MIMO DC-DC Boost Converter for EV: Literature Review

MIMO DCDC Boost Converter For Electric Vehicle Application
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Research
There are two main concepts that need to be introduced before proceeding with
the research. These are electrical vehicles (EV) and DC-DC converters.
1.1.1 Electric vehicles
Electric vehicle integrates vehicular engineering and electrical engineering. In recent

years more and more countries vehicles industry showed interest towards EV. This is
mainly increased because of increasing rapidly population and energy consumption in the
world, increasing oil and natural gas prices, the depletion of fossil fuels. Also there is a
huge investment in internal combustion engine powered vehicles. Due to this the interest
in developing the EVs with clean and renewable energy sources as a replacement for
fossil-fuel vehicles are steadily increased. And also the EVs provide environment friendly
operation so they are proposed as a potential and attractive solution for transportation
applications. These facts make the electric vehicle area as an interesting choice for
research work.
1.1.2 DC-DC converters
In electric vehicle that uses a combination of different energy sources, Fuel Cells
(FCs), Batteries and Supercapacitors (SCs) to power an electric drive system. The
different configurations of EV power supply show that at least one DC/DC converter is
necessary to interface the FC, the Battery or the Supercapacitors module to the DC-link.
In electric engineering, a DC to DC converter is a category of power converters and it is
an electric circuit which converts a source of direct current (DC) from one voltage level
to another, by storing the input energy temporarily and then releasing that energy to the
output at a different voltage. The storage may be in either magnetic field storage
components (inductors, transformers) or electric field storage components (capacitors).
DC/DC converters can be designed to transfer power in only one direction, from the input
to the output. However, almost all DC/DC converter topologies can be made bi-
directional, here it is a unidirectional DC/DC converter. DC/DC converter topologies can
DEPARTMENT OF EEE, ICET, MULAVOOR 1

be buck, boost, buck-boost, cuk, sepic and here a DC/DC boost converter topology is
presented.
1.2 Aim of the Project
The project has three main stages: The problem formulation and the Objectives
that are the specific goals of the research and finally the thesis report.
1.2.1 Problem Formulation
The large number of automobiles in use around the world has caused and
continues to cause serious problems of environment and human life. Air pollution, global
warming, and the rapid depletion of the earths petroleum resources are now serious
problems. Electric Vehicles (EVs), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) and Fuel Cell
Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) have been typically proposed to replace conventional vehicles
in the near future. This thesis work is mainly concentrate to develop an environment
friendly operated electric vehicle.
1.2.2 Objective
The main goal of this project is to analyze and model nonisolated multiinput
multiout DC-DC boost converter for electric vehicle application.
1.2.3 Outline of the Thesis
The work presented in this thesis deals with analyzing and modeling of Multiinput
Multioutput converter systems. Each chapter deals with a specific area of research such
as Electric Vehicles, dc-dc converter, MIMO converter etc. Chapter 1 is an Introduction
focusing in the background of the research and motivation for the project. This chapter
finishes with an outline of the thesis. Chapter 2 includes the literature review of related
topics of this project. Chapter 3 focuses on the study of new system which includes,
MIMO converter and detailed explanation of its two input two output configurations, its
different modes of operation etc. Chapter 4 includes the simulation models and results of
each part of the project. Chapter 5 deals with the hardware setup and its explanations.
Chapter 6 is conclusion part.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Introduction
We know the power electronics technology has gone through dynamic evolution
in the last four decades. Recently, its applications are fast expanding in industrial,
commercial, residential, transportation, utility, aerospace, and military environments
primarily due to reduction of cost, size, and improvement of performance. In the global
industrial automation, energy conservation, and environmental pollution control trends of
the 21st century, the widespread impact of power electronics is inevitable. It appears that
the role of power electronics in our society in future will tend to be as important and
versatile as that of information technology today. This chapter includes the literature
survey of the nonisolated multiinput multioutput DC-DC boost converter.
2.2 About electric vehicles

During the last few decades environmental impact of the petroleum based
transportation infrastructure, along with the peak oil has lead to renewed interest in an
electric transportation infrastructure [1]. As already discussed in the introduction section
the use of electric vehicles increased not only due to the environmental impacts but also
due to the following reasons, increasing rapidly population and energy consumption in the
world, increasing oil and natural gas prices, the depletion of fossil fuels, also there is a
huge investment in internal combustion engine powered vehicles. These are the justifiable
reasons to develop electric vehicles. In electric vehicle clean and renewable energy sources
were used, here the fuel cell (FC) stack usually used as clean energy source. The FCs are
one kind of energy sources that directly convert the chemical energy reaction into the
electrical energy. Presently, FCs are acknowledged as one of the promising technologies to
meet the future energy generation requirements. FCs will generate electric energy, rather
than storing it, and continue to deliver the energy, as long as the fuel supply is maintained.
However, there are some important technical limitations to FCs, they have slow power
transfer rate in transitory situations, and a high cost per watt. This is the reason for which
FCs are not used alone in the EVs to satisfy the load demands, particularly during startup
and transient events. So fuel cells are not enough to meet the load requirement. So multi

input is needed, in order to solve these problems, usually FC is used with energy storage
systems (ESSs). Commonly used energy storage systems are batteries or supercapacitor
(SC), here battery is used as the second input.
2.3 DC-DC Converters

FC and ESSs such as battery have different voltage levels. So, to provide a
specific voltage level for load and control power flow between input sources, using of a
dcdc converter for each of the input sources is need. Usage of a dcdc converter for
each of the input sources leads to increase of price, mass, and losses. Consequently, in
hybrid power systems, multiinput dcdc converters have been used. Multiinput
converters have two main types, isolated multiinput dcdc converters and nonisolated
multiinput dcdc converters.
2.2.1 Isolated multiinput DC-DC Converters
Usually in this type of converters a high frequency transformer is used. In the
applications where the output needs to be completely isolated from the input, an isolated
converter is necessary. Highfrequency transformer provides electric isolation and
impedance matching between two sides of converter. In general, isolated dcdc
converters use leakage inductance as energy storage for transferring power between two
sides of converter. Usually isolated dcdc converters, in addition to high-frequency
transformer, have high-frequency inverter and rectifier. The power flow between input
and output sides is controlled by adjusting the phase shift angle between primary and
secondary voltages of transformer. Isolated dcdc converters have several types such as
half-bridge isolated converters, full-bridge isolated converters, boost half-bridge isolated
converters, and combinational multiport isolated converters [2]. Due to using of
transformer, isolated dcdc converters are heavy and massive. These converters require
inverters in input sides of transformer for conversion of input dc voltage to ac and also
need rectifiers in outputs of transformer for conversion of ac voltage to dc. Therefore, in
all input and output terminals of these converters, several switches are applied which
leads to increase of cost and losses. Furthermore, transformer has losses in its core and
windings. Because of the aforementioned drawbacks of isolated multiinput dcdc
converters, usage of nonisolated multiinput dcdc converters in electric vehicle
applications seems more useful.

2.2.2 Nonisolated multiinput DC-DC Converters

The nonisolated converters types is generally used where the voltage needs to be
steped up or down by relatively small ratio. There are five main types of converters in
this nonisolated group, usually called buck, boost, buck-boost, and cuk converters.
In [3], a nonisolated multiinput dcdc converter which is derived from H-bridge
structure has been proposed. In fact, by cascading two H-bridge with different dc-link
voltages, different voltages due to addition or subtraction of H-bridges outputs are
accessible. Modes in which either output voltage of the H-bridges is negative are not
considered here because they are related to bidirectional double-input converters, which
were beyond the scope of paper. By eliminating the aforementioned nonuseful modes, a
simplified double input dcdc converter is obtained. The advantage of this converter is its
less number of passive elements, and its drawback is unsuitable control on the power
which is drawn from input sources. In [4], a multiinput dcdc buck converter is
introduced. In fact, this converter consists of paralleling two buck converter in their
inputs. One switch is series to each input source to prevent short circuit of sources. The
advantage of this converter is reducing the number of inductors and capacitors which lead
to reduction in cost, volume, and weight of converter. Lack of proper power flow control
between input sources with each other is a shortcoming of the proposed converter. In [5],
multiinput z-source dcdc converter is presented. The structure of proposed converter is
changed such that the number of inductors and capacitors is equal to a single input z-
source converter. Nevertheless, two inductor and capacitor is applied in the proposed
converter.
In [6], multiphase converter is introduced. The proposed converter has four input
by different voltages. In this converter, each of the energy sources can deliver or absorb
energy from load and other sources. Employment of a separate inductor for each input
source is the drawback of this converter. In [7], a triple input converter for hybridization
of battery, photovoltaic cells, and fuel cell is introduced by the author. By proper
switching of converter, charge and discharge of battery by means of other sources and
load is possible, respectively. In [8], a systematic approach for derivation of nonisolated
multiinput converter topologies by combination of buck, boost, cuk, and sepic is
presented. According to this paper, mentioned converters are divided to two types,

pulsating voltage source converters (PVSC) and pulsating current source converters
(PCSC). Because PVSC is considered as a voltage source, it can put series with current
buffer (inductor) branch or output of other converter to form a double input converter.
Also, because PCSC is considered as a current source, it can be located in parallel with a
voltage buffer (capacitor) branch or output of other converter to form a double input
converter. In [9], a new converter for power and energy management between battery,
SC, and electric motor in an electric vehicle is proposed. In this converter, instead of two
separate inductors as energy storage element, a coupled inductor is used. It is claimed that
utilization of coupled inductors lead to 22%26% volume reduction in comparison with
two separated inductors. However, volume of coupled inductors is more than one
inductor. Also, regeneration of brake energy to battery and SC in this converter is
possible. In [10], a multiinput converter with just one inductor is proposed which is able
to distribute load power between input sources. Also, in this converter, transferring power
between sources is possible.
On the other hand, it is important in electric vehicles to have low-torque ripple.
Torque ripple has direct relation to voltage harmonics in ac motors. One way to reduce
voltage harmonics is using of multilevel inverters. To generate multilevel voltage by
multilevel inverters, dc sources with different or equal voltage level is required. One way
to generate several dc-link is usage of multioutput dcdc converters. In [11] a single
inductor multioutput dcdc converter is proposed which can generate several different
voltage levels in its outputs. The converter is controlled to regulate the output voltages at
their desired values despite the load power variation or input voltage variation. In [12], a
new control method is proposed which is provided satisfactory dynamic performance for
multioutput buck converter. But the shortcoming of these converters is their single input
source. In other words, in applications such as electric vehicles that several input energy
sources like fuel cell and battery are employed, this converter is not utilizable. One way
to solve this problem is using of multiinput multioutput converters.
In [13] and [14], a nonisolated multiinput multioutput converter is introduced
which has just one inductor. Using of large number of switches is drawback of this
converter which caused low efficiency. Impossibility of energy transferring between
input sources is other disadvantage of the proposed converter. In [11], a multioutput

converter is presented. The proposed converter is a single input converter. On the other
hand, use of just one input energy source in electric vehicles cannot provide load
requirements because the load is dynamic and its power has variation. Therfore,
hybridization of different sources is essential. As mentioned in the Introduction, in [10], a
nonisolated multiinput dcdc converter for hybridization of energy sources is proposed
which has just one inductor.
In this a new multiinput multioutput nonisolated converter based on combination
of a multiinput and a multioutput converter is proposed. The new converter compared to
similar cases has less number of elements. This converter can control power flow
between sources with each other and load. Also, MIMO DC-DC converter has several
outputs that each one can have different voltage level.

CHAPTER 3
MIMO DC-DC BOOST CONVERTER
3.1 Introduction
Here, a nonisolated multiinput multioutput dcdc converter is presented. This
chapter focuses on the study of new system which includes, MIMO converter and
detailed explanation of its two input two output configurations, its different modes of
operation etc.
3.2 MIMO converter
The structure of the MIMO DC-DC boost converter is presented in Fig.3.1. As
seen from the figure, the converter interfaces m input power sources Vin1 ,Vin2 ,Vin3, . . .
, Vinm such that Vin1 < Vin2 < Vin3 . . . < Vinm. This converter has just one inductor, n
capacitors in its outputs and m + n switches. The R1 , R2,R3, . . . , Rn are the load
resistances, which can represent the equivalent power feeding a multilevel inverter. By
proper switching of switches, control of power flow between input sources in addition to
boost up input sources voltages is possible. Outputs are capable to have different or equal
voltage level which is appropriate for a connection to a multilevel inverter. This converter
is suitable alternative for hybridizing of FC, battery, or SC.
Dn-1
+
ICn
Cn Rn V01
Sn-1 Dn
_
S2 D2
+
IC2
C2 R2 V01
L S1 D1
D1 IL _
S1 +
Sm Dm IC1
D2
Vin1
S2 S0
C1
Vin2 D3 Sm-1 R1 V
01
Vin3 Vinm
(ESS)
_
Fig. 3.1.MIMO DC-DC boost converter structure.

3.3 Two input two output converter

For convenience, new converter with two-input two-output is analyzed. In
Fig.3.2, MIMO DC-DC boost converter with two-input, two-output is shown. In this
figure, R1 and R2 are the model of load resistances that can represent the equivalent
power feeding a multilevel inverter. Different types of multilevel inverters can be used in
connection to this converter. Multilevel inverter which is used must be with nonfloating
dc-links. Four power switches S1 , S2 , S3 , and S4 in the converter structure are the main
controllable elements that control the power flow and output voltages of the converter. In
this converter, source Vin1 can deliver power to source Vin2 but not vice versa. So, in EV
applications, FC which cannot be charged is located where Vin1 is placed in circuit. Also,
usually where Vin2 is placed, ESSs such as battery or SC which are chargeable are
located.
D2
+
IC2
C2 R2 V02
L S4 D1
D0 IL
Iin1 -
IC1 +
S3 D3
Vin1 C1 R1 V01
(FC) Iin2 S1
Vin2
(Battery) S2
Fig. 3.2. MIMO DC-DC boost converter with two-input, two-output.
In this, FC is used as a generating power source and the battery is used as an ESS.
Depending on the utilization state of the battery, two power operation modes are defined
for the new converter. In each mode, just three of the four switches are active, while one
switch is inactive. When load power is high, both input sources deliver power to load, in
such a condition, S2 is inactive and switches S1 , S3 , and S4 are active. Also, when load
power is low and Vin2 is needed to be charged, Vin1 not only supplies loads but also can
charge Vin2 . In this condition, switches S1 , S2 , and S4 are active and S3 is inactive. In
FCs, because of output voltage dependence to drawn current and also to make an exact

power balance among the input powers and the load, ripple of drawn current should be
minimized.
3.4 Operating modes
The MIMO converter has mainly two main operation modes as follows:
1. First Operation Mode (Battery Discharging Mode)
2. Second Operation Mode (Battery Charging Mode)
3.4.1 Battery Discharging Mode

In this operation mode, two input power sources Vin1 and Vin2 (battery) are
responsible for supplying the loads. Here, S2 is OFF entirely and S1, S3 , and S4 are
active. For each switch, a specific duty is considered. Here, S1 is active to regulate source
2 (battery) current to desired value. In fact, S1 regulates battery current to desired value
by controlling inductor current. Regulation of total output voltage VT = VO1 + VO2 to
desired value is duty of the switch S3 . Also, output voltage VO1 is controlled by S4 . It is
obvious that by regulation of VT and VO1 , the output voltage VO2 is regulated too. Gate
signals of switches and also voltage and current waveforms of inductor are shown in Fig.
3.7 According to switches states, there are four different operation modes in one
switching period as follows:
1) Switching State 1 (0 < t < t1):
In this state, switches S1 and S3 are turned ON. Because S1 is ON, diodes D1 and D2 are
reversely biased, so switch S4 is turned OFF. Since S3 is ON and Vin1 < Vin2 , diode D0
is reversely biased. Equivalent circuit of the converter in this state is shown in Fig. 3.3.
IC2 I02 +
L C2 R2
IL
_
S3 IC1 I01
+
Iin2 S1 C1
Vin2 R1
(Battery)
Fig. 3.3. Equivalent circuit of battery discharging mode, switching state 1

In this state, Vin2 charges inductor L, so inductor current increases. Also, in this mode,
capacitors C1 and C2 are discharged and deliver their stored energy to load resistances
R1 and R2 , respectively.
2) Switching State 2 (t1 < t < t2):
In this state, switch S1 is still ON and S3 is turned OFF. Because S1 is ON, diodes D1
and D2 is reversely biased, so switch S4 is still OFF. Equivalent circuit of the converter
in this state is shown in Fig. 3.4 In this state, Vin1 charges inductor L, so inductor current
increases. In addition, capacitors C1 and C2 are discharged and deliver their stored
energy to load resistances R1 and R2 , respectively.
IC2 I02 +
R2
L
C2 V02
D0 IL
_
Iin1
IC1 I01+
Vin1 R1
S1 C1
(FC)
V01
Fig.3. 4. Equivalent circuit of battery discharging mode, switching state 2
3) Switching State 3 (t2 < t<t3):

In this mode, switch S1 is turned OFF and switch S3 is still OFF. Also, switch S4 is
turned ON. Diode D2 is reversely biased. Equivalent circuit of the converter in this state
is shown in Fig 3.5 In this state, inductor L is discharged and delivers its stored energy to
C1 and R1 , so inductor current is decreased. In this state, C1 is charged and C2 is
discharged and delivers its stored energy to load resistance R2 .
IC2 I02 +
C2 R2
L S4 D1
D0 IL
_
Iin1
IC1 I01+
Vin1 R1
C1
(FC)
Fig. 3.5. Equivalent circuit of battery discharging mode, switching state 3


In this mode, all of three switches are OFF. So, diode D2 is forward biased. In this
state, inductor L is discharged and delivers its stored energy to capacitors C1 , C2 , and
load resistances R1 and R2. Also, in this mode, capacitors C1 and C2 are charged.
Equivalent circuit of proposed converter in this state is shown in Fig. 3.6.
D2
IC2 I02 +
C2 R2
L
D0 IL
_
Iin1
IC1 I01+
Vin1 R1
C1
(FC)
Fig. 3.6. Equivalent circuit of battery discharging mode switching state 4
Fig. 3.7. Waveforms of the converter in battery discharging mode.

3.4.2 Battery Charging Mode
In this mode, Vin1 not only supplies loads but also delivers power to Vin2 (battery).
This condition occurs when load power is low and battery requires to be charged. In this
operation mode, switches S1, S2, and S4 are active and switch S3 is entirely OFF. Like
previous operation mode of the converter in this mode, for each switch, a specific duty is
considered. S1 is switched to regulate total output voltage VT = VO1 + VO2 to desired
value. Regulation of the battery charging current (Ib ) to desired value is the duty of
switch S2 . Also, output voltage VO1 is controlled by switch S4 . It is clear that by
regulation of VT and VO1, the output voltage VO2 is regulated too. In Fig. 3.12, gate
signals of switches and voltage and current waveforms of inductor are shown. According
to different switches states, there are four different operation modes in one switching
period which is discussed as follows:
1) Switching State 1 (0 < t < t1):
In this state, switch S1 is turned ON, so S2 and S4 are reverse biased and cannot
be turned ON. Also, diode D2 is reversely biased and does not conduct. Equivalent
circuit of the converter in this state is shown in Fig.3.8 In this state, Vin1 charges
inductor L, so inductor current is increased. Also, in this mode, capacitors C1 and C2 are
discharged and deliver their stored energy to load resistancesR1 and R2 , respectively.
IC2 I02 +
R2
L
C2 V02
D0 IL
_
Iin1
IC1 I01+
Vin1 R1
S1 C1
(FC) V01
Fig. 3.8 Battery charging mode, switching state 1

In this mode, switch S1 is turned OFF and switch S2 is turned ON. Diode D1 and
D2 are reversely biased, consequently, S4 is still OFF. Equivalent circuit of the converter

in this state is shown in Fig. 3.9. Since Vin1 < Vin2, therefore, in this period of time,
inductor current decreases and inductor delivers its stored energy to battery (Vin2 ). Also,
in this mode, capacitors C1 and C2 are discharged and deliver their stored energy to load
resistances R1 and R2 respectively.
IC2 I02 +
R2
L
C2 V02
D0 IL
_
Iin1
IC1 I01+
D3
Vin1 R1
C1
(FC) Vin2 V01
(Battery) S2
_
Fig. 3.9. Battery charging mode switching state 2

In this mode, switch S1 is still OFF and switch S2 is turned OFF and switch S4 is
turned ON. Also, diodeD2 is reversely biased. In Fig.3.10 equivalent circuit of the
converter in this state is shown. In this state, inductor L is discharged and delivers its
stored energy to C1 and R1 , so inductor current is decreased. In this state, capacitors C1
is charged and capacitor C2 is discharged and delivers its stored energy to load resistance
R2.
IC2 I02 +
R2
L S4 D1
C2 V02
D0 IL
_
Iin1
IC1 I01+
Vin1 R1
C1
(FC) V01
Fig. 3.10. Battery charging mode, switching state 3

In this mode, all the three switches are OFF. Therefore, diode D2 is forward biased. In
Fig. 3.11, an equivalent circuit of the converter in this state is shown. In this state,

inductor L is discharged and delivers its stored energy to capacitors C1 , C2 , and load
resistances R1 and R2 .
D2
IC2 I02 +
R2
L
C2 V02
D0 IL
_
Iin1
IC1 I01+
Vin1 R1
C1
(FC) V01
Fig. 3.11 Battery charging mode switching state 4.
Fig. 3.12. Waveforms of the converter in battery charging mode
This project consists of a nonisolated multiinput multioutput DC-DC boost

converter. In this, for convenience, new converter with two-input two-output is analyzed.

The MIMO converter has mainly two main operation modes as follows: First Operation
Mode (Battery Discharging Mode), Second Operation Mode (Battery Charging Mode).
The converter has several outputs with different voltage levels which makes it suitable
for interfacing to multilevel inverters. This can be implement in MATLAB/Simulink.
Using of a multilevel inverter leads to reduction of voltage harmonics which,
consequently, reduces torque ripple of electric motor in electric vehicles.

CHAPTER 4
SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Introduction
In this chapter it deals with the simulation of the new topology. Here the MIMO
DC-DC boost converter is modeled using MATLAB/SimPowerSystems. The interfaces
and controllers are done using Simulink toolbox. The studied system is modeled in
continuous-time mode.
4.2 Simulation model of battery discharging mode
As mentioned in the previous section the MIMO converter has two main
operating modes, battery discharging and battery charging modes. Here each mode is
simulated separately and its results also showed.
Fig.4.1. simulation model of battery discharging mode
This is a multiinput multioutput converter and here two input two output structure is
simulated. The fig 4.1 shows the simulation diagram of battery discharging mode of the
converter. It consists of two sources, four switches and diodes, two capacitors and load
resistors and only one inductor. Here Vin1 as fuel cell and Vin2 as battery and also Vin1

<Vin2 and four switches S1, S2, S3, S4 and diodes D1, D2, D3, D4 ,two capacitors C1, C2,
and load resistors R1, R2, and the inductor as L showed respectively. In each mode ,just
three of the four switches are active, while one switch is inactive. Here, S2 is OFF
entirely and S1, S3 , and S4 are active. Here, S1 is active to regulate source 2 (battery)
current to desired value. In fact, S1 regulates battery current to desired value by
controlling inductor current. Regulation of total output voltage VT = VO1 + VO2 to
desired value is duty of the switch S3 . Also, output voltage VO1 is controlled by S4 . It is
obvious that by regulation of VT and VO1 , the output voltage VO2 is regulated too.
According to switches states, there are four different operation modes in one switching
period and its well explained in the previous section. Vin1 given as 20V and Vin2 as 45V.
Fig.4.2. shows Subsystem in simulation model of battery discharging mode. In order to
reduce the complexity of the system we can make the subsystem. Here the closed loop
control of the system is presented. Fig.4.3. shows PWM block of the converter.
Fig.4.2.Subsystem in simulation model of battery discharging mode
Fig.4.3.PWM block

Fig.4.4.Battery voltage waveform in battery discharging mode
This is the battery discharging mode of the converter so the battery discharging voltage is
presented in fig.4.4 and the voltage is about 48V. The converter has two load resistors,
each one is designed as same so the output voltage across the resistors are same as 40V.
Fig.4.5. shows output voltage across R1 and Fig.4.6.shows output voltage across R2. Total
output voltage of the converter is 80V. Fig.4.7.shows total output voltage.
Fig.4.5. output voltage across R1

Fig.4.6.output voltage across R2
Fig.4.7. total output voltage
4.3 Simulation model of battery charging mode
The fig 4.8 shows the simulation diagram of battery charging mode of the converter. The
components and its arrangements are similar to the battery discharging mode. In this
mode, Vin1 not only supplies loads but also delivers power to Vin2 (battery). This

condition occurs when load power is low and battery requires to be charged. In this
operation mode, switches S1, S2, and S4 are active and switch S3 is entirely OFF. Like
previous operation mode of the converter in this mode, for each switch, a specific duty is
considered. S1 is switched to regulate total output voltage VT = VO1 + VO2 to desired
value. Regulation of the battery charging current (Ib) to desired value is the duty of
switch S2. Also, output voltage VO1 is controlled by switch S4. It is clear that by
regulation of VT and VO1, the output voltage VO2 is regulated too. According to switches
states, there are four different operation modes in one switching period and its well
explained in the previous section. Vin1 given as 20V and Vin2 as 45V. Fig.4.9. shows
Subsystem in simulation model of battery discharging mode. In order to reduce the
complexity of the system we can make the subsystem. Here the closed loop control of the
system is presented. Fig.4.10. shows PWM block of the converter.
Fig.4.8. simulation model of battery charging mode
This is the battery charging mode of the converter so the battery charging voltage is
presented in fig.4.11 and the voltage is about 48V. The converter has two load resistors,
each one is designed as same so the output voltage across the resistors are same as 40V.
Fig.4.12. shows output voltage across R1 and Fig.4.13.shows output voltage across R2.
Total output voltage of the converter is 80V. Fig.4.14.shows total output voltage.

Fig. 4.9. Subsystem in simulation model of battery charging mode
Fig. 4.10. PWM block
Fig. 4.11. Battery voltage waveform in battery charging mode

Fig. 4.12. output voltage across R1
Fig. 4.13. output voltage across R2
Fig.4.14. total output voltage

4.4 Converter with two-input, three-output
As explained in the previous sections the converter structure can be extended by

increasing the components. This section deals with the converter with two input and three
outputs. Here by using an extra leg we get one more output. Fig.4.15.shows the MIMO
DC-DC converter with two-input, three-output.
Fig.4.15. MIMO DC-DC converter with two-input, three-output.
Here Vin1 given as 20V and Vin2 as 45V. In order to reduce the complexity of the
system we can make the subsystem. Here the closed loop control of the system is
presented. The converter has three load resistors; each one is designed as same so the
output voltages across the resistors are same. Fig.4.16. shows output voltage across the
load resistors R1,R2,R3 and total output voltage respectively. In each output section we get
40V thats showed in the figure and the figure also shows the total output voltage of the
converter is 120V.As discussed in the previous section the converter outputs are capable
to have different or equal voltage level which is appropriate for a connection to a
multilevel inverter. So by using this two input three output converter structure we make a
seven level inverter.

Fig.4.16. Output Voltage waveforms of V01, V02, V03, VT.
4.5.Modified Application Of MIMO Converter
The MIMO converter has several outputs with different voltage levels which
makes it suitable for interfacing to multilevel inverter. Here two type levels are
simulated, ie five level and seven level.
4.5.1. Simulation model of converter with 5 level inverter
The five level inverter can be made by using the two input two output
configuration of the converter. Fig.4.17. shows structure of the converter with 5 level
inverter.
D2
S5
IC2 I02 + S8
S7
C2 R2 V02
L S4 D1 S6
D0 IL _ Rload
Iin1
S3 D3
IC1 I01 +
C1 S10 S9
Iin2 S1 R1
V01
S2
_
Fig.4.17.converter with 5 level inverter

Here the converter output voltage is controlled for level generation by using two
switches S5 and S6. So by proper switching of switches we get the three level output
voltages as 0V,+40V,+80V. Then it is given to the simple H bridge inverter and it
consists of four switches they are S7 ,S8, S9 ,and S10. The output of the inverter produces
the five levels as 0V,+40V,+80V ,-40V,-80V. This can be implemented in MATLAB by
using MATLAB/SimPowerSystems. Simulation model of converter with 5 level inverter
is showed in Fig.4.18.
Fig.4.18. Simulation model of converter with 5 level inverter
Control circuit for different voltage level generation is showed in fig.4.19 and its
working is explained as follows, the converter has two outputs and each produce 40V and
the total is 80V. If the switch S5 is turned on then we get 80V and get 40Vwhen the
switch S6 is turned on. By proper time delay can generate the stepped wave form. So here
this is compare with the ramp waveform and dividing the ramp to five equal divisions as
0,1,2,3,4. During 0-1 position each switches were turned off, and get 0V as output. Then
in 1-2 position switch S6 is turned on in order to get 40V. During 2-3 position the switch
S5 is turned on in order to get 80V. Then in 3-4 position switch S6 is turned on to get 40V
and now the repeating stepped wave with positive half is generated.

Fig.4.19. Control circuit for different voltage level generation
Fig.4.20. Control circuit for inerter
The inverted wave can be generated by using the simple H bridge inverter with
these repeating stepped waves with the positive half. In the inverter section it consists of
one load resistor and four switches as S7, S8, S9, S10. Control circuit for the inerter is
shows in Fig.4.20 by using this corresponding gate pulses generated and is presented in

fig.4.22. After generating the gate pulses its given to each switches here the out1 is given
to S7and S9, and out2 is given to S8 andS10 . This section also use the repeating
sequence to make negative half of the inverter. Now get the voltage levels as
+80V,+40V,0V,-40V.-80V. Fig.4.21. shows the Output Voltage waveforms of the
converter V01, V02, VT. And finally the five level inverter output voltage is obtained and
is showed in fig.4.23.
Fig.4.21. Output Voltage waveforms of V01, V02, VT.
Fig. 4.22. Gate pulses of switches

Fig.4.23. output voltage wave form of 5 level MLI
4.5.2. Simulation model of converter with 7 level inverter
Similarly seven level inverter can be made by using the two input three output
configuration of the converter. Here the converter output voltage is controlled for level
generation by using two switches S6 S7 and S8. So by proper switching of switches we get
the four level output voltages as 0V,+40V,+80V+120V. Simulation model of converter
with 7 level inverter is showed in Fig.4.24.
Fig.4.24. Simulation model of converter with 7 level inverter

Fig.4.25. Control circuit for different voltage level generation
Fig.4.25 shows control circuit for different voltage level generation and its
working is explained as follows, the converter has three outputs and each produce 40V
and the total is 120V. If the switch S6 is turned on then we get 120V and get 80Vwhen
the switch S7 is turned on and get 40Vwhen the switch S8 is turned on. By proper time
delay can generate the stepped wave form. So here this is compare with the ramp
waveform and dividing the ramp to seven equal divisions as 0,1,2,3,4,5,6. During 0-1
position each switches were turned off, and get 0V as output. Then in 1-2 position switch
S8 is turned on in order to get 40V. During 2-3 position the switch S7 is turned on in order
to get 80V. Then in 3-4 position switch S6 is turned on to get 120V. During 4-5 position
the switch S7 is turned on in order to get 80V then in 5-6 position switch S8 is turned on
in order to get 40V and now the repeating stepped wave with positive half is generated.
Fig.4.26. shows the Output Voltage waveforms of the converter V01, V02, V03, VT.

Fig.4.26. Output Voltage waveforms of V01, V02, V03, VT
By using the simple H bridge inverter the inverted wave can be generated with
these repeating stepped waves with the positive half. In the inverter section it consists of
one load resistor and four switches as S9, S10, S11, S12. By using control circuit for the
inerter corresponding gate pulses generated and is presented in fig.4.27. After generating
the gate pulses its given to each switches here the out1 is given to S10and S12, and out2
is given to S9 andS11 . This section also use the repeating sequence to make negative half
of the inverter. Now get the voltage levels as +120V,+80V,+40V,0V,-40V.-80V,-120V.
And finally the five level inverter output voltage is obtained and is showed in fig.4.28.
Fig. 4.27. Gate pulses for switches

Fig.4.28. output voltage wave form of 7 level MLI
We know the converter has several outputs with different voltage levels which
makes it suitable for interfacing to multilevel inverters. And this is implemented by using
MATLAB/Simulink and its outputs were presented. Using of a multilevel inverter leads
to reduction of voltage harmonics which, consequently, reduces torque ripple of electric
motor in electric vehicles.
4.6 Simulation using Fuzzy Logic Control
The Fuzzy Logic tool was introduced in 1965, also by Lotfi Zadeh, and is a
mathematical tool for dealing with uncertainty. It offers to a soft computing partnership
the important concept of computing with words. It provides a technique to deal with
imprecision and information granularity. The fuzzy theory provides a mechanism for
representing linguistic constructs such as many, low, medium, often, few. In
general, the fuzzy logic provides an inference structure that enables appropriate human
reasoning capabilities.
Fuzzy set
A fuzzy set is a set with a smooth boundary. That is it is a set is a set containing
elements that have varying degrees of membership in the set.

Membership Functions
Fuzziness in a fuzzy set is characterized by its membership functions. It classifies
the element in the set, whether it is discrete or continuous. The membership functions can
also be formed by graphical representations. The graphical representations may include
different shapes. There are certain restrictions regarding the shapes used. The rules
formed to represent the fuzziness in an application are also fuzzy. The shape of the
membership function is an important criterion that has to be considered.
Even though PID and other traditional control systems are good, then Why Should
We Use Fuzzy Controllers? Because it is robust and it can be easily modified.
Furthermore, In many cases, the mathematical model of the control process may not
exist, or may be too "expensive" in terms of computer processing power and memory,
and a system based on empirical rules may be more effective. It can use multiple inputs
and outputs sources, much simpler than its predecessors (linear algebraic equations),very
quick and cheaper to implement. The fig.4.30. shows the simulation using fuzzy logic
control and the subsystem of fuzzy logic control is showed in fig.4.31.
Fig.4.29. Simulation using Fuzzy Logic Control

Fuzzy logic Controller
In fuzzy logic controller it consist of an input stage, a processing stage, and an

output stage. The input stage maps sensor or other inputs, such as switches, thumbwheels,
and so on, to the appropriate membership functions and truth values. The processing
stage invokes each appropriate rule and generates a result for each, then combines the
results of the rules. Finally, the output stage converts the combined result back into a
specific control output value. The fig 4.30 shows the configuration of a pure fuzzy system
each parts of the fuzzy system is described in detail,
Fig.4.30. Configuration of a pure fuzzy system

Fuzzification
Fuzzification is an important concept in the fuzzy logic theory. Fuzzification is
the process where the crisp quantities are converted to fuzzy (crisp to fuzzy). By
identifying some of the uncertainties present in the crisp values, we form the fuzzy
values. The conversion of fuzzy values is represented by the membership functions. In
any practical applications, in industries, etc., measurement of voltage, current,
temperature, etc., there might be a negligible error. This causes imprecision in the data.
This imprecision can be represented by the membership functions. Hence fuzzification is
performed. Thus fuzzification process may involve assigning membership values for the
given crisp quantities.
Fuzzy Rule Base and Data Base
Fuzzification is based on the rules that inputs result in certain outputs according to
the rule base. Rules form the basis for the fuzzy logic to obtain the fuzzy output. The
rulebased system is different from the expert system in the manner that the rules
comprising the rule-based system originates from sources other than that of human
experts and hence are different from expert systems. The rule-based form uses linguistic

variables as its antecedents and consequents. The antecedents express an inference or the
inequality, which should be satisfied. The consequents are those, which we can infer, and
is the output if the antecedent inequality is satisfied. The fuzzy rule-based system uses
IFTHEN rule-based system, given by, IF antecedent, THEN consequent.
Fuzzy Inference System
Fuzzy inference systems (FISs) are also known as fuzzy rule-based systems, fuzzy
model, fuzzy expert system, and fuzzy associative memory. This is a major unit of a
fuzzy logic system. The decision-making is an important part in the entire system. The
FIS formulates suitable rules and based upon the rules the decision is made. This is
mainly based on the concepts of the fuzzy set theory, fuzzy IFTHEN rules, and fuzzy
reasoning. FIS uses IF. . . THEN. . . statements, and the connectors present in the rule
statement are OR or AND to make the necessary decision rules. The basic FIS can
take either fuzzy inputs or crisp inputs, but the outputs it produces are almost always
fuzzy sets. When the FIS is used as a controller, it is necessary to have a crisp output.
Therefore in this case defuzzification method is adopted to best extract a crisp value that
best represents a fuzzy set.
Defuzzification
Defuzzification means the fuzzy to crisp conversions. The fuzzy results generated
cannot be used as such to the applications, hence it is necessary to convert the fuzzy
quantities into crisp quantities for further processing. This can be achieved by using
defuzzification process. The defuzzification has the capability to reduce a fuzzy to a crisp
single-valued quantity or as a set, or converting to the form in which fuzzy quantity is
present. Defuzzification can also be called as rounding off method. Defuzzification
reduces the collection of membership function values in to a single sealer quantity.
Fig.4.31. Subsystem of Fuzzy Logic Control

In our system, we have only three rules.

Rule 1: If the error is a large positive value, then duty cycle will be large possitive
Rule 2: If the error is a large negative value, then duty cycle will be large negative
Rule 3: If the error is zero, then duty cycle is zero.
Fuzzy consists of two inputs. One input is the error. That is the difference between the
output and reference. That is multiplied with a gain factor. That is given as the input to
the fuzzy. Other input is the derivative of error. There is one output. The inputs and
output is related by several rules. Here the converter with two input two output is
simulated with the control of fuzzy. So the converter has two outputs and is showed in fig
4.32. in fig 4.32 it shows that V01, V02, produce same output as 40V and the total output
voltage VT as 80V.
Fig.4.32. Output Voltage waveforms of V01, V02, VT

CHAPTER 5
HARDWARE
The main block diagram of the hardware set up is shown in fig 5.1. The hardware
shows the converter with two input two output configuration. The aim of this hardware
set up is to verify the two input two output configuration of the DC-DC boost converter.
There are so many components used to implement this DC-DC converter. All the
components are discussed in this chapter.
Fig.5.1. Block diagram of the experimental set up
The main components of hardware is dc dc converter, voltage follower which is

buffer, PIC microcontroller for controlling the switching of the dc-dc converter and a
driver circuit is used in between the MOSFET and PIC microcontroller. Power supply is
provided for each of these components according to their requirements. The basic layout
is showed in fig 5.2.

Fig 5.2: basic layout
The main section of the system is a DC-DC boost converter whichis controlled by
microcontroller dsPIC30F2010. This controller is programed to get the corresponding
gating signals for each switch. Driver circuit is used in between the MOSFET and PIC
microcontroller is TLP250. The voltage follower used here is LM324. The detailed study
of all these includes in following parts.
5.1 DC-DC Boost Converter
Boost converter is dc-dc converters which step up the input voltage to a higher value.
A practical converter step up or step down the input voltage by a particular ratios. Here
the boost converter is designed for a input voltage of 9.6V and output voltage is 14 V.
The switching frequency is selected as 10 Khz. The inductor and capacitor are designed
by the following equations.

=

=

Where is the input voltage ,D is the duty ratio, f is the switching frequency and
is the ripple current which is limited as 25% of . And is taken as 5V.

is the voltage ripple and it is limited as 25%. In order to keep ripple current and voltage
as small as possible the duty ratio should be selected as high value. So for the design
procedure D is taken as 90%. The value of inductor is selected as 2.5mH and capacitor is
selected as 2200f. To obtain the designed value of inductance ferrite toroid core T31 is
used.
MOSFET SWITCH-IRFZ44N
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor is the most popular and
widely used type of field effect transistor MOSFETs are either NMOS (n-channel) or
PMOS (p-channel) transistors, which are fabricated as individually packaged discrete
components for high power applications as well as by the hundreds of millions inside a
single chip (IC).
Fig. 5.3. MOSFET IRFZ44N
The switching of the MOSFET is controlled by micro controller which is programmed

for incremental conductance MPPT algorithm.
Diode
Fig5.4 IN4007

The switching frequency of boost converter is 10 Khz . Ordinary diodes can be suitable
so here IN4007 is used.
5.2 Microcontroller (dsPIC30F2010)
A micro controller is a device in which is formed by integrating CPU, RAM,

ROM & I/O on a single Chip. The device is dedicated to a Specific operation. That is we
can say a micro controller is Processor + peripherals. But Microprocessor is a
multipurpose programmable logic device that reads instructions from memory and
process the data accordingly and produce the O/P in microprocessor, memory and I/O
perform together to execute a particular task. Microcontroller is preferred due to it has the
inbuilt CPU, inbuilt ADC and inbuilt memory. Pin diagram of DSPIC 30F2010 is shown
in fig.5.5.
Fig.5.5 Pin diagram of DSPIC30F2010
The following modules of DSPIC 30F2010 is used in this project.

ADC module
I/O ports
PWM module
Each of these modules are explained below.
Analog-To-Digital Converter
The10-bit high-speed analog-to-digital converter (A/D) allows conversion of an
analog input signal to a 10-bit digital number. This module is based on a Successive

Approximation Register (SAR) architecture, and provides a maximum sampling rate of

500 ksps. The A/D module has up to 16 analog inputs which are multiplexed into four
sample and hold amplifiers. The output of the sample and hold is the input into the
converter, which generates the result. The analog reference voltages are software
selectable to either the device supply voltage (AVDD/AVSS) or the voltage level on the
(VREF+/VREF-) pin. The A/D converter has a unique feature of being able to operate
while the device is in Sleep mode.
The A/D module has six 16-bit registers:
A/D Control Register1 (ADCON1)
A/D Input Select Register (ADCHS)
A/D Port Configuration Register (ADPCFG)
A/D Input Scan Selection Register (ADCSSL)
The ADCON1, ADCON2 and ADCON3 registers control the operation of the A/D
module. The ADCHS register selects the input channels to be converted. The ADPCFG
register configures the port pins as analog inputs or as digital I/O. The ADCSSL register
selects inputs for scanning.
I/O ports
There are 5 ports in DSPIC 30F2010. All the ports can be functioning as input or
output ports. In general, when a peripheral is enabled, that pin may not be used as a
general purpose I/O pin. 5 ports are port B, port C, port D, port E and port F. Here PORT
B is taken as the input port and PORT E is taken as the output port. In this project,
Original MOSFET is connected to RE3 pin in Port E and the auxiliary MOSFET is
connected to RE1 pin in Port E. Relay is connected to RE5 pin in Port E. Green LED and
yellow LED is connected to RC14 and RE8 pins of Port C and Port E respectively. Open
circuit fault generation switch and short circuit fault generation switch is connected to
RD0 and RD1 pins in Port D.
PWM Mode
In Pulse Width Modulation mode, a CCP module can be used to generate a timed
output signal. This provides an output pulse waveform with an adjustable high (mark)

period the high output state, called the duty cycle, is expressed as a percentage of the
overall period of the pulse wave. A duty cycle of 50% gives an equal mark and space
ratio.
5.3 Regulator IC
The 78xx is a family of self-contained fixed linear voltage regulator integrated circuits.
The 78xx family is commonly used in electronic circuits requiring a regulated power
supply due to their ease-of-use and low cost. For ICs within the family, the xx is replaced
with two digits, indicating the output voltage . For example, the 7805 has a 5-volt output,
while the 7812 produces 12 volts. In this project the input to the Boost converter is
selected as 5V. So LM7805 IC is used here to obtain 5V supply.
Fig.5.6 LM7805 regulator IC
Its minimum input voltage is 7.3V. The 78xx family is a positive voltage regulator
family. They produce a voltage that is positive relative to a common ground. LM 7805
consists of three terminals. They are input terminal (pin no 1), Output terminal (pin no 3)
and ground terminal (pin no 2).
5.4 Voltage follower
A voltage buffer amplifier is used to transfer a voltage from a first circuit, having
a high output impedance level, to a second circuit with a low input impedance level. The
interposed buffer amplifier prevents the second circuit from loading the first circuit
unacceptably and interfering with its desired operation.

If the voltage is transferred unchanged (the voltage gain Av is 1), the amplifier is a unity
gain buffer; also known as a voltage follower because the output voltage follows or tracks
the input voltage. Fig 5.7 shows a voltage follower. Although the voltage gain of a
voltage buffer amplifier may be (approximately) unity, it usually provides considerable
current gain and thus power gain.
Fig.5.7 Voltage Follower

R
Gain, Av= 1 + R f
1
Rf is the feedback resistor and its value is zero. So the gain is equal to one.
Fig.5.8 LM324 (Voltage Follower IC)
In this project, LM324 IC is used as a voltage follower. It has high input impedance and
low output impedance. So by using this, the sample and hold capacitor inside ADC can
be easily charge. So the measurements will be more accurate.
5.5 Driver Circuit

It is used to provide 9 to 20 volts to switch the MOSFET Switches of the Boost
Converter. Driver amplifies the voltage from microcontroller which is 5volts. Also it has
an optocoupler for isolating purpose. So damage to MOSFET is prevented. The driver
circuit forms the most important part of the hardware unit because it acts as the backbone

of the converter because it gives the triggering pulse to the switches in the proper
sequence.
Optocoupler
There are many situations where signals and data need to be transferred from one
subsystem to another within a piece of electronics equipment, or from one piece of
equipment to another, without making a direct ohmic electrical connection. Often this is
because the source and destination are (or may be at times) at very different voltage
levels, like a microprocessor, which is operating from 5V DC but being used to control a
MOSFET that is switching at a higher voltage. In such situations the link between the two
must be an isolated one, to protect the microprocessor from over voltage damage.
Fig.5.9 TLP250
In this circuit TLP250 is used as the driver IC. It interconnects the output of PIC to the
MOSFET and provides the electrical isolation between the power circuit and control
circuit.
5.6 Hardware Analysis
Fig 5.10 shows the hardware setup of the project. The output is analyzed with the
help of DSO. The output waveforms are shown below. The input to and the output of
boost converter is shown in Fig 5.10. Here one in put Vin1 as 3.4Vis showed in fig5.11.
The next input is battery as 6.4V and we get the output as nearly 14Vis showed in fig
5.18. Fig.5.17. and fig 5.16 shows the output voltage across R1 and R2. And fig
5.12,5.13,5.14,5.15 shows the corresponding gating signals for each switches.

Fig.5.10 Hardware Setup
Fig.5.11 Input1 Waveform

Fig.5.12.Gating pulses for switch S1

Fig.5.15. Gating pulses for switch S3

Fig.5.16.Output voltage V 01across R1
Fig.5.17.Output voltage V 02across R2

Fig.5.18. Total output voltage V T

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
A new multiinput multioutput dcdc boost converter with unified structure for
hybridizing of power sources in electric vehicles is presented here. This converter has just
one inductor. The converter can be used for transferring energy between different energy
resources such as FC, PV, and ESSs like battery and SC. In this, FC and battery are
considered as power source and ESS, respectively. Also, the converter can be utilized as
single input multioutput converter. It is possible to have several outputs with different
voltage levels. The converter has two main operation modes which in battery discharging
mode both of input sources deliver power to output and in battery charging mode one of
the input sources not only supplies loads but also delivers power to the other source
(battery). Outputs with different dc voltage levels are appropriate for connection to
multilevel inverters. In electric vehicles, using of multilevel inverters leads to torque
ripple reduction of induction motors. Also, electric vehicles which use dc motors have at
least two different dc voltage levels, one for ventilation system and cabin lightening and
other for supplying electric motor.

REFERENCES
[1] Ali nahavandi M T hagehA Nonisolated multiinput multioutput DC-DC booset

cnverter for electric vehicle application IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 60, no. 4, pp.
14191429, April 2015.
[2] H. Krishnaswami and N. Mohan, Three-port series-resonant DCDC converter to
interface renewable energy sources with bidirectional load and energy storage ports,
IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 24, no. 10, pp. 22892297, Oct. 2009.
[3] R. Ahmadi and M. Ferdowsi, Double-input converter on h-bridge cells: derivation,
small-signal modeling, and power sharing analysis IEEE Trans. Circuit Syst., vol. 59,
no. 4, pp. 875889, Apr. 2012.
[4] K. Gummi and M. Ferdowsi, Double-input DC-DC power electronic converters for
electric-drive vehicles topology exploration and synthesis using a single-pole triple-
throw switch, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 617621, Feb. 2010.
[5] S. M. Dehghan, M. Mohamadian, A. Yazdian, and F. Ashrafzadeh, Dualinput dual-
output Z-source inverter, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 360368, Feb.
2010.
[6] T. Bhattacharya, V. S. Giri, K. Mathew, and L. Umanand, Multiphase bidirectional
flyback converter topology for hybrid electric vehicles, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.
56, no. 1, pp. 7883, Jan. 2009.
[7] F. Nejabatkhah, S. Danyali, S. H. Hosseini, M. Sabahi, and S. A. MozaffariNiapour,
Modeling and control of a new three-input DCDC Boost converter for hybrid
PV/FC/battery power system, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 2309
2325, May 2012.
[8] Y. C. Liu and Y. M. Chen, A systematic approach to synthesizing multiinput DC
DC converters, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 116127, Jan. 2009.
[9] O. C. Onar and A. Khaligh, A novel integrated magnetic structure based DC/DC
converter for hybrid battery/ultracapacitor energy storage systems, IEEE Trans. Smart
Grid, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 296308, Mar. 2012.

[10] H. Wu, K. S. Ding, and Y. Xing, Topology derivation of nonisolated three-port

DCDC converters from DIC and DOC, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 7,
pp. 32973307, Jul. 2013.
[11] A. Nami, F. Zare, A. Ghosh, and F. Blaabjerg, Multi-output DCDC converters
based on diod-clamped converters configuration: Topology and control strategy, IET
Power Electron., vol. 3, pp. 197208, 2010.
[12] J. D. Dasika, B. Bahrani, M. Saeedifard, A. Karimi, and A. Rufer, Multivariable
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[13] H. Behjati and A. Davoudi, A MIMO topology with series outputs: An interface
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MIMO DC-DC Boost Converter for EV: Literature Review

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MIMO DCDC Boost Converter For Electric Vehicle Application

Electric vehicle integrates vehicular engineering and electrical engineering. In recent

DEPARTMENT OF EEE, ICET, MULAVOOR 1

DEPARTMENT OF EEE, ICET, MULAVOOR 2

2.2 About electric vehicles

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2.3 DC-DC Converters

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2.2.2 Nonisolated multiinput DC-DC Converters

DEPARTMENT OF EEE, ICET, MULAVOOR 5

DEPARTMENT OF EEE, ICET, MULAVOOR 6

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Fig. 3.1.MIMO DC-DC boost converter structure.

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3.3 Two input two output converter

Fig. 3.2. MIMO DC-DC boost converter with two-input, two-output.

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3.4.1 Battery Discharging Mode

Fig. 3.3. Equivalent circuit of battery discharging mode, switching state 1

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Fig.3. 4. Equivalent circuit of battery discharging mode, switching state 2

3) Switching State 3 (t2 < t<t3):

Fig. 3.5. Equivalent circuit of battery discharging mode, switching state 3

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4) Switching State 4 (t3 < t<t4):

Fig. 3.6. Equivalent circuit of battery discharging mode switching state 4

Fig. 3.7. Waveforms of the converter in battery discharging mode.

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3.4.2 Battery Charging Mode

Fig. 3.8 Battery charging mode, switching state 1

2) Switching State 2 (t1 < t<t2):

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Fig. 3.9. Battery charging mode switching state 2

Fig. 3.10. Battery charging mode, switching state 3

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Fig. 3.11 Battery charging mode switching state 4.

Fig. 3.12. Waveforms of the converter in battery charging mode

This project consists of a nonisolated multiinput multioutput DC-DC boost

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SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.2 Simulation model of battery discharging mode

Fig.4.1. simulation model of battery discharging mode

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Fig.4.2.Subsystem in simulation model of battery discharging mode

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Fig.4.4.Battery voltage waveform in battery discharging mode

Fig.4.5. output voltage across R1

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Fig.4.6.output voltage across R2

Fig.4.7. total output voltage

4.3 Simulation model of battery charging mode

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Fig.4.8. simulation model of battery charging mode

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Fig. 4.9. Subsystem in simulation model of battery charging mode

Fig. 4.10. PWM block

Fig. 4.11. Battery voltage waveform in battery charging mode

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Fig. 4.12. output voltage across R1

Fig. 4.13. output voltage across R2

Fig.4.14. total output voltage

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