ARCHITECTURE/1990; The Important Things Were What Didn't Happen

The worst thing that happened to architecture in 1990 was that all the
money went away. Then again, maybe the best thing that happened to
architecture in 1990 was that all the money went away. There are going to be a
lot fewer buildings getting started in the coming decade -- which means less of
the glitz, less of the overbuilding, and less of the pretentious, overbearing excess
that characterized the 1980's. Expect not a lot of huge skyscrapers being
shoehorned into already crowded downtowns, as they were in the last decade.
And there won't be a lot of zillion-dollar post-modern beach houses for
investment bankers, either.
This will mean that there are also going to be a lot of unemployed
architects running around. Indeed, there already are. Few and far between are
the architectural firms that are expanding these days; the word is retrenchment,
even in some of the largest and mightiest presences in the world of commercial
architecture, like Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, where a slew of layoffs
inaugurated the holiday season.........

Link : http://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/30/arts/architecture-1990-
the-important-things-were-what-didn-t-happen.html

KEJADIAN KEJADAN PENTING NYA DI 10 TAHUN ITU :

Timeline of the 1990s and the Last Hurrah of the 20th-Century

1990

The '90s began with the biggest art theft in history at the Isabelle Stewart
Gardner Museum in Boston. Germany was reunited after 45 years of separation,
South Africa's Nelson Mandela was freed, Lech Walesa became the first president
of Poland, and the Hubble Telescope was launched into space.
1991

The year 1991 began with Operation Desert Storm, also called the first Gulf War.
The year went on to see the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines that
killed 800 and the airlift of 14,000 Jews from Ethiopia by Israel. Serial killer
Jeffrey Dahmer was arrested, and South Africa repealed its apartheid laws. A
Copper Age man was found frozen in a glacier, and on Christmas Day 1991, the
Soviet Union collapsed, officially ending the Cold War that had begun in 1947,
shortly after World War II ended in 1945.

1992

The year 1992 marked the beginning of the genocide in Bosnia and devastating
riots in Los Angeles after the verdict in the Rodney King trial, in which three Los
Angeles police officers were acquitted in the beating of King.
1993

In 1993, New York's World Trade Center was bombed and the compound of the
Branch Davidian cult in Waco, Texas, was raided by agents from the Bureau of
Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms. During the gun battle that followed, four agents
and six cult members died. The ATF agents were trying to arrest the leader of the
cult, David Karesh in connection with reports that the Davidians were
stockpiling weapons.
The lurid tale of Lorena Bobbitt was in the news, as well as the exponential
growth of the internet.

1994

Nelson Mandela was elected president of South Africa in 1994 as genocide was
occurring in another African nation, Rwanda. In Europe, the Channel
Tunnel opened, connecting Britain and France.
1995

Many landmark events occurred in 1995. O.J. Simpson was found not guilty of the
double murder of his ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, and Ron Goldman. The
Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City was bombed by domestic
terrorists, killing 168 people. There was a sarin gas attack in the Tokyo
subway and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated.
On a lighter note, the last "Calvin and Hobbes" comic strip was published and the
first successful air-balloon ride was made over the Pacific.

1996

Encyclopaedia Britannica/UIG / Getty Images

The Centennial Olympic Park in Atlanta was bombed during the Olympic Games
in 1996, mad cow disease hammered Britain, 6-year-old JonBenet Ramsey was
murdered, and the Unabomber was arrested. In better news, Dolly the Sheep, the
first cloned mammal, was born.
1997

Mostly good news occurred in 1997: the first "Harry Potter" book hit the shelves,
the Hale-Bopp comet became visible, Hong Kong was returned to China after
years as a British Crown Colony, Pathfinder sent back images of Mars, and a
young Tiger Woods won the Masters Golf Tournament.
The tragic news: Britain's Princess Diana died in a car crash in Paris.

1998

Here's what to remember from 1998: India and Pakistan both tested nuclear
weapons, President Bill Clinton was impeached but escaped conviction, and
Viagra hit the market.
1999

The euro made its debut as the European currency in 1999, the world was
worried about the Y2K bug as the millennium turned, and Panama got the
Panama Canal back.
Tragedies not to be forgotten: John F. Kennedy Jr. and his wife, Carolyn Bessette,
and her sister, Lauren Bessette, died when the small plane Kennedy was piloting
crashed into the Atlantic off Martha's Vineyard, and the killing spree at
Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado, took the lives of 15, including the
two teenage shooters.

Linknya : https://www.thoughtco.com/1990s-timeline-1779956

VERSI LAINNYA :

1990
Nelson Mandela is released from prison in South Africa and becomes the
leader of the ANC.
Tim Berners-Lee publishes a formal proposal for the World Wide Web.
East and West Germany are reunited after the collapse of the Soviet
Union.
Margaret Thatcher resigns from her position as Prime Minister in the
United Kingdom.
One of the most completed T. Rex fossils is found in South Dakota and it is
named "Sue" after the paleontologist that discovered it.
1991
The Internet becomes available for unrestricted commercial use.
Croatia, Macedonia, and Slovenia become independent from the former
Yugoslavia.
The lead singer of the band Queen, Freddie Mercury, dies from AIDS.
Operation Desert Storm takes place in Iraq and Kuwait.
 Boris Yeltsin becomes Russia's first elected President.

1992
The European Union is created when the Maastricht Treaty is signed.
Democrat Bill Clinton is elected as the United States President.
The Mall of America opens in Minnesota.
Euro Disney is opened in France.
Bosnia and Herzegovina declare independence.
1993
Czechoslovakia separates into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
The Hubble Telescope is repaired in space by a crew on the Space Shuttle
Endeavour.
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) is signed into law.
Intel introduces the Pentium Microprocessor.
Russia and the United States sign the START II Treaty.
1994
Nelson Mandela becomes the President of South Africa after being elected
in the country's first multi-racial elections.
The 1994 FIFA World Cup is held in the United States and Brazil wins the
title.
The 1994 Major League Baseball season is cancelled when the Players
Association goes on strike.
Genocide and Civil War take place in Rwanda with an estimated 500,000
or more people killed.
The Channel Tunnel is completed and opens, connecting France and
England.
1995
The American Space Shuttle Atlantis docks with the Russian Mir Space
Station for the first time.
The online auction website Ebay is founded.
The Java Programming Language is released.
The first Trans-Pacific hot air balloon solo flight is completed by Steve
Fossett.
The World Trade Organization ( WTO ) is created.
1996
Princess Diana and Prince Charles get divorced.
The internet search engine "Ask Jeeves" is created.
The Summer Olympics are held in Atlanta, Georgia.
Kofi Annan becomes the Secretary General of the United Nations.
Bill Clinton is elected for a second term as the United States President
after he defeats Bob Dole.

1997
Madeleine Albright is appointed as the first female Secretary of State in
the United States.
Scotland creates its own Parliament.
The first Harry Potter book is published by author J.K. Rowling.
Scientists at the Roslin Institute unveil "Dolly" the first successfully
cloned sheep.
 The Hale-Bopp comet makes its closest approach to Earth.

1998
The search engine Google is founded.
Apple Computers reveals the iMac computer.
The United States has a budget surplus for the first time in thirty years.
Ireland and the United Kingdom sign the Belfast Agreement, also known
as the Good Friday Agreement.
Central American countries are devastated by Hurricane Mitch.
1999
President Bill Clinton faces impeachment proceedings.
The file-sharing service Napster is created.
The Dow Jones closes above 11,000 for the first time.
Helen Clark becomes the first female Prime Minister elected in New
Zealand.
Eleven countries begin to use the Euro as their currency.

Linknya : http://www.thepeoplehistory.com/1990s.html

GAMBAR GAMBAR BANGUNAN DI TAHUN 1990-2000

1. Ally Detroit Center, USA ( gedung perkantoran)

1993

2. The Carre De Art Museum , Prancis

1993

3. The Umeda Sky Building, Jepang (gedung perkantoran )

1993

4. The Dancing House , Czech

1996

5. The Tokyo International Exhibition Center, Jepang

1996

6. The Longaberger Company Headquarter, USA

1997

7. The Wozoco Apartment , Belanda

1997

8. The Petronas Tower , Malaysia

1998

9. The Burj Al Arab, Arab

1999
 10. The Louise Weiss Building, Prancis
1999

Linknya :
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BUKUNYA NYA YG NGEBAHAS HAK YANG SAMA

New Forms : Architecture in the 1990s