: deformation due to bending moment M is
quantified by curvature of neutral surface
1 x x M
y Ey EI
4 - 18
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Section Modulii
4 - 19
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Doubly Symmetric Shape
Review Calculations of
Centroid & I for various
cross-sections
Appendix A, Beer and
Johnston
4 - 21
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Design of Beams for Bending
The largest normal stress is found at the surface where the
maximum bending moment occurs.
M max c M max
m
I S
m all
M max
Smin
all
5 - 22
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Design of Beams in Bending
4 - 23
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 5.1
4 - 24
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 5.1
SOLUTION:
Based on cross section geometry, calculate
location of section centroid and moment of
inertia.
Area, mm 2 y , mm yA, mm3
1 20 90 1800 50 90 103
2 40 30 1200 20 24 103
3
A 3000 yA 114 10
3
yA 114 10
Y 38 mm
A 3000
I x I A d 2 12
1 bh3 A d 2
1 90 203 1800 122 1 30 403 1200 182
12 12
I 868 103 mm 868 10-9 m 4
4 - 25
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 5.1
Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
Mc
m
I
M c A 3 kN m 0.022 m A 76.0 MPa
A
I 868 109 mm 4
M cB 3 kN m 0.038 m
B B 131.3 MPa
I 868 109 mm 4
4 - 26
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 5.2
4 - 27
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 5.2
4 - 28
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 5.2
4 - 29
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 5.3
4 - 30
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 5.4
5 - 31
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 5.4
Determine reactions at A and D.
M A 0 D5 m 60 kN 1.5 m 50 kN 4 m
D 58.0 kN
Fy 0 Ay 58.0 kN 60 kN 50 kN
Ay 52.0 kN
5 - 32
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 5.4
Determine minimum acceptable section
modulus.
M max 67.6 kN m
S min
all 160 MPa
422.5 10 6 m3 422.5 103 mm3
5 - 33
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Bending of Members Made of Several Materials
Consider a composite beam formed from
two materials with E1 and E2.
Normal strain (still) varies linearly
(cannot violate kinematics).
y
x
Piecewise linear normal stress variation.
E1 y E2 y
1 E1 x 2 E2 x
Neutral axis does not pass through
section centroid of composite section.
Elemental forces on the section are
Ey E y
dF1 1dA 1 dA dF2 2 dA 2 dA
My
x
I Define a transformed section such that
1 x 2 n x nE1 y Ey E
dF2 dA 1 n dA n 2
E1
4 - 34
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Alternate derivation - neutral axis for composite beam
F 0 x1dA x 2 dA E1 x1dA E2 x 2 dA
A1 A2 A1 A2
y E y
E1 dA 2 E1 dA
A1
E
A2 1
y y
E1 dA E1 dA
E2 A1 nA2
A1 A2
E1
y dA 0
A1 nA2
4 - 35
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 5.5
SOLUTION:
Transform to an equivalent cross section
made entirely of (say) brass
4 -36
4- 36
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 5.5
SOLUTION:
Transform to equivalent brass section.
Es 200GPa
n 2.0
Eb 100GPa
bT 10 mm 2 18 mm 10 mm 56 mm
4 -37
4- 37
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Reinforced Concrete Beams
Concrete beams subjected to bending moments are
reinforced by steel rods.
The steel rods assumed to carry the entire tensile
load below neutral axis (since concrete is weak
in tension). Upper part of the concrete beam
carries the compressive load.
In the transformed section, cross sectional area of
steel, As, replaced by equivalent area
nAs where n = Es/Ec.
To determine the location of the neutral axis,
bx x n As d x 0
2
1 b x2 n As x n As d 0
2
The normal stress in the concrete and steel
My
x
I
c x s n x
4 - 38
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 5.6
4-
4 -3939
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 5.6
SOLUTION:
Transform to section made entirely of concrete.
Es 200 GPa
n 8.0
Ec 25 GPa
2
nAs 8.0 2 4 16mm 3216 mm 2
4 - 41
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Unsymmetric Bending
Thus far analysis of pure bending limited to
members subjected to bending couples
acting in a plane of symmetry.
4 - 42
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Unsymmetric Bending
y
0 Fx x dA E dA
or 0 y dA
neutral axis passes through centroid
y
M M z y E dA
Wish to determine conditions under
which neutral axis of section of EI I
or M x , I I z moment of inertia
arbitrary shape coincides with axis of y
couple, as shown above. defines stress distribution
4 - 43
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Unsymmetric Bending
Superposition applied to determine stresses in the
most general case of unsymmetric bending.
Resolve couple vector into components along
principle centroidal axes.
M z M cos M y M sin
4 - 44
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 5.7
4 -45
4- 45
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 5.7
Resolve couple vector along principal axes and calculate
corresponding maximum stresses.
M z 180 Nm cos 30 155.9 Nm
M y 180 Nm sin 30 90 Nm
I z 121 0.04 m 0.09 m 2.43 10-6 m 4
3
2
M yz
90 Nm 0.02 m 3.75 MPa
Iy 0.48 10-6 m 4
4 -46
4- 46
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 5.7
Iz 2.43 10-6 m 4
tan tan tan 30
Iy 0.48 10-6 m 4
2.9
71o
4 -47
4- 47
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 5.8
4 - 48
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 5.8
4 - 49
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 5.8
4 - 50
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading
Consider straight member subject to equal and
opposite eccentric forces.
4 - 51
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 5.9
4- 52
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 5.9
Normal stress due to a
centric load
A c 2 6 mm
2
113.1 mm 2
P 700 N
0
A 113.1 10 6 m 2
6.2 MPa
M Pd 700 N 0.016 m
11.2 Nm 1017.9 mm 4
Mc 11.2 Nm 0.006 m
m
I 1017.9 10 -12 m 4
66 MPa
4- 53
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 5.9
4- 54
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 5.10
Largest allowable stresses for cast iron link
are 30 MPa in tension and 120 MPa in
compression. Determine largest force P
which can be applied.
A 3 103 m 2
Y 0.038 m
I 868 109 m 4
4- 55
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 5.10
Determine equivalent centric load & bending moment.
d 0.038 0.010 0.028 m
P centric load
M Pd 0.028 P bending moment
4- 56
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 5.11
4 - 57
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 5.11
4 - 58