Professional Documents
Culture Documents
on
Construction of Expressway
Carried out at
Agra-Lucknow Expressway Under UPEIDA and L&T
at Lucknow Region.
TRAINING CERTIFICATE:-
Content
1.
UPEIDA Introduction
6.7 Compaction
6.9 Curing
6.11 Edging
7 Reference
UPEIDA(Uttar pradesh Expressway Industrial
Development authority)
LARSEN&TOUBRO
AGRA-LUCKNOW EXPRESSWAY
The cost of project was expected to be 15,000 crore (US$2.3 billion) but was completed in
13,200 crore (US$2.1 billion) and in record time of 22 months. It would cut travel time
between Lucknow and Agra from 6 hours to 3:30 hours. The expressway is 6-lane wide
(expandable to 8-lane in future) although the structures (major, minor bridges and
underpasses) on the expressway are already being constructed as 8-laned to be in tune with
the expanded width of the expressway in future.It is proposed on minimum distance and
minimal agricultural land formula and will be financed by the Government of Uttar Pradesh.
The Expressway will carry all public amenities viz. underpasses, service roads, provision for
green belt, rest houses, petrol pumps, service centers, restaurants and four agricultural
mandis for milk, potatoes, grains, fruits and vegetable
About Road
A road is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places, which
has been paved or otherwise improved to allow travel by some conveyance,
including a horse, cart, or motor vehicle. Roads consist of one, or sometimes
two, roadways (carriageways) each with one or more lanes and also any
associated sidewalks (British English: pavement) and road verges. Roads that
are available for use by the public may be referred to as public roads or
highways.
MATERIAL
Despite the common usage of concrete, few people are aware of the
considerations involved in designing strong, durable, high quality concrete.
Types of Cement:-
Portland cement
Portland cement is by far the most common type of cement in general use
around the world. This cement is made by heating limestone (calcium
carbonate) with small quantities of other materials (such as clay) to
1450 C in a kiln, in a process known as calcination, whereby a molecule
of carbon dioxide is liberated from the calcium carbonate to form calcium
oxide, or quicklime, which is then blended with the other materials that
have been included in the mix. The resulting hard substance, called
'clinker', is then ground with a small amount of gypsum into a powder to
make 'Ordinary Portland Cement', the most commonly used type of
cement (often referred to as OPC). Portland cement is a basic ingredient
of concrete, mortar and most non-specialty grout. The most common use
for Portland cement is in the production of concrete. Concrete is a
composite material consisting of aggregate (gravel and sand), cement,
and water. As a construction material, concrete can be cast in almost any
shape desired, and once hardened, can become a structural (load bearing)
element. Portland cement may be grey or white.
Sand
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely
divided rock and mineral particles. The composition of sand is highly
variable, depending on the local rock sources and conditions, but the most
common constituent of sand in inland continental settings and non-
tropical coastal settings is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the
form of quartz.
The second most common type of sand is calcium carbonate, for
example aragonite, which has mostly been created, over the past half
billion years, by various forms of life, like coral and shellfish. It is, for
example, the primary form of sand apparent in areas where reefs have
dominated the ecosystem for millions of years like the Caribbean.
Composition
In terms of particle size as used by geologists, sand particles range in
diameter from 0.0625 mm (or 116 mm) to 2 mm. An individual particle in
this range size is termed a sand grain. Sand grains are between gravel (with
particles ranging from 2 mm up to 64 mm) and silt (particles smaller than
0.0625 mm down to 0.004 mm). The size specification between sand and
gravel has remained constant for more than a century, but particle
diameters as small as 0.02 mm were considered sand under the Alter berg
standard in use during the early 20th century. A 1953 engineering standard
published by the American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials set the minimum sand size at 0.074 mm.
Aggregate
Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed
stone that, along with water and Portland cement, are an essential
ingredient in concrete. For a good concrete mix, aggregates need to be
clean, hard, strong particles free of absorbed chemicals or coatings of clay
and other fine materials that could cause the deterioration of concrete.
Aggregates, which account for 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of
concrete, are divided into two distinct categories-fine and coarse. Fine
aggregates generally consist of natural sand or crushed stone with most
particles passing through a 3/8-inch (9.5-mm) sieve. Coarse aggregates are
any particles greater than 0.19 inch (4.75 mm), but generally range
between 3/8 and 1.5 inches (9.5 mm to 37.5 mm) in diameter. Gravels
constitute the majority of coarse aggregate used in concrete with crushed
stone making up most of the remainder.
Natural gravel and sand are usually dug or dredged from a pit, river, lake,
or seabed. Crushed aggregate is produced by crushing quarry rock,
boulders, cobbles, or large-size gravel. Recycled concrete is a viable source
of aggregate and has been satisfactorily used in granular subbases, soil-
cement, and in new concrete. Aggregate processing consists of crushing,
screening, and washing the aggregate to obtain proper cleanliness and
gradation. If necessary, a benefaction process such as jigging or heavy
media separation can be used to upgrade the quality.
Once processed, the aggregates are handled and stored in a way that
minimizes segregation and degradation and prevents contamination.
Aggregates strongly influence concrete's freshly mixed and hardened
properties, mixture proportions, and economy. Consequently, selection of
aggregates is an important process. Although some variation in aggregate
properties is expected, characteristics that are considered when selecting
aggregate include:
grading
durability
particle shape and surface texture
abrasion and skid resistance
unit weights and voids
absorption and surface moisture
Test
There are four main tests to be done on concrete:
2-Compression Test
3-Impact Test
4-Cube Test
THE SLUMP TEST
The slump test is done to make sure a concrete mix is workable.
Workability measures how easy the concrete is to place, handle and
compact
Standard slump cone (100 mm top diameter x 200 mm bottom diameter x 300 mm high)
Small scoop
Bullet-nosed rod
Rule
Method
1.Clean the cone. Dampen with water and place on the slump
plate. The slump plate should be clean, firm, level and non-
absorbent.
2.Collect a sample.
3. Stand firmly on the footpieces and fill 1 / the volume of the cone with
3
the sample. Compact the concrete by 'rodding' 25 times.
Tools
Cylinders (100 mm diameter x 200 mm high or 150 mm diameter x
300 mm high)
( The small cylinders are
normally used for most
testing due to their lighter
weight )
Small scoop
Steel float
Steel plate
Method
1 Clean the cylinder mould and coat the inside lightly with
form oil, then place on a clean, level and firm surface, ie
the steel plate.
2 Collect a sample.
3 Fill 1/2 the volume of the mould with concrete then
compact by rodding 25 times. Cylinders may also be
compacted by vibrating using a vibrating table.
5 Level off the top with the steel float and clean any
concrete from around the mould.
APPARATUS
Compression testing machine
SPECIMEN
6 cubes of 15 cm size Mix. M15 or above
MIXING
Mix the concrete either by hand or in a laboratory batch mixer
HAND MIXING
(i)Mix the cement and fine aggregate on a water tight none-absorbent platform
until the mixture is thoroughly blended and is of uniform color
(ii)Add the coarse aggregate and mix with cement and fine aggregate until the
coarse aggregate is uniformly distributed throughout the batch
(iii)Add water and mix it until the concrete appears to be homogeneous and
of the desired consistency.
PRECAUTIONS
The water for curing should be tested every 7days and the temperature of water must be at
27+-2oC.
PROCEDURE
(I) Remove the specimen from water after specified curing time and wipe out excess
water from the surface.
(IV) Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be
applied to the opposite sides of the cube cast.
(V) Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine.
(VI) Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surface
of the specimen.
(VII) Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of
140kg/cm2/minute till the specimen fails
(VIII) Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of failure.
Using mix Concrete, there some
Point to construct the road.
1. Preparation of base
2. Form working
3. Preparation of subgrade
4. Watering of base
5. Joints
7. Compaction
8.Finishing of surface
9.Curing
10.Joint filling
11.Edging
12.Open to traffic
1.Preparation of subgrade
1. Rolling on sub grade by roller
2. Filling the granular soil in the weak part and pot holes
2. Filling the granular soil in the weak part and pot holes
2. Preparation of base
Choose any one type of base
1. W.B.M. base
As base material of W.B.M. Road; stone ballast, concrete 10-15cm layer are
used. For bonding between concrete slab & W.B.M. used 1:2 cement wash
on W.B.M.
2. Concrete base
On the road used 10cm Cement concrete(1:2:4) or lime
concrete(16:32:64)
3. Form work
Material for form work-
1.Before using form work, it should free from all type material like as dust
,cement.
2.To placing the concrete in appropriate depth used 2.5-5cm thick and
3mtr long wooden sheeting.
3.The depth of wooden block must be same as level of slab thick.
4.After 24hrs form work displaced next length of road.
4. Watering of base
If base is dryThan using the sprinkling process on it properly after that placing
the concrete.
5.Joints
Where is necessary to provide transverse, Longitudinal joints; there wedge of
woods, metals fix on level of concrete.
After setting of concrete it should be pull out.
If provided the dowel bar in joints, bars should be fit at right position.
7. Compaction
Purpose of compaction is that to pull out air from void and make concrete
harden.
8.Finishing of surface
1.Floating-
For levelling the surface use floating, scree-ding , power trowel. So that
there is no acceptable more than 3mm variation in concrete level surface.
2.Belting-
For making surface clean used belting process. Belt is nothing but a 15-30cm
thick sheets of canvass which have more length than road.
3. Brooming-
Brooming is the process in which we made rough surface parallel to road by
brush.
It useful in avoiding slip & comfortable travelling on road .
The depth of line on road no more than 1.5mm.
9.Curing
Curing is the name of increasing the hydration process of cement.
after setting the concrete , curing process done till 14-28days.
Some method of curing are-
1.Shading concrete works
2.Covering with hessian & gunny bags
3.Sprinkling of water
4.By ponding
5.Membrane curing
6.Steam curing
12.Open to traffic
Generally after a month, road should be open to traffic.
If used rapid hardening cement it take 7 days to open traffic.
Reference
1.www.res.gov.in
2.www.upjl.com
3.www.sand.uk
4.www.upeida.in
5.ww.google.com
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