OPENING MATERIAL

ATOMICAL THEORY OF BOHR

Bohr model consider that atom as a small, positively charged nucleus
surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleussimilar
to structure of the Solar System, but with attraction provided by electrostatic
forces rather than gravity.
Atomic Bohr theory which is electrons surround an core atom
composed of protons and neutrons on certain paths called electron shells or
energy levels.

He proposed that electrons could move only in specific orbits around the
nucleus
The distance of each orbit from the nucleus corresponded to the energy
level of that orbit

FIRST MATERIAL
 Proton
Positively charged particle in the nucleus of the atom.
The number of protons in an atoms nucleus is the atomic number.
Electron
Negatively charged particle surrounding the nucleus of the atom.
The number of electrons surrounding the nucleus of an atom is equal to the
number of protons in the atoms nucleus.
Neutron
Particle in the nucleus that has about the same mass as a proton but has no
charge. For the atoms of the first 20 elements, the number of neutrons is
either equal to or slightly greater than the number of protons.

SECOND MATERIAL
The chemical properties of an element are determined by the charge of
its atomic nucleus, i.e. by the number of protons. This number is called the
atomic number and is denoted by the letter Z. The mass of an atom depends on
how many nucleons its nucleus contains. The number of nucleons, i.e. the total
number of protons plus neutrons, is called the atomic mass number and is
denoted by the letter A. Standard notation shows the chemical symbol, the mass
number and the atomic number as follows:

For example, the iron nucleus which has 26 protons and 30 neutrons, is
56
denoted as 26 ; where the total nuclear charge is Z = 26 and the mass number
A = 56. The number of neutrons is simply the difference N = A - Z. Since the
type of element is linked directly to the number of protons in the nucleus (Z), the
lower index is sometimes omitted and you may see notation like 56Fe.

THIRD MATERIAL
ISOTOPES
These are the elements having same atomic number but different
mass number. They have the same atomic number because the number of
protons inside their nuclei remains the same. Since they are neutral
isotopes are elements having same number of electrons, which make them
to possess identical chemical properties.
Let us see some examples: 1H1, 1H2, 1H3 are all isotopes of hydrogen.
37 35
17Cl , 17Cl are isotopes of chlorine. (They have 17
protons in the nucleus but have number of neutrons
equal to 20 and 18 respectively.)
ISOBARS
That is isobars are elements, which are chemically different but
physically same. So, isobars are atoms of different elements having the
same atomic mass but different atomic number. Since their number of
electrons is different, their chemical properties are different. The light
nuclei have unstable isobars. Heavy nuclei have stable isobars and these
occur in pairs. Suppose the number of protons of one isobar matches with
that of another they are called as mirror-nuclides of each other.
Examples of isobars are

Since isobars are different elements they appear in different places in the
periodic table.
ISOTONES
Atoms which have different atomic number and different atomic
masses but the same number of neutrons are called Isotones. Isotones
are elements having the same number of neutrons.

Examples of isotones are: