APA reference style

Book:

Author, A. G., & Author, Peete, R. J. (2002). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
Example

Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological

processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Books include all works published separately such as books, manuals, brochures,
and reports.

Periodical:

Author, A. B., & Author, B. (2002). Title of the article. Title of Periodical, xx, xxx-xxx.
Example

Smith, J. D. (2002). Depression in young adults: A case study. Journal of Psychology in

Rural and Urban Settings, 2(12), 23-57.

Periodicals are anything published regularly such as journals, newspapers,

magazines, or newsletters.

Online document:

Author, B. (2002). Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from http://www... Example

Microsoft. (n.d.). The making of Office XP. Retrieved October 30, 2000, from
http://www.microsoft.com/XP/make.htm.

Online documents include works such as stand-alone webpages, online journals,

and newsgroups.
 Paraphrases
You must credit the source whether you are paraphrasing or quoting another author
directly. A paraphrase does not require a page number or quotation marks but does need
the author surname and date.

Punctuation and location of citations within a sentence will depend on location of the
quotation or paraphrase within the text.

Sample Paraphrases

Erogul (1999) found that the students utlized the computers for school work to a greater
degree if they were more proficient in English.

Standard author with date in brackets for a paraphrase

Schoepp and Black (2000) described the effectiveness of using CBT to teach grammar
because of a lack of adequate feedback.

If authors' names are in the sentence, combine with and

According to Smith, Soo, and James (2003) multiple intelligences have proved to be a
topic of study in many education programs but have yet to yield results.

According to Smith et al. (2003) multiple intelligences have proved to be a topic of study
in many education programs but have yet to yield results.

According to Smith et al. multiple intelligences have proved to be a topic of study in

many education programs but have yet to yield results.

With 3,4, or 5 authors, cite all authors in first citation

Use only first author followed by et al. in subsequent citations for each new
paragraph
Omit year from citations within the same paragraph

Johson et al. (2003) found that reaction times slowed considerably after the consumtion
of alcohol.

When a work has 6 or more authors, cite only the first author followed by et al.

The findings in Action Research (2000) demonstrate that people do use computers to
communicate with other people even without a purpose.

When a work has no author, cite the first few words of the title as it appears in the
reference list
This may offer understanding as to what is being learnt because of the importance of
motivation in learning (Keller, 1987).

You may add the entire citation at the end of the sentence with a comma
seperating the author and date

In 2003 Radecki examined the use of laptops by women and discovered that English was
the main language of communication.

In rare occasions you may incorporate the citation information directly into the
narrative

Sample Paraphrases from a Paper:

For the first paraphrase when listing a series of works, separate them using a
semi-colon ;
 The second paraphrase demonstrates how to cite a work you have not read-
Kulhavy and Stock- by stating as cited in, it also shows that there is no need to
repeat the date in the same paragraph- Clark & Dwyer had already been
referenced.

3.6 Direct Quotations

You must credit the source whether you are paraphrasing or quoting another author
directly. A quotation should be exact and must include the author surname, date, page
number and be enclosed within a double quotation mark.

Punctuation and location of citations within a sentence will depend on location of the
quotation or paraphrase within the text.

Sample Quotations

The first step in completing an evaluation of the learning application is to pilot test each
of the procedures since no testing should be performed without first having tried out the
test procedures (Nielsen, 1993, p. 174).

Include the page number for direct quotations

Period should enclose sentence and citation
Use p. for one page or pp. for a multiple page quotation

Gustafson and Branch (1997) stated that a model is a simple representation of more
complex forms" (p. 76).

Page number can be included at the end of the quotation if author and date were
part of the opening phrase

Hassan (1999) identified "three types of problems associated with internet addiction" (
12).

For electronic documents that do not contain page numbers, use the for the
appropriate paragraph
Sample Quotations from a Paper::

The second quotation does not include the date because it has already been given
in this paragraph.

This quotation uses the paragraph symbol- because it has come from an online
resource without page numbers.
 3.8 Introductory Phrases
Introductory phrases are phrases that are used to introduce quotations or paraphrased
information. It is important to not overuse the same introductory phrases or verbs in
describing research. The following verbs are examples of verbs that can be used as part of
introductory phrases to limit redundancy. Note that the verbs are listed in the past tense
because this is the correct tense when discussing another researcher's work.

Useful Verbs

stated found described showed

argued posited asserted studied
contended reported noted proposed
proposed wrote claimed demonstrated
acknowledged mentioned contended concluded
maintained added discovered volunteered
inferred stressed granted established
suggested reasoned illustrated observed
deduced declared emphasized explained

Sample Phrases

The following introductory phrases provide examples of ways to introduce quotations or

paraphrases in your research and utilize some of the verbs above. Verbs from the list
above are highlighted in red.

According to Jones (2002), the inability to read was found to...

Hart (1999) wrote the ability to distinguish...
Smith (2000) reported that "men were unable to balance the ball" (p. 237).
Researchers acknowledged that "the test was not valid due to a malfunction"
(2003, Kim, p.1).
The author mentioned that the release of pollutants was never...
The findings posited by Jones (1999) are clear evidence...
Rutledge (2000) concluded that "the sea was unsafe for the new motorcrafts" ( 6).
Piaget (1965) stressed the element of chance...
APA reference style:

Authors

Robinson, D. N., Sun, J., Marks, H. H., & Jones, P. (2002). The implications of gender
biased testing on middle school children. Paris: Fictitious Press.

Invert all author's names

Give surnames and initials
Use an ampersand & before the last author listed
Spell out the full name of a group author
If no author is listed, move the title to the position of the author

Publication Date

Schoepp, K. W. (2000). Web Design: An EFL content course. Journal of Language

Learning in the Middle East, 7, 122-134.

In parenthesis write the year the work was copyrighted

For magazines, newspapers, or newsletters, give the year followed by the exact
date of publication (2000, June 23)
Write n.d. in parenthesis if no date is given

Title of Article or Chapter

Mayer, R. E. (1999). Designing for constructivist learning. In C. M. Reigeluth (Ed.),

Instructional-design theories and models: A new paradigm of instructional theory (pp.
222-245). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Capitalize only the first word, after a colon, and a proper noun
Do not bold or italicize

Title of Work and Publication Information: Periodicals

Liu, M., Jones, C., & Hemstreet, S. (1998). Interactive multimedia design and production
processes. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 30(3), 254-280.

Capitalize the title in full

Italicize the title, volume and number
Give the volume followed by number in parenthesis
List the page numbers separated by a hyphen -
Title of Work: Books

Kristoferson, R., & Santana, A. B. (1999). Interactivity by design: A guide (Vol. 2).
Mountain View, CA: Adobe Press.

Capitalize the first word, after a colon, and proper nouns

Italicize the complete title
Add any additional publication information such as volume or edition after the
title inside of parenthesis

Title of Work: Part of a Book

Lewis, C. M., & Smith, J. (1999). Getting to know users and their tasks. In A. F. Booly
(Ed.), Human-computer interaction: Towards the year 2000 (pp. 122-127). San
Francisco, CA: Morgan-Kaufmann.

List the editor after the title using initials followed by surname
Identify the editor by Ed. inside of parenthesis
Begin the editor entry with In
List the page numbers within parenthesis before the publication information

Publication Information: Books

Preece, J., Rogers, Y., & Sharp, H. (2002). Interaction design: Beyond human-computer
interaction. Toronto, Canada : John Wiley & Sons.

Always give the city of publication and publisher separated by a colon

Give the state abbreviation or province and country if the city is not well known.

Electronic Retrieval Information

Nielsen, J. (2000). Why you only need to test with 5 users. Retrieved November 13,
2002, from http://www.useit.com/alertbox/20000319.html.

State the complete date the item was retrieved

Continue with the location it was taken from, either a complete URL or the name
of the database
 Specific Examples of Periodicals
One author:

Boyd, E. (1997). Training-on-demand: A model for technology staff development.

Educational Technology, 37(4), 46-49.

Two authors:

Gillespie, J., & McKee, J. (1999). Does it fit and does it make any difference? Integrating
CALL into the curriculum. Computer-Assisted-Language-Learning, 12 (5), 441-456.

Magazine Article:

Keith, L. L., & James, D. (2002, November 18). Breaking the code of human DNA. Time,
67, 87-95.

Newspaper article:

Schwimmer, D. (2002, December 18). The Flames are burning out. The Calgary Herald,
pp. D1, D3.

From an online database:

Strudler, N. (1996). The role of school-based technology coordinators as change agents in

elementary. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 28(2), 234-254. Retrieved
August 29, 2002, from Academic Search Premier database.

Online periodical:

Stepp-Greany, J. (2002). Student perceptions on language learning in a technological

environment: Implications for the new millennium. Language Learning & Technology.
Retrieved August 28, 2002, from
http://llt.msu.edu/vol6num1/STEPPGREANY/default.html.
One author:

Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological

processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Two authors:

Cooper, C., & Boyd, J. (1994). Collaborative approaches to professional learning and
reflection. Launceston, Tasmania: Global Learning Communities.

Group author as publisher:

Statistics Canada. (2000). Estimated population trends and growth patters in rural
Canada, Ottawa, Canada: Author.

Chapter from edited book:

Pete, R., & Willow, M. (2000). Theory of networked-based language teaching. In M.

Warschauer & R. Kern (Eds.), Network-based language learning: Concepts and practice.
New York: Cambridge University Press.

Edited book:

Epper, R., & Bates, A.W. (Eds.). (2001). Teaching faculty how to use technology: Best
practices from leading institutions. Westport, CT: Oryx Press.

Unpublished dissertation or thesis:

Fuller, R. M. (2000). EFL teacher attitudes and perceptions toward technology.

Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada.

No author or editor:

Merriam-Webster's ESL dictionary (2nd ed.). (1999). London: Merriam-Webster.

.
 Specific Examples of Online Documents
No date:

Microsoft. (n.d.). The making of Office XP. Retrieved October 30, 2000, from
http://www.microsoft.com/XP/make.htm

One author:

James, B. F. (1999). The education of an autistic child: A personal perspective. Retrieved

June 23, 2001, from http://www.kevinschoepp.com/education.htm.

No author:

The inability to keep a promise. (2002). Retrieved June4, 2002, from

http://www.applecom/keeper/inabilitytokeep.htm.

From a University web site:

Lee, L., & Clarke, J. W. (1999). Technology in education: Panacea or Pandora's box.
Retrieved December 18, 2002, from University of Calgary, Graduate Division of
Educational Research Web site: http://www.ucalgary.ca/gder/articles/ lee_clarke_99.htm.

Periodical from an online database:

Strudler, N. (1996). The role of school-based technology coordinators as change agents in

elementary. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 28(2), 234-254. Retrieved
August 29, 2002, from Academic Search Premier database.

Online only periodical:

Stepp-Greany, J. (2002). Student perceptions on language learning in a technological

environment: Implications for the new millennium. Language Learning & Technology.
Retrieved August 28, 2002, from
http://llt.msu.edu/vol6num1/STEPPGREANY/default.html.
 Reference Page
The reference list at the end of an article lists the works that have been directly used in
the article. APA style uses a reference list rather than a bibliography which is a list of
works read in background reading, but not directly referenced.

General Reference Page Rules:

All works cited in text must be in the reference list and all works in the reference
list must be cited in text.
The reference list should begin a new page and have the title References for more
than one work, or only Reference if there is only one source.
All sources should be listed in alphabetical order by last name.
References should be written using a hanging indent after the first line. See the
example reference page below. This technique is difficult to achieve online, but it
should be present on paper.

Specific Reference Page Rules:

Single author entries come before multiple author entries beginning with the same
last name.

Schoepp, K. W. (2001)...

Schoepp, K. W., & Erogul, S. M. (2000)...

References with the same authors are listed by year of publication, the earliest
first.

Goose, K., & Smith, K. M. (1999)...

Goose, K., & Smith, K. M. (2002)...

If the source has the same author(s) and year of publication, list by alphabetical
title with an a, b, c, etc.

Smith, J. (2002a). Activity...

Smith, J. (2002b). Business...