Field Guide To Forest Ecosystems of Central Ontario

Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
Background information for this product
Chapter 2 Ecosites of Ontario

Contains everything that you wanted to know about the provincial ecosite classification but were
afraid to ask - specifically regarding the keys, tables, coding and factsheets
Chapter 3 Field Guide to the Substrates of Ontario

Outlines the new substrate classification including keys, tables, coding, site characteristics and
guidance regarding how to use the various components appropriately
Chapter 4 Glossary
A summary of the terminology and conventions that have become the standard during ELC product
development
Chapter 5 ELC Life Forms

A concise listing of the tree and shrub species recognized by ELC
Chapter 6 Recommended Reading

While there are numerous materials that should be consulted while conducting field work, a small list
of valuable field guides has been compiled at the back of this manual
Introduction (ver. 2.0 May 2009)
Over the past three years there has been considerable development of new ELC materials. The intent is to
fully rationalize our successful regional Forest Ecosystem Classification guides into one consistent provincial
publication series.
This manual represents a collation of critical new materials that support the evolving Ontario Ecosystem
Classification and provides a prototype of the first in a series of revised regional manuals capturing the
classification of ecosites, vegetation types and substrate conditions for the province.
Four manuals of this type are anticipated to be released in the next 4 years. One for each of the major
ecological ranges in the province, namely:
The Far North
The Boreal
The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence (GLSL)
The South
At this point the manual contains the following for the boreal range in Ontario
The Ecosites of Ontario an explanation of critical concepts guiding the structure of the classification
and important terms and conventions for coding, nomenclature and application of the system
Keys for the field identification of ecosites in Ontario
Explanatory node descriptions for the ecosite keys
Factsheets for the treed boreal ecosites (version 2.0) informative descriptive summaries of the
conditions found associated with each ecosite. When this manual is used in the GLSL range, the boreal
factsheets may have been replaced with a sample of GLSL treed factsheets (version 1.0).
Summary matrix of ecosites and coding
Field Guide to the Substrates of Ontario a collation of the important background methods for
describing substrate materials and capturing data in the field
Keys for the classification of substrate conditions for Ontario
Summary matrix of substrate types and coding
Additional background information such as a glossary, life form lists and some recommended plant
identification references
Together this material provides the user with the necessary tools to:
identify critical ecosystem features
reliably collect information
consistently classify sites or areas to an ecosite or substrate type
learn about the composition and structure of ecosystem conditions through the use of the factsheets
The manual is organized as independent chapters that allow for the user to customize and reorganize the
materials for personal use.
There will be further development of the ELC products. Users should anticipate additional tools coming online
in the next few years. These tools include:
an expanded set of ecosite factsheets to cover all ecosystem conditions in the Boreal
keys and factsheets for the vegetation types
sequential release of field manuals for other areas of the province
The ELC Working Group would appreciate your feedback regarding your experience with the manual and invite
you to submit concerns or suggestions for improvements.
Please submit any comments to:
Peter Uhlig, Provincial Ecologist

Ministry of Natural Resources
1235 Queen Street
Sault Ste Marie, ON
P6A 2E5
peter.uhlig@ontario.ca
(705) 946-7478
Ecosites of Ontario
Operational Draft
April 20th, 2009
Ecological Land Classification Working Group

(In alphabetical order)
Erin Banton, John Johnson, Harold Lee, Gerry Racey, Peter Uhlig and Monique Wester
Acknowledgements
Special thanks to Rob Arnup (Rob Arnup Consulting), John Parton (NESI, MNR), Bob Watt (NESI, MNR), Stan
Vasiliauskas (NESI, MNR) and Hugh Devon (IMAS, MNR) who provided additional expert advice and knowledge
for the development of the provincial ecosite classification.
All components of this document relating to substrate terminology or classification may be found in the Substrates
of Ontario chapter of this manual. The substrate chapter was created by the ELC Working Group and based
upon modifications of the OCSRE Field Manual for Describing Soils in Ontario (1993). However, several other
sources were used during the development of this document and in particular for the identification of regional
trends for describing ecology, ecoregional variability and edaphic variability for both the boreal and Great Lakes
St. Lawrence (GLSL) factsheets. A complete list of all sources of information will be included in the final version.
Please refer to the list below for the various field guides that were used.
Chambers, B.A., B.J. Naylor, J. Nieppola, B.G. Merchant and P. Uhlig. 1997. Field Guide to Forest Ecosystems
of Central Ontario. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Southcentral Science Section, Science
Development and Transfer Branch. SCSS Field Guide FG-01. 200 pp.
Harris, A.G., S.C., McMurray, P.W.C. Uhlig, J.K. Jeglum, R.F. Foster and G.D. Racey. 1996. Field Guide to the
Wetland Ecosystem Classification for northwestern Ontario. Ont. Min. Natur. Resour., Northwest Sci &
Technol. Field Guide FG-01. 74 pp. + Append.
Lee, H.T., W.D. Bakowsky, J. Riley, J. Bowles, M. Puddister, P. Uhlig and S. McMurray. 1998. Ecological Land
Classification for Southern Ontario: First Approximation and Its Application. Ontario Ministry of Natural
Resources, Southcentral Science Section, Science Development and Transfer Branch. SCSS Field Guide
FG-02. 225 pp.
Ontario Centre for Soil Resource Evaluation. 1993. Field manual for Describing Soils in Ontario. 4th Edition.
Ontario Centre for Soil Resource Evaluation. Publication No. 93-1, 62 pp.
Racey, G.D., A.G. Harris, J. K. Jeglum, R.F. Foster and G.M. Wickware. 1996. Terrestrial and Wetland Ecosites
of northwestern Ontario. Ont. Min. Natur. Resour., Northwest Sci & Technol. Field Guide FG-02. 94 pp. +
Append.
Sims, R.A., W.D. Towill, K.A. Baldwin, P. Uhlig and G.M. Wickware. 1997. Field Guide to the Forested
Ecosystem Classification for northwestern Ontario. Ont. Min. Natur. Resour., Northwest Sci & Technol.
Field Guide FG-03. 176 pp.
Taylor, K.C., R.W. Arnup, B.G. Merchant, W.J. Parton and J. Nieppola. 2000. A Field Guide to Forest
Ecosystems of northeastern Ontario. 2nd Edition. Ont. Min. Natur. Resour., Northeast Sci & Technol.
NEST Field Guide FG-001.
Boreal Factsheets
Authors: Erin Banton, Michelle Mico and Gerry Racey.
Thanks to Stan Vasiliauskas (NESI, MNR) and Evan McCaul (NWSI, MNR) for their efforts in the analysis, update
and review of plot data for the boreal factsheets. Expert advice and knowledge was provided by Rob Arnup (Rob
Arnup Consulting), John Parton (NESI, MNR), Bob Watt (NESI, MNR), Stan Vasiliauskas (NESI, MNR) and Evan
McCaul (NWSI, MNR).
Datasets that were made available for the development of the boreal ecosite factsheets include: Growth and Yield
data provided by the Ontario Terrestrial Assessment Program (OnTAP); Ecological Land Classification (ELC)
data; Forest Company Permanent Growth Plots; Natural Succession Plots provided by Stan Vasiliauskas;
Northern Boreal Initiative (NBI) data; Cohort data provided by the Northeast Science and Information and; re-
measurement data from historic American Can of Canada (AmCan) and Beckwith & Roebbelen (BR) plots. A
combined total of 5000 plots were used to help in the population of the boreal factsheets.
GLSL Factsheets
Authors: Monique Wester, Peter Uhlig and Harold Lee.
Thanks to all who provided datasets which could be utilized in the creation of the GLSL ecosite factsheets.
Datasets included: Growth and Yield data provided by the Ontario Terrestrial Assessment Program (OnTAP);
Ecological Land Classification (ELC) data; National Forest Inventory data; Forest Resource Inventory data from
Bancroft forest; NEBIE for Petawawa provided by Wayne Bell; Oak Trial data provided by Bill Parker and
Ecological Effects of Harvesting and Site Preparation in White Pine data provided by Andree Morneault.
ii Chapter 2 - Ecosites of Ontario (draft) 01/05/2009

Table of Contents
List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................................... iv

List of Figures ...........................................................................................................................................................v
1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Ecosite Development Drivers .................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Ecosite Definition and Background................................................................................................................... 1
2.1 Ecosite Definition....................................................................................................................................................... 2
2.2 Ecosite Development................................................................................................................................................. 2
2.3 Desirable Attributes Achieved Through Design ......................................................................................................... 3
3 Using the Keys ................................................................................................................................................. 5
3.1 Hierarchy of Influence................................................................................................................................................ 5
3.2 General process to classify an Ecosite...................................................................................................................... 5
3.3 Ecosite Coding Structure ........................................................................................................................................... 7
4 Ecosite Terminology and Conventions ........................................................................................................... 16
5 Using the Factsheets...................................................................................................................................... 21
5.1 General .................................................................................................................................................................... 21
5.2 Layout of the Ecosite Factsheets ............................................................................................................................ 21
5.3 Sample Factsheet.................................................................................................................................................... 23
6 Ecosite Keys:.................................................................................................................................................. 25
7 Ecosite Node Descriptions: ............................................................................................................................ 37
8 Ecosite Names ............................................................................................................................................... 43
9 Ecosite Matrix: ................................................................................................................................................ 48
10 Boreal Ecosite Factsheets: ......................................................................................................................... 91
01/05/2009 Chapter 2 - Ecosites of Ontario (draft) iii

List of Tables
Table 1. Geographic range associations with the ecoregions and ecodistricts of Ontario. .................................. 7
Table 2. Codes and description of vegetation cover. ........................................................................................... 9
Table 3. Codes and definitions of vegetation cover classes. The bold text is the required level of resolution for
the purpose of ecosites, while the greyed out text is optional for ecosites but required resolution for
vegetation types in ELC. ........................................................................................................................ 9
Table 4. Complete listing of substrate depth and definitions for use with the ecosite keys and coding structure. .
............................................................................................................................................................. 12
Table 5. Complete listing of moisture regime codes and definitions for use with the ecosite keys. ................... 12
Table 6. ELC Material Groupings. The following table is an overview of material types described above and
their related properties, and various groupings.................................................................................... 14
Table 7. There are three chemistry modifiers that are used to describe an ecosite........................................... 15
Table 8. Species abbreviations required to navigate through the ecosite keys. ................................................ 18
Table 9. Height/age relationships based on Plonski for determining the condition of protection forest or site
class 4. ................................................................................................................................................ 20
iv Chapter 2 - Ecosites of Ontario (draft) 01/05/2009

List of Figures
Figure 1. ELC hierarchy where the ecosite is the lowest level of the ELC hierarchy where polygons are
mapped using the classification. ............................................................................................................ 1
Figure 2. Ecoregions and ecodistricts within Ontario. As referenced in the construction of the geographic
ranges for application within ecosites. ................................................................................................... 4
Figure 3. Hierarchy of influence. ........................................................................................................................... 5
Figure 4. Geographic ranges of Ontario.............................................................................................................. 10
Figure 5. Key to vegetation cover (mandatory for ecosites) and vegetation cover classes (optional for ecosites).
11
Figure 6. Indicator species are representative of Northwestern Ontario (Racey et al. 1996). Equivalent lists have
not yet been developed for the other regions of Ontario...................................................................... 17
Figure 7. Presence of two tiers where the white pine and trembling aspen overstory would constitute the
effective canopy and the balsam fir understory would be ignored in decision node 16 of ecosite keys.
............................................................................................................................................................. 18
Figure 8. When stand structure is single tier or complex, the trembling aspen and balsam fir now together
becomes the effective canopy in this example of a 25 year old regenerating stand. ........................... 18
Figure 9. Symbols used in figures 7 and 8.......................................................................................................... 18
Figure 10. Example of page 1 Boreal Treed Factsheet...................................................................................... 23
Figure 11. Example of page 2 Boreal Treed Factsheet...................................................................................... 24
01/05/2009 Chapter 2 - Ecosites of Ontario (draft) v

1 Introduction
Ontario has a diverse group of resource management and planning agencies, consisting of both government and
non-government organizations. A common need amongst these resource managers and planners is having
standardized and consistent ways to identify, describe, name and map ecosystems, at different scales (i.e.
inventory). Local planning authorities (i.e. municipalities, Conservation Authorities) and MNR (i.e. Forest
Resource Inventory, Parks) practitioners have been faced with that challenge; the broader scale interpretation
and mapping of ecological units.
The goal of the provincial ELC program is to meet this need, by developing a standardized and consistent
approach to interpreting and mapping all components of our landscape (i.e. no holes in map). The provincial
ELC program has been developing a hierarchy of ecological classifications (refer to Figure 1) to meet varying
needs at different scales. The ecosite level in the ELC hierarchy has been developed specifically to meet the
needs of meso scale (i.e. 1:8,000 to 1:50,000) operational inventories for forestry and planning applications.
Broad Scale
Ecozones
Ecoregions
Ecodistricts
Ecosections
Ecosites
Vegetation Types and Substrate Types
Fine Scale
Figure 1. ELC hierarchy where the ecosite is the lowest level of the ELC hierarchy where polygons are
mapped using the classification.
In collaboration with partner agencies and MNR, the ELC program has refined and built upon the existing ecosite
concepts found in earlier products Terrestrial and Wetland Ecosites of Northwestern Ontario (Racey et al. 1996);
Field Guide to Forest Ecosystems of Northeastern Ontario (Taylor et al. 2000); Field Guide to the Forest
Ecosystem Classification for Northwestern Ontario (Sims et al. 1997); Field Guide to Forest Ecosystems of
Central Ontario (Chambers et al. 1997); Ecological Land Classification for Southern Ontario (Lee et al. 1998) to
create a unified and consistent structure, development, and format that meets our expanding needs across the
province. Furthermore, support products like the ecosite photo interpretation manual, ecosite keys, ecosite fact
sheets, glossaries, and training programs have been developed to make the ecosites accessible and operational.
The Ecosites of Ontario is a reference document developed to accompany the new provincial ecosite
classification, its keys, factsheets, terms and conventions. The Ecosites of Ontario is consistent with, and utilizes
the class terms and conventions of the lower levels of the ELC Hierarchy; namely ecoelement, vegetation type,
and substrate type. The suite of new ELC products has been designed to meet the immediate needs of current
practitioners; accessible products that puts detailed ecological information and knowledge at the fingertips of
resource managers and planners.
1.1 Ecosite Development Drivers

Ecosites have been developed to support MNR corporate goals and partner applications.
1. Inventory
Ecosites are spatial units to facilitate major corporate and partner ecological inventory, monitoring and
assessment programs in support of operational planning, natural heritage planning and various program
deliveries. Our goal is to have ecosites become the accepted standard for broader scale interpretation,
modelling and mapping (via interpretation or automated) across the province. Ecosites will provide the
consistent framework for operational planning of forests, wetlands, wildlife habitat, natural heritage, and
planning applications.
2. Ecological Knowledge
Ecosites have been developed to increase our knowledge of ecological patterns and the spatial distribution
of ecosystems. Ecosites are characterized using a prevailing, or dominant condition, along with a description
01/05/2009 Chapter 2 - Ecosites of Ontario (draft) 1

of other ecological conditions or inclusions that may be found within an ecosite, however are too small to
define independently. By identifying and understanding the inherent variability of spatial units we expand our
ecological knowledge and ability to manage ecosystems. Similarly, it facilitates our ability to identify
significant elements within landscape patterns which typically get lost at broader scales (e.g. significant
habitat, wetlands and species at risk).
3. Standardization and Consistency

In order for MNR and partners (e.g. Conservation Authorities, Forestry Companies) to accomplish
ecosystem management and sustainability, there is a need for standardization and consistency across the
province. Ecosites have been developed to provide the common language, ecological understanding,
consistent mapping techniques and imagery interpretation that are required to accomplish such broader
goals.
Ecosites are required to create corporate products which satisfy the role of General Standard Site Types as
described in the Terms and Conditions for the Class Environmental Assessment for Timber Management.
These products will be applied through the Crown Forest Sustainability Act (CFSA) to the silvicultural
guidelines, silviculture effectiveness monitoring and other forest and wildlife management applications.
Provincial ecosites will become the fabric for stratification and reporting frameworks within growth and yield,
forest succession, rare species inventory and restoration, and management response assessments.
2 Ecosite Definition and Background
2.1 Ecosite Definition

Ecosites are landscape areas consisting of typical, recurring associations of vegetation types (v-type) and
substrate types (s-type) combinations (v-type x s-type = ecoelement).
Ecosite is a scale dependant level in the ELC hierarchy, appropriate for mapping between the scales of 1:8,000
and 1:20,000 and may be feasible to apply at broader scales up to 1:50,000. Ecosites have been developed as an
operational classification to identify the patterns we observe and delineate on air-photos and imagery. Although
ecosites are typically resolved at a scale ranging from 10's to 100's of hectares, resolution is dependent on the
project area and purpose of the inventory. The challenge is that at these scales polygons typically contain more
than one ecological condition or a series of ecoelements (v-types X s-types) that create recurring patterns on the
landscape. Ecosites are therefore spatial units, developed to capture the inherent variability (i.e. heterogeneity)
that we typically observe within polygons at these scales. Once mapped, an ecosite is typically stable for 20-40
years on a temporal scale.
Ecosites are, first and foremost, based on the stable features of the physical landscape (substrate depth, texture,
landform and nutrient regimes). Ecosite polygons are identified and delineated using those features of the
environment which most affects the distribution and character of the vegetation, including substrate formation or
depositional types (e.g. rock, organic, frozen, active, flooded), along with the substrate depth, texture, slope, and
moisture. These physical features make up the ecological domains, or the ecological drivers, which direct the
establishment and growth of vegetation, or community assembly. The delineation of the polygon is finally
determined by the varying character of the vegetation, which is responding to not only the physical environment,
but disturbance and succession as well. Since different vegetation communities can exist on similar
environmental features, vegetation characteristics like treed, shrub, herbaceous, coniferous, deciduous (to name
a few) are used as the basis to further distinguish and delineate polygons.
2.2 Ecosite Development
Ecosites are determined through synthesis of expert knowledge, and multivariate and GIS-assisted analyses.
They are based on: (1) expert knowledge of plant community composition and structure and commonly occurring
vegetation / substrate relationships, (2) ground-based validation of coincident vegetation and substrate types
using transects, slope sequences or landform / substrate relationships, (3) high resolution remotely-sensed data,
and (4) predictive ecosystem mapping and modelling approaches that use thematic data (ie, vegetation and
substrates) in conjunction with ground-validation studies.
The ecosite conventions were designed to maximize flexibility while maintaining the structure and integrity of
definitive attributes such as substrate origin, mode of deposition, parent material origin, relative depth, texture and
moisture, organic matter characteristics, dominant overstory species and, understory species physiognomy. It is
also necessary to incorporate specific information on the common / typical landscape position, recurring spatial
associations of component types and can be described in terms of their associated ecoelements (v + s-type
combinations) as well as typical / recurring inclusions and complexes.
2 Chapter 2 - Ecosites of Ontario (draft) 01/05/2009

A province wide approach to ecosite classification posses some unique challenges. For example, how do you
accurately represent an ecosite in the northwest of the province when it is also found in the south? To address
this, the main ecosite characteristics are similar and reflect the common ecological drivers (substrate type,
moisture etc), yet the ecosites differ based on climatic and bio-physical context, along with the plant species
associations typical of such physical conditions. So, you will find that a northwest ecosite and southern ecosite
may key out to a common family of ecosites (say jack pine rock barren), yet will be distinguished (using coding)
based on their regional affinity and subtle differences in species and other characteristics. In order to maintain
ecosite differences, four main geographic ranges have been established and include Sub-arctic, Boreal, Great
Lakes-St. Lawrence and Southern.
Occurrences of ecosites exist within a climatic and bio-physical context established at an ecoregional scale, refer
to Figure 2. Ecosites will be confined to limited portions of the province as determined by ecoregional
characteristics in order to maintain understanding ecological processes such as productivity and succession. Four
main geographic ranges are recognized and include Sub-arctic, Boreal, Great Lakes-St. Lawrence and Southern.
Structurally analogous units will be correlated but interpretations and functional attributes will be unique to the
geographic range. Each ecosite is comprised of a membership set of recurring and spatially associated
ecoelements.
By organizing it in this way, the ELC program has made it possible for all ecosystems in the province to be
collated and listed. The added benefit of the current concepts makes it possible to see common ecological
patterns, across the province (i.e. being able roll up to see all jack pine rock barrens in the same part of the
classification) while also being able to further distinguish the uniqueness of regional ecosites.
2.3 Desirable Attributes Achieved Through Design
This ecosite classification is one of the tools in the suite of ELC products and where possible the tools were
developed utilizing the same conventions such as the hierarchy of influence and vegetation cover classes to
ensure conceptual consistency. Several site factors (e.g., moisture and substrate depth) that related most closely
to potential and productivity were front loaded during the development process. This was to ensure that the static
features of the landscape were the drivers of the classification followed by the dynamic vegetative features.
Without the anthropogenic impacts of humans, an ecosite for a polygon will remain on a single ecosite key
thereby permitting vegetation to change. For example a young black spruce and jack pine plantation on fresh
coarse loamy substrate with time will likely experience ingress of hardwood species and balsam fir, which towards
maturity may move towards a pine - black spruce ecosite however the substrate remains consistent.
Users with an imperfect knowledge, incomplete data or technology-limited inventory methods are able to utilize
this classification based on the following: inherent ability to roll-up the ecosite nomenclature; ability to generalize
vegetation to larger classes that capture the essential ecology but provide high complementary value when
associated with ecoelement, or Forest Resource Inventory attributes (often be used in tandem) and; the
parameters of sites not easily determined remotely or from inventory can become defaults (depth and chemistry).

Figure 2. Ecoregions and ecodistricts within Ontario. As referenced in the construction of the geographic
ranges for application within ecosites.

3 Using the Keys
The ecosite keys are designed to allow for broad classification of the landscape into polygons that represent
typical, recurring associations of v-types and s-types. Features are described with detail compatible with the
classification of ecosites from ground survey information. The appropriate season for applying the ecosite
classification is from late May to late September for forested conditions, bogs and fens and late June to early
September for marshes (note that aquatic systems are only sampled to 2 m deep). The key may be difficult to
apply at other times of the year because the cover of deciduous trees and understory plants will vary significantly,
and substrate sampling may not be practical.
Vegetation can grow on many different sites but the appropriate availability of nutrients and water on a site that
determines the frequency and abundance of that vegetation. Identification of the substrate and any associated
restrictions to productivity will lead the user through the high level decisions and to a family of ecosites. Then,
through the identification of vegetation and specific regional location, a specific ecosite is determined. The
hierarchy of influence allows for higher level decisions to be made based on the understanding that some
characteristics have more of an impact on plant frequency and abundance than others.
3.1 Hierarchy of Influence

There are many interacting factors which combine to drive and direct the assembly of ecosystems. Ecological
factors and gradients are not all equal in their influence on plant community assembly, meaning that some factors
are more important than others. The hierarchy of influence (Figure 3) recognizes that some ecological factors take
precedence over others in understanding the distribution, organization and expression of ecosystems. This
approach provides a basis for ecologically consistent nomenclature and numbering conventions.
Figure 3. Hierarchy of influence.
3.2 General process to classify an Ecosite
Section 3.2 was excerpted and modified from Racey et al. 1996. The remainder of this section will identify the
steps of ecosite classification and provide the necessary information required classify an ecosite.

1. Determine the approximate boundaries of the polygon to be classified from a general reconnaissance of the
site or aerial photos. Relative homogeneity of vegetation cover, landform, topography, aspect and
hydrological position should be considered. Generally a mapped ecosite will consist of several hectares
however the size of polygon may vary from hundreds of hectares in the far north to as little as a hectare in
the far south. The applicable scale is largely driven by vegetative diversity.
2. Survey the polygon to determine the general vegetation cover and relief. Use substrate observations from pits
or augers to determine effective texture of the substrate and moisture regime at several locations representing
the prevailing conditions. If more than one texture, moisture regime or vegetation condition is encountered,
estimate the most common, or modal, condition to describe the polygon. Refer to Chapter 2 - Substrates of
Ontario for all charts, tables and keys.
3. Work through the ecosite keys, always beginning at Key 1, using the information gathered in the
reconnaissance. If clarification of a decision is required, or when a difficult decision is encountered, refer to
the Section 8 Detailed Description of the Field Key Decision Nodes. Resolve each division point by
working through the decision rule and, depending on the result, proceed either to the left or to the right.
Terminology used in decision rules, decision nodes and factsheets are explained in Section 4 Ecosite
Terminology and Conventions.
Decision rules consist of yes/no questions (where you follow the direction of the arrow for a yes) or indicator
scores (ie. -1/0). An example of a yes no question is:
In this example, if more than 50% of the tree species in the polygon are conifer you would say yes and
follow the arrow to the left. If not, you would proceed to the right.
Where indicator scores are used, score -1 for the occurrence of each negative indicator species or condition
[ie. listed on the left (negative) side of the division point] and +1 for the occurrence of each positive condition
[i.e., listed on the right (positive) side]. Total the scores on each side and calculate their sum by adding up the
negative and positive subtotals.
If the sum is greater than or equal to the number on the right hand side of the decision rule, proceed
right.
If the sum is less than or equal to the number on the left hand side of the decision rule, proceed left.
In this example score -1 if you meet the condition of: Hydrologically isolated and trees > 10 m are 25%. Score
+1 for each of: Alnus incana, swamp indicators. If the sum of indicator scores is less than or equal to -1,
proceed left; if greater than or equal to 0, proceed to right. If criteria on either side of the decision are not met then
follow the 0 to the right, also called the default rule. Note: some ecosites key out using many default decisions
so default decisions are real and valid responses.
4. Repeat step 3 until an ecosite number is determined.
5. Assign a geographic range prior to the number (refer Figure 4 for the map). Then use the vegetation cover
key (refer to Figure 5 and Table 3) to determine which vegetative modifier will be applied after the number.
Use this key carefully because as soon as there is > 10% cover of a higher life form (e.g. tree is higher than
shrub) then you go with that vegetative class as a measure of the sites potential for growth. Once these
components have been determined, then the ecosite code has been created that is required to get to a
factsheet.
6. Turn to the appropriate factsheet for a description of the ecosite and compare the description to the site. If it
fits, then accept that ecosite code. If the ecosite factsheet does not fit the observed conditions well, compare
the ecoregional variability and the edaphic variability to the site and see if the differing conditions are
explained. If it is still a poor fit, look at the related ecosites for comparison. Undergo a similar process by
examining the components of these related factsheets and compare them to the conditions of the site. The
ecosite factsheet most closely resembling the field conditions is assumed to be correct, provided the substrate
conditions are met. Remember that ecosite polygons, as any mappable land unit, may be quite variable.
Inclusions within the ecosite polygon may differ from the factsheet description without requiring the ecosite to
be reclassified, or without compromising the integrity of the factsheet description. Remember that factsheets
describe the average or modal conditions.
7. The final step is to determine the complete code applied based on the individual program requirements for
detail. As previously mentioned, there are multiple levels of ecosite coding that will vary from program to
program. The absolute minimum required ecosite code includes the geographic range, unique ecosite number
and vegetation cover. This 5 or 6 alpha-numeric code is the minimum amount of ecosite code that is required
for ecosite data collection. This code should not be shortened but can be built upon using the optional as
listed in below.
3.3 Ecosite Coding Structure
Minimum Required Ecosite Code
Geographic Range Ecosite Number Vegetation Cover Modifier

1 digit 3 digits 1 or 2 digits
Example: G053Tt (Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Conifer)
Geographic range: In order to capture the inherent site variability associated with a single
provincial classification system, a series of maps were developed depicting the geographic ranges
within Ontario. A geographic range is primarily delineated by ecoregional boundaries permitting the
use of a single ecosite key regardless of your location in Ontario. Based on these boundaries, the
province has been divided into 4 geographic ranges as mapped in Figure 4. For the first letter of the
ecosite code you must select one of:
A-Sub-arctic
B-Boreal
G-Great Lakes St. Lawrence (GLSL) or
S-Southern
Table 1 outlines the relationship between the geographic ranges and the ecoregions and
ecodistricts in Ontario. An overlap refers to built in flexibility which allows ecology and not
administrative boundaries to drive the classification of an ecosite.
Table 1. Geographic range associations with the ecoregions and ecodistricts of Ontario.
Geographic Range Ecoregion / Ecodistrict (Refer to Figure 2)

Sub-arctic 0E, 1E
Sub-arctic Overlap on Boreal 2E
Boreal 2E, 2W, 3E, 3W, 3S, 4W, 4S, 5S
Boreal Overlap on GLSL 4E, 5E-13
GLSL 4E, 5E
GLSL Overlap on Boreal 3E-4, 3E-5, 3E-6, 4W-1, 4W-2, 4S-3, 4S-4, 4S-5, 4S-6, 5S-2
GLSL Overlap on Southern 6E-9, 6E-10, 6E-11, 6E-12, 6E-16, 6E-17

Southern 6E, 7E
Unique Ecosite number: Allows for the identification of similar ecosites across the province and is
determined from the ecosite keys in Section 6 Ecosite Keys.
Vegetation Cover: Refer to Table 2 below in addition to the complete listing of all vegetative cover
codes and vegetative cover classes are listed in Table 3. Figure 5 provides the vegetative cover
key.
Table 2. Codes and description of vegetation cover.
Vegetation Cover
Vegetation Cover Text Description
Code
Tt Tall Treed tree species 10m tall
Tl Low Treed tree species <10m tall
S Shrub tall or low shrub species
N Not Woody any herbaceous or non vascular vegetation
X Not Vegetated <2% vascular cover, <10% bryophyte or foliose lichen

cover, and unlimited crustose lichen cover
Vegetation within an ecosite may be described by two different components of the ecosite code. The first is the
vegetation cover which is a broad classification based on the capability of a site to produce identified levels of
vegetation cover (tall treed, low treed, shrub, not woody or not vegetated). The vegetation cover class describes
and identifies the absolute vegetation cover of trees, shrubs, not woody, non-vascular and not vegetated site
conditions which allows the user to better envision the structure and productivity of the site. By using the key in
Figure 5, one can assign the appropriate vegetation cover and vegetation cover class to an ecosite code.
Table 3. Codes and definitions of vegetation cover classes. The bold text is the required level of resolution for
the purpose of ecosites, while the greyed out text is optional for ecosites but required resolution for
vegetation types in ELC.
Vegetation Vegetation Cover

Broad Vegetation Codes Cover Codes Class Codes Text Description
(required code) (optional code)
cTt closed tall Tall (> 10 m) trees with > 60%
treed absolute cover.
Tt oTt open tall Tall (> 10 m) trees with > 25% and
(Tall Treed) treed 60% absolute cover.
T sTt sparse tall Tall (> 10 m) trees with > 10% and
(Treed) treed 25% absolute cover.
Low (10 m) trees with > 25%
Tl low treed
Tl absolute cover.
(Low Treed) sTl sparse low Low (10 m) trees with > 10% and
treed 25% absolute cover.
Tall (> 2 m) shrubs with > 25%
St tall shrub
absolute cover.
sSt sparse tall Tall (> 2 m) shrubs with > 10% and
V shrub 25% absolute cover.
S S Low ( 2 m) shrubs with > 25%
(Vegetated) Sl low shrub
(Shrub) (Shrub) absolute cover.
sSl sparse low Low ( 2 m) shrubs with > 10% and
shrub 25% absolute cover.
Herbaceous (forbs, graminoids and
aquatic) vegetation with > 25%
H - herbaceous
absolute cover and the ratio of non-
vascular to vascular cover is 2:1.
N N
Herbaceous (forbs, graminoids and
(Not Woody) (Not Woody) sH sparse
aquatic) vegetation with > 10% and
herbaceous
25% absolute cover.
Non-vascular (bryophyte and lichen)
Nv non-vascular
vegetation with >10% absolute cover.
X Consists of 10% bryophyte + foliose
X X
(Not X not vegetated lichen absolute cover and 2%
(Not Vegetated) (Not Vegetated)
Vegetated) vascular absolute cover.
Figure 4. Geographic ranges of Ontario.
The following components of the code are all optional modifiers which would be applied to the end of the previous
ecosite code: depth, moisture, chemistry, vegetation cover class (Figure 5) and ecology. The extent of application
of these modifiers is flexible and optional (all or only some may be selected and used by a program). Refer to the
Chapter 5: Glossary for a detailed description of these modifiers. The use of these modifiers is determined by the
scope and detail of the project. We suggest that these detailed modifiers are used when any field work is done,
since the time and money spent to get to the sample site warrants the detailed description of ecosites.
Optional Ecosite Code

Depth Moisture Chemistry Vegetation Cover Class
1or 2 digits 1 or 2 digits 1 digit 1, 2 or 3 digits
Example: G053Tt (Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Conifer) that is moderately deep, fresh, acidic, open tall treed and
no limitations to growth would have a coding string of: G053Tt MfaoTt
Figure 5. Key to vegetation cover (mandatory for ecosites) and vegetation cover classes (optional for ecosites).

Depth of Substrate: Depth of substrate refers to the depth of organic or mineral materials over top of bedrock or
coarse fragments, according to the thresholds listed in Table 4. Depth terminology does not apply to substrates
which are permanently or seasonally flooded, anthropogenic or active (high energy).
Table 4. Complete listing of substrate depth and definitions for use with the ecosite keys and coding
structure.
Substrate
Term Text Description
Depth Code
Depth of unconsolidated mineral material 5 cm or organic material
R** Rock 10 cm over coarse fragments or bedrock or > 80% of area is exposed
bedrock or coarse fragments.
Depth of unconsolidated mineral material > 5 cm to 15 cm over rock or
VS** Very Shallow bedrock, or depth of organic material > 10 cm but 40 cm overlying < 5
cm of mineral material.
S Shallow Depth of unconsolidated mineral material > 15 cm to 30 cm over rock
or bedrock.
M Moderate Depth of unconsolidated mineral material > 30 cm to 60 cm over rock
or bedrock.
MD Moderately Depth of unconsolidated mineral material > 60 cm to 120 cm over rock
Deep or bedrock.
D Deep Depth of unconsolidated mineral material > 120 cm over rock or
bedrock, or > 40 cm of organic material or any floating mat.
**R and VS do not occur within the ecosite coding structure because they are inherent in the ecosite name.
However, it is important to recognize and understand the depth criteria associated with these two substrate
depths.
Moisture Regime (MR): Refers to the available moisture supply for plant growth estimated in relative or absolute
terms. Moisture regimes are determined by the field examination of physical properties and profile characteristics
of the substrate and then classified by using one of three moisture regime charts as presented in Chapter 3 -
Substrates of Ontario.
Moisture regimes were designed to calculate the moisture content of mineral substrates and deep organics based
on texture, depths to mottles and gley and decomposition. As a result, the use of this system is not appropriate for
describing the moisture content of many substrates including the vertical mineral, folic organic, rock and limnetic
types. However, it is recognized that a measure of moisture in these substrates is required and therefore three
additional terms (xeric, humid and saturated) have been introduced (refer to Table 5).
Table 5. Complete listing of moisture regime codes and definitions for use with the ecosite keys.
Moisture Regime Term Text Description

Code
d dry Moisture regime is or 0
f fresh Moisture regime is 1, 2 or 3
m moist Moisture regime is 4 or 5
v very moist Moisture regime is 6
w wet Moisture regime is 7, 8 or 9
x xeric This condition typically occurs on upper slope positions, steep slopes
and exposed rock outcrops. Vegetation is typically restricted to lichen
and bryophytes. Vascular or treed vegetation may occasionally be
present in the sparse condition and is generally restricted to cracks and
crevices.
h humid This condition typically occurs on lower slopes and rock outcrops
sheltered from climatic extremes by aspect or surrounding vegetation.
Lichen and bryophyte cover typically abundant. Vascular or treed
vegetation is common.
s saturated This condition typically occurs on lower slopes or bedrock systems
where rock surface shape causes accumulation or persistence of
water. Seepage from bedrock cracks or crevices may be visible.
Lichen and bryophytes are abundant and reflective of the wetter
environment. Organic accumulations typically derived from sphagnum
or graminoid peats.

Texture Family: An association of mineral substrate textures and grouped together based on particle size (as
indicated in Table 6). Texture family categories include; sandy, coarse loamy, silty, fine loamy, clayey, and
organic.

Material Degree of Decomposition
Organic Modifiers
Table 6.
Type Class
He hemic
Hu humic
14
folic Li lignic
folic F upland organic material derived L, F, H, Hi Hi histic
from upland vegetation
organic Note: coarse fragment description are not
applicable
"W" denotes a hydric layer and its use is restricted
peat vP1, vP2, vP3, vP4, vP5,
to peaty organic substrates.
peat O lowland organic material derived vP6, vP7, vP8, vP9, vP10,
from hydrophytic vegetation W
Note: coarse fragment description not applicable
Size Class Rock Modifiers
bedrock R consolidated rock BR
rock
coarse
their related properties, and various groupings.
CF > 90% rock fragments > 2 mm Gr, Co, St, Bo

fragments
Texture Family Texture Class Mineral Modifiers
coarse sandy vcS, LvcS, cS, LcS, mS, LmS coarse fragment modifiers:
Chapter 2 - Ecosites of Ontario (draft)

sandy S
fine sandy fS, LfS >15% to 35% by volume
coarse loamy SivcS, SicS, SimS, SifS, SivfS, Prefix texture class with the appropriate
coarse coarse fragment adjective(s).
cL note: includes all very fine sands, vcSL, cSL, mSL, fSL, vfSL, L,
loamy gr = gravelly 2 mm - 8 cm
mineral and all silty sands LvfS, vfS
co = cobbly 8 cm - 25 cm
silty Si silty Si, SiL st = stony 25 cm - 60 cm
01/05/2009
fine bo = bouldery > 60 cm
fL fine loamy SCL, CL, SiCL
loamy
clayey > 35 to 90% by volume
clayey C all mineral materials with SiC, C, SC Prefix the coarse fragment modifier(s) with
> 35% clay particles "v" meaning "very".
ELC Material Groupings. The following table is an overview of material types described above and
Chemistry: Substrates are chemically influenced by mineral composition, organic material and environmental
factors (refer to Table 7).
Table 7. There are three chemistry modifiers that are used to describe an ecosite.
Chemistry Code Term Text Description

k Calcareous A mineral material or rock substrate that contains
carbonate minerals which when tested with acid
(10% HCl) will produce a fizzing or bubbling reaction.
For ELC purposes, interest is only in determining
whether the substrate displays a presence or
absence of carbonates.
n Non-calcareous A mineral material or rock substrate where the
presence of carbonates is not detected.
z Saline A mineral material substrate that is saturated by salt
water or secondary enrichment of salt by ground
water or dry deposition.

4 Ecosite Terminology and Conventions
: Indicate the direction of agreement (answering yes) to the stated decision criteria in the ecosite keys.
Follow the direction of the arrow to the next decision criteria or ecosite number.
%: Refers to the percent cover of a specified vegetation type out of 100. Percent cover is presented as either
relative cover or absolute cover. Chapter 6 Glossary contains ELC definitions for all aspects of cover.
+/: This pair of symbols are used throughout the ecosite keys and are to be interpreted as and/or. This means
that one or the other or all conditions could apply at that decision node. For example, Cw +/ He indicates the
presence of eastern white cedar and/or hemlock.
Active: Sites that are not vegetated due to natural energy (wind, water or gravity) or human influences. Vascular
plant cover is 2%, bryophyte and foliose lichen cover 10% but crustose lichen cover is unlimited.
Dry Sandy: Refers to ecosites that consist of sandy substrate and a moisture regime (MR) 1. While MR = 1 is
fresh and not dry it is used as an upper limit indicator of ecosites that may be prone to droughty conditions. These
ecosites will consist of vegetation that is capable of surviving on sites that frequently experience droughts.
Indicator Species: Species, usually plants, used to indicate an ecological condition such as substrate moisture
or nutrient regime that may not be directly measured. For ELC purposed the suite of plant species helps to
distinguish fen from swamp, fen from bog, swamp from bog, between bogs and between fens. Indicator species
should only be invoked if a decision cannot be made based on previously stated criteria and if there are at least 2
indicator species present continuously throughout the ecosite (not a single occurrence). Refer to Figure 6 for a
complete listing of all common and scientific names for swamp and fen indicators representative of Northwestern
Ontario. Indicator species for the rest of the province are under development.
Fen indicators: Plant species that distinguish fens from bogs.
Rich fen indicators: Plant species that distinguish moderately and extremely rich fens from poor
fens.
Extremely rich fen indicators: Plant species that distinguish extremely rich fens from moderately
rich and poor fens.
Swamp indicators: Plant species that distinguish swamps from bogs.
Intermediate swamp indicators: Plant species that distinguish intermediate and rich swamps from
poor swamps.
Rich swamp indicators: Plant species that distinguish rich swamps from intermediate and poor
swamp.

Figure 6. Indicator species are representative of Northwestern Ontario (Racey et al. 1996). Equivalent lists have
not yet been developed for the other regions of Ontario.

Effective Canopy: A process used to determine which tree species should be used in decision node 16
(Polygon mostly conifer) in the ecosite keys. When single or complex stand structures are present, all tree
species (tall and low) in the canopy are to be used to determine if the polygon is mostly conifer. Treed fens, treed
bogs and other sites where environmental factors (poor nutrients, wind/wave energy, excessive/limited moisture
etc) restrict the growth potential of trees are examples where all tree species would be used.
If the stand contains two or more tiers, only the tall trees (> 10m) will be used. For example, a white pine and
trembling aspen overstory (>10 m) with a balsam fir understory (Figure 7); if the overstory were removed, the site
would be significantly altered. But if the balsam fir understory was absent, the wildlife habitat potential may
change but not the overall site characteristics such as shade and ground litter composition. While in most cases
using tall (> 10m) trees would suffice, it would not apply to successional or newly regenerating stands where the
site is capable of producing tall trees, but tall trees are currently absent or poorly represented (< 10% absolute
cover). Under these circumstances, use the low tree species as the effective canopy as indicated in Figure 8.
10 m
Figure 7. Presence of two tiers where the white pine and trembling aspen overstory would constitute the
effective canopy and the balsam fir understory would be ignored in decision node 16 of ecosite keys.
10 m
Figure 8. When stand structure is single tier or complex, the trembling aspen and balsam fir now together
becomes the effective canopy in this example of a 25 year old regenerating stand.
Trembling Aspen Balsam Fir White Pine
Figure 9. Symbols used in figures 7 and 8.
Tree Species Code: Table 8 contains the 2 letter species abbreviations commonly used to identify tree species
used within the ecosite keys. For a complete list of ELC tree species and associated abbreviations, refer to the
Chapter 4 Life Forms.
Table 8. Species abbreviations required to navigate through the ecosite keys.
Abbrev. Species Name Abbrev. Species Name Abbrev. Species Name

Ab Black Ash Ew American Elm Pj Jack Pine
Ag Green Ash He Eastern Hemlock Po Poplar/aspen species
Ax Ash species La Larch/Tamarack Pr Red Pine
Bf Balsam Fir Mh Sugar Maple Pt Trembling Aspen
Bw White Birch Mr Red Maple Pw White Pine
Bx Birch species Mx Maple species Px Pine species
Ce Cedar species Ox Oak species Sb Black Spruce
Cw White Cedar Pb Balsam Poplar Sx Spruce species

Interpretation of phrases:
Tree species mostly conifer This means that the combined total relative cover of any conifer species
consists of more than 50% of the total tree species. If the combined total percent cover of all conifer
species is more than 50% then say yes and follow the arrow to the next decision. In the event of a tie, the
first species listed in the species composition will break the tie. For example, if Pt listed first and 50/50 split
then say no, if Sb listed first and 50/50 split then say yes and follow arrow.
Pr +/ Pw cover 20% of polygon This means that of the tree species present, red pine and / or white
pine must cover greater than or equal to 20% of the polygon area.
Shrub cover > 25% of polygon This means that the shrub species present are the highest level of
vegetation and have absolute cover more than 25%. Tree species may be present on the site but must be
10% to be at this decision node. If there is more than 10% absolute cover then revisit decision node 15
and work through the key again.
Shrub cover > 10% of polygon This means that the shrub species present are the highest level of
vegetation (according to Figure 5) and have absolute cover more than 10%. Tree species may be present
on the site but must be 10% to be at this decision node; if this there is more than 10% absolute cover
then revisit decision node 15 and work through the ecosite key again. Similarly, shrub species must also be
25% absolute cover; if there is more than 25% then revisit the decision for shrub cover > 25% of
polygon.
Hardwood species mostly Mx This means that the combined total relative cover of any maple
species consists of more than 50% of the total hardwood species. For example, in a species composition
of Mh3Or2Pw2Mr2Ow1Be1 the total of hardwood species is 80% of which sugar maple and red maple
consist of 50% and therefore you can say yes and proceed in the direction of the arrow. In this example,
Mh2Or2Bw2He2Mr1Pw1, sugar maple is the greatest component however, it does not meet the criteria for
most (>50%) and therefore by following the decisions through the key, this species composition leads to a
mixedwood ecosite.
Conifer species mostly Sx +/ Bf This means that the combined total relative cover of any spruce
species and / or balsam fir consists of more than 50% of the total conifer species. For example, in a
species composition of Pt4Sw2Pj2Sb1Bf1, the combined total relative cover of conifer species is 60%
where spruce species and / or balsam fir must be more than 50% (of the 60% conifer, spruce and balsam
fir must represent 30%) relative cover to satisfy the question. In this case, the relative cover of spruce and /
or balsam fir is 40% therefore the minimum has been exceeded therefore you can say yes and proceed in
the direction of the arrow.
Polygon: A community of trees possessing sufficient uniformity in composition, constitution, age, arrangement or
ecological condition to be distinguishable from adjacent communities.
Site Class 4: Occurs when the stands height is below average growth for its age. These are the site class 4
designated stands under Plonskis Normal Yield Tables. This can occur as a result of low site productivity, stand
history, or as a result of an off-site species. Refer to Table 9.
Stunted: Generally this term refers to populations of trees that are often widely spaced, exceptionally old,
deformed and slow growing. This term can be further described as being equivalent to a site class 4 site
condition.

Table 9. Height/age relationships based on Plonski for determining the condition of protection forest or site
class 4.
Jack White Tolerant White

Age Spruce Pine Poplar Birch Hardwoods Pine Red Pine
From To Maximum Height for PF Condition (Site Class 4)
1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1
5 0.1 0.3 1 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2
10 0.2 0.8 2.1 1 0.8 0.7 0.4
15 0.4 1.8 3.6 2.5 1.8 0.9 1.5
23 27 1.2 5.3 7.1 5.5 3.9 1.7 4.9
28 32 1.6 6.7 8.6 7.2 5 1.9 6.3
33 37 2.2 7.9 10.1 8.8 6.1 2.3 7.5
38 42 2.9 9 11.5 10.1 7.2 2.9 8.5
43 47 3.5 10 12.8 11.1 8.2 3.5 9.5
48 52 4.2 10.8 14 11.9 9.1 4.3 10.3
53 57 4.8 11.5 15.1 12.5 10 5.2 11.1
58 62 5.4 12.1 16.1 12.9 10.8 6 11.7
63 67 6 12.7 16.9 13.2 11.5 6.9 12.1
68 72 6.6 13.1 17.7 13.4 12.2 7.7 12.5
73 77 7.1 13.4 18.2 13.5 12.8 8.5 12.9
78 82 7.6 13.6 18.6 13.5 13.4 9.2 13.2
83 87 8.1 13.8 18.9 13.5 13.9 9.9 13.4
88 92 8.4 13.9 19.1 13.5 14.4 10.6 13.7
93 97 8.8 14 19.2 13.5 14.8 11.3 13.9
98 102 9.1 14.1 19.3 13.5 15.1 11.8 14.1
103 107 9.4 14.1 19.3 13.5 15.4 12.3 14.2
108 112 9.7 14.1 19.3 13.5 15.6 12.8 14.3
113 117 9.9 14.1 19.3 13.5 15.8 13.3 14.5
118 122 10.1 14.1 19.3 13.5 16 13.6 14.6
123 127 10.3 14.1 19.3 13.5 16.2 13.9 14.7
128 132 10.5 14.1 19.3 13.5 16.3 14.3 14.8
133 137 10.6 14.1 19.3 13.5 16.5 14.5 14.9
138 142 10.8 14.1 19.3 13.5 16.6 14.7 14.9
143 147 10.9 14.1 19.3 13.5 16.6 14.9 15
148 152 11 14.1 19.3 13.5 16.7 15.1 15.1
153 157 11 14.1 19.3 13.5 16.7 15.2 15.1
158 162 11 14.1 19.3 13.5 16.8 15.3 15.1
163 167 11 14.1 19.3 13.5 16.8 15.4 15.1
168 172 11 14.1 19.3 13.5 16.8 15.4 15.1
173 177 11 14.1 19.3 13.5 16.8 15.5 15.1
178 182 11 14.1 19.3 13.5 16.8 15.5 15.1
183 187 11 14.1 19.3 13.5 16.8 15.6 15.1
188 999 11 14.1 19.3 13.5 16.8 15.6 15.1

5 Using the Factsheets
5.1 General
Ecosite factsheets provide the typical descriptive information for each ecosite listed in the key. The information
presented in the factsheet is based on sound ecological knowledge obtained from research, expert knowledge
and interpreted plot data. The factsheets focus the user on the distinguishing features and expected variations
that may occur within the ecosite and across the geographic range. Once familiar with the factsheets, the user will
develop a better understanding of the main substrate and vegetation condition, along with the ecology,
ecoregional variation, and edaphic variation, associated with each ecosite. Ecosite factsheets can provide insight
into variation but will seldom describe exactly what is encountered in the field.
A complete suite of ecosite factsheets will be developed, however currently only the treed factsheets are available
at this time. The treed ecosite factsheets consist of both tall treed and low treed conditions which may be
differentiated if there is significant ecological information which cannot be addressed on a single factsheet.
Active Ecosites: A term used to describe the grouping of ecosites for the purpose of presentation on the ecosite
factsheets. Active ecosites include all ecosites with the vegetation cover class of X (Not Vegetated) indicating
vegetation that has been limited due to excessive natural energy or human influences.
Not Woody Ecosites: A term used to describe the grouping of ecosites for the purpose of presentation on the
ecosite factsheets. Not Woody ecosites include all ecosites with the vegetation cover of N (Not Woody), which
includes vegetation cover classes of herbaceous (H), sparse herbaceous (sH) and non-vascular (Nv).
Shrub Ecosites: A term used to describe the grouping of ecosites for the purpose of presentation on the ecosite
factsheets. Shrub ecosites include all ecosites with the vegetation cover of S (shrub), which includes vegetation
cover classes of tall shrub (St), sparse tall shrub (sSt), low shrub (Sl) and sparse low shrub (sSl).
Treed Ecosites: A term used to describe the grouping of ecosites for the purpose of presentation on the ecosite
factsheets. Treed ecosites include all ecosites with the vegetation cover of Tt (tall treed) or Tl (low treed), which
includes closed tall treed (cTt), open tall treed (oTt), sparse tall treed (sTt), low treed (Tl) and sparse low treed
(sTl).
5.2 Layout of the Ecosite Factsheets
The following section is based on Figures 10 and 11 which form a single ecosite factsheet sample. The number
within a triangle corresponds directly to an explanation or description below.
The identification banner at the top of each factsheet provides the ecosite name [1], ecosite code [2], and
background reliability bar [3]. The ecosite name may consist of the substrate depth, substrate moisture regime,
substrate texture, and distinguishing plant species or condition (e.g., marsh, fen, cliff, rock barren). Commas,
colons and dashes are used to separate substrate features (depth, moisture and texture) and to separate species,
respectively. The ecosite code is a series of letters and numbers used to generate concise and unique identifiers
to an ecosite condition. The ecosite code presented on a factsheet is composed of the geographic range, 3 digit
unique ecosite number and vegetative modifier (Refer to Section 3.2 for more on the coding structure). For
example, B027Tt is in the boreal geographic range, ecosite number 027 with a tall treed vegetative modifier. The
code shown on a factsheet meets the minimum requirements for coding. The background reliability bar provides
the user with a relative scale of the quantity and quality of source information that was used to populate the
factsheets. The corresponding box in the bar is filled in grey (Low (L), Moderate (M), or High (H)) according to the
relative information used to describe the factsheet.
Ecosite Description [4] is a brief text description highlighting a few main characteristics of the ecosite. It re-
iterates important features that are found in the ecosite keys, such as plant species composition that are used to
determine the ecosite as well as important stand characteristics that may not be expressed in the keys [5]. When
pertinent to the ecosite description, regenerating tree species in the understory are listed in order of likelihood. A
description of the general condition of shrub and herb richness [6] expresses species diversity, evenness of
abundance, and vigour of a layer. Richness represents the typical condition for the ecosite. The user is then
directed towards the ground surface [7] to compare the presence of the most common surface cover elements
that are associated with the particular ecosite. The key substrate features [8] are re-iterated, in order of texture,
depth and moisture regime.
The Substrate Description [9] is presented in tabular form to compare the substrate in the field with what is
communicated in the factsheet. The substrate series lists all possible substrates that may compose an ecosite.
When data is available to support a substrate series relationship to an ecosite the series is bolded [10]. Shading
represents the likelihood of associated substrate features with this ecosite, dark grey [11] indicates extremely
likely, light grey [12] expected in some areas and white [13] indicates highly unlikely but not impossible.
Vegetation Description [14] defines the floristic components of the ecosite. It includes important physiognomy
and structural characteristics [15] of the ecosite to help further refine the users confidence in identifying the site.
Common understory species [16] are listed by common name and include shrubs, vascular herbaceous, non-
vascular, and indicator species that are frequently encountered. Commonly associated v-types [17] are listed in
order of likelihood.
The Vegetation Table [18] lists the characteristic species by scientific name in order of typical abundance and
dominance.
The user can use Ecology [19] to orient them to the floristic variability that may occur. Variation may be the
result of substrate restriction [20], canopy closure [21], disturbance (natural and anthropogenic) [22], and
successional trends [23].
Ecoregional Variability [24] gives the reader an appreciation for the commonality [25], distribution [26], and
differences in occurrence of the floristic composition or expected vegetation conditions in different parts of the
boreal geographic range [27]. The expected variation is expressed in terms of climatic or landform processes and
the relationship to adjacent ecological regions or districts.
The Edatopic Grid [28] expresses the spatial representation of the ecosites moisture and nutrient holding
capacity (fertility) relative to other ecosites. It is designed to help the user find closely related ecosites that may
better describe what is found within the field.
Edaphic Variability [29] describes to the user the variation that can occur within the ecosite and floristic
expressions that are associated with this variation. Substrate depth [30], slope position [31], and surrounding
waterbodies [32] can all affect the variation that may occur in the substrate.
Related Ecosites [33] is a quick reference to direct the user to closely related ecosites. It expresses the nearest
ecosite neighbour in depth, texture and moisture regime, and will help the user further confirm the correct
identification of the ecosite.
Profile/Slope Sequence [34] is a visual display identifying the range of conditions that may exist in the ecosite.

5.3 Sample Factsheet
Figure 10. Example of page 1 Boreal Treed Factsheet.

Figure 11. Example of page 2 Boreal Treed Factsheet.

6 Ecosite Keys:
Fold Out

Draft Provincial Ecosite Field Keys
25/02/2015
Shorelines, mud flats, inter-tidal zones and near shore

Key 1: Key to the Keys areas where high salt concentrations influence
vegetation.
Site with significant physical +/ chemical 1

Notes: alteration, with no natural analogue such
If folic material present, ecosite is as: fills, re-surfaced or constructed sites
(not forestry or agriculture).
based on the underlying mineral 2
or rock material
Limnetic or hydric substrates: all very moist mineral materials (MR = 6), wet organic
materials (MR = 7, 8, 9 or s), or saturated rock (not saturated vertical systems)
Site 25% vascular vegetative cover and; site is mostly exposed rock with 3
5 cm mineral material or site is mostly exposed rock with 10 cm of
organic material.
Vertical or active mineral 4

material and 25%
5 vegetative cover
Mostly mineral material

6 15 cm
Mostly mineral material > 15 cm:

dry (MR 1) and sandy (vcS,
7 LvcS, cS, LcS, mS, LmS, fS, LfS).
Mostly mineral material > 15 cm: dry to fresh (MR 3)

and sandy to coarse loamy (vcS, LvcS, SivcS, cS,
LcS, SicS, mS, LmS, SimS, fS, LfS, SifS, vfS, LvfS,
SivfS, vcSL, cSL, mSL, fSL, vfSL, L).
8
Mostly mineral material > 15 cm: moist
(MR = 4 or 5) and sandy to coarse loamy
(vcS, LvcS, SivcS, cS, LcS, SicS, mS,
LmS, SimS, fS, LfS, SifS, vfS, LvfS,
SivfS, vcSL, cSL, mSL, fSL, vfSL, L).
9 Mostly mineral material > 15

cm: fresh (MR 3) and
clayey (SiC, SC, C).
10 Mostly mineral material > 15

cm: fresh (MR 3) and silty
to fine loamy (Si, SiL, SCL,
SiCL, CL).
11
Key Key Key Key Key Key Key Key Key Key Key Key
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 10 12 13
Vertical or Very Dry, Dry to Fresh Moist, Coarse Fresh Fresh Fine Moist Fine Saline /
Rock Hydric Anthropogenic
Active Shallow Sandy Coarse Mineral Mineral Clayey Mineral Mineral Coastal
25/02/2015
Key 2: Vertical or Active Mineral Ecosites
Vertical mineral and 25% any vegetative cover
12
Active
Active sand
Tree or shrub cover
or gravel
>10% and 25% of Shoreline
excavation processes
polygon
13
Eolian
processes
001 002 003 004 005 006 007
Active Pit Bluffs Active Mineral

25/02/2015
Key 3: Very Shallow Ecosites
MR 3 or
xeric
14
Trees cover Trees cover

>10% of polygon >10% of polygon
15a 15b
Shrub cover Tree species

Shrub cover Tree species >25% of
>25% of mostly conifer
mostly conifer polygon
polygon
16b
16a
Pr +/ Pw cover Pr +/ Pw cover Pr +/ Pw cover Pw cover

20% of polygon 20% of polygon 20% of polygon 20% of polygon
Shrub cover Hardwood species Shrub cover

>10% of polygon mostly Po +/ Bx >10% of polygon
Conifer species
Conifer species Hardwood species
mostly Px +/
mostly Px +/ Sb mostly Ox
Sb
Conifer species Hardwood species Conifer species

mostly He +/ Ce mostly Mx mostly He +/ Ce
008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 018 019 020 021 022 023 024 025 026 027 028
VS Dry to Fresh or Xeric VS Dry to Fresh or Xeric VS Dry to Fresh or Xeric VS Humid VS Humid
Meadow/Shrub Conifer Hardwood/Mixedwood Meadow/Shrub Conifer/Mixedwood
25/02/2015
Key 4: Dry, Sandy Ecosites
Tree cover >10%

of polygon
15c
Tree species
mostly conifer
16c
Pr +/ Pw cover Pr +/ Pw cover
20% of polygon 20% of polygon
Sb +/ Pj +/ Bw 90%
Shrub cover and Bw 20% of
>25% of polygon total tree cover
18a

mostly Px +/ Sb mostly Po +/ Bx
Shrub cover
>10% of polygon

mostly He +/ Ce mostly Ox
Agriculture/
continuous
plowing? Conifer species
Hardwood species
mostly Sx +/ Bf
mostly Mx
17a
029 030 031 032 033 034 035 036 037 038 039 040 041 042 043
Dry, Sandy
25/02/2015
Key 5: Fresh, Sandy or Dry to Fresh, Coarse Loamy Ecosites
Tree cover >10%

of polygon
15d
Tree species
mostly conifer
16d
Pr +/ Pw cover
20% of polygon Pr +/ Pw cover
20% of polygon
Sb +/ Pj +/ Bw 90%
Shrub cover and Bw 20% of Hardwood species
>25% of polygon total tree cover mostly Po +/ Bx
18b
Shrub cover
>10% of polygon
mostly Px +/ Sb mostly Ew +/ Ax

mostly He +/ Ce mostly Ox
Agriculture/
continuous
plowing?
mostly Sx +/ Bf mostly Mx
17b
044 045 046 047 048 049 050 051 052 053 054 055 056 057 058 059
Fresh, Sandy or Dry to Fresh, Coarse Loamy

25/02/2015
Key 6: Moist, Sandy to Coarse Loamy Ecosites
Tree cover >10%

of polygon
15e
Tree species
mostly conifer
Pr +/ Pw cover 16e Pr +/ Pw cover

Hardwood species
mostly Po +/ Bx
Shrub cover Conifer species Hardwood species

>25% of polygon mostly Px +/ Sb mostly Ew +/ Ax
Hardwood species
mostly Ox
Shrub cover
Conifer species
>10% of polygon
mostly He +/ Ce Hardwood species
mostly Mx
Hardwood species
Agriculture/ mostly Mh
continuous
plowing? Conifer species
mostly Sx +/ Bf Hardwood species
mostly Mr
17c
060 061 062 063 064 065 066 067 068 069 070 071 072 073 074 075 076
Moist, Sandy to Coarse Loamy

25/02/2015
Key 7: Fresh, Clayey Ecosites
Tree cover >10%

of polygon
15f
Tree species
mostly conifer
16f
Sb +/ Pj +/ Bw 90%
Shrub cover
and Bw 20% of Hardwood species
>25% of polygon
total tree cover mostly Po +/ Bx
18c
Shrub cover
>10% of polygon Conifer species Hardwood species
mostly Px +/ Sb mostly Ew +/ Ax
Hardwood species
Conifer species
mostly Ox
mostly He +/ Ce
Agriculture/
continuous
plowing?
17d
077 078 079 080 081 082 083 084 085 086 087 088 089 090 091 092
Fresh, Clayey
25/02/2015
Key 8: Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy Ecosites
Tree cover >10%

of polygon
15g
Tree species
mostly conifer
16g
Sb +/ Pj +/ Bw 90%
Shrub cover and Bw 20% of
Hardwood species
>25% of polygon total tree cover
mostly Po +/ Bx
18d
Shrub cover Conifer species

mostly Px +/ Sb Hardwood species
>10% of polygon
mostly Ew +/ Ax
Agriculture/ Conifer species Hardwood species

continuous mostly He +/ Ce mostly Ox
plowing?

17e
093 094 095 096 097 098 099 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy

25/02/2015
Key 9: Moist, Silty to Fine Loamy to Clayey Ecosites
Tree cover >10%

of polygon
15h
Tree species
mostly conifer
16h Pw cover
20% of polygon
Pr +/Pw cover Hardwood species

20% of polygon mostly Po +/ Bx
Shrub cover
>25% of polygon Hardwood species
mostly Ew +/ Ax
Hardwood species
mostly Ox
Shrub cover
>10% of polygon Conifer species
mostly Px +/ Sb
Hardwood species
mostly Mx

mostly He +/ Ce mostly Mh
Agriculture/
continuous
plowing? Conifer species Hardwood species
mostly Sx +/ Bf mostly Mr
17f
109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125
Moist, Silty to Fine Loamy to Clayey

25/02/2015
Key 10: Permanently Flooded or Hydric Ecosites

Water normally above substrate surface
(permanently flooded)
19 High energy limnetic zone,

Floating mats adjacent to flooded and 2m deep and
lakes or streams 25% vegetation cover
20 30
Tree cover 25% or
Low Treed and stunted
21 Tree cover >10% or

Tree species Tall shrub cover
mostly hardwood >25%
22 26 Herbaceous Constructed water

Polygon mostly Cw cover > 50% and
Hardwood species Tree cover 10% Shrub cover channels or collection Substrate
+/ He or rich swamp mostly Ab +/ Ag +/ anchored to
and tall deciduous >25% of polygon areas mostly rock
indicators Pt +/ Pb substrate
shrub cover >25%
23 31
- Alnus incana 10%
27 28a
swamp indicators
- Intermediate/rich
Tree species
- Sb 90%
mostly
- La 10%
hardwood Extremely rich Floating mat of Substrate

fen indicators, sphagnum or Emergents mostly
patterning sedge origin >25% cover
Go to mineral
0 1 Node 22
and trees > 10m are 25%
29 32a
- Hydrologically isolated
24
- Swamp indicators
Hardwood La 10% Floating-leaved

Mineral Rich fen Mineral
species +/ fen >50% cover
indicators Substrate
- Alnus incana
mostly Mx Substrate indicators
Hardwood Hydrologically
Rock
-1 0 species mostly isolated, absence Mineral Mineral
Substrate
Ox of fen indicators Substrate Substrate
25 Organic Organic Organic
> 40 cm > 40 cm > 40 cm
126 127 222 128 223 129 224 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156
Treed Thicket Sparse Treed Open Floating Marsh/ Open Water Marshes/
Swamps Fens Meadow Marshes Shallow Marshes Active Limnetic
Bog Swamp Fen / Bog Bog Shore Fens Constructed Waterbody
25/02/2015
Key 11: Rock Ecosites
Rock chemistry is calcareous.
Bedrock
Bedrock
(consolidated)
(consolidated)
33a 33b
Vertical rock Polygon is adjacent to a Polygon is adjacent to a

water body Vertical rock water body
34a 34b
Shoreline
Shoreline
processes
processes
Active Active Active Active Active Active Active Active Active Active
Gabian or groin Gabian or groin

baskets/ baskets/
stabilized shores stabilized shores
35a 35b
Tree or shrub Tree or shrub Tree or shrub Tree or shrub Tree or shrub Tree or shrub Tree or shrub Tree or shrub Tree or shrub Tree or shrub
Trees or shrubs
cover >10% and cover >10% and cover >10% and cover >10% and cover >10% and cover >10% and cover >10% and cover >10% and cover >10% and cover >10% and
10-25%
25% of polygon 25% of polygon 25% of polygon 25% of polygon 25% of polygon 25% of polygon 25% of polygon 25% of polygon 25% of polygon 25% of polygon
157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188
Talus / Raised Stabilized / Calcareous Calcareous Rock Calcareous Talus / Calcareous Stabilized /
Cliff Rock Shores Rock Barren Calcareous Cliff
Beach Coarse Shores Rock Shores Barren Raised Beach Coarse Shores
25/02/2015
Key 12: Anthropogenic Ecosites
Constructed and permanent

vertical material
36
Transported fills or re-structured mineral materials > 30

cm deep (not including hard surfaced or highly
compacted mineral soils)
37
Industrial waste Constructed water
disposal, toxic or shedding, impervious
polluted sites and compact
38 44
Domestic waste Constructed

disposal site or very coarse
landfill and compact
39 45
Constructed
Coarse coarse and
clean fill compact
41 46
Active Active
Active deposition
deposition of deposition of
of waste materials
coarse fill fine fill
40 42 43
189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200
Vertical Fills and Deposits Constructed

25/02/2015
Key 13: Coastal or Tidal Ecosites
Limnetic or hydric substrates: all very moist mineral

materials and saturated rock (MR = 6 or s) and the
saturated or wet organic materials (MR = 7, 8, 9 or s)
and excluding the coastal mineral shorelines.
47
Mostly mineral material Water surface normally

5 cm or organic above substrate or within
material 10 cm tidal zone
48 49
Bedrock Vertical mineral Shrub cover Emergents

(consolidated) >25% of polygon >25% cover
32b
Herbaceous > 50%

and anchored to
Vertical rock substrate
28b
Active Active Active Active Shoreline processes
Shrub cover Shrub cover Shrub cover Shrub cover Fen indicators
>10% of polygon >10% of polygon >10% of polygon >10% of polygon Eolian processes and patterning
201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221
Cliff Rock Shores Coarse Shores Thicket

Bluffs Mineral Soil Salt Fens Marshes
Swamp
7 Ecosite Node Descriptions:
Detailed Information to Aid in the Decision Process in the Keys
Note: Where a node description applies in more than one location it has been assigned a letter to denote the
specific location to make referencing easier. For example, decision node 15 includes 15a (Key 3) through to 15h
(Key 9) but the description of 15a and 15h is that of decision node 15 shown below.
1
This division segregates the very unique northern shorelines and near shore areas of James Bay and
Hudson Bay that are affected by high salinity. The extant shorelines, mud flats, and inter-tidal zones are
affected directly by the salt water, influencing the suite of plant species are able to grow there (i.e.
halophytes), along with their distribution and abundance. Terrestrial near shore areas affected by a high
salt water table or salt spray and deposition may also be included here, if the salt concentration is high
enough to affect the vegetation.
2
This division segregates the sites that have significant physical and/or chemical alteration by human
activity, and have no real natural analogue. These types of sites therefore pose unique conditions, or are
inhibitive to the establishment and growth of natural vegetation assemblages. These anthropogenic sites
include the hard or compacted surfaces, including pavement, concrete, and other re-surfaced materials like
gravel, fills ( > 30 cm deep), waste disposal, quarries, and aggregate pits. Please note that this node does
not include sites subjected to lesser alterations like forestry, recreation (e.g. parks), agricultural practices,
sand/gravel excavation, water channels/collection areas and stabilized shores (groin or gabian baskets).
3
This division segregates the sites where excess moisture or flooding poses an environmental limitation on
the growth and establishment of vegetation. Sites with the water table near, at or above the substrate
surface for much of the year acts as a significant ecological driver, and encourages the growth of
hydrophytic vegetation. These sites include all those that are nearly always flooded (i.e. limnetic) and the
periodically flooded hydric substrates; including all very moist mineral materials and saturated rock (MR =
6, or s), and the saturated or wet organic materials (MR = 7, 8, 9, or s). Please note that this node does not
mean wetland, which is a legislated term and has an existing definition within the Ontario Wetland
Evaluation System. Instead, Node 3 is read as hydric, and relates to the accumulation of excess moisture
and its influence on vegetation.
4
This division segregates the sites controlled by environmental limitations imposed by bedrock or rock
substrates. The surface of these sites are mostly exposed rock surfaces, but typically have a mosaic
pattern, with surficial mineral materials not exceeding 5 cm deep, or organic materials exceeding 10 cm
deep. Because of the severe environmental limitations, the vascular vegetation cover does not exceed
25% absolute cover, yet the bryophyte, lichen and algal communities may thrive. This node includes
vertical as well as horizontal bedrock and rock surfaces, such as cliffs, talus, barrens, and shorelines.
5
This division segregates the mineral sites which have environmental limitations imposed by either ongoing
gravitational induced erosion, or by high energy inputs, that inhibit vegetation establishment and growth.
When mineral slopes exceed a vertical height of 3 m accompanied by a slope that exceeds 60 degrees (or
173%), mass wasting erosion events typically occur with some periodicity. These landslide events remove
the vegetation and reset the successional clock on the site. Similarly, high energy sites, like active
shorelines, inhibit plant establishment and growth, and maintain very little vegetation cover. Active sites are
limited to the definition where vascular plant cover may not exceed 2%, bryophyte and foliose lichen cover
may not exceed 10% and crustose lichen cover is unlimited. As a result of these active processes, vascular
vegetation cover on such sites does not exceed 25% absolute cover.
6
This division segregates the very shallow mineral sites from the shallow, moderate, moderately deep and
deep sites. Mineral material may not exceed 15 cm over bedrock for these ecosites while organic
materials may be unlimited provided the mineral material criteria have been met. Ecological limitations
imposed by the very shallow substrates influence vegetation patterns. Vegetation cover tends to be
variable and the type of species found are limited. Subtle vegetation differences may occur on different
texture families (i.e. sand versus clay), however the very shallow depth remain the key ecological driver,
masking most other affects.
This division segregates the mineral materials that exceed 15 cm in addition to organic material depth
while relying on other more subtle gradients of mineral material texture and moisture as the drivers

affecting vegetation. This node distinguishes sites which are sandy (vcS, LvcS, cS, LcS, mS, LmS, fS and
LfS) and are represented as dry to moderately fresh on the moisture gradient (MR 1). These sites are
typically on upper, water shedding topographic positions. The combination of the less fertile coarser sands,
that are rapid to very rapidly drained, leads to some limitations and extended periods of drought, the
ecological drivers here. Such droughty substrates are the most moisture limited, and often lead to
secondary ecological influences like fire, and direct the assembly of the vegetation communities. Please
note that a MR of 1 is not normally associated with the dry conditions (labelled as moderately fresh in the
MR chart), as with other textures of mineral materials. The coarser sands are prone to drought and their
susceptibility is severe enough to be considered dry here.
while relying on other more subtle gradients of mineral materials texture and moisture as the drivers
affecting vegetation. This node distinguishes sites which are sandy to coarse loamy (vcS, LvcS, SivcS, cS,
LcS, SicS, mS, LmS, SimS, fS, LfS, SifS, vfS, LvfS, SivfS, vcSL, cSL, mSL, fSL, vfSL, L), and represented
as dry to fresh on the moisture gradient (MR 3). These sites are typically on upper to mid slope, water
shedding topographic positions. With the increase in finer particles (silts and clays), fertility is higher, and
moisture is typically adequate, yet may experience short to intermediate periods of drought.
9
affecting vegetation. This node distinguishes sites which are sandy to coarse loamy (vcS, LvcS, SivcS, cS,
LcS, SicS, mS, LmS, SimS, fS, LfS, SifS, vfS, LvfS, SivfS, vcSL, cSL, mSL, fSL, vfSL, L), and represented
as moist on the moisture gradient (MR = 4 or 5). These sites are typically on middle to lower slope, water
accumulating topographic positions. With the increase in finer particles (silts and clays), fertility is higher,
and moisture is more than adequate, for the growth and establishment of the vegetation.
10
affecting vegetation. This node distinguishes sites which are clayey (SiC, SC, C) and represented as fresh
on the moisture gradient (MR 3). These sites are typically on upper to mid slope, water shedding
topographic positions when there is relief, or on the slightly higher positions when you have a nearly flat or
gently rolling lacustrine deposit. Although these sites are rich, they experience some level of moisture
limitation through the growing season, which affects the vegetation.
11
This final division of this key separates the silty to fine loamy (Si, SiL, SCL, CL, SiCL) and represented as
fresh on the moisture gradient (MR 3) from sites which are silty to fine loamy to clayey (Si, SiL, SCL, CL,
SiCL, SiC, C, SC) and represented as moist on the moisture gradient (MR = 4 or 5). These are still mineral
materials that exceed 15 cm in addition to organic material depth while relying on other more subtle
gradients of mineral materials texture and moisture as the drivers affecting vegetation. The fresh, silty to
fine loamy sites are typically on upper to middle slope, water shedding topographic positions when there is
relief, or on the slightly higher positions when you have a nearly level or gently rolling topography. Although
these fresh sites are rich, they may experience some level of moisture limitation through the growing
season, which affects the vegetation. The moist, silty to fine loamy to clayey sites will likely be associated
with low or toe slopes and may be indicated by a drainage-way or adjacent water body from which there is
little relief. Often associated with alluvial or lacustrine landforms.
This division separates the vertical mineral sites from other active and environmentally limited sites. A site
may be classified as vertical mineral if the following criteria describe the site: a minimum vertical height of 3
m: slope that exceeds 60 degrees or 173% and any absolute vegetative cover must not exceed 25%.
13
This division separates an active bluff of natural origin from an active bluff that has been excavated by
humans. A natural origin active bluff would commonly be associated with water features such as shorelines
and river banks, whereas an excavated bluff would be associated with gravel pits and road construction.
14
This division segregates very shallow conditions represented as dry to fresh (MR 3) or xeric substrates
from humid substrates. Please note that folic materials (unlimited depth) are the only substrate that will
follow the key to the right at this decision node. From the air, these divisions are most readily identified by
changes in forest or vegetation cover, slope position, relative elevation and uphill catchment area. On the
ground, the division must be determined by measuring the depth to mottles or gley within a substrate
sample. If the moisture regime is determined to be very moist (MR = 6) by using the shallow moisture
regime chart then you may be using the wrong ecosite key. Ensure that this site does not meet the criteria
for the hydric ecosites found on Key 10 and then re-evaluate the steps to get to the Key 3.
This division separates treed and sparse treed sites from shrub or herbaceous sites. For a complete list of
ELC tree species, refer to Chapter 4 - ELC Life Forms. A site is considered treed if the absolute cover of
trees is > 10%.
16
This division separates conifer led sites from hardwood led sites. The conifer led condition occurs where
the relative cover of trees is mostly conifer; where mostly means that the combined total relative coverage
of all conifer species is > 50% of the total tree coverage on the site.
17
This division separates fields from meadows. A Field ecosite is intended to capture sites that are
continuously altered by humans. Key traits to determine a field are evidence of: agriculture, continuous
plowing; or heavy grazing/cattle paths. A Meadow ecosite is a natural or naturalized site which is
dominated by herbaceous vegetation including forbs, grasses, sedges and ferns.
18
This division separates the pure conifer condition from a conifer led mixedwood. It indicates that the total
relative cover of black spruce, jack pine and white birch must be 90% and that the white birch component
must not exceed 20% for this site to be classed as a Black Spruce-Jack Pine Dominated ecosite.
19
This division separates sites permanently flooded by lake or stream water (shallow marshes/open water
marshes) from those where the water is always close to the surface but seldom or seasonally flooded (fen,
swamps, meadow marshes). Permanently sites are continuously under water and may be subject to
various levels of wave energy which is directly related to the type of vegetation growing on the site.
Terrestrial sites that are seasonally flooded are subject to fluctuations of water level and are enriched by
silt deposition during flooding. Evidence of seasonal flooding includes proximity to lake or stream, low
sphagnum cover, patches of bare peat or mineral substrate, rublines on trees and suspended stream
debris.
20
This division separates shore fens and floating marshes from other hydric sites exhibiting the
characteristics of a high water table including meadow marshes, bog, fens and swamps. These sites
commonly occur adjacent to ponds, streams or lakes forming a floating mat underlain by water or fluid
loose peat. They are transitional between marsh and fen, or represent an early successional stage of a fen.
Floating mat vegetation (usually sedges and shrubs) is in contact with lake or stream water, but tends to
rise and fall with water level changes.
21
This division separates treed swamps from thicket swamps, fens and bogs. If the absolute cover of tree
species is 25% or the site is occupied by low trees ( 10 m tall) that are stunted follow the decision node
to the right. Stunted refers to trees that are constrained by environmental limitations to growth such as low
productivity, equivalent to Plonskis classification of a Site Class 4 (refer to Table 9).
This division separates hardwood led sites from conifer led sites. The hardwood condition occurs where
the relative cover of trees is mostly hardwood; where mostly means that the combined total coverage of
all hardwood tree species is > 50% of the total tree coverage on the site.
23
This division separates rich conifer swamps from intermediate and poor swamps and treed bogs. Rich
conifer swamps (ecosite 129 or 224) are mostly eastern white cedar and/or eastern hemlock or has at
least 2 rich swamp indicators. Though not required, these ecosites are generally accompanied by a
number of poor and/or intermediate swamp indicators. There is often a well developed shrub layer of Acer
spicatum or Alnus incana.
24
This division separates intermediate conifer swamps from poor conifer swamps and treed bogs on the
basis of tree species and intermediate/rich swamp indicators. Intermediate conifer swamps have at least 2
intermediate or rich swamp indicators and may have > 10% absolute cover of tamarack or Alnus incana.
Poor swamps and treed bogs generally lack the intermediate and rich swamp indicators. Tree cover is
generally more open than intermediate conifer swamps and contains mostly black spruce.
This division separates poor conifer swamps from treed bogs on the basis of hydrologic isolation and trees
> 10 m tall occupying 25% of the absolute cover. Hydrologically isolation refers to a surface raised above
surrounding terrain and isolated from mineral-rich substrate waters where nutrient input is from
atmospheric deposition only. Poor conifer swamps are not hydrologically isolated and often have a tall

treed component (> 10 m) occupying > 25% of the absolute cover. Please note that this will still allow for
low trees 10 m tall to have up to 100% cover while still meeting the criteria for a treed bog.
This division separates thicket swamp, treed bog and treed fen from open bogs, open fens and meadow
marshes. Tree cover must be > 10% to become a treed bog or fen; or tall shrub cover must be > 25% to
become a thicket swamp. For a complete list of ELC tree and shrub species, refer to Chapter 4 - ELC Life
Forms.
27
This division separates thicket swamps from treed bog and treed fen. Thicket swamps are dominated by
tall shrubs for example Alnus incana, the criteria for a thicket swamp include tree cover 10% and > 25%
deciduous shrubs that are > 2 m tall.
28
This division separates meadow marshes from bogs and fens. A meadow marsh must have > 50%
absolute cover of herbaceous vegetation. These ecosites tend to be graminoid dominated or less
commonly herb dominated on floodplains of small streams, lakeshores, beaver meadows, ditches and
occasionally in isolated basins. The substrate is anchored and may be classified as mineral, rock or
organic.
29
This division separates shore fens based on a floating mat of sphagnum and sedge origin from a floating
marsh. A floating marsh is a mat of cattail and organic debris that over time becomes dense enough to
support other vegetation. Each site is underlain by water or fluid, loose peat.
30
This division separates active, high energy, open water shorelines with 25% absolute vegetation cover
from low energy, sheltered, open water marshes with > 25% absolute vegetation cover. In the former, the
substrate is mineral, coarse fragments or bedrock, although sedimentary peat accumulates in deeper sites
and crevices. Vegetation consists of 25% absolute cover of plant species that are tolerant of high wave
and current energy. The low energy sites have low wave or current action. Sedimentary peat may
accumulate. Vegetation may include species not tolerant of wave energy such as floating leaved species.
31
This division separates human constructed water catchments from the natural shallow and open water
marshes. Examples of these catchments are irrigation channels/ditches for agriculture purposes, storm
water collection ponds, irrigation ponds and constructed/rehabilitated wetlands. These sites may be
vegetated and utilized by wildlife but they still need to be classified based on other characteristics such as
artificial structure (concrete dams etc) and patterning (irrigation channels/ditches).
32
This division separates shallow marshes from open marshes on the basis of emergent plant cover. Shallow
marshes are characterized by emergent plant cover > 25% and exposed water. They are often associated
with sheltered bays and quiet streams with low wave and current energy. Open marshes have standing or
flowing water with emergent plant cover 25% and submergent and/or floating-leaved plant cover normally
> 25%. Open water marshes are typically associated with wave-washed shores and river with high water
energy.
This division separates consolidated rock (bedrock) sites from unconsolidated (coarse fragement) sites.
Bedrock sites include cliffs, rock shores, and rock barrens with a consolidated or solid surface, some
cracks and crevices are permitted. Coarse fragment sites, such as tallus/raised beaches, and
stabilized/coarse shores are composed of gravel, cobbles, stones, or boulders with a diameter > 2 mm
occupying > 90% of the substrate volume
34
This division separates stabilized/coarse shores from talus and raised beaches based on adjacency to a
water body. Stabilized and coarse shores will be located in close proximity to and affected by water .
35
This division separates Active coarse shorelines modified by humans through gabian or groin baskets or
shore stabilization, from Active coarse shorelines of natural origin. An Anthropogenic Coarse Shoreline
would be associated with pier/breakwater walls, shoreline stability, or urban ditching/road ways whereas a
natural origin Active Coarse Shoreline would commonly be associated with water features such as
shorelines and river banks.
This division separates constructed permanent and vertical structures from other anthropogenic sites.
These structures must be at least 3 m tall and have a slope >60 degrees or 173%. Examples of structures
that would be included in this ecosite are hydro-electric dams, retaining walls, sound barriers, large
apartment buildings and skyscrapers.
This division separates transported fills or re-structured mineral materials that are > 30 cm deep from
varying degrees of constructed, hard surfaced and highly compacted materials. Signs of transported fills
and restructured mineral materials would include: golf courses, sporting fields, recreational parks,
landfill/waste disposal sites, mine tailings, river dredgings and clean fill. Signs of constructed and compact
materials would include: pavement, concrete, parking lots, buildings, highways, airports, large building roof
tops, road/rail beds and trail systems.
38
This division separates sites that are currently or were previously used for the storage or disposal of
industrial, toxic or polluted waste from other forms of deposits such as clean fill, landfill, or disposal of
domestic waste.
39
This division separates sites that are currently or were previously used for domestic waste disposal from
clean fill deposits. Golf courses and parks that exist on re-claimed waste disposal or landfill sites would
also be included here.
40
This division separates active or not-vegetated deposits of a waste disposal/landfill from the vegetated or
not recently utilized fill sites. In this case, active refers to the site having 10% absolute cover of any
vegetation. If these criteria are not met then the site is not active and the appropriate vegetation modifier
may be applied.
41
This division separates coarse clean fill from fine clean fill. Coarse fill would include materials such as
concrete, mine tailings, construction rubble, in addition to coarse organic materials such as stumps and
slash piles. Fine fill materials would include: river/lake bottom dredgings, fine organic materials and other
fine mineral materials.
42
This division separates active or not-vegetated deposits of coarse clean fill from the vegetated or not
recently utilized fill sites. Examples of ecosites 193 and 194 would include rubble, construction materials,
tree stumps and mine tailings. In this case, active refers to the site having 10% absolute cover of any
may be applied.
43
This division separates active or not-vegetated deposits of fine clean fill from the vegetated or not
recently utilized fill sites. Examples of ecosites 195 and 196 would include mineral substrate deposits and
material from river dredging. In this case, active refers to the site having 10% absolute cover of any
may be applied.
This division separates constructed, water shedding, impervious and compact materials from those that are
not impervious and water shedding. Examples of this ecosite would include: parking lots, commercial
paved roof tops, airports, highways (ie 400 series), and residential housing
45
This division separates constructed, very coarse and compact materials from other constructed materials.
Examples of ecosite 198 would include: commercial tar and gravel roof tops, gravel highways and road
systems.
46
This divisions separates constructed, coarse and compact materials from other materials. Examples of
ecosite 199 would include: dirt race tracks, trail systems and actively used portions of Provincial Parks or
campgrounds.
This division separates the tidal and permanently flooded substrates from other coastal cliff, rock shoreline
or bluff ecosites.

This division separates the ecosites dominated by rock substrates from those with > 5 cm of mineral
material and organic material is > 10 cm. Mostly exposed rock (> 50% of the site) is characteristic of these
Ecosites but they may include patches of very shallow to deep mineral or organic substrates where
vegetation may be present.
49
This division separates sites permanently flooded by lake or stream water from those where the water is
always close to the surface but seldom flooded. Open salt marshes and salt marshes are permanently
flooded with visible water surfaces. The salt thicket swamp, salt poor fen, open salt fen and salt meadow
marsh are all vegetated and water contained below the surface or exhibited by ephemeral pools of water
>10% of the site.

8 Ecosite Names

9 Ecosite Matrix:

Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Ecosite
Fact sheets
(third draft)
January 12, 2015
Monique Wester, Peter Uhlig, Wasyl Bakowsky,

Erin Banton
Profile diagrams produced by Michelle Hemsworth
Please submit comments or questions on the

Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Ecosite Factsheets to:
Peter Uhlig Provincial Ecologist
Mailing Address: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources

Ontario Forest Research Institute
1235 Queen Street East
Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario P6A 2E5
Phone: (705) 946-7478
E-mail: peter.uhlig@ontario.ca
1 2015-02-26 1
Excavated Bluff G001X
L M H
L M H
Profile/Slope Sequence
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Exposed vertical mineral material communities associated with ongoing sand or gravel
extraction. These communities support limited vascular vegetation, bryophytes, and lichens
(foliose, fruticose) due to ongoing human activity. Substrate texture typically sandy, may be
stony. Mostly deep and xeric or humid.
Substrate Description
Substrate Series V2 V3
Mode of Deposition RO CO MO GF FL LA GL EO OR GW WA CX AN
Family Sandy Coarse Loamy Silty Fine Loamy Clayey Peat Folic
Moisture Regime 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x h s
Moisture d f m v w x h s
Chemistry k n z
Vegetation Description
Due to ongoing human activity plant communities are extremely limited. Vascular vegetation
2%. Bryophyte and lichen cover (fruticose, foliose) 10%. Communities on vertical surfaces
(> 60 or 173%, minimum height of 3 m). Crustose lichen cover unlimited. Vegetation highly
variable. Trees and shrubs relatively absent, when present Rubus species (e.g., raspberry,
blackberry) may occur. Herbaceous species when present dominated by opportunistic weed
species. Common herbaceous plants may include goldenrods, common mullein, vipers
bugloss, and chicory. Moss species may include haircap mosses.
Shrubs Rubus spp.
Solidago spp., Verbascum thapsus, Echium vulgare, Cichorium intybus, Portulaca

Vascular oleracea, Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium, Danthonia spicata, Poa
Herbaceous compressa, Oenothera biennis, Anaphalis margaritacea, Leucanthemum vulgare,
Equisetum arvense
Non-vascular Polytrichum spp.
2 2015-02-26 2
G001X Excavated Bluff
Ecology
Active excavation of substrate limits the establishment of plant communities. Due to the
verticality of the ecosite slope instability may be present resulting in slumping and erosion. In
the absence of disturbance, opportunistic species found in nearby plant communities will
inhabit the area.
Ecoregional Variability
Widespread and common across Great Lakes-St.Lawrence range concentrated in areas of
deep coarse materials typically associated with glaciofluvial, but may be glaciolacustrine
(beach or delta) or ice contact moranial (kame moraine).
Edaphic Variability
Variable in texture and moisture. Typically deep. Substrate generally skeletal. Often on upper
or middle slope positions. Exposed bedrock or bedrock inclusions likely with kame moraine.
Vegetation when present consists of disturbance/drought tolerant species.
Related Ecosites
N/A
003, 004 002

Vascular vegetation 001 Active but not
cover > 2% through excavation
N/A
3 2015-02-26 3
Active Bluff G002X
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Exposed vertical mineral material communities often associated with rivers and lakeshores.
These communities support limited vascular vegetation, bryophytes, and lichens (foliose,
fruticose) due to activity such as riverbank slumping, erosion, or slope failure. Substrate
texture variable. Mostly deep and xeric or humid.
Substrate Series A4 A5
Chemistry k n z
Not vegetated. Vascular vegetation 2%. Bryophyte and lichen cover (fruticose, foliose)
10%. Communities on vertical surfaces (> 60 or 173%, minimum height of 3 m). Crustose
lichen cover unlimited. Vegetation highly variable consisting of species that are adapted to
exposed and highly disturbed materials. Suite of species often reflective of adjacent
opportunistic vegetation communities. Shrub species may include willows, Rubus species, and
alders. Common herbaceous plants may include goldenrods, large-leaved aster, and fireweed.
Moss and lichen coverage limited.
Shrubs Salix spp., Rubus spp., Alnus spp., Rhus spp.
Solidago spp., Eurybia macrophyllus, Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,

Vascular
Calamagrostis canadensis var. canadensis, Pteridium aquilinum, Equisetum arvense,
Herbaceous
Tussilago farfara
4 2015-02-26 4
G002X Active Bluff
Ecology
Instability of substrate limits the permanent establishment of plant communities. Often found
on upper parts of steep riverbanks prone to collapse following the undercutting by river
currents or because of other cumulative events such as wind erosion, frost-heave or
saturation from groundwater seepage. Ecosite maintained by disturbance. In the absence of
disturbance, early successional species may be replaced and the ecosite will likely succeed to
a meadow or shrub community.
Widespread but uncommon across Great Lakes-St.Lawrence range associated with large river
systems, lakeshores, and areas of unstable substrates of glaciofluvial or glaciolacustrine
origins.
Edaphic Variability
Highly variable in texture and moisture. Often on upper or middle slope positions. Substrate
usually sandy however along lower river reach may be silty or clayey with evidence of varving.
Variety and percent cover of shrubs and herb diversity occur on slopes that have not been
disturbed in a number of years. Vegetation composition variable containing a patchy mosaic of
active areas with no vegetation adjacent to sparsely vegetated areas. Steep slope faces even
when vegetated and stable are susceptible to ongoing failure.
Related Ecosites
N/A
003, 004 001

Vascular vegetation 002 Active through
cover > 2% excavation
N/A
5 2015-02-26 5
Open Bluff G003N
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Typically herbaceous vegetation community on exposed vertical mineral material often
associated with rivers and lakeshores. Includes plant communities on slumping river
embankments. Wide variety of herbaceous species can occur but in limited quantities.
Vegetation variable in cover. Tree and herb moderately poor. Ground surface mostly exposed
mineral material. Substrate texture variable. Mostly deep and xeric or humid.
Chemistry k n z
Herbaceous, lichen, or bryophyte dominated community. Absolute vegetation cover 25%.
Scattered small, open-grown trees and shrubs often present. Communities on vertical
surfaces (> 60 or 173%, minimum height of 3 m). Slopes that have been stable for a few
years since the last disturbance have more continuous vegetation. Highly variable vegetation
consisting of species that are adapted to exposed and highly disturbed materials. Suite of
species often reflective of adjacent vegetation community. Common tree and shrub species
include birches, aspens, cherries, willows, Rubus species, and alders. Common herbaceous
species include large-leaved aster, fireweed, and Canada blue-joint grass. Moss and lichen
coverage limited.
Trees Betula spp., Populus spp., Prunus spp., Picea spp., Acer spp., Thuja occidentalis
Eurybia macrophyllus, Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium, Calamagrostis

Vascular
canadensis var. canadensis, Pteridium aquilinum, Equisetum arvense, Tussilago
Herbaceous
farfara, Danthonia spicata, Maianthemum stellatum. Equisetum laevigatum
6 2015-02-26 6
G003N Open Bluff
Ecology
Instability of substrate limits the permanent establishment of plant communities. Time since
last disturbance has permitted the development of a plant community. Often found on upper
parts of steep riverbanks prone to collapse following the undercutting by river currents or
because of other cumulative events such as wind erosion, frost-heave or saturation from
groundwater seepage. Ecosite maintained by disturbance (slumping). In the absence of
a meadow or shrub system
origins.
Edaphic Variability
Highly variable in texture and moisture. Often on upper or middle slope positions. Variety and
percent cover of tree species as well as increased shrub and herb diversity occur on slopes
that have not been disturbed in a number of years. Vegetation composition variable containing
a patchy mosaic of active areas with no vegetation adjacent to sparsely vegetated areas.
Steep slope faces even when vegetated and stable are susceptible to ongoing failure.
Related Ecosites
N/A
004 001, 002

Tree/Shrub Cover >10%
003 Active
N/A
7 2015-02-26 7
Bluff G004Tt/Tl/S
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Sparsely vegetated tree or shrub community on exposed vertical mineral material often
associated with rivers and lakeshores. Includes plant communities on slumping river
embankments. Wide variety of tree and shrub species can occur but in limited quantities.
Vegetation variable in cover. Herb moderately poor. Ground surface mostly exposed mineral
material. Substrate texture variable. Mostly deep and xeric or humid.
Chemistry k n z
Tree or shrub closure sparse. Absolute vegetation cover 25%. Scattered small, open-grown
trees and shrubs often present. Communities on vertical surfaces (> 60 or 173%, minimum
height of 3 m). Slopes that have been stable for a few years since the last disturbance have
more continuous vegetation. Highly variable vegetation consisting of species that are adapted
to exposed and highly disturbed materials. Suite of species often reflective of adjacent
vegetation community. Typical tree and shrub species include birches, poplars, willows, and
Rubus species. Common understory vegetation includes large-leaved aster, fireweed, and
Canada blue-joint grass. Moss and lichen cover limited.
G004Tt/Tl - sparse treed communities with > 10% tree cover. Low treed ( 10 m) ecosites
common.
G004S - sparse shrub communities with > 10% shrub cover ( 10% tree cover).
Trees Betula spp., Populus spp., Prunus spp., Picea spp., Acer spp., Thuja occidentalis

Eurybia macrophyllus, Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium, Calamagrostis
Vascular
canadensis var. canadensis, Pteridium aquilinum, Maianthemum stellatum, Equisetum
Herbaceous
arvense
8 2015-02-26 8
G004Tt\Tl\S Bluff
Ecology
Instability of substrate limits the permanent establishment of plant communities. Often found
on upper parts of steep riverbanks prone to collapse following the undercutting by river
currents or because of other cumulative events such as wind erosion, frost-heave or saturation
from groundwater seepage. Ecosite maintained by disturbance (slumping). In the absence of
a meadow or shrub system.
origins.
Edaphic Variability
Highly variable in texture and moisture. Often on upper or middle slope positions. Variety and
percent cover of tree species as well as increased shrub and herb diversity occur on slopes
that have not been disturbed in a number of years. Vegetation composition variable containing
a patchy mosaic of active areas with no vegetation adjacent to vegetated areas. Steep slope
faces even when vegetated and stable are susceptible to ongoing failure.
Related Ecosites
N/A
001, 002
Active
N/A 004
003
Tree/Shrub cover 10%
N/A
9 2015-02-26 9
Active Mineral Shoreline G005X
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Exposed mineral material communities associated with the shorelines of large lakes, rivers,
streams, and ponds. These communities support limited vascular vegetation, bryophytes, and
lichen (foliose, fruticose) due to shoreline processes such as waves, currents, periodic
flooding, ice scour, and high winds. Substrate texture variable, typically consisting of well-
drained, wave-washed sands. Mostly deep and xeric or humid.
Chemistry k n z
Vegetation cover is limited and varies seasonally. Absolute vegetation cover 25%. Vascular
vegetation 2%. Bryophyte and lichen cover (fruticose, foliose) 10%. Conditions favour
annual plants and perennials that develop from rhizomes, detached, or floatable parts. Forb
and graminoid species may be present including common cocklebur. Moss and lichen limited.
Shrubs Salix spp., Spiraea alba var. alba, Myrica gale
Vascular
Xanthium strumarium, Barbarea vulgaris, Juncus spp., Agrostis gigantea, Solidago spp.
Herbaceous
10 2015-02-26 10
G005X Active Mineral Shoreline
Ecology
Shoreline processes such as ice, currents, periodic flooding, waves, and high wind have
significant impact limiting the distribution and abundance of vegetation. These ecosites are
dynamic; growing, shrinking, shifting, or disappearing as water levels change. In the absence
of disturbance, grass and shrub dominated areas will develop.
Widespread across Great Lakes-St.Lawrence range located along the shorelines of large
lakes, rivers, streams, and ponds. Abundant on the Great Lakes and exposed shorelines of
larger inland lakes. Associated with lacustrine deposits.
Edaphic Variability
Shoreline communities produce characteristic zonal patterns due to the amount and frequency
of wave, currents, periodic flooding, ice, and wind influences. Active mineral shorelines are
often found in narrow bands nearest the water where activity is constant. May be adjacent to
other shoreline processes (i.e. active eolian sand) or non-active ecosite such as meadows or
sparse shrubs systems.
Related Ecosites
Edatope is not applicable for G005, G006 and G007.
11 2015-02-26 11
Active Eolian Sand G006X
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Exposed mineral material communities often associated with the shorelines of lakes or
exposed inland mineral material. These communities support limited vascular vegetation,
bryophytes, and lichens (foliose, fruticose) due to eolian (wind) processes. Substrate texture
variable. Mostly deep and xeric or humid.
Chemistry k n z
Vegetation cover is limited and varies seasonally. Absolute vegetation cover 25%. Vascular
vegetation 2%. Bryophyte and lichen cover (fruticose, foliose) 10%. Conditions favour
plants that develop quickly from roots, rhizomes, or vegetative fragments. Species when
present are often adapted to withstand burial from wind blown mineral material. Forb and
graminoid species may be present including beach grass, creeping wild rye, and sheeps
sorrel. Moss and lichen limited.
Shrubs Comptonia peregrina
Ammophila breviligulata, Elymus repens, Rumex acetosella ssp. acetosella, Pteridium

Vascular
aquilinum, Artemisia campestris ssp. caudata, Anthoxanthum nitens ssp. nitens, Carex
Herbaceous
pellita
12 2015-02-26 12
G006X Active Eolian Sand
Ecology
Eolian (wind) processes have significant impact limiting the distribution and abundance of
vegetation. These ecosites are dynamic; growing, shrinking, shifting, or disappearing with
wind events. May be dunal in shape when associated with shorelines or level or nearly level
when found inland. This ecosite can follow a wide variety of disturbances including fire,
forestry and agricultural practices and can persist for many years on susceptible substrates
such as silty material. In the absence of disturbance, grass and shrub dominated areas will
develop.
Widespread and uncommon across Great Lakes-St.Lawrence range located along the
shorelines of lakes or inland areas of exposed mineral material or eolian origin. Hudsonia
tomentosa (false heather) may be found along the eastern shore of Lake Superior and in the
Ottawa Valley.
Edaphic Variability
Eolian communities produce characteristic zonal patterns due to the amount and frequency of
wind events. Active eolian sands may be found adjacent to active mineral shorelines.
Vegetation composition variable containing a patchy mosaic of active areas with no vegetation
and inclusions of stable habitats consisting of herbaceous and shrub species.
Related Ecosites
13 2015-02-26 13
Active Mineral Barren G007X
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Exposed mineral material communities associated with seasonal water erosion events. These
communities support limited vascular vegetation, bryophytes, and lichens (foliose, fruticose)
due to active processes (e.g., flooding, sheet flow). Substrate texture variable. Mostly deep
and xeric or humid.
Chemistry k n z
Vegetation cover is limited. Absolute vegetation cover 25%. Vascular vegetation 2%.
Bryophyte and lichen cover (fruticose, foliose) 10%. Conditions favour plants that develop
quickly from roots, rhizomes, or vegetative fragments. Species when present are often
adapted to flooding. Forb and graminoid species may be present.
Trees
To
Shrubs Be
D ete
Vascular rm
Herbaceous ine
d
Non-vascular
14 2015-02-26 14
G007X Active Mineral Barren
Ecology
Activity limits nutrient and moisture availability. Seasonal water erosion (e.g., flooding, sheet
flow) caused by heavy rainfall or snow melting events have a significant impact on this ecosite
limiting the distribution and abundance of vegetation. These ecosites are dynamic; growing,
shrinking, shifting, or disappearing with water events. This ecosite can follow a wide variety of
disturbances including fire, forestry and agricultural practices and can persist for many years
on susceptible substrates such as silty material. In the absence of disturbance, grass and
shrub dominated areas will develop.
Isolated and uncommon across Great Lakes-St.Lawrence range associated with streams,
small rivers, and lakes or inland areas of exposed mineral material.
Edaphic Variability
Active mineral barrens produce characteristic zonal patterns due to the amount and frequency
of flooding events. This ecosite can be found adjacent to rivers and streams or inland.
Vegetation composition variable containing a patchy mosaic of active areas with no vegetation
and inclusions of stable habitats consisting of herbaceous and shrub species. Rock outcrops
common.
Related Ecosites
15 2015-02-26 15
Very Shallow, Dry to Fresh: Meadow G008N
L M H
Ecosite Description
Herbaceous, lichen, and/or bryophyte vegetation community. Tree and shrub poor. Ground
surface mostly lichen, moss, and exposed bedrock. Substrate texture variable. Mostly very
shallow ( 15 cm) and dry to fresh (MR 3) or xeric.
Substrate Series VS1 VS2 O1 O2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8
Humus Form Mull Moder Fibrimor Humimor Peatymor Anmoor
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Herbaceous, lichen, and/or bryophyte dominated community. Vegetation highly variable
consisting of opportunistic, drought tolerant species generally restricted to crevices and areas
of shallow substrates. Characteristic suite of common species of dry sites present. Scattered
small, open-grown trees and shrubs often present, however neither exceed 10% absolute
cover. Tree and shrub species when present include jack pine, white birch, common juniper,
bush honeysuckle, and low sweet blueberry. Herbaceous plants include common hairgrass,
poverty oat grass, and Pennsylvania sedge. Lichen and moss cover is often high and include
haircap mosses, broom mosses, and grey reindeer lichen.
Trees Pinus banksiana, Betula papyrifera, Populus tremuloides, Prunus pensylvanica
Juniperus communis, Diervilla lonicera, Vaccinium angustifolium, Rhus hirta, Rubus

Shrubs
spp., Arctostaphylus uva-ursi
Deschampsia flexuosa, Danthonia spicata, Carex pensylvanica, Agrostis scabra,

Vascular
Capnoides sempervirens, Rumex acetosella ssp. acetosella, Aralia hispida,
Herbaceous
Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Pteridium aquilinum
Polytrichum spp., Dicranum spp., Cladina rangiferina, C. mitis, Stereocaulon saxatile,

Non-vascular
Cladonia spp.
16 2015-02-26 16
G008N Very Shallow, Dry to Fresh: Meadow
Ecology
Substrate depth restricts rooting zone, moisture, and nutrient availability resulting in limited
plant growth potential. Variable sized patches of exposed bedrock may result in sparse
vegetative cover. Uniform veneers may support uniform, closed vegetative cover. Ground
cover, notably lichen, increases as vascular cover becomes more open. Maintenance of
structure and composition associated with low to moderate disturbance (e.g., fire, grazing,
vegetation control). In the absence of disturbance this ecosite will succeed to a shrub or treed
system.
Widespread across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range. More common and abundant in 4E-1,
4E-3, and northern portions of 5E. Generally on coarse textured morainal veneer with pockets
of glaciofluvial material. Typically non-calcareous. Calcareous veneers (4E-5) and bedrock
(5E-3, 5E-11), base-rich bedrock (5E-6 and 5E-13), as well as finer textured substrates in 5E-
4 and 5E-5 may increase diversity and vigour of the understory.
Edaphic Variability
Typically very shallow. However highly variable in stoniness, depth, texture, and moisture
especially in morainal deposits over bedrock. Underlying bedrock topography results in
exposed bedrock outcrops, variation in substrate depth, and inclusions of bedrock controlled
wetlands. High spatial Variability results in a complex of very shallow and rock barren
systems. Often on crest, upper slope, or level slope positions. Deeper and silty materials likely
on lower and toe slope positions. While predominantly coarse textured, a wide variety of tree
species as well as increased shrub and herb diversity and abundance likely on inclusions of
deep mineral substrate, finer texture, or over base-rich bedrock. Black spruce, tamarack,
eastern white cedar, mixed lowland hardwoods, alder, Labrador tea, and Sphagnum likely in
poorly drained depressions where pockets of deep peat or wet mineral material may also
occur. Water pools may be present containing narrow-leaved meadowsweet and fowl
bluegrass. On calcareous sites bog goldenrod may occur. Often partially treed areas
supporting xeric vegetation including pines, pin cherry, white-grained mountain-rice, and
lichens likely on exposed bedrock. When the underlying bedrock is calcareous components of
this ecosite may be subjected to seasonal flooding with severe and prolonged summer
droughts creating distinctive vegetation types (alvars). Plant species in this vegetation type
may include Coopers milk-vetch, Crawes sedge, lance-leaved tickseed, and compressed
spike-rush.
Related Ecosites
020
Moister (not dry, fresh or xeric)
030, 045, 078, 094

Deeper; any texture
009, 010
Shrub cover > 10%
N/A 008
Key 11
Shallower
N/A
17 2015-02-26 17
Very Shallow, Dry to Fresh: Sparse Shrub G009S
L M H
Ecosite Description
Tall and/or short shrub community. Tree and herb poor. Ground surface mostly conifer and
broadleaf litter, lichen, moss, and exposed bedrock. Substrate texture variable. Mostly very
shallow ( 15 cm) and dry to fresh (MR 3) or xeric.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Shrub closure sparse. Absolute cover of all shrub species 10-25%. Scattered small, open-
grown trees often present, however they do not exceed 10% absolute cover. Vegetation highly
variable consisting of opportunistic, drought tolerant species generally restricted to crevices
and areas of shallow substrates. Characteristic suite of common species of dry sites present.
Common tree species include white birch and jack pine. Shrub species include common
juniper, low-sweet blueberry, and Rubus species. Herbaceous plants include common
hairgrass, poverty oat grass, and bristly sarsaparilla. Lichen and moss cover is often high and
include haircap mosses, broom mosses., and grey reindeer lichen.
Betula papyrifera, Pinus banksiana, Populus tremuloides, Pinus strobus, Quercus

Trees
rubra, Prunus pensylvanica
Juniperus communis, Vaccinium angustifolium, Rubus spp., Amelanchier spp.,

Shrubs
Vaccinium myrtilloides, Diervilla lonicera, Rhus hirta, Arctostaphylus uva-ursi
Deschampsia flexuosa, Danthonia spicata, Aralia hispida, Rumex acetosella ssp.
Vascular
acetosella, Pteridium aquilinum, Carex pensylvanica, Capnoides sempervirens,
Herbaceous
Agrostis scabra, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense
Non-vascular
Cladonia spp.
18 2015-02-26 18
G009S Very Shallow, Dry to Fresh: Sparse Shrub
Ecology
plant growth potential and increasing windthrow risk. Abundance of lichen increases with more
open conditions. Generally very shallow, variation in substrate depth due to underlying
bedrock topography. While predominantly coarse textured, increased vegetation diversity and
abundance can be expected with finer textures. Maintenance of structure and composition
associated with low to moderate intensity fire. In the absence of fire this ecosite will succeed
to a treed system.
Edaphic Variability
occur. Ephemeral water pools may be present containing narrow-leaved meadowsweet and
fowl bluegrass. Often partially treed areas supporting xeric vegetation including pines, pin
cherry, white-grained mountain-rice, and lichens likely on exposed bedrock. When the
underlying bedrock is calcareous components of this ecosite may be subjected to seasonal
flooding with severe and prolonged summer droughts creating distinctive vegetation types
(alvars). Plant species in this vegetation type may include Coopers milk-vetch, Crawes
sedge, lance-leaved tickseed, and compressed spike-rush.
Related Ecosites
021
031, 046, 079, 095

Deeper; any texture
010
Shrub cover > 25%
008
Shrub cover 10%
009
Key 11
Shallower
N/A
19 2015-02-26 19
Very Shallow, Dry to Fresh: Shrub G010S
L M H
Ecosite Description
Tall and/or short shrub. Tree and herb poor. Ground surface mostly conifer and broadleaf
litter, lichen, moss, and exposed bedrock. Substrate texture variable. Mostly very shallow (
15 cm) and dry to fresh (MR 3) or xeric.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Shrub closure variable. Absolute cover of all shrub species > 25%. Scattered small, open-
juniper, low-sweet blueberry and Rubus species. Herbaceous plants include common
hairgrass, poverty grass, and bristly sarsaparilla. Lichen and moss cover is often high and
include haircap mosses, broom mosses, and grey reindeer lichen.

Trees
rubra, Pinus resinosa, Prunus pensylvanica

Shrubs
Vaccinium myrtilloides, Diervilla lonicera, Rhus hirta, Arctostaphylus uva-ursi
Dechampsia flexuosa, Danthonia spicata, Aralia hispida, Rumex acetosella ssp.
Vascular
acetosella, Pteridium aquilinum, Capnoides sempervirens, Carex pensylvanica,
Herbaceous
Agrostis scabra, Fragaria virginiana ssp. virginiana
Non-vascular
Cladonia spp.
20 2015-02-26 20
G010S Very Shallow, Dry to Fresh, Shrub
Ecology
plant growth potential and increasing windthrow risk. Abundance of lichen increases with more
open conditions. Generally very shallow, variation in substrate depth due to underlying
bedrock topography. While predominantly coarse textured, increased vegetation diversity and
abundance can be expected with finer textures. Maintenance of structure and composition
to a treed system.
Edaphic Variability
eastern white cedar, mixed lowland hardwoods, alders, Labrador tea and Sphagnum likely in
occur. Ephemeral water pools may be present containing narrow-leaved meadowsweet and
fowl bluegrass. Often partially treed areas supporting xeric vegetation including pines, pin
cherry, white-grained mountain-rice, and lichens likely on exposed bedrock. When the
underlying bedrock is calcareous components of this ecosite may be subjected to seasonal
flooding with severe and prolonged summer droughts creating distinctive vegetation types
(alvars). Plant species in this vegetation type may include Coopers milk-vetch, Crawes
sedge, lance-leaved tickseed, and compressed spike-rush.
Related Ecosites
022
032, 047, 080, 096

Deeper; any texture
008, 009 Key 11

Shrub cover 25%
010 Shallower
N/A
21 2015-02-26 21
Very Shallow, Dry to Fresh: Red Pine - White Pine Conifer G011Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting of eastern white and red pine. May contain red maple, red oak,
balsam fir, hemlock, and black spruce. Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels
of balsam fir, red maple, and eastern white pine. Shrub moderately poor. Herb poor. Ground
surface mostly conifer litter, feathermoss, lichen, and exposed bedrock. Substrate texture
variable. Mostly very shallow ( 15 cm) and dry to fresh (MR 3) or xeric.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Tall treed (> 10 m) and low treed ( 10 m) ecosites common. Canopy closure higly variable,
generally open where substrate depth is limited. Low treed condition often indicative of
younger trees or very limited substrate depth. Ecosite is mostly conifer (> 50% relative cover).
Eastern white and/or red pine 20% absolute cover is diagnostic. Ecosite variable from
dominant stands of eastern white and/or red pine to mixed conditions dominated by conifer.
Common understory vegetation includes low sweet blueberry, wintergreen, bush honeysuckle,
wild lily-of-the-valley, bracken fern, wild sarsaparilla, Schreber's moss, and wavy-leaved moss.
Often contains Central v-types V32, V34, V40, and V33; NE v-types V6 and V18.
Pinus strobus, Pinus resinosa, Acer rubrum, Quercus rubra, Abies balsamea, Tsuga
Trees
canadensis, Picea mariana
Vaccinium angustifolium, Gaultheria procumbens, Diervilla lonicera, Vaccinium

Shrubs
myrtilloides, Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora
Vascular Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Pteridium aquilinum, Aralia nudicaulis,

Herbaceous Eurybia macrophyllus, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis
Pleurozium schreberi, Dicranum polysetum, Cladonia coniocraea, Dicranum flagellare,

Non-vascular
Cladina rangiferina
22 2015-02-26 22
G011Tt/Tl Very Shallow, Dry to Fresh: Red Pine - White Pine Conifer
Ecology
plant growth potential and increasing windthrow risk. Variable sized patches of exposed
bedrock may result in sparse canopy. Uniform veneers may support a more consistent, closed
canopy. Shrub and herb poor when canopy closed. Ground cover, notably lichen, increases as
canopy becomes more open. Under red pine dominated stands, shrub and herb sparse with
abundant conifer litter. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with low to
moderate intensity fire. In the absence of fire this ecosite will succeed to spruce and balsam fir
or mixed wood ecosites near the northern boundaries of 4E and tolerant hardwood in the
southern portion of 4E and throughout 5E. Deeper folic material may develop in the absence
of fire.
4E-5, and 5E. Generally on coarse textured morainal veneer with pockets of glaciofluvial
material. Typically non-calcareous. Calcareous veneers (4E-5) and bedrock (5E-3, 5E-11),
base-rich bedrock (5E-6 and 5E-13), as well as finer textured substrates in 5E-4 and 5E-5
may increase diversity and vigour of the understory. In the northern portion of 4E black
spruce, jack pine, trembling aspen, white birch, and balsam fir become more abundant in the
overstory and understory and the abundance of red pine decreases. Hemlock, oak species,
ironwood, and large-tooth aspen are more abundant in 5E, and the trend continues southward
to 6E.
Edaphic Variability
occur. Often partially treed areas supporting xeric vegetation including pines, pin cherry,
white-grained mountain-rice, and lichens likely on exposed bedrock. When the underlying
bedrock is calcareous components of this ecosite may be subjected to seasonal flooding with
severe and prolonged summer droughts creating distinctive vegetation types (alvars). Plant
species in this vegetation type may include Coopers milk-vetch, Crawes sedge, lance-leaved
tickseed, and compressed spike-rush.
Related Ecosites 033, 048, 081, 097

Deeper; any texture
023
Key 11
N/A 011 Shallower
23 2015-02-26 23
Very Shallow, Dry to Fresh: Pine - Black Spruce Conifer G012Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting mostly of pine species and black spruce. Jack pine typically present
in the main canopy, but may include components of eastern white pine, and red pine. May
contain balsam fir and white birch. Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of
black spruce, balsam fir, red maple, and eastern white pine. Shrub moderately poor. Herb
poor. Ground surface mostly conifer litter, feathermoss, lichen, and exposed bedrock.
Substrate texture variable. Mostly very shallow ( 15 cm) and dry to fresh (MR 3) or xeric.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Tall treed (> 10 m) and low treed ( 10 m) ecosites common. Canopy closure highly variable,
younger trees or very limited substrate depth. Pine species and/or black spruce compose >
50% or the conifer tree species in the main canopy. Common understory vegetation includes
low sweet blueberry, velvet-leaf blueberry, creeping snowberry, bunchberry, wild lily-of-the-
valley, bluebead-lily, Schreber's moss, wavy-leaved moss, and reindeer lichens. Often
contains Central v-types V39 V32, and V40; NE v-types V17, V20-22, V18, V23, and V7.
Pinus banksiana, Picea mariana, (Pinus strobus, P. resinosa), Abies balsamea, Betula
Trees
papyrifera
Vaccinium angustifolium, V. myrtilloides, Gaultheria hispidula, Linnaea borealis ssp.

Shrubs
longiflora
Vascular Cornus canadensis, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Clintonia borealis,

Herbaceous Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Pteridium aquilinum
Non-vascular Pleurozium schreberi, Dicranum polysetum, Cladina rangiferina, Cladonia coniocraea
24 2015-02-26 24
G012Tt/Tl Very Shallow, Dry to Fresh: Pine - Black Spruce Conifer
Ecology
canopy becomes more open. Abundance of lichen also increases with increased likelihood of
jack pine. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with moderate to high
intensity fire. In the absence of fire this ecosite will succeed to hardwoods with some balsam
fir and black spruce. Deeper folic material may develop in the absence of fire.
4 and 5E-5 may increase diversity and vigour of the understory. In the northern portion of 4E
black spruce, jack pine, white birch, and balsam fir become more abundant in the overstory
and understory. Associates such as red oak, white pine, and red maple are more abundant in
5E, and the trend continues southward to 6E.
Edaphic Variability
eastern white cedar, mixed lowland hardwoods, alders, Labrador tea, and Sphagnum likely in
Related Ecosites
035, 050, 083, 099
Deeper; any texture
034, 049, 082, 098

Pure Sb and Pj condition; deeper; any texture
024
Key 11
N/A 012 Shallower
25 2015-02-26 25
Very Shallow, Dry to Fresh: Hemlock - Cedar Conifer G013Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting mostly of eastern hemlock and eastern white cedar. May contain
white birch, yellow birch, balsam fir, sugar maple, red maple, trembling aspen, and eastern
white pine. Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, red maple,
white birch, and eastern white cedar. Shrub and herb moderately poor. Ground surface mostly
conifer litter, lichen, feathermoss, and exposed bedrock. Substrate texture variable. Mostly
very shallow ( 15 cm) and dry to fresh (MR 3) or xeric.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
younger trees or very limited substrate depth. Eastern hemlock and/or eastern white cedar
compose > 50% or the conifer tree species in the main canopy. Common understory
vegetation includes mountain maple, fly honeysuckle, beaked hazel, wild lily-of-the-valley,
bluebead-lily, starflower, false pixie cup, powder horn lichen, and Schreber's moss. Often
contains Central v-types V19; NE v-types V16.
Thuja occidentalis, Tsuga canadensis, Betula papyrifera, Betula alleghaniensis, Abies
Trees balsamea, Acer saccharum var. saccharum, Acer rubrum, Populus tremuloides, Pinus
strobus, Sorbus decora
Acer spicatum, Lonicera canadensis, Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Acer
Shrubs
pensylvanicum
Vascular Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Clintonia borealis, Trientalis borealis ssp.
Herbaceous borealis, Cornus canadensis, Dryopteris carthusiana
Non-vascular Cladonia coniocraea, C. chlorophaea, Pleurozium schreberi
26 2015-02-26 26
G013Tt/Tl Very Shallow, Dry to Fresh: Hemlock - Cedar Conifer
Ecology
canopy becomes more open. This ecosite generally represents a late seral stage. Cedar and
hemlock are susceptible to fire disturbance. Without the influence of fire, the vegetation will
not likely succeed to another ecosite. Ecosite will persist due to shade tolerance of seedlings.
Deeper folic material may develop in the absence of fire.
Widespread across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range. More abundant in 4E-4, 4E-5, and 5E.
Generally on coarse textured morainal veneer with pockets of glaciofluvial material. Typically
non-calcareous. Calcareous veneers (4E-5) and bedrock (5E-3, 5E-11), base-rich bedrock
(5E-6 and 5E-13), as well as finer textured substrates in 5E-4 and 5E-5 may increase diversity
and vigour of the understory. The ecosite transitions from eastern white cedar dominated
stands in the northern portion (4E) of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range to eastern white
cedar / eastern hemlock stands in the south (5E). Pure stands of eastern hemlock restricted to
cool moist slopes. Eastern red cedar may occur in 5E-7. Common tree associates in 4E
include white birch, white pine, and balsam fir. Yellow birch and sugar maple are more
common tree associates with eastern hemlock in 5E and transitioning into 6E.
Edaphic Variability
systems. Often on cooler middle and lower slope positions. Deeper and silty materials likely
species in this vegetation type may include Coopers milk-vetch, Crawes sedge, lance-
leaved tickseed, and compressed spike-rush.
Related Ecosites
036, 051, 084, 100
Deeper; any texture
025
Key 11
N/A 013 Shallower
27 2015-02-26 27
Very Shallow, Dry to Fresh: Conifer G014Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting of a mixture of balsam fir, white spruce and/or other conifer species.
May be mixed with white birch, trembling aspen, and red maple. Stand composition is highly
variable. Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, red maple, white
birch, and eastern white cedar. Shrub and herb poor. Ground surface mostly conifer litter,
feathermoss, lichen, and exposed bedrock. Substrate texture variable. Mostly very shallow (
15 cm) and dry to fresh (MR 3) or xeric.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
younger trees or very limited substrate depth. Ecosite composed of a combination of conifer
species where the combined total relative cover is > 50% in the main canopy. Common
understory vegetation includes mountain maple, low sweet blueberry, beaked hazel, wild lily-
of-the-valley, bluebead-lily, spinulose wood fern, Schreber's moss, false pixie cup, and powder
horn lichen. Often contains Central v-types V24, V37; NE v-types V21.
Abies balsamea, Picea glauca, Thuja occidentalis, Picea mariana, Betula papyrifera,
Trees
Populus tremuloides, Acer rubrum, Sorbus decora
Acer spicatum, Vaccinium angustifolium, Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Lonicera

Shrubs
canadensis, Diervilla lonicera, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides
Vascular Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Clintonia borealis, Dryopteris carthusiana,

Herbaceous Cornus canadensis, Aralia nudicaulis
Non-vascular Pleurozium schreberi, Cladonia coniocraea, C. chlorophaea, Plagiothecium laetum
28 2015-02-26 28
G014Tt/Tl Very Shallow, Dry to Fresh: Conifer
Ecology
canopy becomes more open. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with low to
moderate intensity fire or repeated human disturbance (e.g., agricultural clearing, partial
harvesting). Mixed species compositions are generally stable and can persist with non stand
replacing disturbances, such as wind and insect damage. Deeper folic material may develop
over time in the absence of fire.
Widespread and common across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range. More abundant on the
landscape as you move further north. Generally on coarse textured morainal veneer with
pockets of glaciofluvial material. Typically non-calcareous. Calcareous veneers (4E-5) and
bedrock (5E-3, 5E-11), base-rich bedrock (5E-6 and 5E-13), as well as finer textured
substrates in 5E-4 and 5E-5 may increase diversity and vigour of the understory. Wide variety
of associated vegetation including yellow birch, red maple, basswood, and red oak in the
southern portion of 4E throughout 5E. Boreal hardwoods, trembling aspen and white birch,
more common in the northern portion of 4E.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
038, 053, 086, 101
Deeper; any texture
026
Key 11
N/A 014 Shallower
29 2015-02-26 29
Very Shallow, Dry to Fresh: Red Pine - White Pine
G015Tt/Tl
Mixedwood L M H
Ecosite Description
Hardwood dominated canopy with a component of red pine and/or eastern white pine. May
contain red oak, large-tooth aspen, red maple, white birch, and trembling aspen. Understory
tree species consisting of moderate levels of red oak, white pine, red maple, balsam fir, and
white birch. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter and
exposed bedrock. Substrate texture variable. Mostly very shallow ( 15 cm) and dry to fresh
(MR 3) or xeric.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
younger trees or very limited substrate depth. Ecosite is mostly hardwood (> 50% relative
cover). Eastern white and/or red pine 20% absolute cover is diagnostic. Hardwood
component variable from pure stands to a mixed condition. Common understory vegetation
includes low sweet blueberry, beaked hazel, wintergreen, wild lily-of-the-valley, bracken fern,
large-leaved aster, and powder horn lichen. Often contains Central v-types V34; NE v-types
V2, V1, V4, and V6.
Pinus strobus, P. resinosa, Quercus rubra, Populus grandidentata, Acer rubrum, Betula
Trees
papyrifera, Populus tremuloides
Vaccinium angustifolium, Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Gaultheria procumbens,

Shrubs
Lonicera canadensis, Diervilla lonicera
Vascular Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Pteridium aquilinum, Eurybia macrophyllus,

Herbaceous Aralia nudicaulis, Oryzopsis asperfolia
Non-vascular Cladonia coniocraea, Ptilidium pulcherrimum, Pleurozium schreberi
30 2015-02-26 30
Very Shallow, Dry to Fresh: Red Pine - White Pine
G015Tt/Tl
Mixedwood
Ecology
bedrock may result in sparse canopy. Uniform veneers may support a more consistent,
closed canopy. Shrub and herb poor when canopy closed. Ground cover, notably lichen,
increases as canopy becomes more open. Maintenance of structure and composition
associated with low to moderate intensity fire. Pine residuals are often reflective of past
partial harvesting activity. In the absence of fire this ecosite will succeed through gap
dynamic processes to an ecosite that favours shade-tolerant species. Inclusions of eastern
white pine and/or red pine may persist for many decades.
may increase diversity and vigour of the understory. Wide variety of associated vegetation
including sugar maple, basswood, and ironwood in the southern portion of 4E and throughout
5E. Boreal hardwoods, trembling aspen and white birch, more common in the northern portion
of 4E.
Edaphic Variability
eastern white cedar, mixed lowland hardwoods, alders, Labrador tea and Sphagnum likely in
white-grained mountain-rice, and lichens likely on exposed bedrock.
Related Ecosites
039, 054, 087, 103
Deeper; any texture
027
Key 11
N/A 015 Shallower
N/A
31 2015-02-26 31
Very Shallow, Dry to Fresh: Aspen - Birch Hardwood G016Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Hardwood canopy consisting mostly of aspen and/or birch species. White birch, trembling
aspen, large-tooth aspen, and yellow birch likely in the main canopy. May contain sugar
maple, balsam fir, and red maple. Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of
balsam fir, red maple, white birch, and trembling aspen. Shrub and herb moderately rich.
Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter and exposed bedrock. Substrate texture variable.
Mostly very shallow ( 15 cm) and dry to fresh (MR 3) or xeric.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
younger trees or very limited substrate depth. Aspen and/or birch species compose > 50% of
the hardwood tree species in the main canopy. Ecosite variable from dominant stands of
aspen and/or birch or a mixture of both. Common understory vegetation includes beaked
hazel, low sweet blueberry, bush honeysuckle, large-leaved aster, wild lily-of-the-valley, wild
sarsaparilla, Schreber's moss, and powder horn lichen. May contain Central v-types V24; NE
v-types V1 and V4.
Betula papyrifera, (B. alleghaniensis), Populus tremuloides, P. grandidentata, Acer
Trees
saccharum var. saccharum, Abies balsamea, Acer rubrum
Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Vaccinium angustifolium, Diervilla lonicera, Lonicera

Shrubs
canadensis, Acer spicatum, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides
Vascular Eurybia macrophyllus, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Aralia nudicaulis,

Herbaceous Clintonia borealis, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis
Non-vascular Pleurozium schreberi, Cladonia coniocraea
32 2015-02-26 32
G016Tt/Tl Very Shallow, Dry to Fresh: Aspen - Birch Hardwood
Ecology
canopy becomes more open. A major disturbance (e.g., fire, partially harvesting, agriculture
abandonment) is required to maintain this ecosite. Aspen and/or birch regeneration after
disturbance is quick through root suckering or seeding from adjacent stands often resulting in
an even-aged overstory. In the absence of a disturbance regime, the ecosite will likely
succeed to a mixedwood with components of pine, red oak, red maple, and sugar maple.
landscape as you move further north. Generally on coarse textured morainal veneer with
pockets of glaciofluvial material. Typically non-calcareous. Calcareous veneers (4E-5) and
bedrock (5E-3, 5E-11), base-rich bedrock (5E-6 and 5E-13), as well as finer textured
substrates in 5E-4 and 5E-5 may increase diversity and vigour of the understory. The ecosite
transitions from trembling aspen and white birch dominated stands in the northern portion (4E)
of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range to yellow birch and large-tooth/trembling aspen stands
in the south (5E).
Edaphic Variability
systems. Often on crest, upper slope, or level slope positions. Large-tooth aspen more
common on warmer upper slope positions. Deeper and silty materials likely on lower and toe
slope positions. While predominantly coarse textured, a wide variety of tree species as well as
increased shrub and herb diversity and abundance likely on inclusions of deep mineral
substrate, finer texture, or over base-rich bedrock. Black spruce, tamarack, eastern white
cedar , mixed lowland hardwoods, alders, Labrador tea, and Sphagnum likely in poorly
drained depressions where pockets of deep peat or wet mineral material may also occur.
Often partially treed areas supporting xeric vegetation including pines), pin cherry, white-
grained mountain-rice, and lichens likely on exposed bedrock.
Related Ecosites
040, 055, 088, 104
Deeper; any texture
028
Key 11
N/A 016 Shallower
N/A
33 2015-02-26 33
Very Shallow, Dry to Fresh: Oak Hardwood G017Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Hardwood canopy consisting mostly of oak species. Red oak typically present in the main
canopy, but may include bur oak. May contain sugar maple, ironwood, American basswood,
white ash, eastern white pine, large-tooth aspen, and red maple. Understory tree species
consisting of moderate levels of sugar maple, ironwood, red oak, balsam fir, and red maple.
Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter and exposed bedrock.
Substrate texture variable. Mostly very shallow ( 15 cm) and dry to fresh (MR 3) or xeric.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
younger trees or very limited substrate depth. Oak species compose > 50% of the hardwood
tree species in the main canopy. Common understory vegetation includes striped maple, bush
honeysuckle, serviceberries, large-leaved aster, wild lily-of-the-valley, hairy Solomon's seal,
and powder horn lichen. May contain Central v-types V6 and V34.
Quercus rubra (Q. macrocarpa, Q. alba), Acer saccharum var. saccharum, Ostyra
Trees virginiana, Tilia americana, Fraxinus americana, Pinus strobus, Populus grandidentata,
Acer rubrum
Acer pensylvanicum, Diervilla lonicera, Amelanchier spp., Gaultheria procumbens,
Shrubs
Vaccinium myrtilloides, Lonicera canadensis
Eurybia macrophyllus, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Polygonatum
Vascular
pubescens, Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum, Oryzopsis asperfolia, Carex
Herbaceous
pensylvanica
Non-vascular Cladonia coniocraea, C. chlorophaea, Pleurozium schreberi
34 2015-02-26 34
G017Tt/Tl Very Shallow, Dry to Fresh: Oak Hardwood
Ecology
bedrock may result in sparse canopy. Uniform veneers may support a more consistent,
closed canopy. Shrub and herb poor when canopy closed. Ground cover, notably lichen,
increases as canopy becomes more open. Maintenance of structure and composition
associated with low to moderate intensity fire. In the absence of fire gap dynamics will
transform this ecosite to favour shade tolerant species resulting in an uneven aged forest.
may increase diversity and vigour of the understory. Red oak dominated forest found
throughout the range. Bur oak is uncommon and limited to 5E. Occurrences of white oak
begin in the extreme southern portions of 5E and become more prevalent as you move
further south. Associated tree species American basswood, large-tooth aspen, and ironwood
are more frequent in 5E. Boreal hardwoods, trembling aspen and white birch, more common
in the northern portion of 4E.
Edaphic Variability
systems. Often on crest or upper slope positions. Deeper and silty materials likely on lower
and toe slope positions. While predominantly coarse textured, a wide variety of tree species
as well as increased shrub and herb diversity and abundance likely on inclusions of deep
mineral substrate, finer texture, or over base-rich bedrock. Black spruce, tamarack, eastern
white cedar, mixed lowland hardwoods, alders, Labrador tea, and Sphagnum likely in poorly
drained depressions where pockets of deep peat or wet mineral material may also occur.
Often partially treed areas supporting xeric vegetation including pines, pin cherry, white-
grained mountain-rice, and lichens likely on exposed bedrock.
Related Ecosites
041, 057, 090, 106
Deeper; any texture
028
Key 11
N/A 017 Shallower
N/A
35 2015-02-26 35
Very Shallow, Dry to Fresh: Maple Hardwood G018Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Hardwood canopy consisting mostly of maple species. Sugar maple and red maple likely in
the main canopy. May contain American basswood, ironwood, American beech, white ash,
eastern white pine, and white birch. Understory tree species consisting of high levels of sugar
maple, ironwood, American basswood, balsam fir, red oak, white ash and American beech.
Shrub poor. Herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter and exposed
bedrock. Substrate texture variable. Mostly very shallow ( 15 cm) and dry to fresh (MR 3)
or xeric.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
younger trees or very limited substrate depth. Maple species compose > 50% of the hardwood
tree species in the main canopy. Common understory vegetation includes striped maple, fly
honeysuckle, beaked hazel, rose-twisted stalk, wild lily-of-the-valley, and false Solomon's seal.
Non-vascular vegetation may include powder horn lichen. May contain Central v-type V6; NE
v-type V3 and V4.
Acer saccharum var. saccharum, A. rubrum, Tilia americana, Ostrya virginiana, Fagus
Trees
grandifolia, Fraxinus americana, Pinus strobus, Betula papyrifera
Acer pensylvanicum, Lonicera canadensis, Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Dirca

Shrubs
palustris
Vascular Streptopus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, M.

Herbaceous racemosum ssp. racemosum, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis
Non-vascular Cladonia coniocraea
36 2015-02-26 36
G018Tt/Tl Very Shallow, Dry to Fresh: Maple Hardwood
Ecology
moderate intensity fire. In the absence of fire this ecosite will not likely succeed to another
ecosite.
may increase diversity and vigour of the understory. Red maple dominated forests found
throughout the range. Sugar maple dominated forests are more likely in southern 4E and 5E.
Associated tree species yellow birch, American basswood, American beech, balsam fir and
ironwood are more frequent in 5E. Red oak, white birch, balsam fir, and eastern white pine
likely throughout 4E.
Edaphic Variability
deep mineral substrate, finer texture, or over base-rich bedrock. Black spruce , tamarack,
Related Ecosites
042, 058, 091, 107
Deeper; any texture
028
Key 11
N/A 018 Shallower
N/A
37 2015-02-26 37
Very Shallow, Dry to Fresh: Mixedwood G019Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Hardwood canopy consisting of a mixture of sugar maple, American beech, American
basswood, red oak, white birch, red maple, ironwood, balsam fir, and yellow birch. Stand
composition highly variable. Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of sugar
maple, American beech, American basswood, and red oak. Shrub and herb moderate rich.
Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter and exposed bedrock. Mostly very shallow ( 15 cm)
and dry to fresh (MR 3) or xeric.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
younger trees or very limited substrate depth. Hardwood species with a relative cover > 50%.
Common understory vegetation includes striped maple, beaked hazel, serviceberries,
spinulose wood fern, wild lily-of-the-valley, and wild sarsaparilla. Non-vascular species may
include reflexed Brachythecium moss and powder horn lichen. May contain Central v-type V6
and V24; NE v-types V1 and V2.
Acer saccharum var. saccharum, Fagus grandifolia, Tilia americana, Quercus rubra,
Trees Betula papyrifera, Acer rubrum, Ostrya virginiana, Abies balsamea, Betula
alleghaniensis
Acer pensylvanicum, Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Amelanchier spp.., Viburnum
Shrubs
lantanoides, Diervilla lonicera, Lonicera canadensis
Vascular Dryopteris carthusiana, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Aralia nudicaulis,

Herbaceous Eurybia macrophyllus, Oryzopsis asperfolia
Non-vascular Brachythecium reflexum var. reflexum, Cladonia coniocraea, Callicladium haldanianum
38 2015-02-26 38
G019Tt/Tl Very Shallow, Dry to Fresh: Mixedwood
Ecology
replacing disturbances, such as wind and insect damage.
Widespread across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range, uncommon in 4E-1 and 4E-3. More
abundant on the landscape as you move further south. Generally on coarse textured morainal
veneer with pockets of glaciofluvial material. Typically non-calcareous. Calcareous veneers
(4E-5) and bedrock (5E-3, 5E-11), base-rich bedrock (5E-6 and 5E-13), as well as finer
textured substrates in 5E-4 and 5E-5 may increase diversity and vigour of the understory.
Mixed forest that may contain yellow birch, American basswood, American beech, sugar
maple, balsam fir and ironwood is more frequent in 5E. Mixed forests of red oak, red maple,
sugar maple, white birch, balsam fir, and eastern white pine occur throughout 4E.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
043, 059, 092, 108
Deeper; any texture
028
Key 11
N/A 019 Shallower
N/A
39 2015-02-26 39
Very Shallow, Humid: Meadow G020N
L M H
Ecosite Description
Herbaceous, lichen, and/or bryophyte vegetation community. Tree and shrub poor. Ground
surface mostly lichen, feathermoss, and exposed bedrock. Substrate texture variable. Mostly
very shallow ( 15 cm) and humid (MR = h).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Herbaceous, lichen, and/or bryophyte dominated community. Shallow substrates limit
vegetation to a highly variable mix consisting of opportunistic, drought tolerant species
generally restricted to crevices and areas of shallow substrates. Characteristic suite of
common species of dry sites present. Scattered small, open-grown trees and shrubs often
present, however neither exceed 10% absolute cover. Tree and shrub species when present
include jack pine, white birch, common juniper, bush honeysuckle, and low sweet blueberry.
Herbaceous species include Canada mayflower, Pennsylvania sedge, and large-leaved aster.
Lichen and moss cover is often high and include grey reindeer lichen, haircap mosses, and
broom mosses.
Trees Pinus banksiana, Betula papyrifera, Populus tremuloides, Prunus pensylvanica,
Juniperus communis, Diervilla lonicera, Vaccinium angustifolium, Rhus hirta, Rubus

Shrubs
spp., Arctostaphylus uva-ursi
Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Carex pensylvanica, Eurybia macrophyllus,

Vascular
Agrostis scabra, Capnoides sempervirens, Rumex acetosella ssp. acetosella, Aralia
Herbaceous
hispida, Pteridium aquilinum
Cladina rangiferina, Polytrichum spp., Dicranum spp., Cladina mitis, Stereocaulon

Non-vascular
saxatile, Cladonia spp., Pleurozium schreberi
40 2015-02-26 40
G020N Very Shallow, Humid: Meadow
Ecology
plant growth potential. Variable sized patches of exposed bedrock may result in sparse
vegetative cover. Uniform veneers may support uniform, closed vegetative cover. Ground
cover, notably lichen, increases as vascular cover becomes more open. Maintenance of
structure and composition associated with low to moderate disturbance (e.g., fire, grazing,
vegetation control). In the absence of disturbance this ecosite will succeed to a shrub or treed
system.
Limited and uncommon across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range. Generally on bedrock
controlled sites, with shallow veneers and organic deposits. Typically non-calcareous.
Calcareous veneers (4E-5) and bedrock (5E-3, 5E-11), base-rich bedrock (5E-6 and 5E-13),
as well as finer textured substrates in 5E-4 and 5E-5 may increase diversity and vigour of the
understory.
Edaphic Variability
wetlands. High spatial variability results in a complex of very shallow and rock barren systems.
Often on low, toe, or level slope positions. Substrate may be humid folic/peaty material. Black
spruce, tamarack, eastern white cedar, mixed lowland hardwoods, alders, Labrador tea, and
Sphagnum likely in poorly drained depressions where pockets of deep peat or wet mineral
material may also occur. Ephemeral water pools may be present containing narrow-leaved
meadowsweet, fowl bluegrass, bog goldenrod, and broom sedge. Often partially treed areas
lichens likely on exposed bedrock. Increased species diversity and abundance likely on
inclusions of deep mineral substrate or over base-rich bedrock.
Related Ecosites
061, 110
Deeper; any texture
021, 022
Shrub cover > 10%
N/A 020
Key 11
Shallower
008
Drier (dry, fresh or
xeric; not humid)
41 2015-02-26 41
Very Shallow, Humid: Sparse Shrub G021S
L M H
Ecosite Description
litter, lichen, feathermoss, and exposed bedrock. Substrate texture variable. Mostly very
shallow ( 15 cm) and humid (MR = h).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
juniper, low-sweet blueberry, and Rubus species. Herbaceous plants include Canada
mayflower, large-leaved aster, and wild sarsaparilla. Lichen and moss cover is often high and
include Cladina lichens, haircap mosses., and Schrebers moss.

Trees
rubra, Pinus resinosa, Prunus pensylvanica

Shrubs
Vaccinium myrtilloides, Diervilla lonicera, Lonicera dioca, Arctostaphylus uva-ursi
Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Eurybia macrophyllus, Aralia nudicaulis,
Vascular
Rumex acetosella ssp. acetosella, Pteridium aquilinum, Capnoides sempervirens,
Herbaceous
Carex pensylvanica, Agrostis scabra
Non-vascular Cladina spp., Dicranum spp., Pleurozium schreberi, Polytrichum spp.
42 2015-02-26 42
G021S Very Shallow, Humid: Sparse Shrub
Ecology
bedrock may result in sparse vegetative cover. Uniform veneers may support uniform, closed
vegetative cover. Ground cover, notably lichen, increases as vascular cover becomes more
open. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with low to moderate intensity fire.
In the absence of fire this ecosite will succeed to a more dense shrub (G022) or treed system.
understory.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
062, 111
Deeper; any texture
022
Shrub cover > 25%
020
Shrub cover 10%
021
Key 11
Shallower
009
xeric; not humid)
43 2015-02-26 43
Very Shallow, Humid: Shrub G022S
L M H
Ecosite Description
litter, lichen, feathermoss, and exposed bedrock. Substrate texture variable. Mostly very
shallow ( 15 cm) and humid (MR = h).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
juniper, low-sweet blueberry, and Rubus species. Herbaceous plants include Canada
mayflower, large-leaved aster, and wild sarsaparilla. Lichen and moss cover is often high and
include Cladina lichens, haircap mosses, and Schrebers moss.

Trees
rubra, Pinus resinosa, Prunus pensylvanica,

Shrubs
Vaccinium myrtilloides, Diervilla lonicera, Lonicera canadensis
Vascular
Rumex acetosella ssp. acetosella, Pteridium aquilinum, Capnoides sempervirens,
Herbaceous
Carex pensylvanica, Agrostis scabra, Anaphalis margaritacea
Non-vascular Cladina spp., Dicranum spp., Pleurozium schreberi, Polytrichum spp.
44 2015-02-26 44
G022S Very Shallow, Humid: Shrub
Ecology
bedrock may result in sparse vegetative cover. Uniform veneers may support uniform, closed
vegetative cover. Ground cover, notably lichen, increases as vascular cover becomes more
open. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with low to moderate intensity fire.
In the absence of fire this ecosite will succeed to a treed system.
understory.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
063, 112
Deeper; any texture
020, 021 Key 11

Shrub cover 25%
022 Shallower
010
xeric; not humid)
45 2015-02-26 45
Very Shallow, Humid: Red Pine - White Pine Conifer G023Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting of eastern white and red pine. May contain black spruce, jack pine,
red maple and eastern white cedar. Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of
balsam fir, red maple, white birch, and eastern white pine. Shrub moderately poor. Herb poor.
Ground surface mostly conifer litter, feathermoss, lichen, and exposed bedrock. Substrate
rock or organic. Depth rock, shallow or deep organic and humid.
Substrate Series O1 O2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
younger trees or very limited substrate depth. Ecosite is mostly conifer (> 50% relative cover).
Eastern white and/or red pine 20% absolute cover is diagnostic. Ecosite variable from
dominant stands of eastern white and/or red pine to mixed conditions dominated by conifer.
Common understory vegetation includes low sweet blueberry, wintergreen, bush honeysuckle,
wild lily-of-the-valley, wild sarsaparilla, starflower, bracken fern, Schreber's moss, and wavy-
leaved moss. Often contains Central v-types V29; NE v-types V18 and V1.
Pinus strobus, (P. resinosa), Picea mariana, Pinus banksiana, Acer rubrum, Thuja
Trees
occidentalis
Vaccinium angustifolium, Gaultheria procumbens, Diervilla lonicera, Corylus cornuta

Shrubs
ssp. cornuta, Vaccinium myrtilloides, Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora
Vascular Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Aralia nudicaulis, Trientalis borealis ssp.
Herbaceous borealis, Pteridium aquilinum, Cornus canadensis
Pleurozium schreberi, Dicranum polysetum, Cladina rangiferina, Dicranum ontariense,

Non-vascular
Spaghnum girgensohnii
46 2015-02-26 46
G023Tt/Tl Very Shallow, Humid: Red Pine - White Pine Conifer
Ecology
canopy becomes more open. Under red pine dominated stands, shrub and herb sparse with
moderate intensity fire. In the absence of fire this ecosite will succeed to spruce and balsam fir
or mixed wood ecosites near the northern boundaries of 4E and tolerant hardwood in the
southern portion of 4E and throughout 5E. Deeper folic material may develop in the absence
of fire.
Limited and uncommon across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range due to fire and disturbance
regimes, that does not provide sufficient time for organic matter development. Generally on
bedrock controlled sites, with shallow veneers, and organic deposits. Typically non-
calcareous. Calcareous veneers (4E-5) and bedrock (5E-3, 5E-11), base-rich bedrock (5E-6
and 5E-13), as well as finer textured substrates in 5E-4 and 5E-5 may increase diversity and
vigour of the understory. In the northern portion of 4E black spruce, jack pine, trembling
aspen, white birch, and balsam fir become more abundant in the overstory and understory and
the abundance of red pine decreases. Hemlock, oak species, ironwood, and large-tooth aspen
are more abundant in 5E, and the trend continues southward to 6E.
Edaphic Variability
material may also occur. A wide variety of tree species as well as increased shrub and herb
diversity and abundance likely on inclusions of deep mineral substrate or over base-rich
bedrock. Often partially treed areas supporting xeric vegetation including pines, pin cherry,
white-grained mountain-rice, and lichens likely on exposed bedrock. Increased species
bedrock.
Related Ecosites
N/A
Key 11
N/A 023 Shallower
011
xeric: not humid)
47 2015-02-26 47
Very Shallow, Humid: Black Spruce - Pine Conifer G024Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting of pine and black spruce. Jack pine typically present in the main
canopy, but may include eastern white pine, red pine, and scotch pine. May contain white
spruce, white birch, balsam fir, and red maple. Understory tree species consisting of moderate
levels of balsam fir, black spruce, and red maple. Shrub and herb poor. Ground surface mostly
conifer litter, feathermoss, lichen, and exposed bedrock. Substrate rock or organic. Depth
rock, shallow or deep organic and humid.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
younger trees or very limited substrate depth. Pine species and/or black spruce compose >
low sweet blueberry, velvet-leaf blueberry, wintergreen, wild lily-of-the-valley, bunchberry,
bluebead-lily, wavy-leaved moss, and Schreber's moss. Often contains Central v-types V40
V33, V37, V41, and V39; NE v-types V15, V17-20, and V22-V27.
Pinus banksiana, Picea mariana, Pinus strobus, (P. resinosa), Picea glauca, Betula
Trees
papyrifera, Abies balsamea, Acer rubrum
Shrubs Vaccinium angustifolium, V. myrtilloides, Gaultheria procumbens
Vascular Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Cornus canadensis, Clintonia borealis,

Herbaceous Pteridium aquilinum, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis
Non-vascular Dicranum polysetum, Pleurozium schreberi, Cladina rangiferina
48 2015-02-26 48
G024Tt/Tl Very Shallow, Humid: Black Spruce - Pine Conifer
Ecology
canopy becomes more open. Abundance of lichen also increases with increased likelihood of
jack pine. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with moderate to high
intensity fire. In the absence of fire this ecosite will succeed to hardwoods with some balsam
fir and black spruce. Deeper folic material may develop in the absence of fir.
vigour of the understory. In the northern portion of 4E black spruce, jack pine, white birch, and
balsam fir become more abundant in the overstory and understory. Associates such as red
oak, white pine, and red maple are more abundant in 5E, and the trend continues southward
to 6E.
Edaphic Variability
material may also occur. A wide variety of tree species as well as increased shrub and herb
bedrock. Often partially treed areas supporting xeric vegetation including pines, pin cherry,
white-grained mountain-rice, and lichens likely on exposed bedrock. Increased species
bedrock.
Related Ecosites
N/A
Key 11
N/A 024 Shallower
012
xeric: not humid)
49 2015-02-26 49
Very Shallow, Humid: Hemlock - Cedar Conifer G025Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting of eastern hemlock and eastern white cedar. May contain red
maple, American basswood, eastern white pine, white birch, and yellow birch. Understory tree
species consisting of moderate levels of eastern white cedar, eastern hemlock, balsam fir, and
red maple. Shrub poor. Herb moderately poor. Ground surface mostly conifer litter,
feathermoss, and exposed bedrock, may include Sphagnum species. Substrate rock or
organic. Depth rock, shallow or deep organic and humid.
Substrate Series O1 O2 O3 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
younger trees or very limited substrate depth. Eastern hemlock and/or eastern white cedar
vegetation includes fly honeysuckle, striped maple, mountain maple, wild sarsaparilla, wild lily-
of-the-valley, spinulose wood fern, Schreber's moss, and Brachythecium species. Often
contains Central v-types V15, V19, and V37; NE v-types V14 and V16.
Tsuga canadensis, Thuja occidentalis, Acer rubrum, Tilia americana, Pinus strobus,
Trees
Betula papyrifera, B. alleghaniensis, Sorbus decora
Shrubs Lonicera canadensis, Acer pensylvanicum, Acer spicatum
Vascular Aralia nudicaulis, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Dryopteris carthusiana,

Herbaceous Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Clintonia borealis, Eurybia macrophyllus
Pleurozium schreberi, Brachythecium salebrosum var. salebrosum, Callicladium

Non-vascular
haldanianum
50 2015-02-26 50
G025Tt/Tl Very Shallow, Humid: Hemlock - Cedar Conifer
Ecology
canopy becomes more open. This ecosite generally represents a late seral stage. Cedar and
hemlock are susceptible to fire disturbance. Without the influence of fire, the vegetation will
not likely succeed to another ecosite. Ecosite will persist due to shade tolerance of seedlings.
Deeper folic material may develop in the absence of fire.
vigour of the understory. The ecosite transitions from eastern white cedar dominated stands in
the northern portion (4E) of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range to eastern white cedar /
eastern hemlock stands in the south (5E). Pure stands of eastern hemlock restricted to cool
moist slopes. Eastern red cedar may occur in 5E-7. Common tree associates in 4E include
white birch, white pine, and balsam fir. Yellow birch and sugar maple are more common tree
associates with eastern hemlock in 5E and transitioning into 6E.
Edaphic Variability
systems. Often on low, toe, or level slope positions. Substrate may be humid folic/peaty
material. Black spruce, tamarack, eastern white cedar, mixed lowland hardwoods, alders,
Labrador tea, and Sphagnum likely in poorly drained depressions where pockets of deep peat
or wet mineral material may also occur. A wide variety of tree species as well as increased
shrub and herb diversity and abundance likely on inclusions of deep mineral substrate or over
base-rich bedrock. Often partially treed areas supporting xeric vegetation including pines, pin
cherry, white-grained mountain-rice, and lichens likely on exposed bedrock. Increased species
bedrock.
Related Ecosites
N/A
Key 11
N/A 025 Shallower
013
xeric: not humid)
51 2015-02-26 51
Very Shallow, Humid: Conifer G026Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting of a mixture of balsam fir, white spruce and/or other conifer species.
May be mixed with white birch, trembling aspen, and red maple. Stand composition is highly
variable. Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, red maple, white
birch, and eastern white cedar. Shrub poor. Herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly
conifer litter, feathermoss, and exposed bedrock, may include Sphagnum species. Substrate
rock or organic. Depth rock, shallow or deep organic and humid.
Substrate Series O1 O2 O3 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
younger trees or very limited substrate depth. Ecosite composed of a combination of conifer
species where the combined total relative cover is > 50% in the main canopy. Common
understory vegetation includes fly honeysuckle, beaked hazel, mountain maple, bluebead-lily,
wild sarsaparilla, wild lily-of-the-valley, large-leaved aster, glossy moss, and beautiful branch
moss. Often contains Central v-types V9 and V22; NE v-types V1, V2, and V14-V16.
Picea glauca, Abies balsamea, Betula papyrifera, Thuja occidentalis, Populus
Trees
tremuloides, Acer saccharum var. saccharum, Fraxinus nigra, Betula alleghaniensis
Lonicera canadensis, Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Acer spicatum, Viburnum nudum
Shrubs
var. cassinoides
Clintonia borealis, Aralia nudicaulis, Eurybia macrophyllus, Rubus pubescens,
Vascular
Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Galium triflorum, Cornus canadensis,
Herbaceous
Pteridium aquilinum
Non-vascular Plagiothecium laetum, Callicladium haldanianum, Pleurozium schreberi
52 2015-02-26 52
G026Tt/Tl Very Shallow, Humid: Conifer
Ecology
replacing disturbances, such as wind and insect damage. Deeper folic material may develop
in the absence of fire.
vigour of the understory. Wide variety of associated vegetation including yellow birch, red
maple, basswood, and red oak in the southern portion of 4E throughout 5E. Boreal
hardwoods, trembling aspen and white birch, more common in the northern portion of 4E.
Edaphic Variability
bedrock.
Related Ecosites
N/A
Key 11
N/A 026 Shallower
014
xeric: not humid)
53 2015-02-26 53
Very Shallow, Humid: Red Pine - White Pine Mixedwood G027Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
contain red oak, large-tooth aspen, red maple, white birch, sugar maple, and trembling aspen.
Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of red oak, white pine, red maple,
balsam fir, and white birch. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly broadleaf
litter, exposed bedrock, and feathermoss. Substrate rock or organic. Depth rock, shallow or
deep organic and humid.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
younger trees or very limited substrate depth. Ecosite is mostly hardwood (> 50% relative
cover). Eastern white and/or red pine 20% absolute cover is diagnostic. Hardwood
component variable from pure stands to a mixed condition. Common understory vegetation
includes low sweet blueberry, beaked hazel, wintergreen, wild lily-of-the-valley, starflower,
large-leaved aster, and powder horn lichen. Often contains Central v-types V34; NE v-types
V1 and V4.
Pinus strobus, P. resinosa, Quercus rubra, Populus grandidentata, Acer rubrum, Betula
Trees
papyrifera, Acer saccharum var. saccharum, Populus tremuloides
Vaccinium angustifolium, Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Gaultheria procumbens,

Shrubs
Lonicera canadensis, Diervilla lonicera, Acer pensylvanicum
Vascular Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Eurybia
Herbaceous macrophyllus, Aralia nudicaulis, Oryzopsis asperfolia
54 2015-02-26 54
G027Tt/Tl Very Shallow, Humid: Red Pine - White Pine Mixedwood
Ecology
moderate intensity fire. Pine residuals are often reflective of past partial harvesting activity. In
the absence of fire this ecosite will succeed through gap dynamic processes to an ecosite that
favours shade-tolerant species. Inclusions of eastern white pine and/or red pine may persist
for many decades.
vigour of the understory. Wide variety of associated vegetation including sugar maple,
basswood, and ironwood in the southern portion of 4E throughout 5E. Boreal hardwoods,
trembling aspen and white birch, more common in the northern portion of 4E.
Edaphic Variability
bedrock.
Related Ecosites
N/A
Key 11
N/A 027 Shallower
015
xeric: not humid)
55 2015-02-26 55
Very Shallow, Humid: Mixedwood G028Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Hardwood canopy consisting of a mixture of red maple, sugar maple, trembling aspen, balsam
fir, red oak, and eastern hemlock. Stand composition highly variable. Understory tree species
consisting of moderate levels of sugar maple, red maple, and balsam fir. Shrub moderately
poor. Herb moderate rich. Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter, exposed bedrock, and
feathermoss. Substrate rock or organic. Depth rock, shallow or deep organic and humid.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
younger trees or very limited substrate depth. Hardwood species with a relative cover > 50%.
Common understory vegetation includes fly honeysuckle, striped maple, low sweet blueberry,
starflower, wild lily-of-the-valley, rose twisted-stalk, spinulose wood fern, and powder horn
lichen. May contain Central v-types V6 and V24; NE v-types V1, V4, V5, V7, V8, and V10-
V13.
Acer rubrum, A. saccharum var. saccharum, Populus tremuloides, Abies balsamea,
Trees Tsuga canadensis, Quercus rubra, Fraxinus americana, Fagus grandifolia, Betula
papyrifera, Thuja occidentalis, Ostrya virginiana, Pinus banksiana
Lonicera canadensis, Acer pensylvanicum, Vaccinium angustifolium, Corylus cornuta
Shrubs
ssp. cornuta
Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Streptopus
Vascular
lanceolatus var. lanceolatus, Dryopteris carthusiana, Aralia nudicaulis, Eurybia
Herbaceous
macrophyllus
Cladonia coniocraea, Ptilidium pulcherrimum, Dicranum scoparium, Cladonia
Non-vascular
chlorophaea
56 2015-02-26 56
G028Tt/Tl Very Shallow, Humid: Mixedwood
Ecology
vigour of the understory. Mixed forest that may contain yellow birch, American basswood,
American beech, sugar maple, balsam fir and ironwood is more frequent in 5E. Mixed forests
of red oak, red maple, sugar maple, white birch, balsam fir, and eastern white pine occur
throughout 4E.
Edaphic Variability
bedrock.
Related Ecosites
N/A
Key 11
N/A 028 Shallower
019
xeric: not humid)
57 2015-02-26 57
Dry, Sandy: Field G029N
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Herbaceous vegetation community maintained by continuous human alteration. Tree and
shrub generally absent. Ground surface mostly herbaceous litter and mineral material.
Substrate texture sandy. Deep (> 15 cm) and dry (MR = , 0, or 1).
Substrate Series S1 M1 M2 MD1 MD2 D1 D2
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Herbaceous dominated community. Ecosite may be dominated by one planted specie or many
in the case of agricultural fields or have a variable natural composition if maintained by heavy
grazing. Scattered small, open-grown trees and shrubs may be present, however neither
exceed 10% absolute cover. Common agricultural plants include rye and barley. In addition a
variable composition of early succession vascular plants including common yarrow, orchard
grass, and common St. Johns-wort can be found in grazed areas. Due to the continuous
human alteration of the site lichens and mosses are limited.
Secale cereale, Hordeum vulgare, Achillea millefolium ssp. millefolium, Dactylis

Vascular glomerata, Hypericum perforatum ssp. perforatum, Elymus repens, Trifolium pratense,
Herbaceous Phleum pratense ssp. pratense, Poa pratensis ssp. pratensis, Bromus inermis, Festuca
trachyphylla, Erigeron canadensis, Lotus corniculatus
58 2015-02-26 58
G029N Dry, Sandy: Field
Ecology
Substrate has a low nutrient and moisture holding capacity. Frequently maintained as a
pasture rather than an agricultural crop field due to substrate limitations. A distinctive plow
layer (Ap) may be present on sites that have been plowed, this layer is absent or less well
developed on pasture sites. The texture facilitates very rapid to rapid drainage and may limit
species diversity, abundance, and growth potential. Ecosite is susceptible to drought.
Maintenance of structure and composition associated with continuous human disturbance
(e.g., agricultural practices, heavy grazing). In the absence of disturbance this ecosite will
succeed to a meadow (G030).
Widespread and common across Great Lakes-St.Lawrence range. More abundant closer to
human settlements on managed landscapes. Generally associated with flat to rolling
glaciofluvial material found in large river valleys throughout the range. Can also occur on
morainal, glaciolacustrine, lacustrine, alluvial, or eolian deposits. Typically non-calcareous.
Edaphic Variability
Typically low in nutrient and moisture availability. Moderately deep to deep substrates. Depth
of coarse material deposits variable. Often on level, low, and middle slopes. Tree and shrub
species often restricted to moister areas. Increased species diversity may occur over base-
rich bedrock or inclusions of fresh, moist and finer textured substrates in depressions or lower
slope positions. Vegetation adapted to xeric conditions as well as decreased herb diversity
may occur on shallow to moderately deep substrates and very coarse sands. Areas of bare
sands likely in eolian deposits. Microtopography generally smooth where plowing has
occurred. Heavily grazed fields may contain tramping and bare patches as well as areas of
unpalatable species (e.g., bracken fern, wool grass) may be present.
Related Ecosites
060
Moister
044, 077, 093

Finer textured
N/A 029 030, 031, 032
No evidence of
agriculture or plowing
N/A
59 2015-02-26 59
Dry, Sandy: Meadow G030N
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Herbaceous (forb and/or graminoid) vegetation community. Tree and shrub generally absent.
Ground surface mostly herbaceous litter and mineral material. Substrate texture sandy. Deep
(> 15 cm) and dry (MR = , 0, or 1).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Herbaceous dominated community. Scattered small, open-grown trees and shrubs may be
present, however neither exceed 10% absolute cover. Species composition variable
dependent on time since abandonment. Tree and shrub species when present include
trembling aspen, white birch, pin cherry, and serviceberries. Herbaceous species include
poverty oat grass, bracken fern, and awnless broom. Non-vascular species may include
haircap mosses and fire moss.
Betula papyrifera, Populus tremuloides, Pinus banksiana, Prunus pensylvanica, Picea

Trees
glauca, Pinus strobus
Shrubs Amelanchier spp., Salix humilis, Comptonia peregrina
Danthonia spicata, Pteridium aquilinum, Bromus inermis, Elymus repens, Cerastium

Vascular fontanum ssp. vulgare, Oenothera biennis, Poa spp., Hypericum perforatum ssp.
Herbaceous perforatum, Solidago nemoralis ssp. nemoralis, S. juncea, Anaphalis margaritacea,
Hieracium spp., Medicago lupulina
Non-vascular Polytrichum spp., Ceratodon purpureus var. purpureus, Cladina rangiferina, C. mitis
60 2015-02-26 60
G030N Dry, Sandy: Meadow
Ecology
Substrate has a low nutrient and moisture holding capacity. The texture facilitates very rapid to
rapid drainage and may limit species diversity, abundance, and growth potential. Ecosite is
susceptible to drought. May originate from agriculture (e.g., crop or pasture) abandonment,
silvicultural practices, fire, or selective removal of woody material (e.g., hydro or gas
corridors). Depending on time from abandonment the characteristic species may be a mix of
native and introduced species (early abandonment) or predominately native species (later
abandonment). Grass species that typically dominate newly abandoned fields are replaced by
forb species as the meadow ages. A distinctive plough layer (Ap) may be present.
Maintenance of structure and composition associated with low to moderate disturbance (e.g.,
fire, grazing, vegetation control). In the absence of disturbance this ecosite will succeed to a
treed system.
Widespread and common across Great Lakes-St.Lawrence range. More abundant on the
landscape closer to human settlements. Generally associated with flat to rolling glaciofluvial
material found in large river valleys throughout the range. Can also occur on morainal,
glaciolacustrine, lacustrine, alluvial, or eolian deposits. Typically non-calcareous. An increased
diversity of grape fern species is found along the shore of Lake Superior due to high relative
humidity.
Edaphic Variability
of coarse material deposits variable. Often on level, low, and middle slopes. Tree and shrub
species often restricted to moister areas. Increased species diversity may occur over base-
rich bedrock or inclusions of fresh, moist and finer textured substrates in depressions or lower
slope positions. Vegetation adapted to xeric conditions as well as decreased herb diversity
may occur on shallow to moderately deep substrates and very coarse sands. Areas of bare
sand may occur in eolian deposits. Microtopography generally smooth where ploughing has
occurred.
Related Ecosites
061
Moister
045, 078, 094

029 Finer textured
Evidence of agriculture 030
or continuous plowing 031, 032
Increased shrub cover
008
Shallower
61 2015-02-26 61
Dry, Sandy: Sparse Shrub G031S
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Tall and/or short shrub. Tree poor. Herb moderately poor. Ground surface mostly conifer and
broadleaf litter, lichen, and moss. Substrate texture sandy. Mostly deep (> 15 cm) and dry (MR
= , 0 or 1).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Shrub sparse. Absolute cover of all shrub species 10-25%. Scattered small, open-grown trees
often present, however they do not exceed 10% absolute cover. Common tree species include
jack pine and white birch. Shrub species may include serviceberries, upland willow, and
speckled alder. Common herbaceous plants include poverty oat grass, quackgrass, and
evening primrose. Lichen and moss cover may include haircap mosses and fire moss.
Pinus banksiana, Betula papyrifera, Populus tremuloides, Pinus strobus, P. resinosa,

Trees
Prunus pensylvanica
Amelanchier spp., Salix humilis, Alnus incana spp. rugosa, Diervilla lonicera, Vaccinium
Shrubs spp., Gaultheria hispidula, Arctostaphylus uva-ursi, Chimaphila umbellata ssp.
umbellata, Comptonia peregrina
Danthonia spicata, Elymus repens, Oenothera biennis, Hypericum perforatum ssp.
Vascular
perforatum, Pteridium aquilinum, Solidago nemoralis ssp. nemoralis, S. juncea,
Herbaceous
Anaphalis margaritacea, Botrychium multifidium, Hieracium spp., Medicago lupulina
62 2015-02-26 62
G031S Dry, Sandy: Sparse Shrub
Ecology
susceptible to drought. Often found in areas that were once open; either old fields or
meadows. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with low to moderate
intensity fire. In the absence of disturbance this ecosite will succeed to a more dense shrub
(G032) or treed system.
glaciolacustrine, lacustrine, alluvial, or eolian deposits. Typically non-calcareous. Staghorn
sumac may occur east of Lake Superior.
Edaphic Variability
of coarse material deposits variable. Often on level, low, and middle slopes. Increased species
diversity may occur over base-rich bedrock or inclusions of fresh, moist and finer textured
substrates in depressions or lower slope positions. Vegetation adapted to xeric conditions as
well as decreased herb diversity may occur on shallow to moderately deep substrates and
very coarse sands.
Related Ecosites
062
Moister
046, 079, 095

Finer textured
029, 030
Shrub cover 10%
031
032
Shrub cover > 25%
009
Shallower
63 2015-02-26 63
Dry, Sandy: Shrub G032S
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Tall and/or short shrub community. Tree poor. Herb moderately poor. Ground surface mostly
conifer and broadleaf litter, coarse woody debris, lichen, and moss. Substrate texture sandy.
Mostly deep (> 15 cm) and dry (MR = , 0 or 1).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
grown trees often present, however they do not exceed 10% absolute cover. Common tree
species include jack pine and eastern white pine. Shrub species may include pin cherry,
serviceberries, and upland willow. Common herbaceous plants include common St. Johns-
wort, pearly everlasting, and Canada mayflower. Lichen and moss cover may include
Schrebers moss, powder horn lichen, and spiky dicranum moss.
Pinus banksiana, Pinus strobus, Pinus resinosa, Quercus rubra, Q. alba, Betula
Trees
papyrifera
Vaccinium myrtilloides, V. angustifolium, Arctostaphylus uva-ursi, Alnus incana spp.
Shrubs rugosa, Salix humilis, Diervilla lonicera, Gaultheria procumbens, Corylus cornuta ssp.
cornuta
Hypericum perforatum ssp. perforatum, Anaphalis margaritacea, Maianthemum
Vascular
canadense ssp. canadense, Oenothera biennis, Solidago nemoralis ssp. nemoralis,
Herbaceous
Pteridium aquilinum, Eurybia macrophyllus
Pleurozium schreberi, Cladonia coniocraea, Dicranum flagellare, Ptilidium
Non-vascular
pulcherrimum, Dicranum polysetum, Polytrichum spp.
64 2015-02-26 64
G032S Dry, Sandy: Shrub
Ecology
susceptible to drought. Often found in areas that were once open; either old fields or
intensity fire. Ecosite can persist in current state for extended periods of time or in the
absence of disturbance may succeed to a treed system.
glaciolacustrine, lacustrine, alluvial, or eolian deposits. Typically non-calcareous. Staghorn
sumac (Rhus hirta) may occur east of Lake Superior.
Edaphic Variability
of coarse material deposits variable. Often on level, low, and middle slopes. Increased species
substrates in depressions or lower slope positions. Xeric vegetation as well as decreased herb
diversity may occur on shallow to moderately deep substrates and very coarse sands.
Related Ecosites
063
Moister
029, 030, 031 047, 080, 096

Shrub cover 25%
032 Finer textured
010
Shallower
65 2015-02-26 65
Dry, Sandy: Red Pine- White Pine Conifer G033Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting of eastern white and red pine. May contain white spruce, white
birch, balsam fir, and red maple. Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of
balsam fir, red maple, and eastern white pine. Shrub and herb moderately poor. Ground
surface mostly conifer litter, feathermoss, and lichen. Substrate sandy. Mostly > 15 cm deep
and dry (MR = , 0 or 1).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Tall treed (>10 m) and low treed ( 10 m) ecosites common. Canopy closure variable. Low
treed condition often indicative of younger trees. Ecosite is mostly conifer (>50% relative
cover). Eastern white and/or red pine 20% absolute cover is diagnostic. Ecosite variable
from pure stands of eastern white and/or red pine to mixed conditions dominated by conifer.
Common understory vegetation includes beaked hazel, low sweet blueberry, bush
honeysuckle, wild lily-of-the-valley, wild sarsaparilla, bracken fern, Schreber's moss, powder
horn lichen, and spiky dicranum. Often contains Central v-types V29, V31, V32, and V30; NE
v-types V6, V18, V7, and V8.
Pinus strobus, P. resinosa, Picea glauca, Betula papyrifera, Abies balsamea, Acer
Trees
rubrum, Populus tremuloides, P. grandidentata
Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Vaccinium angustifolium, Diervilla lonicera, Linnaea
Shrubs borealis ssp. longiflora, Lonicera canadensis, Gaultheria procumbens, Vaccinium
myrtilloides
Vascular Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Aralia nudicaulis, Pteridium aquilinum,
Herbaceous Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Eurybia macrophyllus, Oryzopsis asperifolia
Pleurozium schreberi, Cladonia coniocraea, Dicranum flagellare, Ptilidium

Non-vascular
pulcherrimum, Dicranum polysetum
66 2015-02-26 66
G033Tt/Tl Dry, Sandy: Red Pine - White Pine Conifer
Ecology
susceptible to drought. Presence of lichen increases as canopy becomes open. Feathermoss
abundance increases and shrub and herb diversity decreases with canopy closure. Under red
pine dominated stands, shrub and herb sparse with abundant conifer litter. In young or dense
plantations with significant site disturbance, the understory composition may vary.
Maintenance of structure and composition associated with low to moderate intensity fire. In the
absence of fire this ecosite will succeed to spruce and balsam fir near the northern boundaries
of 4E and tolerant mixed hardwood in the southern portion of 4E and throughout 5E.
4E-5, and 5E. Present but limited abundance in northern portions of 4E. Generally associated
with flat to rolling glaciofluvial material found in large river valleys throughout the range. Can
also occur on morainal, glaciolacustrine, lacustrine, alluvial, or eolian deposits. Typically non-
calcareous. Wide variety of associated vegetation including eastern white cedar, yellow birch,
red maple, basswood, and red oak in the southern portion of 4E and throughout 5E. Boreal
Edaphic Variability
Typically low in nutrient and moisture availability. Moderately deep to deep substrate. Depth of
coarse morainal deposits variable. Often on level, low, and middle slopes. Increased species
substrates in depressions or lower slope positions. Xeric vegetation such as lichens and
serviceberries, as well as decreased shrub and herb diversity may occur on shallow to
moderately deep substrates and very coarse sands.
Related Ecosites
048
Moister
048, 081, 097

N/A 033 Finer textured
011
Shallower
67 2015-02-26 67
Dry, Sandy: Jack Pine Black Spruce Dominated G034Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting of jack pine and/or black spruce. May contain white birch, trembling
aspen and balsam fir. Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir,
black spruce, and red maple. Shrubs moderately poor, typically abundant ericaceous shrubs.
Herb poor. Ground surface mostly conifer litter, feathermoss, and lichen. Substrate sandy.
Mostly > 15 cm deep and dry (MR = , 0 or 1).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
treed condition often indicative of younger trees. Jack pine and/or black spruce and/or white
birch 90% and white birch 20%. Ecosite variable from pure stands of jack pine and/or
black spruce to a mixed condition with both. Common understory vegetation includes velvet-
leaf blueberry, low sweet blueberry, twinflower, wild lily-of-the-valley, bunchberry, bracken
fern, Schreber's moss, wavy-leaved moss, and powder horn lichen. Often contains Central v-
types V39, V40, V30, V33, and V24; and NE v-types V21, V17, V18, V20, V16, and V15.
Trees Pinus banksiana, Picea mariana, Betula papyrifera, Populus tremuloides, Picea glauca
Vaccinium myrtilloides, V. angustifolium, Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora, Diervilla

Shrubs lonicera, Gaultheria procumbens, Epigaea repens, Gaultheria hispidula, Amelanchier
sanguinea
Vascular Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Cornus canadensis, Pteridium aquilinum,
Herbaceous Aralia nudicaulis, Clintonia borealis, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis
Non-vascular Pleurozium schreberi, Dicranum polysetum, Cladina rangiferina, Cladonia coniocraea
68 2015-02-26 68
G034Tt/Tl Dry, Sandy: Jack Pine Black Spruce Dominated
Ecology
abundance increases and shrub and herb diversity decreases with canopy closure. In young
or dense plantations with significant site disturbance, the understory composition may vary.
Maintenance of structure and composition associated with moderate to high intensity fire. High
intensity fire in jack pine dominated communities, produce even aged, nearly pure stands of
jack pine. In black spruce communities high intensity fire permits the quick re-establishment of
black spruce along with pines and hardwood species such as white birch and aspen. In the
absence of fire this ecosite will succeed to spruce and balsam fir or mixed wood ecosites near
the northern boundaries of 4E and tolerant mixed hardwood in the southern portion of 4E
Widespread across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range. More common and abundant in 4E and
northern portions of 5E. Generally associated with flat to rolling glaciofluvial material found in
large river valleys throughout the range. Can also occur on morainal, glaciolacustrine,
lacustrine, alluvial, or eolian deposits. Typically non-calcareous. Wide variety of associated
vegetation including yellow birch, red maple, basswood, and red oak in the southern portion of
4E and throughout 5E. Boreal hardwoods, trembling aspen and white birch, more common in
the northern portion of 4E.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
049
Moister
049, 082, 098

Finer textured
N/A 034
035
Increased diversity
012
Shallower
69 2015-02-26 69
Dry, Sandy: Pine - Black Spruce Conifer G035Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting of pine and black spruce. Jack pine typically present in the main
canopy, but may include components of eastern white pine, red pine, and Scotch pine. May
contain trembling aspen, white birch, balsam fir, white spruce, and eastern white pine.
Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, black spruce, red maple,
and eastern white pine. Shrub moderately poor. Herb poor. Ground surface mostly conifer
litter, feathermoss, and other mosses. Substrate sandy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and dry (MR =
, 0 or 1).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
treed condition often indicative of younger trees. Pine species and/or black spruce compose >
low sweet blueberry, bush honeysuckle, twinflower, wild lily-of-the-valley, bunchberry, wild
sarsaparilla, Schreber's moss, wavy-leaved moss, and curly heron's-bill moss. Often contains
Central v-types V24, V39, and V40; NE v-types V8, V20, V7, V13, V17, and V22.
Pinus banksiana, (P. resinosa, P. sylvestris), Populus tremuloides, Picea mariana,

Trees
Betula papyrifera, Abies balsamea, Picea glauca, Pinus strobus
Vaccinium angustifolium, Diervilla lonicera, Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora, Vaccinium

Shrubs
myrtilloides, Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Gaultheria hispidula
Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Cornus canadensis, Aralia nudicaulis,
Vascular
Clintonia borealis ssp. borealis, Coptis trifolia, Pteridium aquilinum, Trientalis borealis
Herbaceous
ssp. borealis
Pleurozium schreberi, Dicranum polysetum, D. fuscescens var. fuscescens, Ptilidium
Non-vascular
pulcherrimum
70 2015-02-26 70
G035Tt/Tl Dry, Sandy: Pine - Black Spruce Conifer
Ecology
Maintenance of structure and composition associated with moderate to high intensity fire. In
the absence of fire this ecosite will succeed to spruce and balsam fir or mixed wood ecosites
near the northern boundaries of 4E and tolerant mixed hardwood in the southern portion of 4E
and throughout 5E.
Widespread across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range. More common and abundant in 4E and
northern portions of 5E. Generally associated with flat to rolling glaciofluvial material found in
large river valleys throughout the range. Can also occur on morainal, glaciolacustrine,
lacustrine, alluvial, or eolian deposits. Typically non-calcareous. Wide variety of associated
4E and throughout 5E. Boreal hardwoods, trembling aspen and white birch, more common in
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
050
Moister
034
050, 083, 099
Decreased diversity; 035 Finer textured
near pure Sb/Pj
012
Shallower
71 2015-02-26 71
Dry, Sandy: Hemlock Cedar Conifer G036Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting of eastern hemlock and eastern white cedar. May contain yellow
birch, white birch, balsam fir, eastern white pine, red maple, white spruce, and sugar maple.
Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, eastern hemlock, eastern
white cedar, and red maple. Shrub and herb moderately poor. Ground surface mostly conifer
litter, deciduous litter, feathermoss, other mosses, and lichen. Substrate sandy. Mostly > 15
cm deep and dry (MR = , 0 or 1).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Tall treed (> 10 m) and low treed ( 10 m) ecosites common. Canopy closure variable. Low
treed condition often indicative of younger trees. Eastern hemlock and/or eastern white cedar
vegetation includes fly honeysuckle, mountain maple, striped maple, starflower, spinulose
wood fern, wild lily-of-the-valley, woodsy mnium moss, powder horn lichen, and spiky
dicranum moss. Often contains Central v-types V19, V17, V15, V18, V21, and V37; NE v-
types V14 and V16.
Tsuga canadensis, Thuja occidentalis, Betula alleghaniensis, B. papyrifera, Abies
Trees
balsamea, Pinus strobus, Acer rubrum, Picea glauca, Acer saccharum var. saccharum
Lonicera canadensis, Acer spicatum, A. pensylvanicum, Linnaea borealis ssp.

Shrubs
longiflora, Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Gaultheria procumbens
Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Dryopteris carthusiana, Maianthemum canadense ssp.
Vascular
canadense, Clintonia borealis, Aralia nudicaulis, Coptis trifolia, Cornus canadensis,
Herbaceous
Streptopus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus
Plagiothecium laetum, Cladonia coniocraea, Dicranum flagellare, Bazzania trilobata
Non-vascular
var. trilobata
72 2015-02-26 72
G036Tt/Tl Dry, Sandy: Hemlock Cedar Conifer
Ecology
abundance increases and shrub and herb diversity decreases with canopy closure. This
ecosite generally represents a late seral stage. Cedar and hemlock are susceptible to fire
disturbance. Without the influence of fire, the vegetation will not likely succeed to another
ecosite. Ecosite will persist due to shade tolerance of seedlings.
Generally associated with flat to rolling glaciofluvial material found in large river valleys
throughout the range. Can also occur on morainal, glaciolacustrine, lacustrine, alluvial, or
eolian deposits. Typically non-calcareous. The ecosite transitions from eastern white cedar
dominated stands in the northern portion (4E) of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range to
eastern white cedar/eastern hemlock stands in the south (5E). Pure stands of eastern
hemlock restricted to cool moist slopes. Eastern red cedar may occur in 5E-7. Common tree
associates in 4E include white birch, white pine, and balsam fir. Yellow birch and sugar maple
are more common tree associates with eastern hemlock in 5E and transitioning into 6E.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
051
Moister
051, 084, 100

013
Shallower
73 2015-02-26 73
Dry, Sandy: Spruce - Fir Conifer G037Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting of spruce and balsam fir. White spruce and balsam fir typically
present in the main canopy, but may include black spruce and red spruce. May contain white
birch, trembling aspen, yellow birch, and eastern white cedar. Understory tree species
consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, white spruce, and red maple. Shrub and herb
moderately poor. Ground surface mostly conifer litter and broadleaf litter, and mosses.
Substrate sandy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and dry (MR = , 0 or 1).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
treed condition often indicative of younger trees. Spruce species and/or balsam fir compose >
mountain maple, bush honeysuckle, beaked hazel, wild lily-of-the-valley, bluebead-lily,
bunchberry, powder horn lichen, woodsy mnium moss, and Schreber's moss. Often contains
Central v-types V26 and V37; NE v-types V8, V7, V1, V2, V14-16, and V19.
Picea glauca, (P. rubens), Abies balsamea, Betula papyrifera, Populus tremuloides,
Trees Betula alleghaniensis, Thuja occidentalis, Prunus serotina ssp. serotina, Acer rubrum,
Pinus banksiana, Populus grandidentata, Pinus strobus, Picea mariana
Acer spicatum, Diervilla lonicera, Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Vaccinium
Shrubs angustifolium, Lonicera canadensis, Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora, Vaccinium
myrtilloides
Vascular Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Clintonia borealis, Cornus canadensis,
Herbaceous Aralia nudicaulis, Dryopteris carthusiana, Coptis trifolia, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis
Cladonia coniocraea, Plagiothecium laetum, Pleurozium schreberi, Callicladium

Non-vascular
haldanianum, Dicranum polysetum
74 2015-02-26 74
G037Tt/Tl Dry, Sandy: Spruce - Fir Conifer
Ecology
This ecosite generally represents a mid to late seral stage. Maintenance of structure and
composition generally associated with low to moderate intensity fire, however in the absence
of fire, the vegetation will not likely succeed to another ecosite.
landscape as you move further north. Generally associated with flat to rolling glaciofluvial
glaciolacustrine, lacustrine, alluvial, or eolian deposits. Typically non-calcareous. More
commonly found in the Maritime provinces, red spruce reaches its westerly limit in Ontario.
Red spruce can be found in rare instances as pure or mixed stands in 5E-5, 5E-6, 5E-9, and
5E-10. Common tree associates in 4E include white birch, red maple, and trembling aspen.
Yellow birch, black cherry, and sugar maple are more common tree associates in 5E and
transitioning into 6E.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
052
Moister
052, 085, 101

014
Shallower
75 2015-02-26 75
Dry, Sandy: Conifer G038Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting of a mixture of black spruce, balsam fir, eastern white cedar, white
spruce, white birch, trembling aspen, red maple, sugar maple, and yellow birch. Stand
composition highly variable. Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of balsam
fir, red maple, and eastern white cedar. Shrub and herb poor. Ground surface mostly conifer
and broadleaf litter with occurrences of mosses. Substrate sandy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and
dry (MR = , 0 or 1).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
treed condition often consisting of dense, younger trees. Ecosite composed of a combination
of conifer species where the combined total relative coverage is > 50% in the main canopy.
Common understory vegetation includes velvet-leaf blueberry, wintergreen, beaked hazel, wild
lily-of-the-valley, bluebead-lily, starflower, and powder horn lichen. Often contains Central v-
types V24 and V26; NE v-types V7, V1, V2, V14-16, and V22..
Picea mariana, Abies balsamea, Thuja occidentalis, Picea glauca, Betula papyrifera,
Trees Populus tremuloides, Acer rubrum, A. saccharum var. saccharum, Betula
alleghaniensis
Vaccinium myrtilloides, Gaultheria procumbens, Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta,
Shrubs
Vaccinium angustifolium, Lonicera canadensis, Diervilla lonicera
Vascular Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Clintonia borealis, Trientalis borealis ssp.
Herbaceous borealis, Cornus canadensis, Aralia nudicaulis
Non-vascular Cladonia coniocraea, Plagiothecium laetum, Dicranum flagellare, Cladonia chlorophaea
76 2015-02-26 76
G038Tt/Tl Dry, Sandy: Conifer
Ecology
abundance increases and shrub and herb diversity decreases with canopy closure.
Maintenance of structure and composition associated with low to moderate intensity fire or
repeated human disturbance (e.g., agricultural clearing, partial harvesting). Mixed species
compositions are generally stable and can persist with non stand replacing disturbances, such
as wind and insect damage.
glaciolacustrine, lacustrine, alluvial, or eolian deposits. Typically non-calcareous. Wide variety
of associated vegetation including eastern white cedar, yellow birch, red maple, basswood,
and red oak in the southern portion of 4E and throughout 5E. Boreal hardwoods, trembling
aspen and white birch, more common in the northern portion of 4E. Red spruce likely in 5E-5,
5E-6, 5E-9, or 5E-10. Boreal hardwoods, trembling aspen and white birch, more common in
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
053
Moister
053, 086, 102

014
Shallower
77 2015-02-26 77
Dry, Sandy: Red Pine - White Pine Mixedwood G039Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
contain trembling aspen, white birch, red maple, balsam fir, and large-tooth aspen.
Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of red maple, sugar maple, balsam fir,
and white birch. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter.
Substrate sandy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and dry (MR = , 0 or 1).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
treed condition often indicative of younger trees. Hardwood species with a relative cover >
50% and eastern white and/or red pine with an absolute cover > 20% are diagnostic of this
ecosite. Hardwood component variable from pure stands to a mixed condition. Common
understory vegetation includes mountain maple, beaked hazel, low sweet blueberry, fly
honeysuckle, starflower, wild lily-of-the-valley, bracken fern, bluebead-lily, large-leaved aster,
and powder horn lichen. May contain Central v-types V25, V28, V29, V27, V23, and V34; NE
v-types V2, V1, V4, and V6.
Pinus strobus, (P. resinosa), Populus tremuloides, Betula papyrifera, Acer rubrum,
Trees
Abies balsamea, Populus grandidentata, Picea glauca
Acer spicatum, Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Vaccinium angustifolium, Lonicera

Shrubs
canadensis, Diervilla lonicera
Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Pteridium
Vascular
aquilinum, Clintonia borealis, Eurybia macrophyllus, Streptopus lanceolatus ssp.
Herbaceous
lanceolatus, Cornus canadensis
Cladonia coniocraea, Ptilidium pulcherrimum, Pleurozium schreberi, Dicranum
Non-vascular
flagellare
78 2015-02-26 78
G039Tt/Tl Dry, Sandy: Red Pine - White Pine Mixedwood
Ecology
Substrate has a low nutrient and moisture holding capacity. The texture facilitates very rapid
to rapid drainage and may limit species diversity, abundance, and growth potential. Ecosite is
abundance and shrub and herb diversity decreases with increasing canopy closure.
Maintenance of structure and composition associated with low to moderate intensity fire. Pine
residuals are often reflective of past partial harvesting activity. In the absence of fire this
ecosite will succeed through gap dynamic processes to an ecosite that favours shade-tolerant
species. Inclusions of eastern white pine and/or red pine may persist for many decades.
4E-5, and 5E. Present in 4E-1 and 4E-3. Generally associated with flat to rolling glaciofluvial
glaciolacustrine, lacustrine, alluvial, or eolian deposits. Typically non-calcareous. Wide variety
of associated vegetation including sugar maple, basswood, and ironwood in the southern
portion of 4E throughout 5E. Boreal hardwoods, trembling aspen and white birch, more
common in the northern portion of 4E.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
054
Moister
054, 087, 103

015
Shallower
79 2015-02-26 79
Dry, Sandy: Aspen Birch Hardwood G040Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
maple, balsam fir, and red maple. Understory tree species consisting of moderate to high
levels of balsam fir, red maple, sugar maple, and trembling aspen. Shrub and herb moderately
rich. Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter. Substrate sandy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and dry
(MR = , 0 or 1).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
treed condition often indicative of younger trees. Aspen and/or birch species compose > 50%
of the hardwood tree species in the main canopy. Ecosite variable from dominant stands of
hazel, mountain maple, fly honeysuckle, bluebead-lily, wild sarsaparilla, bracken fern, powder
horn lichen, and glossy moss. May contain Central v-types V25, V12, V23, V28, V14, V20-
V22, and V24; NE v-types V8, V7, V4, V6, V12, and V5.
Betula papyrifera, (B. alleghaniensis), Populus tremuloides, (P. grandidentata), Acer
Trees
saccharum var. saccharum, Abies balsamea, Acer rubrum, Picea glauca
Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Acer spicatum, Lonicera canadensis, Diervilla lonicera,
Shrubs
Acer pensylvanicum, Vaccinium angustifolium, V. myrtilloides, Amelanchier spp.
Vascular Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Aralia
Herbaceous nudicaulis, Eurybia macrophyllus, Clintonia borealis, Pteridium aquilinum
Cladonia coniocraea, Plagiothecium laetum, Ptilidium pulcherrimum, Dicranum

Non-vascular
flagellare, Cladonia chlorophaea
80 2015-02-26 80
G040Tt/Tl Dry, Sandy: Aspen Birch Hardwood
Ecology
abundance and shrub and herb diversity decreases with increasing canopy closure. A major
disturbance (e.g., fire, partially harvesting, agriculture abandonment) is required to maintain
this ecosite. Aspen and/or birch regeneration after disturbance is quick through root suckering
or seeding from adjacent stands often resulting in an even-aged overstory. In the absence of
disturbance, the ecosite will likely succeed to a mixedwood.
glaciolacustrine, lacustrine, alluvial, or eolian deposits. Typically non-calcareous. The ecosite
transitions from trembling aspen and white birch dominated stands in the northern portion (4E)
of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range to yellow birch and large-tooth/trembling aspen stands
in the south (5E).
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
055
Moister
055, 088, 104

016
Shallower
81 2015-02-26 81
Dry, Sandy: Oak Hardwood G041Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
canopy, but may include bur oak. May contain sugar maple, white ash, American beech,
ironwood, red maple, and trembling aspen. Understory consisting of high levels of sugar
maple, ironwood, balsam fir, and red oak. Shrub poor. Herb moderately poor. Ground surface
mostly broadleaf litter. Substrate sandy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and dry (MR = , 0 or 1).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
treed condition often indicative of younger trees. Oak species compose > 50% of the
hardwood tree species in the main canopy. Common understory vegetation includes fly
honeysuckle, striped maple, twinflower, wild lily-of-the-valley, white-grained mountain-rice,
wild sarsaparilla, and powder horn lichen. Often contains Central v-types V5, V3, and V6.
Quercus rubra, (Q. alba, Q. macrocarpa), Acer saccharum var. saccharum, Fraxinus
Trees americana, Fagus grandifolia, Ostrya virginiana, Acer rubrum, Populus tremuloides, P.
grandidentata
Lonicera canadensis, Acer pensylvanicum, Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora, Corylus
Shrubs
cornuta ssp. cornuta
Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Oryzopsis asperifolia, Aralia nudicaulis,
Vascular
Eurybia macrophyllus, Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum, Dryopteris
Herbaceous
carthusiana
Cladonia coniocraea, Dicranum flagellare, Callicladium haldanianum, Dicranum
Non-vascular
montanum
82 2015-02-26 82
G041Tt/Tl Dry, Sandy: Oak Hardwood
Ecology
Maintenance of structure and composition associated with low to moderate intensity fire. In the
absence of fire gap dynamics will transform this ecosite to favour shade tolerant species
resulting in an uneven aged forest.
Widespread and common through 5E, climatically limited to southern portions of 4E across
Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range. Generally associated with flat to rolling glaciofluvial material
found in large river valleys throughout the range. Can also occur on morainal, glaciolacustrine,
lacustrine, alluvial, or eolian deposits. Typically non-calcareous. Red oak dominated forest
found throughout the range. Bur oak is uncommon and limited to 5E. Occurrences of white
oak begin in the extreme southern portions of 5E and become more prevalent as you move
further south. Associated tree species American basswood, large-tooth aspen, and ironwood
are more frequent in 5E. Boreal hardwoods, trembling aspen and white birch, more common
in the northern portion of 4E.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
057
Moister
057, 090, 106

N/A 041 Fine textured
017
Shallower
83 2015-02-26 83
Dry, Sandy: Maple Hardwood G042Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
the main canopy. May contain yellow birch, red oak, ironwood, and eastern hemlock.
Understory tree species consisting of high levels of sugar maple, balsam fir, red maple and
red oak. Shrub poor. Herb moderately poor. Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter, lichens,
and feathermoss. Substrate sandy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and dry (MR = , 0 or 1).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
treed condition often indicative of younger trees. Maple species compose > 50% of the
hardwood tree species in the main canopy. Common understory vegetation includes beaked
hazel, striped maple, fly honeysuckle, spinulose wood fern, wild sarsaparilla, twinflower,
powder horn lichen, and Brachythecium species. May contain Central v-types V1-5, V10, V11,
and V14-17; NE v-types V2-V4, and V6-V8.
Acer saccharum var. saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, Acer rubrum, Quercus rubra,
Trees Ostrya virginiana, Tsuga canadensis, Fraxinus americana, Picea glauca, Populus
tremuloides, Tilia americana, Abies balsamea
Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Acer pensylvanicum, Lonicera canadensis, Acer
Shrubs
spicatum, Taxus canadensis
Dryopteris carthusiana, Aralia nudicaulis, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Streptopus
Vascular
lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Polygonatum
Herbaceous
pubescens
Cladonia coniocraea, Brachythecium reflexum var. reflexum, B. salebrosum var.
Non-vascular
salebrosum, Callicladium haldanianum, Plagiothecium laetum
84 2015-02-26 84
G042Tt/Tl Dry, Sandy: Maple Hardwood
Ecology
abundance and shrub and herb diversity decreases with increasing canopy closure. Without
the influence of fire, the vegetation will not likely succeed to another ecosite. Lack of fire
favours sugar maple and American beech, shade tolerant species will become more
prominent.
Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range. Generally associated with flat to rolling glaciofluvial material
found in large river valleys throughout the range. Can also occur on morainal, glaciolacustrine,
lacustrine, alluvial, or eolian deposits. Typically non-calcareous. Red maple dominated forests
found throughout the range. Sugar maple dominated forests are more likely in southern 4E
and 5E. Associated tree species yellow birch, American basswood, American beech, balsam
fir, and ironwood are more frequent in 5E. Red oak, white birch, balsam fir, and eastern white
pine likely throughout 4E.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
058
Moister
058, 091, 107

018
Shallower
85 2015-02-26 85
Dry, Sandy: Mixedwood G043Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
basswood, red oak, white birch, red maple, ironwood, and yellow birch. Stand composition is
highly variable. Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of sugar maple, balsam
fir, ironwood, and red oak. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly broadleaf
litter. Substrate sandy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and dry (MR = , 0 or 1).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
50%. Common understory vegetation includes striped maple, mountain maple, beaked hazel,
fly honeysuckle, starflower, wild lily-of-the-valley, wild sarsaparilla, large-leaved aster, and
reflexed Brachythecium moss. May contain Central v-types V1, V4, V12, V3, and V5; NE v-
types V1, V2, V4, V6-V8, and V15.
Acer saccharum var. saccharum, Quercus rubra, Ostrya virginiana, Tilia americana,
Trees Fraxinus americana, Populus grandidentata, Abies balsamea, Betula papyrifera, B.
alleghaniensis, Ulmus americana
Acer pensylvanicum, A. spicatum, Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Lonicera canadensis,
Shrubs
Dirca palustris
Vascular Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Aralia
Herbaceous nudicaulis, Eurybia macrophyllus, Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum
Brachythecium reflexum var. reflexum, Cladonia coniocraea, C. chlorophaea,

Non-vascular
Callicladium haldanianum
86 2015-02-26 86
G043Tt/Tl Dry, Sandy: Mixedwood
Ecology
Maintenance of structure and composition associated with low to moderate intensity fire or
repeated human disturbance (e.g., agricultural clearing, partial harvesting). Mixed species
compositions are generally stable and can persist with non stand replacing disturbances, such
as wind and insect damage.
Widespread and common across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range. More abundant as you
move further south. Generally associated with flat to rolling glaciofluvial material found in large
river valleys throughout the range. Can also occur on morainal, glaciolacustrine, lacustrine,
alluvial, or eolian deposits. Typically non-calcareous. Mixed forest that may contain yellow
birch, American basswood, American beech, sugar maple, balsam fir and ironwood is more
frequent in 5E. Mixed forests of red oak, red maple, sugar maple, white birch, balsam fir, and
eastern white pine occur throughout 4E.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
059
Moister
059, 092, 108

019
Shallower
87 2015-02-26 87
Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Field G044N
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Substrate sandy to coarse loamy. Deep (> 15 cm) and dry to fresh (MR = 2 or 3 if sandy; MR
3, if coarse loamy).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
exceed 10% absolute cover. Common agricultural plants include rye and barley. In addition a
variable composition of early succession vascular plants including common yarrow, orchard
grass, and common St. Johns-wort can be found in grazed areas. Due to the continuous
human alteration of the site lichens and mosses are limited.
Secale cereale, Hordeum vulgare, Achillea millefolium, Dactylis glomerata, Hypericum
Vascular perforatum ssp. perforatum, Elymus repens, Trifolium pratense, Phleum pratense ssp.
Herbaceous pratense, Poa pratensis ssp. pratensis, Bromus inermis, Festuca trachyphylla, Erigeron
canadensis, Hieracium spp., Lotus corniculatus
88 2015-02-26 88
G044N Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Field
Ecology
Substrate has a low nutrient and moisture holding capacity. A distinctive plow layer (Ap) may
be present on sites that have been plowed, this layer is absent or less well developed on
pasture sites. The texture facilitates rapid to moderately well drainage and may limit species
diversity, abundance, and growth potential. Ecosite is susceptible to drought. Maintenance of
structure and composition associated with continuous human disturbance (e.g., agricultural
practices, heavy grazing). In the absence of disturbance this ecosite will succeed to a meadow
(G045).
4E-5, and 5E. Present but limited abundance in northern portions of 4E. Generally flat to
rolling morainal deposits with occurrences of glaciofluvial material found in large river valleys
throughout the range. Rugged bedrock controlled topography occurs in 5E-1, 5E-3, 5E-5, and
5E-13. Typically non-calcareous.
Edaphic Variability
Typically uniform in nutrient availability with variable moisture due to inconsistency of
substrate depth over bedrock. Generally moderately deep to deep substrate. Depth of coarse
morainal deposits variable which may result in bedrock controlled wetlands. Abundant
stoniness in morainal deposits is common. Often on upper, middle, or lower slopes positions.
Increased species diversity likely over base-rich bedrock or inclusions of fine textured or
moister materials. Vegetation adapted to xeric conditions such as lichens and serviceberries,
as well as decreased shrub and herb diversity likely on exposed bedrock or very shallow
substrates. Microtopography generally smooth where ploughing has occurred. Tramping and
bare patches may occur in heavily grazed fields as well as areas of unpalatable species (e.g.,
bracken fern, wool grass) may be present.
Related Ecosites
060
Moister
077, 093
Finer textured
029
Coarser textured
044 045, 046, 047
No evidence of
029
Drier
89 2015-02-26 89
Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Meadow G045N
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Ground surface mostly herbaceous litter and mineral material. Substrate sandy to coarse
loamy. Deep (> 15 cm) and dry to fresh (MR = 2 or 3 if sandy; MR 3, if coarse loamy).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
dependant on time since abandonment. Tree and shrub species when present include
trembling aspen, white birch, serviceberries, and upland willow. Herbaceous species may
include timothy, awnless brome, and ox-eyed daisy. Non-vascular species may include
Trees Populus tremuloides, Betula papyrifera, Pinus banksiana, Prunus pensylvanica
Shrubs Amelanchier spp., Salix humilis
Phleum pratense ssp. pratense, Bromus inermis, Leucanthemum vulgare, Tragopogon

Vascular
pratensis ssp. pratensis, Silene vulgaris, Vicia cracca, Ranunculus acris, Rumex
Herbaceous
acetosella ssp. acetosella, Achillea millefolium, Hieracium spp., Solidago spp.
90 2015-02-26 90
G045N Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Meadow
Ecology
Substrate has a low nutrient and moisture holding capacity. The texture facilitates rapid to
moderately well drainage and may limit species diversity, abundance, and growth potential.
May originate from agriculture (e.g., crop or pasture) abandonment, silvicultural practices, fire,
or selective removal of woody material (e.g., hydro or gas corridors). Depending on time from
abandonment the characteristic species may be a mix of native and introduced species (early
abandonment) or predominately native species (later abandonment). Grass species that
typically dominate newly abandoned fields are replaced by forb species as the meadow ages.
A distinctive plow layer (Ap) may be present. Maintenance of structure and composition
associated with low to moderate intensity disturbance (e.g., fire, grazing, vegetation control).
In the absence of disturbance this ecosite will succeed to a sparse shrub (G046).
Edaphic Variability
Tree and shrub species often restricted to moister areas. Increased species diversity likely
over base-rich bedrock or inclusions of fine textured or moister materials. Vegetation adapted
to xeric conditions such as lichens and serviceberries, as well as decreased shrub and herb
diversity likely on exposed bedrock or very shallow substrates.
Related Ecosites
061
Moister
030
078, 094
Coarser textured
Finer textured
044
045
046, 047
Evidence of agriculture
or continuous plowing
008
Shallower
030
Drier
91 2015-02-26 91
Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Sparse Shrub G046S
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Tall and/or short shrub. Tree poor. Herb moderately poor. Ground surface mostly herbaceous
litter and mineral material. Substrate sandy to coarse loamy. Deep (> 15 cm) and dry to fresh
(MR = 2 or 3 if sandy; MR 3, if coarse loamy).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
species include white birch and jack pine. Shrub species may include serviceberries, upland
willow, and sweet fern. Common herbaceous plants include timothy grass, smooth brome, and
ox-eyed daisy. Lichen and moss cover may include haircap mosses and fire moss.
Betula papyrifera, Pinus banksiana, Populus tremuloides, Pinus strobus, Pinus

Trees
resinosa, Quercus rubra, Prunus pensylvancia, Populus grandidentata
Amelanchier spp., Salix humilis, Comptonia peregrina, Vaccinium spp., Alnus incana
Shrubs
ssp. rugosa, Diervilla lonicera, Rosa acicularis ssp. sayi, Rubus spp.
Vascular
Herbaceous
92 2015-02-26 92
G046S Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Sparse Shrub
Ecology
Ecosite is susceptible to drought. Often found in areas that were once open; either old fields or
Edaphic Variability
substrates.
Related Ecosites
062
Moister
031 079, 095

Coarser textured Finer textured
046
044, 045 047
Shrub cover 10% Shrub cover > 25%
009
Shallower
031
Drier
93 2015-02-26 93
Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Shrub G047S
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Tall and/or short shrub. Tree poor. Herb moderately poor. Ground surface mostly conifer and
broadleaf litter, lichen, and moss. Substrate sandy to coarse loamy. Deep (> 15 cm) and dry to
fresh (MR = 2 or 3 if sandy; MR 3, if coarse loamy).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Shrub closure variable. Absolute cover of all shrub species 25%. Scattered small, open-
species include jack pine and eastern white pine. Shrub species may include serviceberries,
upland willow, and sweet fern. Common herbaceous plants include poverty oat grass,
quackgrass, and evening primrose. Lichen and moss cover may include haircap mosses and
fire moss.
Pinus banksiana, P. strobus, Quercus rubra, Q. alba, Pinus resinosa, Betula papyrifera,
Trees
Prunus pensylvanica
Amelanchier spp., Salix humilis, Comptonia peregrina, Vaccinium spp., Alnus incana
Shrubs
ssp. rugosa, Diervilla lonicera, Rosa acicularis ssp. sayi, Rubus spp.
Vascular
Herbaceous
94 2015-02-26 94
G047S Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Shrub
Ecology
Ecosite is susceptible to drought. Often found in areas that were once open; either old fields or
intensity fire. Ecosite can persist in current state for extended periods of time or in the absence
of disturbance this ecosite will succeed to a treed system.
Edaphic Variability
substrates.
Related Ecosites
063
Moister
032
Coarser textured
079, 095
047 Finer textured
044, 045, 046
Shrub cover 25%
010
Shallower
032
Drier
95 2015-02-26 95
Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Red Pine - White Pine Conifer G048Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting of eastern white and red pine. May contain white spruce, white
birch, balsam fir, large-tooth aspen, red maple, and trembling aspen. Understory tree species
consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, red maple, and eastern white pine. Shrub
moderately poor. Herb poor. Ground surface mostly conifer litter with occurrences of
feathermoss and variable stones. Substrate sandy to coarse loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and
dry to fresh (MR = 2 or 3, if sandy; MR 3, if coarse loamy).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Tall treed (> 10 m) and low treed ( 10 m) ecosites common. Canopy closure generally
closed. Low treed condition often indicative of younger trees. Ecosite is mostly conifer (> 50%
relative cover). Eastern white and/or red pine 20% absolute cover is diagnostic. Ecosite
variable from dominant stands of eastern white and/or red pine to mixed conditions dominated
by conifers. Common understory vegetation includes low sweet blueberry, beaked hazel, bush
honeysuckle, wild lily-of-the-valley, bracken fern, wild sarsaparilla, and Schreber's moss. May
contains Central v-types V29, V31, V30, V32, V25, V28, V27, and V40; NE v-type V6.
Pinus strobus, P. resinosa, Picea glauca, Betula papyrifera, Abies balsamea, Populus
Trees
grandidentata, Acer rubrum, Populus tremuloides
Vaccinium angustifolium, Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Diervilla lonicera, Gaultheria
Shrubs procumbens, Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora, Vaccinium myrtilloides, Lonicera
canadensis
Herbaceous Eurybia macrophyllus, Cornus canadensis
Non-vascular Pleurozium schreberi, Dicranum polysetum, Cladina rangiferina
96 2015-02-26 96
G048Tt/Tl Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Red Pine - White Pine Conifer
Ecology
Substrate has a low nutrient and moisture holding capacity resulting in decreased growth
rates and low vegetation diversity. Limitations to tree growth can also be the result of high
coarse fragment concentrations in morainal deposits. Presence of lichen increases as canopy
becomes open. Feathermoss abundance increase and shrub and herb diversity decreases
with canopy closure. Under red pine dominated stands, shrub and herb sparse with abundant
conifer litter. In young or dense plantations with significant site disturbance, the understory
composition may vary. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with low to
moderate intensity fire. In the absence of fire this ecosite will succeed to a spruce and balsam
fir or mixedwood ecosite near the northern boundaries of 4E and tolerant mixed hardwood in
the southern portion of 4E and throughout 5E.
5E-13. Typically non-calcareous. Wide variety of associated vegetation including eastern
white cedar, yellow birch, red maple, basswood, and red oak in the southern portion of 4E
and throughout 5E. Boreal hardwoods, trembling aspen and white birch, more common in the
northern portion of 4E.
Edaphic Variability
moister materials. Xeric vegetation such as lichens and serviceberries, as well as decreased
shrub and herb diversity likely on exposed bedrock or very shallow substrates.
Related Ecosites
064, 113
Moister
033 081, 097, 113

Coarser textured 048 Finer textured
011
Shallower
033
Drier
97 2015-02-26 97
Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Jack Pine - Black Spruce Dominated G049Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy dominated by jack pine and black spruce. May contain white birch, balsam fir,
red pine, eastern white pine, and trembling aspen. Understory tree species consisting of high
levels of black spruce, balsam fir, and white birch. Shrub moderately poor, ericaceous shrubs
typically abundant. Herb poor. Ground surface mostly conifer litter with occurrences of
dry to fresh (MR = 2 or 3, if sandy; MR 3, if coarse loamy).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
treed condition often consisting of dense, younger trees. Jack pine, black spruce, and/or white
birch compose 90% or more of the tree species but white birch is 20% of tree species cover.
Ecosite variable from pure stands of jack pine and/or black spruce to a mixed condition with
both. Common understory vegetation includes low sweet blueberry, velvet-leaf blueberry,
creeping snowberry, bunchberry, wild lily-of-the-valley, bluebead-lily, and Schreber's moss.
Often contains Central v-types V39, V40, and V33; NE v-types V20, V17, V21, V18, and V8.
Pinus banksiana, Picea mariana, Betula papyrifera, Abies balsamea, Pinus resinosa, P.
Trees
strobus, Populus tremuloides

Shrubs
longiflora, Diervilla lonicera, Epigaea repens
Vascular Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Cornus canadensis, Clintonia borealis,

Herbaceous Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Coptis trifolia
98 2015-02-26 98
G049Tt/Tl Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Jack Pine - Black Spruce Dominated
Ecology
coarse fragment concentrations in morainal deposits. Presence of lichen increases with
increased likelihood of jack pine and more open conditions. Feathermoss abundant under a
closed canopy. In young or dense plantations with significant site disturbance, the understory
composition may vary. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with moderate
to high intensity fire. High intensity fire in jack pine dominated communities, produce even
aged, nearly pure stands of jack pine. In black spruce communities high intensity fire permits
the quick re-establishment of black spruce along with pines and hardwood species such as
white birch and aspen. In the absence of fire this ecosite will succeed to spruce and balsam
fir or mixed wood ecosites near the northern boundaries of 4E and tolerant mixed hardwood
in the southern portion of 4E and throughout 5E.
Widespread across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range. More common and abundant in 4E.
Generally flat to rolling morainal deposits with occurrences of glaciofluvial material found in
large river valleys throughout the range. Rugged bedrock controlled topography occurs in 5E-
1, 5E-3, 5E-5, and 5E-13. Typically non-calcareous. In the northern portion of 4E black
spruce, jack pine, white birch, and balsam fir become more abundant in the overstory and
understory. Associates such as red oak, white pine, and red maple are more abundant in 5E,
and the trend continues southward to 6E.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
065, 114
Moister
082, 098, 114

Finer textured
034
Coarser textured 049
050
Increased diversity
012
Shallower
034
Drier
99 2015-02-26 99
Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Pine - Black Spruce Conifer G050Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
in the main canopy, but may also include eastern white pine, red pine, and scotch pine. May
contain white birch, balsam fir, and red maple. Understory tree species consisting of moderate
levels of black spruce and balsam fir. Shrub moderately poor, ericaceous shrubs abundant.
Herb poor. Ground surface mostly conifer litter with occurrences of feathermoss and variable
stones. Substrate sandy to coarse loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and dry to fresh (MR = 2 or 3,
if sandy; MR 3, if coarse loamy).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
treed condition often consisting of dense, younger trees. Pine species and black spruce
compose > 50% of the tree species in the main canopy. Common understory vegetation
includes low sweet blueberry, velvet-leaf blueberry, creeping snowberry, bunchberry, wild lily-
of-the-valley, bluebead-lily, and Schreber's moss. Often contains Central v-types V24, V30,
V39 and V40; NE v-types V8, V7, V20, V6, V18, V14, and V21.
Picea mariana, Pinus strobus, P. resinosa, (P. sylvestris), Thuja occidentalis, Betula
Trees
papyrifera, Abies balsamea, Acer rubrum

Shrubs
longiflora

Herbaceous Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Coptis trifolia, Pteridium aquilinum
100 2015-02-26 100

G050Tt/Tl Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Pine - Black Spruce Conifer
Ecology
coarse fragment concentrations in morainal deposits. Presence of lichen increases with
increased likelihood of jack pine and more open conditions. Feathermoss abundant under a
closed canopy. In young or dense plantations with significant site disturbance, the understory
composition may vary. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with moderate
to high intensity fire. In the absence of fire this ecosite will succeed to spruce and balsam fir
or mixed wood ecosites near the northern boundaries of 4E and tolerant mixed hardwood in
the southern portion of 4E and throughout 5E.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
065, 114
Moister
035
Coarser textured
083, 099, 114
049 050 Finer textured
Decreased diversity;
near pure Sb/Pj
012
Shallower
035
Drier
101 2015-02-26 101

Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Hemlock - Cedar Conifer G051Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting mostly of eastern white cedar and/or eastern hemlock. May contain
balsam fir, white birch, yellow birch, white spruce, red maple, black spruce, and sugar maple.
Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, eastern hemlock, red
maple, sugar maple, and yellow birch. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly
conifer and broadleaf litter with occurrences of mosses and variable stones. Substrate sandy
to coarse loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and dry to fresh (MR = 2 or 3, if sandy; MR 3, if
coarse loamy).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
treed condition often consisting of dense, younger trees. Eastern white cedar and eastern
hemlock compose >50% of the tree species in the main canopy. Common understory
vegetation includes mountain maple, fly honeysuckle, striped maple, beaked hazel, wild lily-of-
the-valley, spinulose wood fern, wild sarsaparilla, starflower, and Schrebers moss. Often
contains Central v-types V16, V18, V19, V17, V37, and V38; NE v-types V2, V14, and V16.
Tsuga canadensis, Thuja occidentalis, Betula alleghaniensis, B. papyrifera, Abies

Trees
balsamea, Picea glauca
Acer spicatum, Lonicera canadensis, Acer pensylvanicum, Corylus cornuta ssp.

Shrubs
cornuta, Viburnum lantanoides, Gaultheria hispidula
Vascular Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Dryopteris carthusiana, Aralia nudicaulis,

Herbaceous Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Clintonia borealis, Coptis trifolia
Pleurozium schreberi, Bazzania trilobata var. trilobata, Plagiothecium laetum, Cladonia

Non-vascular
coniocraea
102 2015-02-26 102

G051Tt/Tl Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Hemlock - Cedar Conifer
Ecology
Substrate has a low nutrient and moisture holding capacity resulting in decreased growth rates
and low vegetation diversity. Limitations to tree growth can also be the result of high coarse
fragment concentrations in morainal deposits. Presence of lichen increases as canopy
becomes open. Feathermoss abundance increases and shrub and herb diversity decreases
with canopy closure. This ecosite generally represents a late seral stage. Cedar and hemlock
are susceptible to fire disturbance. Without the influence of fire, the vegetation will not likely
succeed to another ecosite. Ecosite will persist due to shade tolerance of seedlings.
1, 5E-3, 5E-5, and 5E-13. Typically non-calcareous. The ecosite transitions from eastern white
cedar dominated stands in the northern portion (4E) of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range to
eastern white cedar/eastern hemlock stands in the south (5E). Pure eastern hemlock
conditions often limited to cool moist slopes. Eastern red cedar may occur in 5E-7. Common
tree associates in 4E include white birch, eastern white pine, and balsam fir. Yellow birch and
sugar maple are more common tree associates with eastern hemlock in 5E and transitioning
into 6E.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
066, 115
Moister
036 084, 100, 115

013
Shallower
036
Drier
103 2015-02-26 103

Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Spruce - Fir Conifer G052Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting mostly of spruce species and/or balsam fir. White spruce and
balsam fir typically present in the main canopy, but may include black spruce and red spruce.
May contain other species including white birch, red maple, and trembling aspen. Understory
tree species consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir. Shrub and herb moderately poor.
Ground surface mostly conifer litter and variable stones. Substrate sandy to coarse loamy.
Mostly > 15 cm deep and dry to fresh (MR = 2 or 3, if sandy; MR 3, if coarse loamy).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
treed condition often consisting of dense, younger trees. Spruce and balsam fir compose >
50% of the tree species in the main canopy. Common understory vegetation includes beaked
hazel, low-sweet blueberry, fly honeysuckle, bluebead-lily, wild sarsaparilla, bunchberry, and
powder horn lichen. Often contains Central v-types V37, V25, V11, V25, and V26; NE v-types
V20, V17, V21, V18, and V8.
Abies balsamea, Picea glauca, (P. rubens), Betula papyrifera, Acer rubrum, Populus
Trees tremuloides, Betula alleghaniensis, Thuja occidentalis, Picea mariana, Sorbus
americana
Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Vaccinium angustifolium, Lonicera canadensis, Diervilla
Shrubs
lonicera, Vaccinium myrtilloides, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides
Vascular Clintonia borealis, Aralia nudicaulis, Cornus canadensis, Maianthemum canadense

Herbaceous ssp. canadense, Lycopodium clavatum, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis
Cladonia coniocraea, Plagiothecium laetum, Pleurozium schreberi, Brachythecium

Non-vascular
reflexum var. reflexum
104 2015-02-26 104

G052Tt/Tl Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Spruce - Fir Conifer
Ecology
coarse fragment concentrations in morainal deposits. Abundant feathermoss under closed
canopy. Low shrubs or lichen abundant under open canopy. In young or dense plantations
with significant site disturbance, the understory composition may vary. This ecosite generally
represents a mid to late seral stage. Maintenance of structure and composition generally
associated with low to moderate intensity fire, however in the absence of fire, the vegetation
will not likely succeed to another ecosite.
landscape as you move further north. Generally flat to rolling morainal deposits with
occurrences of glaciofluvial material found in large river valleys throughout the range. Rugged
bedrock controlled topography occurs in 5E-1, 5E-3, 5E-5, and 5E-13. Typically non-
calcareous. More commonly found in the Maritime provinces, red spruce reaches its westerly
limit in Ontario. Red spruce can be found in rare instances as pure or mixed stands in 5E-5,
5E-6, 5E-9, and 5E-10. Common tree associates in 4E include white birch, eastern white
pine, and trembling aspen. Yellow birch and sugar maple are more common tree associates
in 5E and transitioning into 6E.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
067, 116
Moister
037 085, 101, 116

014
Shallower
037
Drier
105 2015-02-26 105

Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Conifer G053Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting of a mixture of black spruce, balsam fir, eastern white cedar, white
spruce, white birch, trembling aspen, red maple, sugar maple, and tamarack. Stand
composition highly variable. Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of balsam
fir, red maple, eastern white cedar and white birch. Shrub and herb poor. Ground surface
mostly conifer and broadleaf litter with occurrences of feathermoss and variable stones.
Substrate sandy to coarse loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and dry to fresh (MR = 2 or 3, if
sandy; MR 3 is coarse loamy).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Common understory vegetation includes beaked hazel, low-sweet blueberry, bush
honeysuckle, wild sarsaparilla, bluebead-lily, bunchberry, and Schreber's moss. Often
contains Central v-types V36 and V41; NE v-types V20, V17, V21, V18, and V8.
Picea mariana, Abies balsamea, Thuja occidentalis, Picea glauca, Betula papyrifera,
Trees
Populus tremuloides, Acer rubrum, A. saccharum var. saccharum, Larix laricina
Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Vaccinium angustifolium, Diervilla lonicera, Viburnum

Shrubs
nudum var. cassinoides, Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora, Lonicera canadensis
Vascular Aralia nudicaulis, Clintonia borealis, Cornus canadensis, Maianthemum canadense

Herbaceous ssp. canadense, Pteridium aquilinum, Coptis trifolia
Non-vascular Pleurozium schreberi, Polytrichum commune, Dicranum polysetum
106 2015-02-26 106

G053Tt/Tl Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Conifer
Ecology
coarse fragment concentrations in morainal deposits. Abundant feathermoss under closed
canopy. Low shrubs or lichen abundant under open canopy. Maintenance of structure and
composition associated with low to moderate intensity fire or repeated human disturbance
(e.g., agricultural clearing, partial harvesting). Mixed species compositions are generally
stable and can persist with non stand replacing disturbances, such as wind and insect
damage.
red maple, basswood, and red oak in the southern portion of 4E and throughout 5E. Red
spruce likely in 5E-5, 5E-6, 5E-9, or 5E-10.
Edaphic Variability

Related Ecosites
068, 117
Moister
038 086, 102, 117

014
Shallower
038
Drier
107 2015-02-26 107

Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Red Pine - White Pine Mixedwood G054Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Hardwood dominated canopy with a component of eastern white and/or red pine. May contain
large-tooth aspen, red maple, red oak, sugar maple, and white birch. Understory tree species
consisting of moderate levels of red maple, red oak, balsam fir, Eastern white pine and sugar
maple. Shrub and herb moderately poor. Ground surface mostly conifer, broadleaf litter, and
variable stones. Substrate sandy to coarse loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and dry to fresh (MR
= 2 or 3, if sandy; MR 3, if coarse loamy).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
understory vegetation includes beaked hazel, wintergreen, low sweet blueberry, wild
sarsaparilla, wild lily-of-the-valley, bracken fern, and powder horn lichen. May contain Central
v-types V28, V31, V34, V23, V27, and V34; NE v-types V20, V17, V18, and V8.
Pinus strobus, (P. resinosa), Populus grandidentata, Acer rubrum, Quercus rubra, Acer
Trees
saccharum var. saccharum, Betula papyrifera
Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Gaultheria procumbens, Vaccinium angustifolium,

Shrubs
Lonicera canadensis, Diervilla lonicera
Vascular Aralia nudicaulis, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Pteridium aquilinum,

Herbaceous Eurybia macrophyllus, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Oryzopsis asperifolia
Non-vascular Cladonia coniocraea, Ptilidium pulcherrimum
108 2015-02-26 108

G054Tt/Tl Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Red Pine - White Pine Mixedwood
Ecology
coarse fragment concentrations in morainal deposits. Shrub and herb poor with a closed
canopy. Species diversity increases as canopy becomes more open. Maintenance of
structure and composition associated with low to moderate intensity fire. Pine residuals are
often reflective of past partial harvesting activity. In the absence of fire this ecosite will
succeed through gap dynamic processes to an ecosite that favours shade-tolerant species.
Inclusions of eastern white pine and/or red pine may persist for many decades.
Widespread and common across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range. Generally flat to rolling
morainal deposits with occurrences of glaciofluvial material found in large river valleys
5E-13. Typically non-calcareous. Wide variety of associated vegetation including sugar
maple, basswood, and ironwood in the southern portion of 4E throughout 5E. Trembling
aspen and white birch common associate in the northern portions of 4E.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
069, 118
Moister
039 087, 103, 118

015
Shallower
039
Drier
109 2015-02-26 109

Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Aspen - Birch Hardwood G055Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
maple, balsam fir, and red maple. Understory tree species consisting of moderate to high
levels of balsam fir, red maple, white birch, and trembling aspen. Shrub and herb moderately
rich. Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter and variable stones. Substrate sandy to coarse
loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and dry to fresh (MR = 2 or 3, if sandy; MR 3, if coarse loamy).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
hazel, fly honeysuckle, mountain maple, bush honeysuckle, bluebead-lily, wild sarsaparilla,
bracken fern, wild lily-of-the-valley, and Schrebers moss. May contain Central v-types V25,
V28, V22, V12, V14, V23, V20, V21, V24, and V25; NE v-types V4, V8, V2, V12, V6, V5, V7,
V10, V11, and V13.
Betula papyrifera, (B. alleghaniensis), Populus tremuloides, P. grandidentata, Acer
Trees
saccharum var. saccharum, Abies balsamea, Acer rubrum
Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Lonicera canadensis, Acer spicatum, Diervilla lonicera,
Shrubs
Vaccinium angustifolium, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides
Vascular Clintonia borealis, Aralia nudicaulis, Pteridium aquilinum, Maianthemum canadense

Herbaceous ssp. canadense, Eurybia macrophyllus, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis
110 2015-02-26 110

G055Tt/Tl Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Aspen - Birch Hardwood
Ecology
canopy. Species diversity increases as canopy becomes more open. A major disturbance
(e.g., fire, partially harvesting, agriculture abandonment) is required to maintain this ecosite.
Aspen and/or birch regeneration after disturbance is quick through root suckering or seeding
from adjacent stands often resulting in an even-aged overstory. In the absence of
5E-13. Typically non-calcareous. The ecosite transitions from trembling aspen and white
birch dominated stands in the northern portion (4E) of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range to
yellow birch and large-tooth/trembling aspen stands in the south (5E).
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
070, 119
Moister
040 088, 104, 119

016
Shallower
040
Drier
111 2015-02-26 111

Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Elm - Ash Hardwood G056Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Hardwood canopy consisting mostly of elm and/or ash. Black ash and white elm typically
present in the main canopy, but may include white ash and green ash. May contain trembling
aspen, sugar maple, red maple, basswood, trembling aspen, balsam fir, and yellow birch.
Understory consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, sugar maple, and red maple. Shrub
and herb rich. Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter and variable stones. Substrate sandy to
coarse loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and dry to fresh (MR = 2 or 3, if sandy; MR 3, if coarse
loamy).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
treed condition often indicative of younger trees. Elm and/or ash species compose > 50% of
the hardwood tree species in the main canopy. Common understory vegetation includes
beaked hazel, choke cherry, mountain maple, fly honeysuckle, spinulose wood fern, wild
sarsaparilla, starflower, northern lady fern, and beautiful branched moss. Often contains
Central v-type V7.
Fraxinus nigra, Ulmus americana (Fraxinus americana, F. pennsylvanica), Populus
Trees tremuloides, Acer saccharum var. saccharum, A. rubrum, Tilia americana, Populus
balsamifera, Betula alleghaniensis
Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Prunus virginiana var. virginiana, Acer spicatum,
Shrubs
Lonicera canadensis, Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus, Ribes triste, Cornus alternifolia
Vascular Dryopteris carthusiana, Aralia nudicaulis, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Athyrium filix-
Herbaceous femina var. angustum, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense
Callicladium haldanianum, Brachythecium reflexum var. reflexum, Pleurozium

Non-vascular
schreberi, Cladonia coniocraea
112 2015-02-26 112

G056Tt/Tl Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Elm - Ash Hardwood
Ecology
canopy. Species diversity increases as canopy becomes more open. Elm and ash are much
reduced from historical abundance and range due to pathogens and/or human exploitation.
Maintenance of structure and composition associated with low to moderate intensity fire. In
the absence of fire this ecosite will likely succeed to a mixedwood.
Limited across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range, elm and ash do not generally occur on this
substrate type. Generally flat to rolling morainal deposits with occurrences of glaciofluvial
material found in large river valleys throughout the range. Rugged bedrock controlled
topography occurs in 5E-1, 5E-3, 5E-5, and 5E-13. Typically non-calcareous. Black ash and
white elm found throughout the range. White ash and green ash limited to 5E. Sugar maple,
yellow birch, and ironwood are more frequent in 5E. Boreal hardwoods, trembling aspen and
white birch, more common in the northern portion of 4E.
Edaphic Variability
morainal deposits variable which may result in bedrock controlled wetlands. Some stoniness
in morainal deposits is common. Often on middle or lower slopes positions. Increased species
diversity likely over base-rich bedrock or inclusions of fine textured or moister materials.
Related Ecosites
071, 120
Moister
089, 105, 120

N/A
113 2015-02-26 113

Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Oak Hardwood G057Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
canopy, but may include bur oak. May contain sugar maple, ironwood, red maple, white birch,
balsam fir, and American basswood. Understory consisting of high levels of sugar maple,
ironwood, red oak, and balsam fir. Shrub poor. Herb moderately poor. Ground surface mostly
broadleaf litter and variable stones. Substrate sandy to coarse loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep
and dry to fresh (MR = 2 or 3, if sandy; MR 3, if coarse loamy).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
hardwood tree species in the main canopy. Common understory vegetation includes striped
maple, fly honeysuckle, maple-leaved viburnum, wild lily-of-the-valley, wild sarsaparilla, large-
leaved aster, and powder horn lichen. Often contains Central v-types V27, V28, V5, V6, and
V3.
Quercus rubra, (Q. alba, Q. macrocarpa), Acer saccharum var. saccharum, Ostrya
Trees virginiana, Acer rubrum, Betula papyrifera, Abies balsamea, Tilia americana, Ulmus
americana
Acer pensylvanicum, Lonicera canadensis, Viburnum acerifolium, Amelanchier spp.,
Shrubs
Mitchella repens, Dirca palustris
Vascular Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Aralia nudicaulis, Eurybia macrophyllus,

Herbaceous Polygonatum pubescens, Oryzopsis asperfolia
Non-vascular Cladonia coniocraea, Bracythecium reflexum var. reflexum, Dicranum flagellare
114 2015-02-26 114

G057Tt/Tl Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Oak Hardwood
Ecology
canopy. Species diversity increases as canopy becomes more open. Maintenance of
structure and composition associated with low to moderate intensity fire. In the absence of
fire gap dynamics will transform this ecosite to favour shade tolerant species resulting in an
uneven aged forest.
the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range. Generally flat to rolling morainal deposits with
calcareous. Red oak dominated forest found throughout the range. Bur oak is uncommon and
limited to 5E. Occurrences of white oak begin in the extreme southern portions of 5E and
become more prevalent as you move further south. Associated tree species American
basswood, large-tooth aspen, and ironwood are more frequent in 5E. Boreal hardwoods,
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
072, 121
Moister
041 090, 106, 121

017
Shallower
041
Drier
115 2015-02-26 115

Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Maple Hardwood G058Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
the main canopy. May contain eastern hemlock, yellow birch, American basswood, American
beech, ironwood, eastern white pine, and white birch. Understory tree species consisting of
high levels of sugar maple, ironwood, American basswood, balsam fir, red oak, white ash and
American beech. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter and
variable stones. Substrate sandy to coarse loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and dry to fresh (MR
= 2 or 3, if sandy; MR 3, if coarse loamy).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
hazel, fly honeysuckle, striped maple, leatherwood, wild lily-of-the-valley, spinulose wood fern,
starflower, purple trillium, and beautiful branch moss. May contain Central v-types V16, V2,
V10, V3, V5, V11, V17, V1, and V4; NE v-types V3 and V4.
Acer saccharum var. saccharum, (A. rubrum), Tsuga canadensis, Betula
Trees alleghaniensis, Tilia americana, Fagus grandifolia, Ostrya virginiana, Pinus strobus,
Betula papyrifera
Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Lonicera canadensis, Acer pensylvanicum, Dirca
Shrubs
palustris, Cornus alternifolia
Vascular Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Dryopteris carthusiana, Trientalis borealis

Herbaceous ssp. borealis, Trillium erectum, Polygonatum pubescens
Callicladium haldanianum, Cladonia coniocraea, Brachythecium salebrosum var.

Non-vascular
salebrosum, B. reflexum var. reflexum
116 2015-02-26 116

G058Tt/Tl Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Maple Hardwood
Ecology
fragment concentrations in morainal deposits. Shrub and herb poor with a closed canopy.
Species diversity increases as canopy becomes more open. Without the influence of fire, the
vegetation will not likely succeed to another ecosite. Lack of fire favours sugar maple and
American beech, shade tolerant species will become more prominent.
5E-13. Typically non-calcareous. Red maple dominated forests found throughout the range.
Sugar maple dominated forests are more likely in southern 4E and 5E. Associated tree
species yellow birch, American basswood, American beech, balsam fir and ironwood are more
frequent in 5E. Red oak, white birch, balsam fir, and eastern white pine likely throughout 4E.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
073, 074, 075, 122, 123, 124
Moister
042 091, 107, 122, 123, 124

018
Shallower
042
Drier
117 2015-02-26 117

Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Mixedwood G059Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
basswood, red oak, white birch, red maple, ironwood, and yellow birch. Stand composition
highly variable. Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of sugar maple,
American beech, American basswood, and red oak. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground
surface mostly broadleaf litter and variable stones. Substrate sandy or coarse loamy. Mostly
> 15 cm deep and dry to fresh (MR = 2 or 3, if sandy; MR 3, if coarse loamy).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
50%. Common understory vegetation includes striped maple, beaked hazel, serviceberries,
hobblebush, spinulose wood fern, wild lily-of-the-valley, wild sarsaparilla, large-leaved aster,
and reflexed Brachythecium moss. May contain Central v-types V5, V3, V17, and V6; NE v-
types V1, V2, V4, V6-8, and V15.
Acer saccharum var. saccharum, Fagus grandifolia, Tilia americana, Quercus rubra,
Trees
Betula papyrifera, Acer rubrum, Ostrya virginiana, Betula alleghaniensis
Acer pensylvanicum, Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Amelanchier spp., Viburnum

Shrubs
lantanoides, Diervilla lonicera, Lonicera canadensis
Vascular Dryopteris carthusiana, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Aralia nudicaulis,

Herbaceous Eurybia macrophyllus, Oryzopsis asperfolia
118 2015-02-26 118

G059Tt/Tl Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Mixedwood
Ecology
fragment concentrations in morainal deposits. Shrub and herb poor with a closed canopy.
Species diversity increases as canopy becomes more open. Maintenance of structure and
composition associated with low to moderate intensity fire or repeated human disturbance
(e.g., agricultural clearing, partial harvesting). Mixed species compositions are generally stable
and can persist with non stand replacing disturbances, such as wind and insect damage.
move south. Generally flat to rolling morainal deposits with occurrences of glaciofluvial
topography occurs in 5E-1, 5E-3, 5E-5, and 5E-13. Typically non-calcareous. Mixed forest that
may contain yellow birch, American basswood, American beech, sugar maple, balsam fir and
ironwood is more frequent in 5E. Mixed forests of red oak, red maple, sugar maple, white
birch, balsam fir, and eastern white pine occur throughout 4E. Boreal hardwoods, trembling
aspen and white birch, more common in the northern portion of 4E.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
076, 125
Moister
043 092, 108, 125

019
Shallower
043
Drier
119 2015-02-26 119

Moist, Coarse: Field G060N
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Herbaceous vegetation community maintained by continuous human alteration. Trees and
shrubs generally absent. Ground surface mostly herbaceous litter and mineral material.
Substrate sandy to coarse loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and moist (MR = 4 or 5).
Substrate Series S1 M3 M5 M10 MD3 MD5 MD14 D3 D5 D14
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
grazing. Scattered small, open-grown trees and shrubs may be present however neither
exceed 10% absolute cover. Tree and shrub species when present are typically representative
of the surrounding landscape. Common agricultural plants may include rye and corn. In
addition a variable composition of early succession plants including goldenrods, Queen
Annes lace, and asters can be found in grazed areas. Due to the continuous human alteration
of the site lichens and mosses are limited.
Secale cereale, Zea spp., Solidago spp., Daucus carota, Eurybia spp., Erigeron spp.,
Vascular Symphyotrichum spp., Poa pratensis ssp. pratensis, Phleum pratense ssp. pratense,
Herbaceous Trifolium spp., Vicia cracca, Taraxacum officinale ssp. officinale, Calamagrostis
canadensis var. canadensis
120 2015-02-26 120

G060N Moist, Coarse: Field
Ecology
Substrate has a low nutrient holding capacity resulting in decreased growth rates and low
vegetation diversity. Limitations to growth can also be a result of high coarse fragment
concentrations in morainal deposits. A distinctive plow layer (Ap) may be present on sites that
have been plowed, this layer is absent or less well developed on pasture sites. Maintenance
of structure and composition associated with continuous human disturbance (e.g., agricultural
practices, heavy grazing). In the absence of disturbance this ecosite will succeed to a meadow
(G061).
Widespread and common across the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range. Generally flat to rolling
morainal deposits with occurrences of glaciofluvial material found in larger river valleys
Edaphic Variability
moranial deposits variable which may result in bedrock controlled wetlands. Abundant
stoniness in morainal deposits is common. Ecosite commonly on middle, lower, or level slope
positions. Increased species diversity and abundance likely over base-rich bedrock or
inclusions of fine textured materials. Occasional very moist to wet inclusions may contain
sedges and other herbaceous species reflecting hydric conditions. Tramping and bare patches
may occur in heavily grazed fields as well as areas of unpalatable species (e.g., bracken fern,
wool grass) may be present.
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
077, 093, 109

044, 077, 093

Drier
121 2015-02-26 121

Moist, Coarse: Meadow G061N
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Herbaceous (forb and/or graminoid) vegetation community. Trees and shrubs generally
absent. Ground surface mostly herbaceous litter and mineral material. Substrate sandy to
coarse loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and moist (MR = 4 or 5).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
trembling aspen, white birch, serviceberries, and upland willow. Herbaceous species may
include Canada bluejoint grass, goldenrods, and ox-eyed daisy. Non-vascular species may
include haircap mosses and fire moss.
Populus tremuloides, Betula papyrifera, Pinus strobus, P. banksiana, Prunus

Trees
pensylvanica
Shrubs Amelanchier spp., Salix humilis, Alnus incana ssp. rugosa
Calamagrostis canadensis var. canadensis, Solidago spp., Leucanthemum vulgare,

Vascular
Cirsium muticum, Eurybia spp., Onoclea sensibilis, Carex spp., Impatiens capensis,
Herbaceous
Osmunda cinnamomea
Non-vascular Polytrichum spp., Ceratodon purpureus var. purpureus
122 2015-02-26 122

G061N Moist, Coarse: Meadow
Ecology
concentrations in morainal deposits. May originate from agriculture (e.g., crop or pasture)
abandonment, silvicultural practices, fire, or selective removal of woody material (e.g., hydro or
gas corridors). Depending on time from abandonment the characteristic species may be a mix
of native and introduced species (early abandonment) or predominately native species (later
abandonment). Grass species that typically dominate newly abandoned fields are replaced by
forb species as the meadow ages. A distinctive plow layer (Ap) may be present. Maintenance
of structure and composition associated with low to moderate intensity disturbance (e.g., fire,
grazing, vegetation control). In the absence of disturbance this ecosite will succeed to a
sparse shrub (G062).
5E-13. Typically non-calcareous. Little bluestem may occur on the southern edge of the shield.
Edaphic Variability
Typically uniform in nutrient availability with variable moisture due to inconsistency of substrate
depth over bedrock. Generally moderately deep to deep substrate. Depth of coarse moranial
deposits variable which may result in bedrock controlled wetlands. Abundant stoniness in
morainal deposits is common. Ecosite commonly on middle, lower, or level slope positions.
Increased species diversity and abundance likely over base-rich bedrock or inclusions of fine
textured materials. Occasional very moist to wet inclusions may contain sedges and other
herbaceous species reflecting hydric conditions.
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
078, 094, 110

008, 020
Shallower
045, 078, 094

Drier
123 2015-02-26 123

Moist, Coarse: Sparse Shrub G062S
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Tall and/or short shrub. Tree poor. Herb moderately poor. Ground surface mostly broadleaf
litter. Ground surface mostly herbaceous litter and mineral material. Substrate sandy to coarse
loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and moist (MR = 4 or 5).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
species include balsam poplar and red maple. Shrub species may include speckled alder,
dwarf birch, and willow spp. Common herbaceous plants may include Canada bluejoint grass,
sedge spp., and goldonrod spp. Mosses limited but may include haircap mosses and fire
moss.
Trees Populus balsamifera, Acer rubrum, Picea mariana, Thuja occidentalis, Fraxinus nigra
Alnus incana ssp. rugosa, Betula pumila var. pumila, Salix spp., Ilex mucronata,
Shrubs
Cornus stolonifera, Ilex verticillata, Spiraea alba var. alba
Vascular Calamagrostis canadensis var. canadensis, Carex spp., Solidago spp., Impatiens
Herbaceous capensis, Cirsium muticum
Non-vascular Polytrichum spp., Ceratodon purpureus var. purpureus, Pleurozium schreberi
124 2015-02-26 124

G062S Moist, Coarse: Sparse Shrub
Ecology
concentrations in morainal deposits. Often found in areas that were once open; either old field
or meadows. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with low to moderate
5E-13. Typically non-calcareous. Alder-leaved buckthorn or buttonbush may occur east of
Lake Superior and in 5E. Speckled alder and dwarf birch more common in 4E.
Edaphic Variability
sedges and other herbaceous species reflecting hydric conditions.
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
079, 095, 111

009, 021
Shallower
046, 079, 095

Drier
125 2015-02-26 125

Moist, Coarse: Shrub G063S
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Tall and/or shrub shrub. Tree poor. Herb moderately poor. Ground surface mostly broadleaf
litter. Ground surface mostly herbaceous litter and mineral material. Substrate sandy to coarse
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
species include balsam poplar and red maple. Shrub species may include speckled alder,
dwarf birch, and willow spp. Common herbaceous plants may include Canada bluejoint grass,
sedge spp., and goldonrod spp. Mosses limited but may include haircap mosses and fire
moss.
Populus balsamifera, Acer rubrum, Picea mariana, Thuja occidentalis, Fraxinus nigra,
Trees
Larix laricina
Alnus incana ssp. rugosa, Betula pumila var. pumila, Salix spp., Ilex mucronata, Cornus
Shrubs
stolonifera, Ilex verticillata, Spiraea alba var. alba
Vascular Calamagrostis canadensis var. canadensis, Carex spp., Solidago spp., Impatiens
Herbaceous capensis, Cirsium muticum
126 2015-02-26 126

G063S Moist, Coarse: Shrub
Ecology
concentrations in morainal deposits. Often found in areas that were once open; either old field
or meadows. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with low to moderate
intensity fire. Ecosite can persist in current state for extended periods of time or in the
absence of disturbance this ecosite will succeed to a treed system.
5E-13. Typically non-calcareous. Alder-leaved buckthorn or buttonbush may occur east of
Lake Superior and in 5E. Speckled alder and dwarf birch more common in 4E.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
080, 096, 116

010, 022
Shallower
047, 080, 096

Drier
127 2015-02-26 127

Moist, Coarse: Red Pine - White Pine Conifer G064Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting of eastern white and red pine. May contain large-tooth aspen, white
birch, red maple, white spruce, trembling aspen, and balsam fir. Understory tree species
consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, red maple, and eastern white pine. Shrub and herb
moderately poor. Ground surface mostly conifer and broadleaf litter with occurrences of
moist (MR = 4 or 5).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
by conifer. Common understory vegetation includes beaked hazel, low sweet blueberry, fly
honeysuckle, wild lily-of-the-valley, bracken fern, wild sarsaparilla, and Schreber's moss. May
contains Central v-types V29, V25, V30, and V31; NE v-types V10.
Pinus strobus, P. resinosa, Populus grandidentata, Betula papyrifera, Acer rubrum,
Trees
Picea glauca, Populus tremuloides, Abies balsamea
Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Vaccinium angustifolium, Diervilla lonicera, Gaultheria
Shrubs procumbens, Linnaea borealis ssp. longifolia, Lonicera canadensis, Vaccinium
myrtilloides
Herbaceous Eurybia macrophyllus, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Cornus canadensis
Non-vascular Pleurozium schreberi, Bazzania trilobata var. trilobata, Cladonia coniocraea
128 2015-02-26 128

G064Tt/Tl Moist, Coarse: Red Pine - White Pine Conifer
Ecology
vegetation diversity. Limitations to tree growth can also be the result of high coarse fragment
concentrations in morainal deposits. Shrub and herb poor with a closed canopy. Species
diversity increases as canopy becomes more open. Under red pine dominated stands, shrub
and herb sparse with abundant conifer litter. Maintenance of structure and composition
to a spruce and balsam fir or mixedwood ecosite near the northern boundaries of 4E and
tolerant hardwood in the southern portion of 4E and throughout 5E.
5E-13. Typically non-calcareous. Wide variety of associated vegetation including eastern
white cedar, yellow birch, red maple, basswood, and red oak in the southern portion of 4E and
throughout 5E. Boreal hardwoods, trembling aspen and white birch, more common in the
Edaphic Variability
inclusions of fine textured materials. Occasional moist inclusions may contain speckled alder,
Sphagnum species, sedges, and conifer species reflecting hydric conditions.
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
113
011, 023
Shallower
048, 081, 097

Drier
129 2015-02-26 129

Moist, Coarse: Pine - Black Spruce Conifer G065Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
contain white birch, trembling aspen, balsam fir, red maple, and white spruce. Understory tree
species consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, black spruce, and white birch. Shrub
moderately poor, ericaceous shrubs abundant. Herb poor. Ground surface mostly conifer and
broadleaf litter with occurrences of feathermoss and variable stones. Substrate sandy to
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
compose > 50% of the tree species in the main canopy. Ecosite variable from pure stands of
jack pine and/or black spruce or a mixture of both. Common understory vegetation includes
low sweet blueberry, creeping snowberry, velvet-leaf blueberry, wild lily-of-the-valley,
bluebead-lily, bunchberry, and Schreber's moss. Often contains Central v-types V39, V24,
V41, and V30; NE v-types V20, V27, V23, V24, V8, V20, V17, V18, and V22.
Picea mariana, Pinus banksiana, (P. sylvestris), Betula papyrifera, Populus
Trees
tremuloides, Abies balsamea, Acer rubrum, Picea glauca
Vaccinium angustifolium, Gaultheria hispidula, Vaccinium myrtilloides, Diervilla
Shrubs lonicera, Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora, Kalmia angustifolia var. angustifolia,
Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides
Herbaceous Pteridium aquilinum, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Aralia nudicaulis
Non-vascular Pleurozium schreberi, Dicranum polysetum
130 2015-02-26 130

G065Tt/Tl Moist, Coarse: Pine - Black Spruce Conifer
Ecology
concentrations in morainal deposits. Presence of lichen increases with increased likelihood of
jack pine and more open conditions. Shrub and herb poor and feathermoss abundant under a
closed canopy. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with moderate to high
intensity fire. In the absence of fire this ecosite will succeed to spruce and balsam fir or mixed
wood ecosites near the northern boundaries of 4E and tolerant mixed hardwood in the
southern portion of 4E and throughout 5E.
and the trend continues southward to 6E. Boreal hardwoods, trembling aspen and white birch,
more common in the northern portion of 4E.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
114
012, 024
Shallower
049, 050, 082, 083, 098, 099

Drier
131 2015-02-26 131

Moist, Coarse: Hemlock - Cedar Conifer G066Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
yellow birch, balsam fir, red maple, white birch, sugar maple, and white spruce. Understory
tree species consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, yellow birch, sugar maple, and red
maple. Shrub moderately poor. Herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly conifer and
broadleaf litter with occurrences of feathermoss and variable stones. Substrate sandy to
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
hemlock compose > 50% of the tree species in the main canopy. Common understory
vegetation includes mountain maple, fly honeysuckle, striped maple, wild lily-of-the-valley,
starflower, goldthread, wild sarsaparilla, and glossy moss. Often contains Central v-types V18,
V15-V17, V37, V21 and V38; NE v-types V16 and V1.
Tsuga canadensis, Thuja occidentalis, Betula alleghaniensis, Abies balsamea, Acer
Trees
rubrum, Betula papyrifera, Acer saccharum var. saccharum, Picea glauca
Acer spicatum, Lonicera canadensis, Acer pensylvanicum, Viburnum lantanoides,

Shrubs
Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta
Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Coptis
Vascular
trifolia, Aralia nudicaulis, Dryopteris carthusiana, Clintonia borealis, Streptopus
Herbaceous
lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus
Non-vascular Plagiothecium laetum, Cladonia coniocraea, Bazzania trilobata var. trilobata
132 2015-02-26 132

G066Tt/Tl Moist, Coarse: Hemlock - Cedar Conifer
Ecology
concentrations in morainal deposits. Shrub and herb poor and abundant feathermoss under a
closed canopy. This ecosite generally represents a late seral stage. Cedar and hemlock are
susceptible to fire disturbance. Without the influence of fire, the vegetation will not likely
4E-5, and 5E. Generally flat to rolling morainal deposits with occurrences of glaciofluvial
topography occurs in 5E-1, 5E-3, 5E-5, and 5E-13. Typically non-calcareous. The ecosite
transitions from eastern white cedar dominated stands in the northern portion (4E) of the
Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range to eastern white cedar/eastern hemlock stands in the south
(5E). Pure eastern hemlock conditions often limited to cool moist slopes. Eastern red cedar
may occur in 5E-7. Common tree associates in 4E include white birch, eastern white pine, and
balsam fir. Yellow birch and sugar maple are more common tree associates with eastern
hemlock in 5E and transitioning into 6E.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
115
013, 025
Shallower
051, 084, 100

Drier
133 2015-02-26 133

Moist, Coarse: Spruce - Fir Conifer G067Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
May contain other species including white birch, trembling aspen, red maple, black cherry, and
yellow birch. Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, white spruce,
and red maple. Shrub and herb moderately poor. Ground surface mostly conifer and broadleaf
litter with occurrences of feathermoss and variable stones. Substrate sandy to coarse loamy.
Mostly > 15 cm deep and moist (MR = 4 or 5).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
50% of the tree species in the main canopy. Common understory vegetation includes fly
honeysuckle, mountain maple, beaked hazel, wild lily-of-the-valley, starflower, spinulose wood
fern, and glossy moss. Often contains Central v-types V22, V25, V37, and V26: NE v-types
V8, V2, V7, V15, V16, and V23.
Trees Acer rubrum, Prunus serotina, Picea mariana, Betula alleghaniensis, Fraxinus nigra,
Acer saccharum var. saccharum, Pinus strobus, Sorbus decora
Lonicera canadensis, Acer spicatum, Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Viburnum nudum
Shrubs var. cassinoides, Vaccinium myrtilloides, Diervilla lonicera, Linnaea borealis ssp.
longiflora
Vascular Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Dryopteris
Herbaceous carthusiana, Clintonia borealis, Aralia nudicaulis, Coptis trifolia, Cornus canadensis
Non-vascular Plagiothecium laetum, Cladonia coniocraea, Dicranum flagellare
134 2015-02-26 134

G067Tt/Tl Moist, Coarse: Spruce - Fir Conifer
Ecology
closed canopy. This ecosite generally represents a mid to late seral stage. Maintenance of
structure and composition generally associated with low to moderate intensity fire, however in
the absence of fire, the vegetation will not likely succeed to another ecosite.
calcareous. More commonly found in the Maritime provinces, red spruce reaches its westerly
limit in Ontario. Red spruce can be found in rare instances as pure or mixed stands in 5E-5,
5E-6, 5E-9, and 5E-10. Common tree associates in 4E include white birch, eastern white pine,
and trembling aspen. Yellow birch and sugar maple are more common tree associates in 5E
and transitioning into 6E.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
116
014, 026
Shallower
052, 085, 101

Drier
135 2015-02-26 135

Moist, Coarse: Conifer G068Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting of a mixture of tamarack, white spruce, black spruce, balsam fir,
jack pine, red maple, white birch, and eastern white cedar. Stand composition highly variable.
Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, red maple, and white
spruce. Shrub and herb poor. Ground surface mostly conifer and broadleaf litter with
occurrences of mosses and variable stones. Substrate sandy to coarse loamy. Mostly > 15 cm
deep and moist (MR = 4 or 5).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Common understory vegetation includes low sweet blueberry, twinflower, velvet-leaf
blueberry, wild lily-of-the-valley, dwarf raspberry, bunchberry, and wavy-leaved moss. May
contain Central v-types V35 and V24; NE v-type V21.
Larix laricina, Picea glauca, P. mariana, Abies balsamea, Pinus banksiana, Acer
Trees
rubrum, Betula papyrifera, Thuja occidentalis, Populus tremuloides
Vaccinium angustifolium, Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora, Vaccinium myrtilloides,

Shrubs
Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides, Gaultheria hispidula, Diervilla lonicera
Vascular Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Rubus pubescens, Cornus canadensis,

Herbaceous Clintonia borealis, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Galium triflorum
Non-vascular Dicranum polysetum, Pleurozium schreberi, Cladonia coniocraea
136 2015-02-26 136

G068Tt/Tl Moist, Coarse: Conifer
Ecology
closed canopy. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with low to moderate
intensity fire or repeated human disturbance (e.g., agricultural clearing, partial harvesting).
Mixed species compositions are generally stable and can persist with non stand replacing
disturbances, such as wind and insect damage.
red maple, basswood, and red oak in the southern portion of 4E and throughout 5E. Red
spruce likely in 5E-5, 5E-6, 5E-9, or 5E-10. Trembling aspen and white birch common
associates in the northern portions of 4E.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
117
014, 026
Shallower
053, 086, 102

Drier
137 2015-02-26 137

Moist, Coarse: Red Pine - White Pine Mixedwood G069Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
trembling aspen, balsam fir, white birch, and white spruce. Understory tree species consisting
of moderate levels of balsam fir, red maple, and sugar maple. Shrub and herb moderately
poor. Ground surface mostly conifer, broadleaf litter, and variable stones. Substrate sandy to
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
understory vegetation includes fly honeysuckle, beaked hazel, mountain maple, wild
sarsaparilla, wild lily-of-the-valley, bluebead-lily, and Schrebers moss. May contain Central v-
types V23 and V25; NE v-types V1, V2, V4, V10, and V12.
Pinus strobus, (P. resinosa), Populus tremuloides, Abies balsamea, Betula papyrifera,
Trees
Picea glauca, Acer rubrum, Betula alleghaniensis, Populus grandidentata
Lonicera canadensis, Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Acer spicatum, Diervilla lonicera,
Shrubs Vaccinium angustifolium, Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora, Viburnum nudum var.
cassinoides
Vascular Aralia nudicaulis, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Clintonia borealis,
Herbaceous Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Eurybia macrophyllus
Non-vascular Pleurozium schreberi, Callicladium haldanianum, Cladonia coniocraea
138 2015-02-26 138

G069Tt/Tl Moist, Coarse: Red Pine - White Pine Mixedwood
Ecology
concentrations in morainal deposits. Shrub and herb poor under a closed canopy. Species
diversity increases as canopy become more open. A major disturbance is required to maintain
this ecosite. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with low to moderate
intensity fire. Pine residuals are often reflective of past partial harvesting activity. In the
absence of fire this ecosite will succeed through gap dynamic processes to an ecosite that
favours shade-tolerant species. Inclusions of eastern white pine and/or red pine may persist
for many decades.
5E-13. Typically non-calcareous. Wide variety of associated vegetation including sugar maple,
basswood, and ironwood in the southern portion of 4E throughout 5E. Trembling aspen and
white birch common associates in the northern portions of 4E.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
118
015, 027
Shallower
054, 087, 103

Drier
139 2015-02-26 139

Moist, Coarse: Aspen - Birch Hardwood G070Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
maple, balsam fir, red maple, and white spruce. Understory tree species consisting of
moderate to high levels of balsam fir, sugar maple, red maple, and trembling aspen. Shrub
and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter, feathermoss, and variable
stones. Substrate sandy to coarse loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and moist (MR = 4 or 5).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
of the hardwood tree species in the main canopy. Ecosite variable from pure stands of aspen
and/or birch or a mixture of both.Common understory vegetation includes beaked hazel, fly
honeysuckle, mountain maple, northern wild raisin, starflower, wild lily-of-the-valley, wild
sarsaparilla, bluebead-lily, and beautiful branch moss. May contain Central v-types V22, V23,
V25, V14, V20, V24, V27, and V28; NE v-types V8, V2, V4, V5, V10, V7, and V19.
Betula papyrifera, (B. alleghaniensis), Populus tremuloides, (P. grandidentata, P.
Trees balsamifera), Acer saccharum var. saccharum, Abies balsamea, Acer rubrum, Picea
glauca, Thuja occidentalis
Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Lonicera canadensis, Acer spicatum, Viburnum nudum
Shrubs
var. cassinoides, Acer pensylvanicum, Vaccinium angustifolium
Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Aralia
Vascular
nudicaulis, Clintonia borealis, Eurybia macrophyllus, Dryopteris carthusiana, Cornus
Herbaceous
canadensis
Callicladium haldanianum, Cladonia coniocraea, Pleurozium schreberi, Brachythecium
Non-vascular
reflexum var. reflexum
140 2015-02-26 140

G070Tt/Tl Moist, Coarse: Aspen - Birch Hardwood
Ecology
diversity increases as canopy become more open. A major disturbance (e.g., fire, partially
harvesting, agriculture abandonment) is required to maintain this ecosite. Aspen and/or birch
regeneration after disturbance is quick through root suckering or seeding from adjacent stands
often resulting in an even-aged overstory. In the absence of disturbance, the ecosite will likely
succeed to a mixedwood.
5E-13. Typically non-calcareous. The ecosite transitions from trembling aspen and white birch
dominated stands in the northern portion (4E) of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range to
yellow birch and large-tooth/trembling aspen stands in the south (5E).
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
119
016, 028
Shallower
055, 088, 104

Drier
141 2015-02-26 141

Moist, Coarse: Elm - Ash Hardwood G071Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
present in the main canopy, but may include white ash and green ash. May contain balsam fir,
red maple, yellow birch, and white spruce. Understory consisting of moderate levels of black
ash, balsam fir, sugar maple, and red maple. Shrub and herb rich. Ground surface mostly
broadleaf litter and variable stones. Substrate sandy to coarse loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep
and moist (MR = 4 or 5).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
mountain maple, beaked hazel, fly honeysuckle, choke cherry, dwarf raspberry, spinulose
wood fern, sensitive fern, sedges, and beautiful branch moss. Often contains Central v-types
V7 and V9; NE v-types V9 and V14.
Fraxinus nigra, (F. americana, F. pennsylvanica, Ulmus americana), Abies balsamea,
Trees Acer rubrum, Thuja occidentalis, Betula alleghaniensis, Picea glauca, Sorbus decora,
Populus balsamifera, P. tremuloides
Acer spicatum, Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Lonicera canadensis, Prunus virginiana
Shrubs
var. virginiana, Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus, Cornus alternifolia, Ribes triste
Rubus pubescens, Dryopteris carthusiana, Onoclea sensibilis, Carex spp., Aralia
Vascular
nudicaulis, Galium asprellum, Clintonia borealis, Maianthemum canadense ssp.
Herbaceous
canadense
Non-vascular Callicladium haldanianum, Brachythecium salebrosum var. salebrosum
142 2015-02-26 142

G071Tt/Tl Moist, Coarse: Elm - Ash Hardwood
Ecology
diversity increases as canopy become more open. Elm and ash are much reduced from
historical abundance and range due to pathogens and/or human exploitation. Maintenance of
structure and composition associated with low to moderate intensity fire. In the absence of fire
this ecosite will likely succeed to a mixedwood.
Limited across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range, elm and ash do not generally occur on this
substrate type. Generally flat to rolling morainal deposits with occurrences of glaciofluvial
topography occurs in 5E-1, 5E-3, 5E-5, and 5E-13. Typically non-calcareous. Black ash and
white elm found throughout the range. White ash and green ash limited to 5E. Sugar maple,
yellow birch, and ironwood are more frequent in 5E. Boreal hardwoods, trembling aspen and
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
120
056, 089, 105

Drier
143 2015-02-26 143

Moist, Coarse: Oak Hardwood G072Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
canopy, but may include bur oak. May contain sugar maple, red maple, white birch, yellow
birch, and green ash. Understory consisting of high levels of sugar maple, red maple, red oak,
and balsam fir. Shrub poor. Herb moderately poor. Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter and
variable stones. Substrate sandy to coarse loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and moist (MR = 4 or
5).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
maple, fly honeysuckle, northern wild raisin, wild lily-of-the-valley, starflower, wild sarsaparilla,
and powder horn lichen. Often contains Central v-types V5, V6, V27, and V28.
Quercus rubra, (Q. alba, Q. macrocarpa), Acer saccharum var. saccharum, A. rubrum,
Trees
Betula papyrifera, Betula alleghaniensis, Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Acer pensylvanicum, Lonicera canadensis, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides, Corylus

Shrubs
cornuta ssp. cornuta
Vascular Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Aralia
Herbaceous nudicaulis, Dryopteris carthusiana, Oryzopsis asperfolia, Eurybia macrophyllus
Cladonia coniocraea, Pleurozium schreberi, Dicranum flagellare, Callicladium

Non-vascular
haldanianum
144 2015-02-26 144

G072Tt/Tl Moist, Coarse: Oak Hardwood
Ecology
diversity increases as canopy become more open. Maintenance of structure and composition
associated with low to moderate intensity fire. In the absence of fire gap dynamics will
transform this ecosite to favour shade tolerant species resulting in an uneven aged forest.
Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range. Generally flat to rolling morainal deposits with occurrences
of glaciofluvial material found in large river valleys throughout the range. Rugged bedrock
controlled topography occurs in 5E-1, 5E-3, 5E-5, and 5E-13. Typically non-calcareous. Red
oak dominated forest found throughout the range. Bur oak is uncommon and limited to 5E.
Occurrences of white oak begin in the extreme southern portions of 5E and become more
prevalent as you move further south. Associated tree species American basswood, large-tooth
aspen, and ironwood are more frequent in 5E. Boreal hardwoods, trembling aspen and white
birch, more common in the northern portion of 4E.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
121
017, 028
Shallower
057, 089, 106

Drier
145 2015-02-26 145

Moist, Coarse: Sugar Maple Hardwood G073Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Hardwood canopy consisting mostly of sugar maple. May contain yellow birch, red maple,
eastern hemlock, balsam fir, American beech, and eastern white cedar. Understory tree
species consisting of high levels of sugar maple, balsam fir, and yellow birch. Shrub
moderately poor. Herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter and variable
stones. Substrate sandy to coarse loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and moist (MR = 4 or 5).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
treed condition often indicative of younger trees. Sugar maple compose > 50% of the
maple, fly honeysuckle, beaked hazel, spinulose wood fern, starflower, rose twisted-stalk, wild
lily-of-the-valley, wild sarsaparilla, and beautiful branch moss. May contain Central v-types
V15-V17, V13, V1, V3, and V5; NE v-types V1 and V3.
Acer saccharum var. saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, Acer rubrum, Tsuga
Trees canadensis, Abies balsamea, Fagus grandifolia, Thuja occidentalis, Betula papyrifera,
Populus grandidentata
Acer pensylvanicum, Lonicera canadensis, Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Viburnum
Shrubs
lantanoides
Dryopteris carthusiana, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Streptopus lanceolatus ssp.
Vascular
lanceolatus, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Aralia nudicaulis, Clintonia
Herbaceous
borealis, Trillium erectum
Callicladium haldanianum, Brachythecium salebrosum var. salebrosum, Brachythecium
Non-vascular
reflexum var. reflexum, Cladonia coniocraea
146 2015-02-26 146

G073Tt/Tl Moist, Coarse: Sugar Maple Hardwood
Ecology
diversity increases as canopy become more open. Without the influence of fire, the vegetation
will not likely succeed to another ecosite. Lack of fire favours sugar maple and American
beech, shade tolerant species will become more prominent.
5E-13. Typically non-calcareous. Associated tree species yellow birch, American basswood,
American beech, balsam fir and ironwood are more frequent in 5E. Red oak, white birch,
balsam fir, and eastern white pine likely throughout 4E.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
074, 075
Increased maple diversity
N/A 073
122, 123, 124
Finer textured
018, 028
Shallower
058, 091, 107

Drier
147 2015-02-26 147

Moist, Coarse: Red Maple Hardwood G074Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Hardwood canopy consisting mostly of red maple. May contain trembling aspen, balsam fir,
sugar maple, white spruce, white birch, and eastern white cedar. Understory tree species
consisting of moderate levels of red maple, sugar maple, and balsam fir. Shrub moderately
poor. Herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter and variable stones.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
treed condition often indicative of younger trees. Red maple compose > 50% of the hardwood
tree species in the main canopy. Common understory vegetation includes fly honeysuckle,
beaked hazel, mountain maple, starflower, wild sarsaparilla, bluebead-lily, wild lily-of-the-
valley, rose twisted-stalk, and powder horn lichen. May contain Central v-types V12-V14; NE
v-types V1, V2, V4, V6, and V7.
Acer rubrum, Populus tremuloides, Abies balsamea, Acer saccharum var. saccharum,
Trees Picea glauca, Betula papyrifera, Thuja occidentalis, Fraxinus nigra, Betula
alleghaniensis
Lonicera canadensis, Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Acer spicatum, Acer
Shrubs
pensylvanicum
Vascular Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Aralia nudicaulis, Clintonia borealis, Maianthemum
Herbaceous canadense ssp. canadense, Streptopus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus
Non-vascular Cladonia coniocraea, Callicladium haldanianum
148 2015-02-26 148

G074Tt/Tl Moist, Coarse: Red Maple Hardwood
Ecology
will not likely succeed to another ecosite. Lack of fire favours red maple, shade tolerant
species will become more prominent.
5E-13. Typically non-calcareous. Associated tree species yellow birch, American basswood,
American beech, balsam fir and ironwood are more frequent in 5E. Red oak, white birch,
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
073, 075
N/A 074
122, 123, 124
Finer textured
018, 028
Shallower
058, 091, 107

Drier
149 2015-02-26 149

Moist, Coarse: Maple Hardwood G075Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Hardwood canopy consisting mostly of maple species. Sugar maple, red maple, and silver
maple likely in the main canopy. May contain white birch, eastern white pine, trembling aspen,
white spruce, balsam fir, and yellow birch. Understory tree species consisting of moderate
levels of red maple, sugar maple, and balsam fir. Shrub moderately poor. Herb moderately
rich. Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter and variable stones. Substrate sandy to coarse
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
honeysuckle, beaked hazel, mountain maple, wild sarsaparilla, starflower, rose twisted-stalk,
wild lily-of-the-valley, and powder horn lichen. May contain Central v-type V12-V14; NE v-
types V1-V4, V6 and V7.
Acer rubrum, A. saccharum var. saccharum, (A. saccharinum), Betula papyrifera, Pinus
Trees
strobus, Populus tremuloides, Picea glauca, Abies balsamea, Betula alleghaniensis
Lonicera canadensis, Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Acer spicatum, Diervilla lonicera,
Shrubs
Acer pensylvanicum
Vascular Aralia nudicaulis, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Streptopus lanceolatus ssp.
Herbaceous lanceolatus, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Dryopteris carthusiana
Non-vascular Cladonia coniocraea, Dicranum flagellare
150 2015-02-26 150

G075Tt/Tl Moist, Coarse: Maple Hardwood
Ecology
will not likely succeed to another ecosite. Lack of fire favours maple species, shade tolerant
5E-13. Typically non-calcareous. Red maple and sugar maple forests and silver maple
dominated forests are more likely in southern 4E and 5E. Wide variety of associated
vegetation including eastern white cedar, red maple, and white elm in 4E and northern 5E.
Yellow birch becomes more likely as you move south. Boreal hardwoods, trembling aspen and
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
073, 074
N/A 075
122, 123, 124
Finer textured
018, 028
Shallower
058, 091, 107

Drier
151 2015-02-26 151

Moist, Coarse: Mixedwood G076Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Hardwood canopy consisting of a mixture of sugar maple, American beech, yellow birch,
eastern hemlock, red maple, and American basswood. Stand composition highly variable.
Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of sugar maple, and balsam fir. Shrub
and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter and variable stones.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
50%. Common understory vegetation includes striped maple, fly honeysuckle, hobblebush,
spinulose wood fern, shining club-moss, wild lily-of-the-valley, rose twisted-stalk, and beautiful
branch moss. May contain Central v-types V15, V17, V1, V2, V6, and V3; NE v-types V1, V2,
V4, V6-V8, and V15.
Acer saccharum var. saccharum, Fagus grandifolia, Betula alleghaniensis, Tsuga

Trees
canadensis, Acer rubrum, Tilia americana
Acer pensylvanicum, Lonicera canadensis, Viburnum lantanoides, Corylus cornuta ssp.

Shrubs
cornuta
Dryopteris carthusiana, Huperzia lucidula, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense,
Vascular
Streptopus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Aralia
Herbaceous
nudicaulis
Non-vascular Callicladium haldanianum, Cladonia coniocraea, Brachythecium reflexum var. reflexum
152 2015-02-26 152

G076Tt/Tl Moist, Coarse: Mixedwood
Ecology
diversity increases as canopy become more open. Maintenance of structure and composition
associated with low to moderate intensity fire or repeated human disturbance (e.g., agricultural
clearing, partial harvesting). Mixed species compositions are generally stable and can persist
with non stand replacing disturbances, such as wind and insect damage.
move further south. Generally flat to rolling morainal deposits with occurrences of glaciofluvial
topography occurs in 5E-1, 5E-3, 5E-5, and 5E-13. Typically non-calcareous. Mixed forest that
may contain yellow birch, American basswood, American beech, sugar maple, balsam fir and
ironwood is more frequent in 5E. Mixed forests of red oak, red maple, sugar maple, white
birch, balsam fir, and eastern white pine occur throughout 4E. Boreal hardwoods, trembling
aspen and white birch, more common in northern portions of 4E.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
108, 125
018, 028
Shallower
058, 092, 108

Drier
153 2015-02-26 153

Fresh, Clayey: Field G077N
L M H
Ecosite Description
Herbaceous vegetation community maintained by continuous human alteration. Trees and
shrubs generally absent. Ground surface mostly herbaceous litter and mineral material.
Substrate clayey. Mostly > 15 cm deep and fresh (MR 3).
Substrate Series S2 M6 MD10 D10
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
of the surrounding landscape. Common agricultural plants may include barley and oats. In
addition a variable composition of early succession plants including clovers, marsh vetchling,
and pearly everlasting can be found in grazed areas. Due to the continuous human alteration
Hordeum vulgare, Avena sativa, Trifolium spp., Lathyrus palustris, Anaphalis

Vascular margaritacea, Hieracium spp., Solidago spp., Eurybia spp., Taraxacum officinale ssp.
Herbaceous officinale, Daucus carota, Achillea millefolium, Leucanthemum vulgare, Sonchus
arvensis ssp. arvensis, Cirsium arvense, Bromus inermis
154 2015-02-26 154

G077N Fresh, Clayey: Field
Ecology
Substrate is nutrient rich and has good moisture holding capacity required for plant growth.
Limitations to growth result from vegetative competition. A distinctive plow layer (Ap) may be
present on sites that have been plowed, this layer is absent or less well developed on pasture
sites. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with continuous human
disturbance (e.g., agricultural practices, heavy grazing). In the absence of disturbance this
ecosite will succeed to a meadow (G078).
Limited across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range due to infrequency of fine textured materials.
Occurs in 4E-5, 5E-1, 5E-3, 5E-4, 5E-5, and 5E-8. Generally flat to rolling glaciolacustrine,
glaciofluvial, lacustrine, alluvial, and fine texture morainal deposits throughout the range.
Rugged bedrock controlled topography occurs in 5E-1, 5E-3, and 5E-5. Typically non-
calcareous, where calcareous increased diversity and vigour of the understory may occur.
Edaphic Variability
Typically uniform in nutrient and moisture availability. Moderately deep to deep materials.
Mostly on level, lower, or toe slopes or in depressions. Xeric vegetation such as poverty oat
grass and common yarrow, as well as decreased diversity and abundance likely on occasional
exposures of bedrock or very shallow substrates. Occasional moist inclusions may contain
sedges and other herbaceous species reflecting hydric conditions. Compaction of the
substrate may occur in heavily grazed fields and patches of unpalatable species (e.g., bracken
fern, wool grass) may be present.
Related Ecosites
109
Moister
093
Texture Silty to Fine
Loamy
044
Coarser textured
077
078, 079, 080
No evidence of
N/A
155 2015-02-26 155

Fresh, Clayey: Meadow G078N
L M H
Ecosite Description
Herbaceous (forb and/or graminoid) cover vegetation community. Trees and shrubs generally
absent. Ground surface mostly herbaceous litter and mineral material. Substrate clayey.
Mostly > 15 cm deep and fresh (MR 3).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
present, however they neither exceed 10% absolute cover. Species composition variable
trembling aspen, white birch, Rubus and serviceberries. Herbaceous species may include red
fescue, birds foot-trefoil, American vetch and Canada bluejoint grass. Non-vascular species
may include haircap mosses and fire moss.
Trees Populus tremuloides, Betula papyrifera, Acer rubrum, Populus balsamifera
Shrubs Rubus spp., Amelanchier spp., Cornus stolonifera, Diervilla lonicera
Festuca rubra ssp. rubra , Lotus corniculatus, Vicia cracca, Calamagrostis canadensis
Vascular var. canadensis, Elymus repens, Erigeron spp., Symphyotrichum spp., Solidago spp.,
Herbaceous Phleum pratense ssp. pratense, Ranunculus acris, Leucanthemum vulgare, Trifolium
spp., Poa pratensis, Cirsium arvense, Doellingeria umbellata var. umbellata
156 2015-02-26 156

G078N Fresh, Clayey: Meadow
Ecology
Limitations to growth result from vegetative competition. May originate from agriculture (e.g.,
crop or pasture) abandonment, silvicultural practices, fire, or selective removal of woody
material (e.g., hydro or gas corridors). Depending on time from abandonment the
characteristic species may be a mix of native and introduced species (early abandonment) or
predominately native species (later abandonment). Grass species that typically dominate
newly abandoned fields are replaced by forb species as the meadow ages. A distinctive plow
layer (Ap) may be present. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with low to
moderate disturbance (e.g., fire, grazing, periodic flooding, vegetation control). Dense grass
and sedge thatch may inhibit woody growth. In the absence of disturbance this ecosite will
succeed to a sparse shrub (G079).
Edaphic Variability
Mostly on level, lower, or toe slopes or in depressions. Tree and shrub species often restricted
to moister areas. Xeric vegetation such as poverty oat grass and common yarrow, as well as
decreased diversity and abundance likely on occasional exposures of bedrock or very shallow
substrates. Occasional moist inclusions may contain sedges and other herbaceous species
reflecting hydric conditions.
Related Ecosites
110
Moister
045 094
Coarser textured Texture Silty to Fine
Loamy
077
078
Evidence of agriculture 079, 080
or continuous plowing Increased shrub cover
008
Shallower
157 2015-02-26 157

Fresh, Clayey: Sparse Shrub G079S
L M H
Ecosite Description
litter and mineral material. Substrate clayey. Mostly > 15 cm deep and fresh (MR 3).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
species include trembling aspen and white birch. Shrub species may include prickly wild rose,
Rubus species, and speckled alder. Common herbaceous plants may include fireweed,
Canada bluejoint grass, and American vetch. Mosses limited but may include haircap mosses
and fire moss.
Populus tremuloides, Betula papyrifera, Acer rubrum, A. saccharum var. saccharum,

Trees
Populus balsamifera
Rosa acicularis ssp. sayi, Rubus spp., Alnus incana ssp. rugosa, Salix spp., Viburnum
Shrubs
spp., Cornus stolonifera, Diervilla lonicera
Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium, Vicia cracca, Calamagrostis canadensis
spp., Poa pratensis ssp. pratensis, Cirsium arvense, Bromus inermis
158 2015-02-26 158

G079S Fresh, Clayey: Sparse Shrub
Ecology
Limitations to growth result from vegetative competition. Often found in areas that were once
open; either old field or meadows. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with
low to moderate intensity fire. In the absence of disturbance this ecosite will succeed to a
more dense shrub (G080) or treed system.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
111
Moister
095
046
Texture Silty to Fine
Coarser textured
Loamy
079
077, 078
080
Shrub cover 10%
Shrub cover > 25%
009
Shallower
159 2015-02-26 159

Fresh, Clayey: Shrub G080S
L M H
Ecosite Description
litter and mineral material. Substrate clayey. Mostly > 15 cm deep and fresh (MR 3).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
species include trembling aspen and white birch. Shrub species may include Rubus species
(raspberry, blackberry etc.), speckled alder, and willows. Common herbaceous plants may
include fireweed, Canada bluejoint grass, and American vetch. Mosses limited but may

Trees
Populus balsamifera
Rubus spp., Alnus incana ssp. rugosa, Salix spp., Viburnum spp., Cornus stolonifera,
Shrubs
Rosa acicularis ssp. sayi, Diervilla lonicera
spp., Poa pratensis ssp. pratensis, Cirsium arvense, Agrostis stolonifera
160 2015-02-26 160

G080S Fresh, Clayey: Shrub
Ecology
open; either old field or meadows.Maintenance of structure and composition associated with
low to moderate intensity fire. Ecosite can persist in current state for extended periods of time
or in the absence of disturbance this ecosite will succeed to a treed system.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
112
Moister
047
080 Texture Silty to
077, 078, 079 Fine Loamy
Shrub cover 25%
010
Shallower
161 2015-02-26 161

Fresh, Clayey: Red Pine - White Pine Conifer G081Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting of eastern white and red pine. May contain balsam fir, white birch,
sugar maple, red oak, trembling aspen, and white elm. Understory tree species consisting of
moderate levels of balsam fir, red maple, and eastern white pine. Shrub and herb moderately
rich. Ground surface mostly conifer and broadleaf litter with occurrences of feathermoss.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
by conifer. Common understory vegetation includes bush honeysuckle, fly honeysuckle, low
sweet blueberry, serviceberries, wild lily-of-the-valley, wild sarsaparilla, dwarf raspberry, large-
leaved aster, and powder horn lichen. Often contains Central v-types V29 and V34; NE v-
types V4, V1, V3, V13, and V14.
Pinus strobus, P. resinosa, Abies balsamea, Betula papyrifera, Acer saccharum var.
Trees
saccharum, Quercus rubra, Populus tremuloides, Ulmus americana
Diervilla lonicera, Lonicera canadensis, Vaccinium angustifolium, Amelanchier spp.,

Shrubs
Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta
Vascular Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Aralia nudicaulis, Rubus pubescens,

Herbaceous Eurybia macrophyllus, Oryzopsis asperfolia, Pteridium aquilinum
Cladonia coniocraea, Brachythecium salebrosum var. salebrosum, Callicladium

Non-vascular
haldanianum, Ptilidium pulcherrimum
162 2015-02-26 162

G081Tt/Tl Fresh, Clayey: Red Pine - White Pine Conifer
Ecology
Limitations to tree growth result from vegetative competition. Understory diversity and
abundance decreases, and conifer litter and feathermoss abundance increases as the canopy
becomes more closed. Under red pine dominated stands, shrub and herb sparse with
fir or mixedwood ecosite near the northern boundaries of 4E and tolerant hardwood in the
southern portion of 4E and throughout 5E. Species such as bracken fern and white-grained
mountain-rice grass found on the site as a legacy of fire.
Ecosite also limited and uncommon due to clearing of land for agriculture. Occurs in 4E-5, 5E-
1, 5E-3, 5E-4, 5E-5, and 5E-8. Generally flat to rolling glaciolacustrine, glaciofluvial, lacustrine,
alluvial, and fine texture morainal deposits throughout the range. Rugged bedrock controlled
topography occurs in 5E-1, 5E-3, and 5E-5. Typically non-calcareous, where calcareous
increased diversity and vigour of the understory may occur. Wide variety of associated
vegetation including eastern white cedar, yellow birch, and red maple in 4E and northern
portion of 5E. Basswood and red oak more common in southern portion of 5E.
Edaphic Variability
Mostly on level, lower, or toe slopes or in depressions. Xeric vegetation such as pines, white-
grained mountain-rice, as well as decreased shrub and herb diversity and abundance likely on
occasional exposures of bedrock or very shallow substrates. Occasional moist inclusions may
contain speckled alder, Sphagnum species, sedges, and conifer species reflecting hydric
conditions.
Related Ecosites
064, 113
Moister
048 097
Coarser 081 Texture Silty to
textured Fine Loamy
011
Shallower
163 2015-02-26 163

Fresh, Clayey: Jack Pine - Black Spruce Dominated G082Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy dominated by jack pine and black spruce. May contain white birch, balsam fir,
trembling aspen, and red pine. Understory tree species consisting of high levels of black
spruce, balsam fir, and white birch. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly
conifer and broadleaf litter with occurrences of feathermoss. Substrate clayey. Mostly > 15 cm
deep and fresh (MR 3).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Ecosite variable from pure stands of jack pine and/or black spruce to a mixed condition with
both. Common understory vegetation includes velvet-leaf blueberry, creeping snowberry,
twinflower, low sweet blueberry, wild lily-of-the-valley, bluebead-lily, bunchberry, goldthread,
and Schreber's moss. Often contains Central v-type V39; NE v-types V20, V23, V15, and V8.
Pinus banksiana, Picea mariana, Betula papyrifera, Abies balsamea, Populus
Trees
tremuloides, Acer rubrum
Vaccinium myrtilloides, Gaultheria hispidula, Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora,

Shrubs
Vaccinium angustifolium, Diervilla lonicera

Herbaceous Coptis trifolia, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Aralia nudicaulis
164 2015-02-26 164

G082Tt/Tl Fresh, Clayey: Jack Pine - Black Spruce Dominated
Ecology
abundance decreases, and conifer litter and feathermoss abundance increases as the canopy
becomes more closed. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with moderate to
high intensity fire. High intensity fire in jack pine dominated communities, produce even aged,
nearly pure stands of jack pine. In black spruce communities high intensity fire permits the
quick re-establishment of black spruce along with pines and hardwood species such as white
birch and aspen. In the absence of fire this ecosite will succeed to spruce and balsam fir or
mixed wood ecosites near the northern boundaries of 4E and tolerant mixed hardwood in the
4E and throughout 5E.
Edaphic Variability
conditions.
Related Ecosites
065, 114
Moister
083
Increased diversity
049
Coarser 082 098
textured
Texture Silty to
Fine Loamy
012
Shallower
165 2015-02-26 165

Fresh, Clayey: Black Spruce - Pine Conifer G083Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
in the main canopy, but may include components of eastern white pine, red pine, and scotch
pine. May contain white birch, trembling aspen, balsam fir, red maple, and white spruce.
Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, black spruce, and white
birch. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly conifer and broadleaf litter with
occurrences of feathermoss. Substrate clayey. Mostly > 15 cm deep and fresh (MR 3).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
includes creeping snowberry, mountain maple, fly honeysuckle, twinflower, starflower,
goldthread, wild lily-of-the-valley, bluebead-lily, and Schreber's moss. Often contains Central
v-types V37 and V39; NE v-types V15, V20, and V8.
Picea mariana, Pinus banksiana, Betula papyrifera, Populus tremuloides, Abies

Trees
balsamea, Acer rubrum, Picea glauca, Pinus strobus, Thuja occidentalis
Gaultheria hispidula, Acer spicatum, Lonicera canadensis, Linnaea borealis ssp.

Shrubs
longiflora, Vaccinium angustifolium, V. myrtilloides, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides
Vascular Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Coptis trifolia, Maianthemum canadense ssp.
Herbaceous canadense, Clintonia borealis, Aralia nudicaulis, Dryopteris carthusiana
Non-vascular Pleurozium schreberi, Bazzania trilobata var. trilobata, Dicranum polysetum
166 2015-02-26 166

G083Tt/Tl Fresh, Clayey: Black Spruce - Pine Conifer
Ecology
abundance decreases, and feathermoss abundance increases as the canopy becomes more
closed. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with moderate to high intensity
fire. In the absence of fire this ecosite will succeed to spruce and balsam fir or mixed wood
ecosites near the northern boundaries of 4E and tolerant mixed hardwood in the southern
portion of 4E and throughout 5E.
increased diversity and vigour of the understory may occur. In the northern portion of 4E black
Edaphic Variability
conditions.
Related Ecosites
065, 114
Moister
050 082
Coarser textured Increased diversity
082
083 099
Decreased diversity; Texture Silty to
near pure Sb/Pj Fine Loamy
012
Shallower
167 2015-02-26 167

Fresh, Clayey: Hemlock - Cedar Conifer G084Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
yellow birch, balsam fir, red maple, white birch, sugar maple, and white spruce. Understory
tree species consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, yellow birch, sugar maple, and red
maple. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly conifer and broadleaf litter.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
hemlock compose > 50% of the tree species in the main canopy. Common understory
vegetation includes striped maple, fly honeysuckle, red-berried elderberry, mountain maple,
spinulose wood fern, wild lily-of-the-valley, bluebead-lily, rose twisted-stalk, and three-lobed
bazzania. Often contains Central v-types V17 and V18; NE v-types V1, V14, and V16.
Tsuga canadensis, Thuja occidentalis, Betula alleghaniensis, Abies balsamea, Acer
Trees rubrum, Betula papyrifera, Acer saccharum var. saccharum, Populus tremuloides,
Picea glauca
Acer pensylvanicum, Lonicera canadensis, Sambucus racemosa ssp. pubens, Acer
Shrubs
spicatum, Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Viburnum lantanoides
Vascular Dryopteris carthusiana, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Clintonia borealis,

Herbaceous Streptopus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis
Non-vascular Bazzania trilobata var. trilobata, Cladonia coniocraea, Pleurozium schreberi
168 2015-02-26 168

G084Tt/Tl Fresh, Clayey: Hemlock - Cedar Conifer
Ecology
closed. This ecosite generally represents a late seral stage. Cedar and hemlock are
increased diversity and vigour of the understory may occur. The ecosite transitions from
eastern white cedar dominated stands in the northern portion (4E) of the Great Lakes-St.
Lawrence range to eastern white cedar / eastern hemlock stands in the south (5E). Pure
eastern hemlock conditions often limited to cool moist slopes. Eastern red cedar may occur in
5E-7. Common tree associates in 4E include white birch, eastern white pine, and balsam fir.
Yellow birch and sugar maple are more common tree associates with eastern hemlock in 5E
Edaphic Variability
conditions.
Related Ecosites
066, 115
Moister
100
051
Coarser textured
Fine Loamy
013
Shallower
169 2015-02-26 169

Fresh, Clayey: Spruce - Fir Conifer G085Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
May contain other species including white birch, trembling aspen, eastern white pine, and red
maple. Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, white spruce, and
red maple. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly conifer and broadleaf litter
with occurrences of feathermoss. Substrate clayey. Mostly > 15 cm deep and fresh (MR 3).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
honeysuckle, low sweet blueberry, mountain maple, northern wild raisin, bluebead-lily, wild
sarsaparilla, twinflower, bunchberry, and Schreber's moss. Often contains Central v-type V26:
NE v-types V15, V11, and V8.
Trees Pinus strobus, Picea mariana, Acer rubrum, A. saccharum var. saccharum, Sorbus
decora
Lonicera canadensis, Vaccinium angustifolium, Acer spicatum, Viburnum nudum var.
Shrubs
cassinoides, Vaccinium myrtilloides, Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora
Vascular Clintonia borealis, Aralia nudicaulis, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Cornus
Herbaceous canadensis, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense
Pleurozium schreberi, Plagiothecium laetum, Dicranum flagellare, Bazzania trilobata

Non-vascular
var. trilobata
170 2015-02-26 170

G085Tt/Tl Fresh, Clayey: Spruce - Fir Conifer
Ecology
closed. This ecosite generally represents a mid to late seral stage. Maintenance of structure
and composition generally associated with low to moderate intensity fire, however in the
absence of fire, the vegetation will not likely succeed to another ecosite.
Limited across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range due to infrequency of fine textured materials,
occurring in 4E-5, 5E-1, 5E-3, 5E-4, 5E-5, and 5E-8. Ecosite also limited and uncommon due
to clearing of land for agriculture. Abundant throughout 4E and 5E. Generally flat to rolling
glaciolacustrine, glaciofluvial, lacustrine, alluvial, and fine texture morainal deposits throughout
the range. Rugged bedrock controlled topography occurs in 5E-1, 5E-3, and 5E-5. Typically
non-calcareous, where calcareous increased diversity and vigour of the understory may occur.
More commonly found in the Maritime provinces, red spruce reaches its westerly limit in
Ontario. Red spruce can be found in rare instances as pure or mixed stands in 5E-5, 5E-6,
5E-9, and 5E-10. Common tree associates in 4E include white birch, eastern white pine, and
trembling aspen. Yellow birch and sugar maple are more common tree associates in 5E and
Edaphic Variability
conditions.
Related Ecosites
067, 116
Moister
101
052
Coarser textured
Fine Loamy
014
Shallower
171 2015-02-26 171

Fresh, Clayey: Conifer G086Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting of a mixture of of tamarack, white spruce, black spruce, balsam fir,
spruce. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly conifer and broadleaf litter.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
treed condition often consisting of dense, younger trees. Ecosite generally composed of a
combination of conifer species where the combined total relative coverage is > 50% in the
main canopy. Common understory vegetation includes beaked hazel, mountain maple, bush
honeysuckle, fly honeysuckle, bluebead-lily, wild sarsaparilla, wild lily-of-the-valley, starflower,
and Schrebers moss. May contain Central v-type V9; NE v-types V1, V4, V6-V8, V14, V15,
and V19.
Trees
rubrum, Betula papyrifera, Thuja occidentalis. Populus tremuloides
Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Acer spicatum, Diervilla lonicera, Lonicera canadensis,
Shrubs
Vaccinium angustifolium, Linnaea borealis ssp. borealis
Vascular Clintonia borealis, Aralia nudicaulis, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense,

172 2015-02-26 172

G086Tt/Tl Fresh, Clayey: Conifer
Ecology
closed. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with low to moderate intensity
fire or repeated human disturbance (e.g., agricultural clearing, partial harvesting). Mixed
species compositions are generally stable and can persist with non stand replacing
Wide variety of associated vegetation including eastern white cedar, yellow birch, red maple,
basswood, and red oak in the southern portion of 4E and throughout 5E. Red spruce likely in
5E-5, 5E-6, 5E-9, or 5E-10. Boreal hardwoods, trembling aspen and white birch, more
common in northern portions of 4E.
Edaphic Variability
conditions.
Related Ecosites
068, 117
Moister
102
053
Coarser textured
Fine Loamy
014
Shallower
173 2015-02-26 173

Fresh, Clayey: Red Pine - White Pine Mixedwood G087Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
white birch, trembling aspen, large-tooth aspen, white spruce, and red maple. Understory tree
species consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, red maple, eastern white pine, and red
oak. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly conifer and broadleaf litter.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
understory vegetation includes fly honeysuckle, mountain maple, beaked hazel, wintergreen,
large-leaved aster, wild sarsaparilla, wild lily-of-the-valley, bracken fern, bunchberry, and
powder horn lichen. May contain Central v-types V23, V27, V28, and V34; NE v-types V4, V1,
V3, and V13, and V14.
Pinus strobus, Betula papyrifera, Pinus resinosa, Populus tremuloides, P.

Trees
grandidentata, Picea glauca, Acer rubrum, Abies balsamea, Quercus rubra
Lonicera canadensis, Acer spicatum, Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Gaultheria
Shrubs procumbens, Diervilla lonicera, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides, Vaccinium
angustifolium, V. myrtilloides
Vascular Eurybia macrophyllus, Aralia nudicaulis, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense,
Herbaceous Pteridium aquilinum, Cornus canadensis, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis
174 2015-02-26 174

G087Tt/Tl Fresh, Clayey: Red Pine - White Pine Mixedwood
Ecology
fire. Pine residuals are often reflective of past partial harvesting activity. In the absence of fire
this ecosite will succeed through gap dynamic processes to an ecosite that favours shade-
tolerant species. Inclusions of eastern white pine and/or red pine may persist for many
decades.
vegetation including sugar maple, basswood, and ironwood in the southern portion of 4E
throughout 5E. Boreal hardwoods, trembling aspen and white birch, more common in northern
portions of 4E.
Edaphic Variability
conditions.
Related Ecosites
069, 118
Moister
103
054
Coarser textured
Fine Loamy
015
Shallower
175 2015-02-26 175

Fresh, Clayey: Aspen - Birch Hardwood G088Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
aspen, large-tooth aspen, and yellow birch likely in the main canopy. May contain white
spruce, red maple, sugar maple, and balsam fir. Understory tree species consisting of
moderate to high levels of balsam fir, sugar maple, red maple, and trembling aspen. Shrub
and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter, lichens, and mosses.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
hazel, mountain maple, striped maple, northern wild raisin, wild sarsaparilla, bluebead-lily,
starflower, rose twisted-stalk, powder horn lichen, and Schrebers moss. May contain Central
v-types V12, V20, and V22-25; NE v-types V11-V13, V10, V15, and V4.
Betula papyrifera, (B. alleghaniensis), Populus tremuloides, (P. grandidentata), Picea
Trees
glauca, Acer rubrum, A. saccharum var. saccharum, Abies balsamea
Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Acer spicatum, A. pensylvanicum, Viburnum nudum var.
Shrubs cassinoides, Lonicera canadensis, Vaccinium angustifolium, V. myrtilloides, Linnaea
borealis ssp. longiflora, Mitchella repens
Aralia nudicaulis, Clintonia borealis, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Streptopus
Vascular
lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Eurybia
Herbaceous
macrophyllus, Pteridium aquilinum
Cladonia coniocraea, Pleurozium schreberi, Brachythecium salebrosum var.
Non-vascular
salebrosum, Callicladium haldanianum
176 2015-02-26 176

G088Tt/Tl Fresh, Clayey: Aspen - Birch Hardwood
Ecology
closed. A major disturbance (e.g., fire, partially harvesting, agriculture abandonment) is
required to maintain this ecosite. Aspen and/or birch regeneration after disturbance is quick
through root suckering or seeding from adjacent stands often resulting in an even-aged
overstory. In the absence of disturbance, the ecosite will likely succeed to a mixedwood.
The ecosite transitions from trembling aspen and white birch dominated stands in the northern
portion (4E) of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range to yellow birch and large-tooth/trembling
aspen stands in the south (5E).
Edaphic Variability
conditions.
Related Ecosites
070, 119
Moister
104
055
Coarser textured
Fine Loamy
016
Shallower
177 2015-02-26 177

Fresh, Clayey: Elm - Ash Hardwood G089Tt/Tl
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
aspen, sugar maple, red maple, yellow birch, and white spruce. Understory consisting of
moderate levels of black ash, balsam fir, sugar maple, and red maple. Shrub and herb rich.
Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter. Substrate clayey. Mostly > 15 cm deep and fresh (MR
3).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
sarsaparilla, starflower, northern lady fern, wild lily-of-the-valley, and beautiful branch moss.
Often contains Central v-type V7.
Fraxinus nigra, (F. americana, F. pennsylvanica), Ulmus americana, Populus
Trees tremuloides, Acer saccharum var. saccharum, A. rubrum, Betula alleghaniensis, Picea
glauca
Shrubs
Herbaceous femina var. angustum, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Clintonia borealis
Non-vascular Callicladium haldanianum, Brachythecium reflexum var. reflexum, Cladonia coniocraea
178 2015-02-26 178

G089Tt/Tl Fresh, Clayey: Elm - Ash Hardwood
Ecology
closed. Elm and ash are much reduced from historical abundance and range due to
pathogens and/or human exploitation. Maintenance of structure and composition associated
with low to moderate intensity fire. In the absence of fire this ecosite may persist or succeed to
a mixedwood.
increased diversity and vigour of the understory may occur. Black ash and white elm found
throughout the range. White ash and green ash limited to 5E. Sugar maple, yellow birch, and
ironwood are more frequent in 5E. Boreal hardwoods, trembling aspen and white birch, more
common in the northern portion of 4E.
Edaphic Variability
conditions.
Related Ecosites
071, 120
Moister
105
056
Coarser textured
Fine Loamy
019
Shallower
179 2015-02-26 179

Fresh, Clayey: Oak Hardwood G090Tt/Tl
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
canopy, but may include bur oak and white oak. May contain sugar maple, eastern white pine,
white ash, American beech, and eastern hemlock. Understory consisting of high levels of
sugar maple, ironwood, red maple, and red oak. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground
surface mostly broadleaf litter. Substrate clayey. Mostly > 15 cm deep and fresh (MR 3).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
hardwood tree species in the main canopy. Common understory vegetation includes smooth
juneberry, bush honeysuckle, fly honeysuckle, red-berried elderberry, wild lily-of-the-valley,
large-leaved aster, wild sarsaparilla, hairy Solomon's seal, and powder horn lichen. Often
contains Central v-types V5, V6, and V34.
Quercus rubra, (Q. macrocarpa, Q. alba), Acer saccharum var. saccharum, Pinus
Trees strobus, Fraxinus americana, Tilia americana, Tsuga canadensis, Pinus banksiana,
Populus grandidentata, P. tremuloides
Amelanchier laevis, Diervilla lonicera, Lonicera canadensis, Sambucus racemosa ssp.
Shrubs
pubens
Vascular
Polygonatum pubescens, Oryzopsis asperifolia, Maianthemum racemosum ssp.
Herbaceous
racemosum
Cladonia coniocraea, Ptilidium pulcherrimum, Dicranum fuscescens var. fuscescens,
Non-vascular
Jamesoniella autumnalis var. autumnalis
180 2015-02-26 180

G090Tt/Tl Fresh, Clayey: Oak Hardwood
Ecology
fire. In the absence of fire gap dynamics will transform this ecosite to favour shade tolerant
species resulting in an uneven aged forest.
increased diversity and vigour of the understory may occur. Red oak dominated forest found
begin in the extreme southern portions of 5E and become more prevalent as you move further
south. Associated tree species American basswood, large-tooth aspen, and ironwood are
more frequent in 5E. Boreal hardwoods, trembling aspen and white birch, more common in the
Edaphic Variability
conditions.
Related Ecosites
072, 121
Moister
106
057
Coarser textured
Fine Loamy
017
Shallower
181 2015-02-26 181

Fresh, Clayey: Maple Hardwood G091Tt/Tl
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
the main canopy. May contain yellow birch, American basswood, white birch, ironwood, white
ash, and American beech. Understory tree species consisting of high levels of sugar maple,
balsam fir, and ironwood. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly broadleaf
litter. Substrate clayey. Mostly > 15 cm deep and fresh (MR 3).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
treed condition often indicative of younger trees. Maple species compose > 50% of hardwood
tree species in the main canopy. Common understory vegetation includes fly honeysuckle,
beaked hazel, mountain maple, striped maple, spinulose wood fern, wild sarsaparilla, wild lily-
of-the-valley, false Solomon's seal, and reflexed Brachythecium moss. May contain Central v-
types V1-6 and V10-V13; NE v-types V2-V4 and V6-V8.
Acer saccharum var. saccharum, A. rubrum, Betula alleghaniensis, Tilia americana,
Trees Betula papyrifera, Ostrya virginiana, Fraxinus americana, Fagus grandifolia, Quercus
rubra
Shrubs
pensylvanicum
Dryopteris canadensis, Aralia nudicaulis, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense,
Vascular
M. racemosum ssp. racemosum, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Polygonatum
Herbaceous
pubescens
182 2015-02-26 182

G091Tt/Tl Fresh, Clayey: Maple Hardwood
Ecology
fire or repeated human disturbance (e.g., agricultural clearing, partial harvesting). Without the
influence of fire, the vegetation will not likely succeed to another ecosite. Lack of fire favours
sugar maple and American beech, shade tolerant species will become more prominent.
Red maple dominated forests found throughout the range. Sugar maple dominated forests are
more likely in southern 4E and 5E. Associated tree species yellow birch, American basswood,
American beech, balsam fir and ironwood are more frequent in 5E. Bitternut hickory, butternut,
green ash, and wild black cherry may occur in the southern part of 5E. Red oak, white birch,
Edaphic Variability
conditions.
Related Ecosites
073, 074, 075, 122, 123,

124
Moister
107
058
Coarser textured
Fine Loamy
018
Shallower
183 2015-02-26 183

Fresh, Clayey: Mixedwood G092Tt/Tl
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Hardwood canopy consisting of a mixture of sugar maple, American basswood, black ash,
ironwood, red maple, and white birch. Stand composition highly variable. Understory tree
species consisting of high levels of sugar maple, ironwood, American basswood, and balsam
fir. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter. Substrate clayey.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
50%. Common understory vegetation includes fly honeysuckle, alternate-leaved dogwood,
creeping partridge-berry, striped maple, wild lily-of-the-valley, hairy Solomon's seal, wild
sarsaparilla, purple trillium, spinulose wood fern, and beautiful branch moss. May contain
Central v-types V1, V2, and V4-6; NE v-types V1, V2, V4, V6-V8, and V15.
Acer saccharum var. saccharum, Tilia americana, Fraxinus nigra, Ostrya virginiana,
Trees Acer rubrum, Betula papyrifera, Quercus rubra, Fagus grandifolia, Betula
alleghaniensis, Abies balsamea
Lonicera canadensis, Cornus alternifolia, Mitchella repens, Acer pensylvanicum,
Shrubs
Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Acer spicatum
Vascular Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Polygonatum pubescens, Aralia nudicaulis,

Herbaceous Trillium erectum, Dryopteris carthusiana, Streptopus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus
Non-vascular Callicladium haldanianum, Brachythecium reflexum var. reflexum
184 2015-02-26 184

G092Tt/Tl Fresh, Clayey: Mixedwood
Ecology
fire or repeated human disturbance (e.g., agricultural clearing, partial harvesting). Mixed
species compositions are generally stable and can persist with non stand replacing
Mixed forests of red oak, red maple, sugar maple, white birch, balsam fir, and eastern white
pine occur throughout 4E. American beech and American basswood beech are more frequent
in 5E. Bitternut hickory, butternut, green ash, and wild black cherry may occur in the southern
part of 5E.
Edaphic Variability
conditions.
Related Ecosites
076, 125
Moister
108
059
Coarser textured
Fine Loamy
019
Shallower
185 2015-02-26 185

Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Field G093N
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Substrate silty to fine loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and fresh (MR 3).
Substrate Series S2 M6 MD6 MD8 D6 D8
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
of the surrounding landscape. Common agricultural plants may include corn and canola. In
addition a variable composition of early succession plants including clovers, marsh vetchling,
and pearly everlasting can be found in grazed areas. Due to the continuous human alteration
Zea mays spp. mays, Brassica napus, Trifolium spp., Lathyrus palustris, Anaphalis
Vascular margaritacea, Hieracium spp., Solidago spp., Eurybia spp., Taraxacum officinale ssp.
Herbaceous officinale, Daucus carota, Achillea millefolium, Leucanthemum vulgare, Sonchus
arvensis ssp. arvensis, Cirsium arvense, Bromus inermis
186 2015-02-26 186

G093N Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Field
Ecology
Edaphic Variability
sedges and other herbaceous species reflecting hydric conditions. Compaction of the
substrate may occur in heavily grazed fields and patches of unpalatable species (e.g., bracken
fern, wool grass) may be present.
Related Ecosites
060, 109
Moister
077
Finer textured
044
Coarser textured
093 094, 095, 096
No evidence of
N/A
187 2015-02-26 187

Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Meadow G094N
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Ground surface mostly herbaceous litter and mineral material. Substrate silty to fine loamy.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
trembling aspen, white birch, Rubus and serviceberries. Herbaceous species may include
fireweed, American vetch and Canada bluejoint grass. Non-vascular species may include
Trees Populus tremuloides, Betula papyrifera, Acer rubrum, Populus balsamifera
Shrubs Rubus spp., Amelanchier spp., Cornus stolonifera, Diervilla lonicera

spp., Poa pratensis ssp. pratensis, Circisum arvense, Bromus inermis
188 2015-02-26 188

G094N Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Meadow
Ecology
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
061, 110
Moister
045
078
Coarser textured
Finer textured
093
094
095, 096
Evidence of agriculture
or continuous plowing
008
Shallower
189 2015-02-26 189

Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Sparse Shrub G095S
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
litter and mineral material. Substrate silty to fine loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and fresh (MR
3).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
species include trembling aspen and white birch. Shrub species may include prickly wild rose,
Rubus species, and speckled alder. Common herbaceous plants may include fireweed,
Canada bluejoint grass, and American vetch. Mosses limited but may include haircap mosses
and fire moss.

Trees
Populus balsamifera, Thuja occidentalis
Rosa acicularis ssp. sayi, Rubus spp., Alnus incana ssp. rugosa, Salix spp., Viburnum
Shrubs
spp., Cornus stolonifera, Diervilla lonicera
spp., Poa pratensis, Cirsium arvense, Bromus inermis, Agrostis stolonifera
190 2015-02-26 190

G095S Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Sparse Shrub
Ecology
more dense shrub (G096) or treed system.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
062, 111
Moister
046 079
Coarser textured Finer textured
095
093, 094 096
Shrub cover 10% Shrub cover > 25%
009
Shallower
191 2015-02-26 191

Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Shrub G096S
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
litter and mineral material. Substrate silty to fine loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and fresh (MR
3).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
species include trembling aspen and white birch. Shrub species may include Rubus species
(raspberry, blackberry etc.), speckled alder, and willows. Common herbaceous plants may
include fireweed, Canada bluejoint grass, and American vetch. Mosses limited but may

Trees
Populus balsamifera, Thuja occidentalis
Rubus spp., Alnus incana ssp. rugosa, Salix spp., Viburnum spp., Cornus stolonifera,
Shrubs
Rosa acicularis ssp. sayi, Diervilla lonicera
spp., Poa pratensis ssp. pratensis, Cirsium arvense, Bromus inermis
192 2015-02-26 192

G096S Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Shrub
Ecology
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
063, 112
Moister
047
Coarser textured
080
096 Finer textured
093, 094, 095
Shrub cover 25%
010
Shallower
193 2015-02-26 193

Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Red Pine - White Pine Conifer G097Tt/Tl
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting of eastern white and red pine. May contain white birch, red maple,
black spruce, large-tooth aspen, balsam fir, eastern white cedar, and white spruce. Understory
tree species consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, red maple, and eastern white pine.
Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly conifer and broadleaf litter with
occurrences of feathermoss. Substrate silty to fine loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and fresh (MR
3).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
by conifer. Common understory vegetation includes beaked hazel, fly honeysuckle, velvet-
leaf blueberry, bush honeysuckle, wild lily-of-the-valley, wild sarsaparilla, large-leaved aster,
bracken fern, and Schreber's moss. Often contains Central v-types V29 and V34; NE v-types
V4, V1, V3, V13, and V14.
Pinus strobus, P. resinosa, Betula papyrifera, Acer rubrum, Picea mariana, Populus
Trees
grandidentata, Abies balsamea, Thuja occidentalis, Picea glauca
Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Lonicera canadensis, Vaccinium myrtilloides, Diervilla

Shrubs
canadensis, Vaccinium angustifolium, Gaultheria procumbens, Amelanchier laevis

Herbaceous Pteridium aquilinum, Cornus canadensis, Clintonia borealis
Non-vascular Pleurozium schreberi, Cladonia coniocraea, Dicranum montanum
194 2015-02-26 194

G097Tt/Tl Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Red Pine - White Pine Conifer
Ecology
Limitations to tree growth result from vegetative competition. Conifer litter and feathermoss
abundance increases with canopy closure. Species diversity and lichen abundance increases
as canopy becomes more open. Under red pine dominated stands, shrub and herb sparse
with abundant conifer litter. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with low to
fir or mixedwood ecosite near the northern boundaries of 4E and tolerant hardwood in the
southern portion of 4E and throughout 5E. Species such as bracken fern and white-grained
mountain-rice grass found on the site as a legacy of fire.
vegetation including eastern white cedar, yellow birch, and red maple in 4E and northern
portion of 5E. Basswood and red oak more common in southern portion of 5E. Trembling
aspen and white birch more common in northern portion of 4E.
Edaphic Variability
Typically uniform in nutrient and moisture availability. Moderately deep to deep substrates.
conditions.
Related Ecosites
064, 113
Moister
048 081
011
Shallower
195 2015-02-26 195

Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Jack Pine - Black Spruce
G098Tt/Tl
Dominated L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy dominated by jack pine and black spruce. May contain white birch, trembling
aspen, balsam fir, red pine, eastern white pine, and red pine. Understory tree species
consisting of high levels of black spruce, balsam fir, red maple, and white birch. Shrub and
herb moderately rich. Ericaceous shrubs typically abundant. Ground surface mostly conifer
and broadleaf litter with occurrences of feathermoss. Substrate silty to fine loamy. Mostly > 15
cm deep and fresh (MR 3).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Feathermoss abundant under a closed canopy. Low shrubs or lichen more likely under an
open canopy. Common understory vegetation includes low sweet blueberry, velvet-leaf
blueberry, wintergreen, twinflower, bunchberry, wild lily-of-the-valley, bluebead-lily, goldthread,
and powder horn lichen. Often contains Central v-types V39 and V40; NE v-types V20, V17,
V14, V19, V21, and V23.
Picea mariana, Pinus banksiana, Betula papyrifera, Populus tremuloides, Abies
Trees
balsamea, Acer rubrum, Pinus strobus, P. resinosa
Vaccinium angustifolium, V. myrtilloides, Gaultheria procumbens, G. hispidula, Linnaea

Shrubs
borealis ssp. longiflora, Diervilla lonicera

Non-vascular Cladonia coniocraea, Pleurozium schreberi
196 2015-02-26 196

G098Tt/Tl Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Jack Pine - Black Spruce
Ecology
as canopy becomes more open. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with
moderate to high intensity fire. High intensity fire in jack pine dominated communities, produce
even aged, nearly pure stands of jack pine. In black spruce communities high intensity fire
permits the quick re-establishment of black spruce along with pines and hardwood species
such as white birch and aspen. In the absence of fire this ecosite will succeed to spruce and
balsam fir or mixed wood ecosites near the northern boundaries of 4E and tolerant mixed
hardwood in the southern portion of 4E and throughout 5E.
4E and throughout 5E. Trembling aspen and white birch more common in northern portion of
4E.
Edaphic Variability
conditions.
Related Ecosites
065, 114
Moister
082
Finer textured
049
099
Increased diversity
012
Shallower
197 2015-02-26 197

Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Pine - Black Spruce Conifer G099Tt/Tl
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
contain balsam fir, white birch, trembling aspen, eastern white cedar and white spruce.
Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, white birch, and black
spruce. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly conifer and broadleaf litter
with occurrences of feathermoss. Substrate silty to fine loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and fresh
(MR 3).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
includes velvet-leaf blueberry, low sweet blueberry, twinflower, bush honeysuckle, bunchberry,
wild lily-of-the-valley, bracken fern, bluebead-lily, and Schreber's moss. Often contains Central
v-types V39, V24, and V30; NE v-types V19, V18, V20, V31, V33, and V34.
Pinus banksiana, Picea mariana, Abies balsamea, Betula papyrifera, Populus

Trees
tremuloides, Thuja occidentalis, Picea glauca
Vaccinium myrtilloides, V. angustifolium, Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora, Diervilla

Shrubs
lonicera, Alnus viridis ssp. incana, Rhododendron groenlandicum
Vascular Cornus canadensis, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Pteridium aquilinum,

Herbaceous Clintonia borealis, Aralia nudicaulis, Eurybia macrophyllus
198 2015-02-26 198

G099Tt/Tl Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Pine - Black Spruce Conifer
Ecology
moderate to high intensity fire. In the absence of fire this ecosite will succeed to spruce and
balsam fir or mixed wood ecosites near the northern boundaries of 4E and tolerant mixed
hardwood in the southern portion of 4E and throughout 5E.
increased diversity and vigour of the understory may occur. In the northern portion of 4E black
Edaphic Variability
conditions.
Related Ecosites
065, 114
Moister
050
Coarser textured
083
098 099 Finer textured
Decreased diversity;
near pure Sb/Pj
012
Shallower
199 2015-02-26 199

Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Hemlock - Cedar Conifer G100Tt/Tl
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
red maple, yellow birch, balsam fir, white spruce, and white birch. Understory tree species
consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, eastern hemlock, and red maple. Shrub and herb
moderately rich. Ground surface mostly conifer and broadleaf litter. Substrate silty to fine
loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and fresh (MR 3).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
vegetation includes fly honeysuckle, mountain maple, striped maple, beaked hazel, wild lily-of-
the-valley, starflower, bluebead-lily, spinulose wood fern, and powder horn lichen. Often
contains Central v-types V18 and V19; NE v-type V9.
Thuja occidentalis, Tsuga canadensis, Acer rubrum, Betula alleghaniensis, Abies

Trees
balsamea, Picea glauca, Betula papyrifera
Lonicera canadensis, Acer spicatum, A. pensylvanicum, Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta,

Shrubs
Viburnum lantanoides
Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Clintonia
Vascular
borealis, Dryopteris carthusiana, Aralia nudicaulis, Streptopus lanceolatus ssp.
Herbaceous
lanceolatus
Non-vascular Cladonia coniocraea, Plagiothecium laetum, Bazzania trilobata var. trilobata
200 2015-02-26 200

G100Tt/Tl Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Hemlock - Cedar Conifer
Ecology
as canopy becomes more open. This ecosite generally represents a late seral stage. Cedar
and hemlock are susceptible to fire disturbance. Without the influence of fire, the vegetation
will not likely succeed to another ecosite. Ecosite will persist due to shade tolerance of
seedlings.
eastern white cedar dominated stands in the northern portion (4E) of the Great Lakes-St.
Lawrence range to eastern white cedar/eastern hemlock stands in the south (5E). Pure
eastern hemlock conditions often limited to cool moist slopes. Eastern red cedar may occur in
5E-7. Common tree associates in 4E include white birch, eastern white pine, and balsam fir.
Yellow birch and sugar maple are more common tree associates with eastern hemlock in 5E
Edaphic Variability
conditions.
Related Ecosites
066, 115
Moister
051 084
013
Shallower
201 2015-02-26 201

Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Spruce - Fir Conifer G101Tt/Tl
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
May contain other species including white birch, eastern white cedar, trembling aspen, red
maple, yellow birch and eastern white pine. Understory tree species consisting of moderate
levels of balsam fir, white birch, and trembling aspen. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground
surface mostly conifer and broadleaf litter. Substrate silty to fine loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep
and fresh (MR 3).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
honeysuckle, mountain maple, northern wild raisin, velvet-leaf blueberry, wild lily-of-the-valley,
wild sarsaparilla, bluebead-lily, goldthread, and powder horn lichen. Often contains Central v-
types V26 and V37; NE v-types V15, V8, V16, V2, and V14.
Abies balsamea, Picea glauca, Betula papyrifera, Picea mariana, Thuja occidentalis,
Trees Populus tremuloides, Acer rubrum, Betula alleghaniensis, Pinus strobus, Sorbus
americana
Lonicera canadensis, Acer spicatum, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides, Vaccinium
Shrubs
myrtilloides, Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora, Diervilla lonicera
Vascular Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Aralia nudicaulis, Clintonia borealis, Coptis
Herbaceous trifolia, Cornus canadensis
Non-vascular Cladonia coniocraea, C. chlorophaea, Dicranum flagellare
202 2015-02-26 202

G101Tt/Tl Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Spruce - Fir Conifer
Ecology
as canopy becomes more open. This ecosite generally represents a mid to late seral stage.
Maintenance of structure and composition generally associated with low to moderate intensity
fire, however in the absence of fire, the vegetation will not likely succeed to another ecosite.
More commonly found in the Maritime provinces, red spruce reaches its westerly limit in
Ontario. Red spruce can be found in rare instances as pure or mixed stands in 5E-5, 5E-6,
5E-9, and 5E-10. Common tree associates in 4E include white birch, eastern white pine, and
trembling aspen. Yellow birch and sugar maple are more common tree associates in 5E and
Edaphic Variability
conditions.
Related Ecosites
067, 116
Moister
052 085
014
Shallower
203 2015-02-26 203

Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Conifer G102Tt/Tl
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting of a mixture of of tamarack, white spruce, black spruce, balsam fir,
spruce. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly conifer and broadleaf litter.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
main canopy. Common understory vegetation includes beaked hazel, mountain maple, bush
honeysuckle, fly honeysuckle, bluebead-lily, wild sarsaparilla, wild lily-of-the-valley, starflower,
and Schrebers moss. May contain NE v-type V7.
Trees
rubrum, Betula papyrifera, Thuja occidentalis. Populus tremuloides
Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Acer spicatum, Diervilla lonicera, Lonicera canadensis,
Shrubs
Vaccinium angustifolium, Linnaea borealis ssp. borealis
Vascular Clintonia borealis, Aralia nudicaulis, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense,

204 2015-02-26 204

G102Tt/Tl Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Conifer
Ecology
low to moderate intensity fire or repeated human disturbance (e.g., agricultural clearing, partial
Wide variety of associated vegetation including eastern white cedar, yellow birch, red maple,
basswood, and red oak in the southern portion of 4E and throughout 5E. Red spruce likely in
5E-5, 5E-6, 5E-9, or 5E-10. Boreal hardwoods, trembling aspen, and white birch, more
common in northern portion of 4E.
Edaphic Variability
conditions.
Related Ecosites
068, 117
Moister
053 086
014
Shallower
205 2015-02-26 205

Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Red Pine - White Pine
G103Tt/Tl
Mixedwood L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
white birch, trembling aspen, large-tooth aspen, white spruce, and red maple. Understory tree
species consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, red maple, eastern white pine, and red
oak. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly conifer and broadleaf litter.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
understory vegetation includes beaked hazel, fly honeysuckle, mountain maple, bush
honeysuckle, large-leaved aster, wild sarsaparilla, wild lily-of-the-valley, bracken fern, and
powder horn lichen. May contain Central v-types V23, V27, V29, and V34; NE v-types V4, V1,
V3, V13, and V14.
Pinus strobus, Betula papyrifera, Pinus resinosa, Populus tremuloides, P.
Trees
grandidentata, Picea glauca, Acer rubrum, Abies balsamea, Quercus rubra
Shrubs Vaccinium angustifolium, V. myrtilloides, Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora, Viburnum
nudum var. cassinoides, Mitchella repens
Vascular Eurybia macrophyllus, Aralia nudicaulis, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense,
Herbaceous Pteridium aquilinum, Cornus canadensis, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis
206 2015-02-26 206

Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Red Pine - White Pine
G103Tt/Tl
Mixedwood
Ecology
Limitations to tree growth result from vegetative competition. Shrub and herb poor under a
closed canopy. Species diversity increases as canopy become more open. Maintenance of
vegetation including sugar maple, basswood, and ironwood in the southern portion of 4E
throughout 5E. Boreal hardwoods, trembling aspen and white birch, more common in the
Edaphic Variability
conditions.
Related Ecosites
069, 118
Moister
054 087
015
Shallower
207 2015-02-26 207

Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Aspen - Birch Hardwood G104Tt/Tl
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
aspen, large-tooth aspen, and yellow birch likely in the main canopy. May contain balsam fir,
white spruce, sugar maple, and red maple. Understory tree species consisting of moderate to
high levels of balsam fir, sugar maple, red maple, and trembling aspen. Shrub and herb
moderately rich. Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter, lichens, and mosses. Substrate silty to
fine loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and fresh (MR 3).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
hazel, fly honeysuckle, mountain maple, bush honeysuckle, wild sarsaparilla, bluebead-lily,
starflower, wild lily-of-the-valley, powder horn lichen, and Schreber's moss. May contain
Central v-types V24, V21, V25, V28, V20, V22, and V23; NE v-types V4, V5, V8, V2, V11, V6,
V10, V12, and V13.
Populus tremuloides, (P. balsamifera), Betula papyrifera, (B. alleghaniensis), Abies
Trees
balsamea, Picea glauca, Acer saccharum var. saccharum, A. rubrum
Shrubs Vaccinium angustifolium, V. myrtilloides, Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora, Viburnum
nudum var. cassinoides, Mitchella repens
Aralia nudicaulis, Clintonia borealis, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Maianthemum
Vascular
canadense ssp. canadense, Eurybia macrophyllus, Pteridium aquilinum, Dryopteris
Herbaceous
carthusiana
Cladonia coniocraea, Pleurozium schreberi, Dicranum fuscescens var. fuscescens,
Non-vascular
Callicladium haldanianum
208 2015-02-26 208

G104Tt/Tl Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Aspen - Birch Hardwood
Ecology
closed canopy. Species diversity increases as canopy become more open. A major
disturbance (e.g., fire, partially harvesting, agriculture abandonment) is required to maintain
this ecosite. Aspen and/or birch regeneration after disturbance is quick through root suckering
or seeding from adjacent stands often resulting in an even-aged overstory. In the absence of
morainal materials, glaciofluvial material in large river valleys, and glaciolacustrine deposits
throughout the range. Rugged bedrock controlled topography occurs in 5E-1, 5E-3, and 5E-5.
Typically non-calcareous, where calcareous increased diversity and vigour of the understory
may occur. The ecosite transitions from trembling aspen and white birch dominated stands in
the northern portion (4E) of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range to yellow birch and large-
tooth/trembling aspen stands in the south (5E).
Edaphic Variability
conditions.
Related Ecosites
070, 119
Moister
055 088
016
Shallower
209 2015-02-26 209

Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Elm - Ash Hardwood G105Tt/Tl
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
aspen, sugar maple, red maple, yellow birch, and white spruce. Understory consisting of
Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter. Substrate silty to fine loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and
fresh (MR 3).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
sarsaparilla, starflower, northern lady fern, wild lily-of-the-valley, and beautiful branch moss.
Often contains Central v-type V7.
Fraxinus nigra, (F. americana, F. pennsylvanica), Ulmus americana, Populus
Trees tremuloides, Acer saccharum var. saccharum, A. rubrum, Betula alleghaniensis, Picea
glauca,
Shrubs
Herbaceous femina var. angustum, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Clintonia borealis
210 2015-02-26 210

G105Tt/Tl Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Elm - Ash Hardwood
Ecology
closed canopy. Species diversity increases as canopy become more open. Elm and ash are
much reduced from historical abundance and range due to pathogens and/or human
exploitation. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with low to moderate
intensity fire. In the absence of fire this ecosite will likely succeed to a mixedwood.
increased diversity and vigour of the understory may occur. Black ash and white elm found
throughout the range. White ash and green ash limited to 5E. Sugar maple, yellow birch, and
ironwood are more frequent in 5E. Boreal hardwoods, trembling aspen and white birch, more
common in northern portion of 4E.
Edaphic Variability
conditions.
Related Ecosites
071, 120
Moister
056 089
019
Shallower
211 2015-02-26 211

Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Oak Hardwood G106Tt/Tl
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
canopy, but may include components of bur oak and white oak. May contain sugar maple,
eastern white pine, white ash, American beech, and eastern hemlock. Understory consisting
of high levels of sugar maple, ironwood, red maple, and red oak. Shrub and herb moderately
rich. Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter. Substrate silty to fine loamy. Mostly > 15 cm
deep and fresh (MR 3).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
hardwood tree species in the main canopy. Common understory vegetation includes smooth
juneberry, bush honeysuckle, fly honeysuckle, red-berried elderberry, wild lily-of-the-valley,
large-leaved aster, wild sarsaparilla, hairy Solomons seal, and powder horn lichen. Often
contains Central v-types V6, V5, and V34.
Amelanchier laevis, Diervilla lonicera, Lonicera canadensis, Sambucus racemosa ssp.
Shrubs
pubens
Vascular
Herbaceous
racemosum
Non-vascular
212 2015-02-26 212

G106Tt/Tl Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Oak Hardwood
Ecology
gap dynamics will transform this ecosite to favour shade tolerant species resulting in an
uneven aged forest.
increased diversity and vigour of the understory may occur. Red oak dominated forest found
begin in the extreme southern portions of 5E and become more prevalent as you move further
south. Associated tree species American basswood, large-tooth aspen, and ironwood are
more frequent in 5E. Boreal hardwoods, trembling aspen and white birch, more common in
Edaphic Variability
conditions.
Related Ecosites
072, 121
Moister
057 090
017
Shallower
213 2015-02-26 213

Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Maple Hardwood G107Tt/Tl
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
the main canopy. May contain yellow birch, American basswood, white birch, ironwood, white
ash, and American beech. Understory tree species consisting of high levels of sugar maple,
balsam fir, and ironwood. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly broadleaf
litter. Substrate silty to fine loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and fresh (MR 3).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
honeysuckle, beaked hazel, mountain maple, striped maple, spinulose wood fern, wild
sarsaparilla, wild lily-of-the-valley, false Solomons seal, and reflexed Brachythecium moss.
May contain Central v-types V2, V5, V7, V3, and V10-V15; NE v-types V2 and V3.
rubra
Shrubs
pensylvanicum
Vascular
Herbaceous
pubescens
214 2015-02-26 214

G107Tt/Tl Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Maple Hardwood
Ecology
structure and composition associated with repeated human disturbance (e.g., agricultural
clearing, partial harvesting). Without the influence of fire, the vegetation will not likely succeed
to another ecosite. Lack of fire favours sugar maple and American beech, shade tolerant
Red maple dominated forests found throughout the range. Sugar maple dominated forests are
more likely in southern 4E and 5E. Associated tree species yellow birch, American basswood,
American beech, balsam fir and ironwood are more frequent in 5E. Bitternut hickory, butternut,
green ash, and wild black cherry may occur in the southern part of 5E. Red oak, white birch,
Edaphic Variability
conditions.
Related Ecosites
073. 074, 075, 122, 123, 124

Moister
058 091
018
Shallower
215 2015-02-26 215

Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Mixedwood G108Tt/Tl
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Hardwood canopy consisting of a mixture of sugar maple, white birch, American beech, yellow
birch, American basswood, red oak, and ironwood. Stand composition highly variable.
Understory tree species consisting of high levels of sugar maple, ironwood, American
basswood, American beech, and balsam fir. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface
mostly broadleaf litter. Substrate silty to fine loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and fresh (MR 3).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
50%. Common understory vegetation includes fly honeysuckle, creeping partridge-berry,
striped maple, beaked hazel, wild lily-of-the-valley, hairy Solomons seal, wild sarsaparilla,
indian-pipe, spinulose wood fern, and beautiful branch moss. May contain Central v-types V1,
V2, V6, V5, and V4; NE v-types V1, V2, V4, V6-V8, and V15.
Acer saccharum var. saccharum, Betula papyrifera, Tilia americana, Quercus rubra,
Trees Ostrya virginiana, Fagus grandifolia, Fraxinus americana, Abies balsamea, Populus
grandidentata
Lonicera canadensis, Mitchella repens, Acer pensylvanicum, Corylus cornuta ssp.
Shrubs
cornuta, Acer spicatum

Herbaceous Monotropa uniflora, Dryopteris carthusiana, Streptopus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus
216 2015-02-26 216

G108Tt/Tl Fresh, Silty to Fine Loamy: Mixedwood
Ecology
structure and composition associated with low to moderate intensity fire or repeated human
disturbance (e.g., agricultural clearing, partial harvesting). Mixed species compositions are
generally stable and can persist with non stand replacing disturbances, such as wind and
insect damage.
Mixed forests of red oak, red maple, sugar maple, white birch, balsam fir, and eastern white
pine occur throughout 4E. Bitternut hickory, butternut, green ash, and wild black cherry may
occur in the southern part of 5E.
Edaphic Variability
conditions.
Related Ecosites
076, 125
Moister
059 092
019
Shallower
217 2015-02-26 217

Moist, Fine: Field G109N
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Substrate silty to fine loamy to clayey. Mostly > 15 cm deep and moist (MR = 4 or 5).
Substrate Series S2 M7 M11 MD7 MD11 MD15 D7 D9 D11 D15
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
of the surrounding landscape. Common agricultural plants may include corn and soybeans. In
addition a variable composition of early successional vascular plants including timothy,
Kentucky bluegrass, and asters can be found in grazed areas. Due to the continuous human
alteration of the site lichens and mosses are limited.
Zea mays ssp. mays, Glycine max, Phleum pratense ssp. pratense, Poa pratensis ssp.
Vascular pratensis, Erigeron spp., Symphyotrichum spp., Trifolium spp., Calamagrostis
Herbaceous canadensis var. canadensis, Carex spp., Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,
Solidago spp., Elymus repens, Ranunculus acris, Leucanthemum vulgare
218 2015-02-26 218

G109N Moist, Fine: Field
Ecology
1, 5E-3, 5E-4, 5E-5, and 5E-8. Generally on flat to undulating glaciolacustrine deposits,
glaciofluvial material in large river valleys, and flat to rolling fine textured morainal materials
may occur.
Edaphic Variability
substrate depth over bedrock. Mostly on middle or lower slopes or in depressions. Occasional
very moist to wet inclusions may contain sedges and other herbaceous species reflecting
hydric conditions. Compaction of the substrate may occur in heavily grazed fields and
patches of areas of unpalatable species (e.g., bracken fern, wool grass) may be present.
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
060
Coarser textured
109 N/A
044, 077, 093

Drier
219 2015-02-26 219

Moist, Fine: Meadow G110N
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Herbaceous (forb and/or graminoid) vegetation community. Trees and shrubs generally
absent. Ground surface mostly herbaceous litter and mineral material. Substrate silty to fine
loamy to clayey. Mostly > 15 cm deep and moist (MR = 4 or 5).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
trembling aspen, white birch, Rubus species, and speckled alder. Herbaceous species may
include Canada bluejoint grass, spotted jewel-weed, and asters. Non-vascular species may
Trees Populus tremuloides, Betula papyrifera, Thuja occidentalis, Populus balsamifera
Rubus spp., Alnus incana ssp. rugosa, Cornus stolonifera, Salix spp., Rosa acicularis
Shrubs
ssp. sayi
Calamagrostis canadensis var. canadensis, Impatiens capensis, Erigeron spp.,
Vascular Symphyotrichum spp., Trifolium spp., Phleum pratense ssp. pratense, Cirsium arvense,
Herbaceous Carex spp., Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium, Solidago spp., Elymus
repens, Ranunculus acris, Leucanthemum vulgare, Onoclea sensibilis,
220 2015-02-26 220

G110N Moist, Fine: Meadow
Ecology
may occur. Little bluestem may occur on the southern edge of the shield.
Edaphic Variability
substrate depth over bedrock. Mostly on middle or lower slopes or in depressions. Black
spruce, speckled alder, and peat substrates more abundant in depressions on moderately
deep substrates.
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
061
Coarser textured
110 N/A
008, 020
Shallower
045, 078, 094

Drier
221 2015-02-26 221

Moist, Fine: Sparse Shrub G111S
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
litter and mineral material. Substrate silty to fine loamy to clayey. Mostly > 15 cm deep and
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
species include trembling aspen and white birch. Shrub species may include Rubus species,
speckled alder, and red-osier dogwood. Common herbaceous plants may include Canada
bluejoint grass, spotted jewel-weed, and asters. Mosses limited by may include haircap
mosses and fire moss.
Shrubs
ssp. sayi
Vascular Symphyotrichum spp., Trifolium spp., Phleum pratense ssp. pratense, Poa pratensis
Herbaceous ssp. pratensis, Carex spp., Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium, Solidago spp.,
Elymus repens, Ranunculus acris, Leucanthemum vulgare, Onoclea sensibilis,
Non-vascular Polytrichum spp., Ceratodon purpureus ssp. purpureus, Pleurozium schreberi
222 2015-02-26 222

G111S Moist, Fine: Sparse Shrub
Ecology
open; either old fields or meadows. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with
more dense shrub system (G112) or treed system.
may occur.
Edaphic Variability
deep substrates.
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
062
Coarser textured
111 N/A
009, 021
Shallower
046, 079, 095

Drier
223 2015-02-26 223

Moist, Fine: Shrub G112S
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
litter and mineral material. Substrate silty to fine loamy to clayey. Mostly > 15 cm deep and
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
species include trembling aspen and white birch. Shrub species may include Rubus species,
speckled alder, and red-osier dogwood. Common herbaceous plants may include Canada
bluejoint grass, spotted jewel-weed, and asters. Mosses limited but may include haircap
mosses and fire moss.
Shrubs
ssp. sayi
Vascular Symphyotrichum spp., Trifolium spp., Phleum pratense ssp. pratense, Poa pratensis
Herbaceous ssp. pratensis, Carex spp., Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium, Solidago spp.,
Elymus repens, Ranunculus acris, Leucanthemum vulgare, Onoclea sensibilis,
224 2015-02-26 224

G112S Moist, Fine: Shrub
Ecology
open; either old fields or meadows. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with
may occur.
Edaphic Variability
deep substrates.
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
063
Coarser textured
112 N/A
010, 022
Shallower
047, 080, 096

Drier
225 2015-02-26 225

Moist, Fine: Red Pine - White Pine Conifer G113Tt/Tl
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting of eastern white and red pine. May contain large-tooth aspen,
balsam fir, white birch, eastern white cedar, and American basswood. Understory tree species
consisting of moderate levels of red maple, balsam fir, trembling aspen, and eastern white
pine. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly conifer and broadleaf litter with
occurrences of feathermoss. Substrate silty, fine loamy to clayey. Mostly > 15 cm deep and
Substrate Series S2 M7 M11 MD7 MD9 MD11 MD15 D7 D9 D11 D15
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
closed. Low treed condition often indicative of younger trees. Ecosite is mostly conifer (> 50
% relative cover). Eastern white and/or red pine 20% absolute cover is diagnostic. Ecosite
by conifer. Common understory vegetation includes beaked hazel, fly honeysuckle, velvet-
leaf blueberry, mountain maple, wild lily-of-the-valley, wild sarsaparilla, large-leaved aster,
bunchberry, and Schreber's moss. Often contains Central v-types V29, V27, V28, and V34;
NE v-type V7.
Pinus strobus, P. resinosa, Populus grandidentata, Abies balsamea, Betula papyrifera,
Trees Thuja occidentalis, Tilia americana, Ostrya virginiana, Acer rubrum, A. saccharum var.
saccharum
Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Lonicera canadensis, Vaccinium angustifolium, Acer
Shrubs
spicatum, Diervilla lonicera

Herbaceous Cornus canadensis, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis
Pleurozium schreberi, Dicranum flagellare, Polytrichum juniperinum, Spaghnum

Non-vascular
capillifolium
226 2015-02-26 226

G113Tt/Tl Moist, Fine: White Pine Conifer
Ecology
abundance increases with canopy closure. Species diversity increases as canopy becomes
more open. Maintenance of structure and compositions associated with low to moderate
intensity fire. In the absence of fire this ecosite will succeed to a spruce and balsam fir or
mixedwood ecosite near the northern boundaries of 4E and tolerant hardwood in the southern
portion of 4E and throughout 5E. Species such as bracken fern and mountain rice grass found
on the site as a legacy of fire.
may occur. Wide variety of associated vegetation including eastern white cedar, yellow birch,
and red maple in 4E and northern portion of 5E. American basswood and red oak more likely
in southern portion of 5E.
Edaphic Variability
deep substrates.
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
064
Coarser textured 113 N/A
011, 023
Shallower
048, 081, 097

Drier
227 2015-02-26 227

Moist, Fine: Pine - Black Spruce Conifer G114Tt/Tl
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
in the main canopy, but may include eastern white pine, red pine, and scotch pine. May contain
balsam fir, trembling aspen, white birch, and red maple. Understory tree species consisting of
moderate levels of balsam fir and black spruce. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground
surface mostly conifer and broadleaf litter. Substrate silty to fine loamy to clayey. Mostly > 15
cm deep and moist (MR = 4 or 5).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
includes low sweet blueberry, creeping snowberry, velvet-leaf blueberry, bush honeysuckle,
bunchberry, wild lily-of-the-valley, bluebead-lily, goldthread, and Schrebers moss. Often
contains Central v-type V39; NE v-types V24, V25, V23, V20, V27, and V19.
Picea mariana, Pinus banksiana, (P. strobus, P. resinosa. P. sylvestris), Abies
Trees
balsamea, Populus tremuloides, Betula papyrifera, Acer rubrum
Vaccinium angustifolium, Gaultheria hispidula, Vaccinium myrtilloides, Diervilla lonicera,

Shrubs
Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora

228 2015-02-26 228

G114Tt/Tl Moist, Fine: Pine - Black Spruce Conifer
Ecology
more open. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with moderate to high
intensity fire. In the absence of fire this ecosite will succeed to spruce and balsam fir or mixed
wood ecosites near the northern boundaries of 4E and tolerant mixed hardwood in the
may occur. In the northern portion of 4E black spruce, jack pine, white birch, and balsam fir
become more abundant in the overstory and understory. Associates such as red oak, white
pine, and red maple are more abundant in 5E, and the trend continues southward to 6E.
Edaphic Variability
deep substrates.
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
065
Coarser textured
114 N/A
012, 024
Shallower
049, 050, 081, 083, 098, 099

Drier
229 2015-02-26 229

Moist, Fine: Hemlock - Cedar Conifer G115Tt/Tl
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
balsam fir, white birch, trembling aspen, balsam poplar, yellow birch, and red maple.
Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, white spruce, and red
maple. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly conifer and broadleaf litter.
Substrate silty to fine loamy to clayey. Mostly > 15 cm deep and moist (MR = 4 or 5).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
vegetation includes mountain maple, fly honeysuckle, beaked hazel, striped maple, spinulose
wood fern, wild sarsaparilla, twinflower, fragrant bedstraw, and powder horn lichen. Often
contains Central v-types V9 and V18; NE v-type V16.
Thuja occidentalis, (Tsuga canadensis), Abies balsamea, Betula papyrifera, Populus
Trees
tremuloides, P. balsamifera, Betula alleghaniensis, Acer rubrum
Shrubs pensylvanicum, Ribes glandulosum, Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora, Viburnum nudum
var. cassinoides
Vascular Dryopteris carthusiana, Aralia nudicaulis, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Galium
Herbaceous triflorum, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Cornus canadensis
Non-vascular Cladonia coniocraea
230 2015-02-26 230

G115Tt/Tl Moist, Fine: Hemlock - Cedar Conifer
Ecology
more open. This ecosite generally represents a late seral stage. Cedar and hemlock are
may occur. The ecosite transitions from eastern white cedar dominated stands in the northern
portion (4E) of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range to eastern white cedar / eastern hemlock
stands in the south (5E). Pure eastern hemlock conditions often limited to cool moist slopes.
Eastern red cedar may occur in 5E-7. Common tree associates in 4E include white birch,
eastern white pine, and balsam fir. Yellow birch and sugar maple are more common tree
associates with eastern hemlock in 5E and transitioning into 6E.
Edaphic Variability
deep substrates.
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
066
013, 025
Shallower
051, 084, 100

Drier
231 2015-02-26 231

Moist, Fine: Spruce - Fir Conifer G116Tt/Tl
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
May contain other species including trembling aspen, white birch, red maple and eastern white
cedar. Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, white birch, and
trembling aspen. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly conifer litter,
broadleaf litter, and feathermoss. Substrate silty to fine loamy to clayey. Mostly > 15 cm deep
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
50% of the tree species in the main canopy. Common understory vegetation includes beaked
hazel, fly honeysuckle, mountain maple, bush honeysuckle, wild lily-of-the-valley, wild
sarsaparilla, bracken fern, large-leaved aster, and Schrebers moss. Often contains Central v-
types V26 and V37; NE v-types V15, V13, V11, V12, V16, and V23.
Picea glauca, (P. rubens), Abies balsamea, Populus tremuloides, Betula papyrifera,
Trees
Picea mariana, Acer rubrum, Thuja occidentalis
Shrubs
Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides, Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora
Vascular Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Aralia nudicaulis, Pteridium aquilinum,

Herbaceous Eurybia macrophyllus, Cornus canadensis, Clintonia borealis
Non-vascular Pleurozium schreberi
232 2015-02-26 232

G116Tt/Tl Moist, Fine: Spruce - Fir Conifer
Ecology
more open. This ecosite generally represents a mid to late seral stage. Maintenance of
structure and composition generally associated with low to moderate intensity fire, however in
the absence of fire, the vegetation will not likely succeed to another ecosite.
to clearing of land for agriculture. Abundant throughout 4E and 5E. Generally on flat to
undulating glaciolacustrine deposits, glaciofluvial material in large river valleys, and flat to
rolling fine textured morainal materials throughout the range. Rugged bedrock controlled
increased diversity and vigour of the understory may occur. More commonly found in the
Maritime provinces, red spruce reaches its westerly limit in Ontario. Red spruce can be found
in rare instances as pure or mixed stands in 5E-5, 5E-6, 5E-9, and 5E-10. Common tree
associates in 4E include white birch, eastern white pine, and trembling aspen. Yellow birch
and sugar maple are more common tree associates in 5E and transitioning into 6E.
Edaphic Variability
deep substrates.
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
067
014, 026
Shallower
052, 085, 101

Drier
233 2015-02-26 233

Moist, Fine: Conifer G117Tt/Tl
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting of a mixture of black spruce, eastern white cedar, balsam fir, white
spruce, red maple, white birch, tamarack, and eastern white pine. Stand composition is highly
variable. Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, red maple, and
eastern white cedar. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly conifer litter,
broadleaf litter, and feathermoss. Substrate silty to fine loamy to clayey. Mostly > 15 cm deep
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
main canopy. Common understory vegetation includes creeping snowberry, mountain maple,
fly honeysuckle, twinflower, starflower, bunchberry, goldthread, bluebead-lily, and Schreber's
moss. May contain NE v-type V15.
Picea mariana, Thuja occidentalis, Abies balsamea, Picea glauca, Acer rubrum, Betula
Trees
papyrifera, Larix laricina, Pinus strobus, Betula alleghaniensis, Sorbus decora
Gaultheria hispidula, Acer spicatum, Lonicera canadensis, Linnaea borealis ssp.

Shrubs
longiflora, Vaccinium angustifolium, V. myrtilloides, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides
Vascular Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Cornus canadensis, Coptis trifolia, Clintonia borealis,
Herbaceous Aralia nudicaulis, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense
Non-vascular Pleurozium schreberi, Bazzania trilobata var. trilobata, Sphagnum girgensohnii
234 2015-02-26 234

G117Tt/Tl Moist, Fine: Conifer
Ecology
more open. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with low to moderate
intensity fire or repeated human disturbance (e.g., agricultural clearing, partial harvesting).
Mixed species compositions are generally stable and can persist with non stand replacing
vegetation including eastern white cedar, yellow birch, red maple, basswood, and red oak in
the southern portion of 4E and throughout 5E. Red spruce likely in 5E-5, 5E-6, 5E-9, or 5E-10.
Boreal hardwoods, trembling aspen and white birch, more common in northern portion of 4E.
Edaphic Variability
deep substrates.
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
068
014, 026
Shallower
053, 086, 102

Drier
235 2015-02-26 235

Moist, Fine: Red Pine - White Pine Mixedwood G118Tt/Tl
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
large-tooth aspen, white birch, red oak, trembling aspen, sugar maple, and red maple.
Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of red maple, balsam fir, red maple,
eastern white pine, and red oak. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly
conifer and broadleaf litter. Substrate silty to fine loamy to clayey. Mostly > 15 cm deep and
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
understory vegetation includes beaked hazel, fly honeysuckle, wintergreen, low sweet
blueberry, wild lily-of-the-valley, wild sarsaparilla, starflower, bluebead-lily, and Schrebers
moss. May contain Central v-types V23, V27, V28, and V34; NE v-types V1, V2, V4, V10, and
V12.
Pinus strobus, Populus grandidentata, Betula papyrifera, Quercus rubra, Populus
Trees tremuloides, Acer saccharum var. saccharum, A. rubrum, Picea glauca, Betula
alleghaniensis
Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Lonicera canadensis, Gaultheria procumbens, Vaccinium
Shrubs
angustifolium, Diervilla lonicera, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides, V. acerifolium
Herbaceous borealis, Clintonia borealis, Eurybia canadensis
Non-vascular Pleurozium schreberi, Callicladium haldanianum, Cladonia coniocraea
236 2015-02-26 236

G118Tt/Tl Moist, Fine: White Pine Mixedwood
Ecology
may occur. Wide variety of associated vegetation including sugar maple, basswood, and
ironwood in the southern portion of 4E throughout 5E. Boreal hardwoods, trembling aspen and
Edaphic Variability
deep substrates.
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
069
015, 027
Shallower
054, 087, 103

Drier
237 2015-02-26 237

Moist, Fine: Aspen - Birch Hardwood G119Tt/Tl
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
aspen, large-tooth aspen, and yellow birch likely in the main canopy. May contain white
spruce, balsam fir, and red maple, and eastern white cedar. Understory tree species
consisting of high levels of balsam fir, white spruce, red maple, and white birch. Shrub and
herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter, mosses, and lichens. Substrate
silty to fine loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and moist (MR = 4 or 5).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
hazel, fly honeysuckle, bush honeysuckle, mountain maple, wild sarsaparilla, wild lily-of-the-
valley, large-leaved aster, and spinulose wood fern. May contain Central v-types V25, V28,
V14, V11, V20, and V22-24; NE v-types V10, V13, V12, V15, and V6.
Populus tremuloides, (P. balsamifera, P. grandidentata), Betula papyrifera, (B.
Trees alleghaniensis), Picea glauca, Abies balsamea, Acer rubrum, Thuja occidentalis, Acer
saccharum var. saccharum
Shrubs Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Lonicera canadensis, Diervilla lonicera, Acer spicatum
Aralia nudicaulis, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Eurybia macrophyllus,

Vascular
Dryopteris carthusiana, Pteridium aquilinum, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Clintonia
Herbaceous
borealis, Coptis trifolia, Cornus canadensis
Brachythecium salebrosum var. salebrosum, Callicladium haldanianum, Cladonia
Non-vascular
coniocraea, Pleurozium schreberi
238 2015-02-26 238

G119Tt/Tl Moist, Fine: Aspen - Birch Hardwood
Ecology
Typically abundant and diverse fern cover. Limitations to tree growth result from vegetative
competition. Shrub and herb poor under a closed canopy. Species diversity increases as
canopy become more open. A major disturbance (e.g., fire, partially harvesting, agriculture
abandonment) is required to maintain this ecosite. Aspen and/or birch regeneration after
disturbance is quick through root suckering or seeding from adjacent stands often resulting in
an even-aged overstory. In the absence of disturbance, the ecosite will likely succeed to a
mixedwood.
trembling aspen and white birch dominated stands in the northern portion (4E) of the Great
Lakes-St. Lawrence range to yellow birch and large-tooth/trembling aspen stands in the south
(5E).
Edaphic Variability
deep substrates.
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
070
016, 028
Shallower
055, 088, 104

Drier
239 2015-02-26 239

Moist, Fine: Elm - Ash Hardwood G120Tt/Tl
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
present in the main canopy, but may contain white ash and green ash. May contain white
spruce, trembling aspen, sugar maple, and red maple, yellow birch. Understory consisting of
Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter. Substrate silty to fine loamy to clayey. Mostly > 15 cm
deep and moist (MR = 4 or 5).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
sarsaparilla, starflower, sensitive fern, wild lily-of-the-valley, and beautiful branch moss. Often
contains Central v-type V7; NE v-types V9 and V14.
Fraxinus nigra, (F. pennsylvanica, F. americana), Ulmus americana, Picea glauca,
Trees Populus tremuloides, Acer saccharum var. saccharum, A. rubrum, Betula
alleghaniensis, Tilia americana, Populus balsamifera
Shrubs
Lonicera canadensis, Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus, Ribes lacustre, Cornus alternifolia
Vascular Dryopteris carthusiana, Aralia nudicaulis, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Onoclea
Herbaceous sensibilis, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Clintonia borealis
240 2015-02-26 240

G120Tt/Tl Moist, Fine: Elm - Ash Hardwood
Ecology
canopy become more open. Elm and ash are much reduced from historical abundance and
range due to pathogens and/or human exploitation. Maintenance of structure and composition
associated with low to moderate intensity fire. In the absence of fire this ecosite will likely
succeed to a mixedwood.
may occur. Black ash and white elm found throughout the range. White ash and green ash
limited to 5E. Sugar maple, yellow birch, and ironwood are more frequent in 5E. Boreal
Edaphic Variability
deep substrates.
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
071
019, 028
Shallower
056, 089, 105

Drier
241 2015-02-26 241

Moist, Fine: Oak Hardwood G121Tt/Tl
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
canopy, but may include bur oak and white oak. May contain sugar maple, eastern white pine,
white ash, American beech, and eastern hemlock. Understory consisting of high levels of
sugar maple, ironwood, red maple, and red oak. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground
surface mostly broadleaf litter. Substrate silty to fine loamy to clayey. Mostly > 15 cm deep
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
hazel, fly honeysuckle, creeping partridge-berry, striped maple, wild lily-of-the-valley, large-
leaved aster, wild sarsaparilla, hairy Solomons seal, and powder horn lichen. Often contains
Central v-types V5 and V6.
Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Lonicera canadensis, Mitchella repens, Acer
Shrubs
pensylvanicum, Dirca palustris
Vascular
Herbaceous
racemosum
Non-vascular
242 2015-02-26 242

G121Tt/Tl Moist, Fine: Oak Hardwood
Ecology
gap dynamics will transform this ecosite to favour shade tolerant species resulting in an
uneven aged forest.
may occur. Red oak dominated forest found throughout the range. Bur oak is uncommon and
limited to 5E. Occurrences of white oak begin in the extreme southern portions of 5E and
become more prevalent as you move further south. Associated tree species American
basswood, large-tooth aspen, and ironwood are more frequent in 5E. Boreal hardwoods,
Edaphic Variability
deep substrates.
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
072
017, 028
Shallower
057, 090, 106

Drier
243 2015-02-26 243

Moist, Fine: Sugar Maple Hardwood G122Tt/Tl
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Hardwood canopy consisting mostly of sugar maple. May contain yellow birch, American
basswood, American beech, balsam fir, black ash, and eastern hemlock. Understory tree
species consisting of high levels of sugar maple, ironwood, and balsam fir. Shrub and herb
moderately rich. Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter. Substrate silty to fine loamy to clayey.
Mostly > 15 cm deep and moist (MR = 4 or 5).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
treed condition often indicative of younger trees. Sugar maple compose > 50% of the
hazel, fly honeysuckle, striped maple, leatherwood, spinulose wood fern, wild sarsaparilla, wild
lily-of-the-valley, starflower, and reflexed Brachythecium moss. May contain Central v-types
V1, V3, V5, V12, V13, V15, and V17; NE v-types V1 and V3.
Acer saccharum var. saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, Tilia americana, Fagus
Trees grandifolia, Abies balsamea, Fraxinus nigra, Tsuga canadensis, Ostrya virginiana,
Quercus rubra, Populus tremuloides, P. grandidentata, Picea glauca
Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Lonicera canadensis, Acer pensylvanicum, Dirca
Shrubs
palustris
Dryopteris carthusiana, Aralia nudicaulis, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense,
Vascular
Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Streptopus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus, Trillium
Herbaceous
erectum
Brachythecium reflexum var. reflexum, Callicladium haldanianum, Brachythecium
Non-vascular
salebrosum var. salebrosum
244 2015-02-26 244

G122Tt/Tl Moist, Fine: Sugar Maple Hardwood
Ecology
closed canopy. Species diversity increases as canopy become more open. Without the
influence of fire, the vegetation will not likely succeed to another ecosite. Lack of fire favours
sugar maple and American beech, shade tolerant species will become more prominent.
increased diversity and vigour of the understory may occur. Associated tree species yellow
birch, American basswood, American beech, balsam fir and ironwood are more frequent in 5E.
Bitternut hickory, butternut, green ash, and wild black cherry may occur in the southern part of
5E. Red oak, white birch, balsam fir, and eastern white pine likely throughout 4E.
Edaphic Variability
deep substrates.
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
073, 074, 075 123, 124

Coarser textured 122 Increased Maple Diversity
018, 028
Shallower
058, 091, 107

Drier
245 2015-02-26 245

Moist, Fine: Red Maple Hardwood G123Tt/Tl
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Hardwood canopy consisting mostly of red maple. May contain yellow birch, balsam fir, sugar
maple, black cherry, and white spruce. Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels
of red maple, sugar maple, and balsam fir. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface
mostly broadleaf litter. Substrate silty to fine loamy to clayey. Mostly > 15 cm deep and moist
(MR = 4 or 5).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
treed condition often indicative of younger trees. Red maple compose > 50% of the hardwood
tree species in the main canopy. Common understory vegetation includes northern wild raisin,
creeping partridge-berry, striped maple, fly honeysuckle, wild sarsaparilla, wild lily-of-the-
valley, starflower, rose twisted-stalk, and reflexed Brachythecium moss. May contain Central
v-types V14 and V15; NE v-types V1, V2, V4, V6, and V7.
Acer rubrum, Betula alleghaniensis, Abies balsamea, Acer saccharum var. saccharum,
Trees
Prunus serotina, Picea glauca, Tsuga canadensis, Thuja occidentalis
Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides, Mitchella repens, Acer pensylvanicum, Lonicera

Shrubs
canadensis, Viburnum lantanoides
Vascular Aralia nudicaulis, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Trientalis borealis ssp.
Herbaceous borealis, Streptopus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus, Clintonia borealis
Non-vascular Brachythecium reflexum var. reflexum, Callicladium haldanianum, Cladonia coniocraea
246 2015-02-26 246

G123Tt/Tl Moist, Fine: Red Maple Hardwood
Ecology
canopy become more open. Without the influence of fire, the vegetation will not likely succeed
to another ecosite. Lack of fire favours red maple, shade tolerant species will become more
prominent.
increased diversity and vigour of the understory may occur. Associated tree species yellow
birch, American basswood, American beech, balsam fir and ironwood are more frequent in 5E.
5E. Red oak, white birch, balsam fir, and eastern white pine likely throughout 4E.
Edaphic Variability
deep substrates.
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
073, 074, 075 122, 124

018, 028
Shallower
058, 091, 107

Drier
247 2015-02-26 247

Moist, Fine: Maple Hardwood G124Tt/Tl
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Hardwood canopy consisting mostly of maple species. Sugar maple, red maple, and silver
maple likely in the main canopy. May contain white birch, eastern white pine, trembling aspen,
white spruce, balsam fir, and yellow birch. Understory tree species consisting of moderate
levels of red maple, sugar maple, and balsam fir. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground
surface mostly broadleaf litter. Substrate silty to fine loamy to clayey. Mostly > 15 cm deep
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
honeysuckle, beaked hazel, mountain maple, striped maple, spinulose wood fern, wild
sarsaparilla, wild lily-of-the-valley, false Solomon's seal, and reflexed Brachythecium moss.
May contain Central v-types V14 and V15; NE v-types V1-V4, V6, and V7.
rubra
Lonicera canadensis, Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Acer spicatum, A. pensylvanicum,
Shrubs
Diervilla lonicera, Viburnum lantanoides
Vascular
Herbaceous
pubescens
248 2015-02-26 248

G124Tt/Tl Moist, Fine: Maple Hardwood
Ecology
canopy become more open. Without the influence of fire, the vegetation will not likely succeed
to another ecosite. Lack of fire favours maple species, shade tolerant species will become
more prominent.
increased diversity and vigour of the understory may occur. Red maple and sugar maple
forests and silver maple dominated forests are more likely in southern 4E and 5E. Wide
variety of associated vegetation including eastern white cedar, red maple, and white elm in 4E
and northern 5E. Bitternut hickory, butternut, green ash, and wild black cherry may occur in
the southern part of 5E. Yellow birch becomes more likely as you move south.
Edaphic Variability
deep substrates.
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
073, 074, 075 122, 123

018, 028
Shallower
058, 091, 107

Drier
249 2015-02-26 249

Moist, Fine: Mixedwood G125Tt/Tl
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Hardwood canopy consisting of a mixture of sugar maple, trembling aspen, American
basswood, black cherry, red maple, ironwood, and American beech. Stand composition highly
variable. Understory tree species consisting of high levels of sugar maple, ironwood, American
basswood, American beech, and balsam fir. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface
mostly broadleaf litter. Substrate silty to fine loamy. Mostly > 15 cm deep and moist (MR = 4 or
5).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
50%. Common understory vegetation includes fly honeysuckle, creeping partridge-berry,
striped maple, wild lily-of-the-valley, hairy Solomon's seal, wild sarsaparilla, spinulose wood
fern, and beautiful branch moss. May contain Central v-types V1, V3, V5, and V7; NE v-types
V1, V2, V4, and V6-V8.
Acer saccharum var. saccharum, Populus tremuloides, Tilia americana, Prunus

Trees
serotina, Acer rubrum, Ostrya virginiana, Fagus grandifolia, Betula alleghaniensis
Lonicera canadensis, Mitchella repens, Acer pensylvanicum, Corylus cornuta ssp.

Shrubs
cornuta, Acer spicatum

Herbaceous Dryopteris carthusiana, Streptopus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus
250 2015-02-26 250

G125Tt/Tl Moist, Fine: Mixedwood
Ecology
canopy become more open. Maintenance of structure and composition associated with low to
increased diversity and vigour of the understory may occur. Mixed forests of red oak, red
maple, sugar maple, white birch, balsam fir, and eastern white pine occur throughout 4E.
5E. Boreal hardwoods, trembling aspen and white birch, more common in northern portion of
4E.
Edaphic Variability
deep substrates.
Related Ecosites
Key 10
Moister
076
019, 028
Shallower
059, 092, 108

Drier
251 2015-02-26 251

Low Treed Bog G126Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting mostly of black spruce. May contain other species including
tamarack in the main canopy. Understory tree species consisting of low levels of black spruce.
Shrub and herb poor. Ericaceous shrubs typically abundant. Ground surface mostly conifer
litter, broadleaf litter, and Spaghnum mosses. Substrate organic. Mostly deep > 40 cm organic
material and wet (MR = 7, 8, 9) or saturated.
Substrate Series O2 O4 O5 O6
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Low treed ( 10 m) ecosites common. Tall trees (> 10 m) absent or limited to 25% cover.
Low treed ( 10 m) open (> 25% and 60%) or closed (> 60%). Tall and low trees must have
> 25% total absolute cover. System must be hydrologically isolated. Common understory
vegetation includes leatherleaf, sheep laurel, bog laurel, small cranberry, few-seeded sedge,
sheathed cotton-grass, tall cotton-grass, small red peat moss, poor-fen peat moss, and
common brown peat moss.
Trees Picea mariana, Larix laricina
Chamaedaphne calyculata, Kalmia angustifolia var. angustifolia, K. polifolia, Vaccinium

Shrubs
oxycoccos, Gaultheria hispidula, Rhododendron groenlandicum, Vaccinium myrtilloides
Carex oligosperma, Eriophorum vaginatum, E. angustifolium ssp. angustifolium, Carex
Vascular
magellanica ssp. irrigua, Maianthemum trifolium, Sarracenia purpurea ssp. purpurea,
Herbaceous
Oclemena nemoralis
Non-vascular Sphagnum capillifolium, S. angustifolium, S. fuscum, S. magellanicum, S. fallax
252 2015-02-26 252

G126Tt/Tl Low Treed Bog
Ecology
Substrate is nutrient poor. Nutrient availability and excess moisture limit plant growth.
Generally sparse, slow growing, uneven-aged stands with variable tree density. Diversity of
vascular plants is low. Vegetation is characterized by bog species (e.g., Sphagnum mosses
and woody vegetation adapted to nutrient-poor site conditions), minerotrophic species when
present occur only as single individuals. Fire frequency low due to the wetness of the site.
Stable unless moisture levels change.
Widespread and uncommon across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range. Generally restricted to
5E. Confined to bedrock depressions or associated with large peatland systems (e.g., raised
dome in fens). Generally level to undulating organic deposits.
Edaphic Variability
Hydric. Nutrient and moisture availability uniform. Generally on lower or level slopes, in
depressions. Often found as part of a complex associated with poor conifer swamps, fens, or
open bogs. Tamarack when present often found on the edge of the ecosite. Varies from flat to
hummocky. Changes in microtopography within the site result in better drained conditions
supporting localized communities of vegetation reflective of drier conditions such as low
ericaceous shrubs, and wetter hollows supporting graminoid species.
Related Ecosites
136, 137
Tree cover 25%
127
N/A 126 2 or more swamp
indicators present
024
Shallower
253 2015-02-26 253

Organic Poor Conifer Swamp G127Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting mostly of black spruce. May contain other species including
tamarack and jack pine in the main canopy. Understory tree species consisting of moderate
levels of black spruce and balsam fir. Shrub moderately poor. Ericaceous shrubs typically
abundant. Herb poor. Ground surface mostly conifer litter, broadleaf litter, and mosses.
Substrate organic. Typically deep (> 40 cm) organic material but may include shallow organic
material over bedrock. Wet (MR = 7, 8, 9) or saturated.
Substrate Series O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Tall treed (> 10 m) and low treed ( 10 m) common. Canopy closure open (> 25% and 60%)
or closed (> 60%). Common understory vegetation includes creeping snowberry, low sweet
blueberry, Labrador-tea, goldthread, bunchberry, three-leaved Solomon's seal, Schreber's
moss, common green peat moss, and midway peat moss. Often contains Central v-type V35
and V41; NE v-type V24-V26, and V28.
Trees Picea mariana, Larix laricina, Pinus banksiana
Gaultheria hispidula, Vaccinium angustifolium, Rhododendron groenlandicum, Kalmia

Shrubs angustifolia var. angustifolia, Alnus incana ssp. rugosa, Vaccinium myrtilloides, Ilex
mucronata
Vascular Coptis trifolia, Cornus canadensis, Maianthemum trifolium, Carex trisperma, Clintonia
Herbaceous borealis
Pleurozium schreberi, Sphagnum girgensohnii, S. magellanicum, Cladina rangiferina,

Non-vascular
Dicranum polysetum, Ptilidium ciliare, Spaghnum capillifolium
254 2015-02-26 254

G127Tt/Tl Organic Poor Conifer Swamp
Ecology
Substrate is nutrient poor. Nutrient availability and excess moisture limit plant growth. Not
hydrologically isolated resulting in increased nutrient availability through groundwater
enrichment compared to G126. Generally open, slow growing, uneven-aged stands with
variable tree density. Shrub abundance increased as canopy becomes more open. Fire
frequency low due to the wetness of the site. Stable unless moisture levels change.
Widespread across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range. Confined to depressions in bedrock,
associated with large peatland systems, or riparian areas such as flood plains along lakes,
streams, or rivers. Generally level to undulating deep organic deposits overlying
glaciolacustrine and glaciofluvial deposits. Calcareous mineral material underlying a deep
organic substrate may result in increased diversity and vigour. Wide variety of associated
vegetation including yellow birch, black ash, silver maple in the southern portion of 4E
throughout 5E.
Edaphic Variability
Hydric. Nutrient and moisture availability uniform. Shallow to deep substrates. Generally on
lower or level slopes, in depressions. Often found as part of a peatland complex associated
with intermediate conifer swamps, fens, or bogs. Increased water flow results in more
tamarack, speckled alder, sedges, and minerotrophic indicators and may grade into an
organic intermediate swamp (G128). Varies from flat to hummocky. Changes in
microtopography within the site result in better drained conditions supporting localized
communities of vegetation reflective of drier conditions such as feathermoss, eastern white
pine and white birch. Seasonal and persistent water filled depressions are common and can
support unique communities of bryophytes, sedges, and assorted shrubs.
Related Ecosites
136
Tree cover 25%
222
Mineral substrate
126
Swamp indicators absent; 127 128
hydrologically isolated
2 or more intermediate or rich
swamp indicators
024, 026
Shallower
255 2015-02-26 255

Mineral Poor Conifer Swamp G222Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting mostly of black spruce. May contain other species including white
spruce, balsam fir, and tamarack in the main canopy. Understory tree species consisting of
moderate levels of black spruce and balsam fir. Shrub moderately poor. Ericaceous shrubs
typically abundant. Herb poor. Ground surface mostly conifer litter, broadleaf litter, and
mosses. Substrate mineral or peaty phase. Mostly moderately deep to deep mineral material
and very moist (MR = 6) or saturated.
Substrate Series VS1 VS2 S1 S2 M8 M9 M10 M11 MD12 MD13 MD14 MD15 D12 D13 D14 D15
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
or closed (> 60%). Common understory vegetation includes velvet-leaf blueberry, creeping
snowberry, Labrador-tea, bunchberry, goldthread, wild lily-of-the-valley, and Schreber's moss.
Often contains Central v-type V37 and V39-V41; NE v-type V21, and V23-V28.
Trees Picea mariana, P glauca, Abies balsamea, Larix laricina
Vaccinium myrtilloides, Gaultheria hispidula, Rhododendron groenlandicum, Vaccinium

Shrubs
angustifolium, Kalmia angustifolia var. angustifolia
Vascular
Cornus canadensis, Coptis trifolia, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense
Herbaceous
Non-vascular Pleurozium schreberi, Dicranum polysetum, Ptilidium ciliare, Cladonia coniocraea
256 2015-02-26 256

G222Tt/Tl Mineral Poor Conifer Swamp
Ecology
Substrate is nutrient poor. Nutrient availability and excess moisture limit plant growth. Rooting
zone in contact with minerotrophic groundwater. Generally open, slow growing, uneven-aged
stands with variable tree density. Shrub abundance increases as canopy becomes more open.
Fire frequency low due to the wetness of the site. Forested swamps may convert to a mineral
swamp thicket (G136) following fire, logging, windthrow, or temporary changes in hydrology
due to beaver activity. Successional trends result in uneven-aged stand.
Widespread across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range confined to depressions in bedrock,
associated with large peatland systems, or riparian areas such as flood plains associated with
lakes, streams, or rivers. Generally level to undulating glaciolacustrine and glaciofluvial
deposits. Typically non-calcareous, where calcareous increased diversity and vigour of the
understory may occur. Wide variety of associated vegetation including yellow birch, black ash,
silver maple in southern portion of 4E throughout 5E.
Edaphic Variability
Hydric. Nutrient and moisture availability uniform. Shallow to deep substrates. Overstory and
understory diversity is dependent on moisture and nutrient gradients in addition to the bedrock
chemistry. Generally on lower or level slopes or depressions associated with bedrock
landscapes. Often found as part of a complex associated with intermediate conifer swamps or
fens. Increased water flow results in more tamarack, speckled alder, sedges, and
minerotrophic indicators and may grade into an organic intermediate swamp (G128). Varies
from flat to hummocky. Changes in microtopography within the site result in better drained
conditions supporting localized communities of vegetation reflective of drier conditions such as
feathermoss, eastern white pine and white birch. Seasonal and persistent water filled
depressions are common and can support unique communities of bryophytes, sedges, and
assorted shrubs.
Related Ecosites
136
Tree cover 25%
127
Organic substrate
126
Swamp indicators absent; 222 223
hydrologically isolated
2 or more intermediate or rich
swamp indicators
024, 026
Shallower
Key 9, Key 6
Drier
257 2015-02-26 257

Organic Intermediate Conifer Swamp G128Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting mostly of black spruce, tamarack, balsam fir, eastern white pine,
and red maple in the main canopy. Speckled alder and/or intermediate swamp indicators may
be present. Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of black spruce and balsam
fir. Shrub moderately poor. Ericaceous shrubs typically abundant. Herb moderately poor.
Ground surface mostly conifer litter, broadleaf litter, and mosses. Substrate organic. Typically
deep (> 40 cm) organic material but may include shallow organic material over bedrock. Wet
(MR = 7, 8, 9) or saturated.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
blueberry, Labrador-tea, goldthread, bunchberry, bluebead-lily, common green peat moss,
midway peat moss, and small red peat moss. Often contains Central v-type V35, V36, V38,
and V41; NE v-type V24-V26, and V28.
Picea mariana, Larix laricina, Abies balsamea, Pinus strobus, Acer rubrum, Betula
Trees
papyrifera, Thuja occidentalis
Gaultheria hispidula, Vaccinium angustifolium, Rhododendron groenlandicum,
Shrubs Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides, Vaccinium myrtilloides, Ilex mucronata, Alnus
incana ssp. rugosa
Vascular Coptis trifolia, Cornus canadensis, Clintonia borealis, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis,
Herbaceous Carex trisperma, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Osmunda cinnamomea
Sphagnum girgensohnii, S. magellanicum, S. capillifolium, Pleurozium schreberi,

Non-vascular
Cladonia coniocraea, C. chlorophaea
258 2015-02-26 258

G128Tt/Tl Organic Intermediate Conifer Swamp
Ecology
Substrate has moderate nutrient and good moisture conditions for plant growth. Subjected to
periodic flooding or ground water movement enriching the site with mineral and organic
material. Moisture content high. Increased herbaceous cover including graminoids, ferns, and
herbs and vigorous tree and shrub growth can be found in intermediate conifer swamps
compared to poor conifer swamps (G127). Limitations to tree growth are the result of high
levels of moisture. Fire frequency low due to the wetness of the site. Stable unless moisture
levels change.
Widespread across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range generally associated with riparian areas
such as flood plains along lakes, streams, or rivers. Generally level to undulating deep organic
deposits overlying glaciolacustrine and glaciofluvial deposits. Calcareous mineral material
underlying a deep organic substrate may result in increased diversity and vigour. Wide variety
of associated vegetation including yellow birch, black ash, silver maple in the southern portion
of 4E throughout 5E.
Edaphic Variability
Hydric. Nutrient and moisture availability uniform. Deep organic substrates likely. Generally on
lower slopes, in depressions or adjacent to flowing water or lake margins. Changes in
communities of feathermosses and tree species reflective of drier conditions. Seasonal and
persistent water filled depressions are common and can support unique communities of
bryophytes, sedges, and assorted shrubs. Xeric vegetation such as eastern white pine, white-
occasional exposures of bedrock or very shallow substrates.
Related Ecosites
136
Tree cover 25%
222
Mineral substrate
127
2 or more swamp 128 129
indicators present
2 or more rich swamp
indicators; abundant Cw and La
024, 026
Shallower
259 2015-02-26 259

Mineral Intermediate Conifer Swamp G223Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting mostly of black spruce, balsam fir, tamarack, white birch, jack pine,
eastern white cedar, and trembling aspen. Speckled alder and/or intermediate swamp
indicators may be present. Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of black
spruce and balsam fir. Shrub moderately rich. Herb moderately poor. Ground surface mostly
conifer litter, broadleaf litter, and mosses. Substrate mineral or peaty phase. Mostly
moderately deep to deep mineral material and very moist (MR = 6) or saturated.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
blueberry, northern wild raisin, mountain-holly, bunchberry, goldthread, wild lily-of-the-valley,
bluebead-lily, starflower, and common green peat moss. Often contains Central v-type V12,
V35, V37-V39, and V41; NE v-type V15, V20, V23, V24, V26, V27.
Picea mariana, Abies balsamea, Larix laricina, Betula papyrifera, Pinus banksiana,
Trees
Thuja occidentalis, Populus tremuloides
Gaultheria hispidula, Vaccinium angustifolium, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides, Ilex
Shrubs mucronata, Rhododendron groenlandicum, Vaccinium myrtilloides, Kalmia angustifolia
var. angustifolia
Vascular Cornus canadensis, Coptis trifolia, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense,
Herbaceous Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Clintonia borealis
Non-vascular Spaghnum girgensohnii, Pleurozium schreberi, Dicranum polysetum
260 2015-02-26 260

G223Tt/Tl Mineral Intermediate Conifer Swamp
Ecology
Substrate has moderate nutrient and good moisture conditions for plant growth. Subjected to
periodic flooding or ground water movement enriching site with mineral and organic material.
Rooting zone in contact with minerotrophic groundwater. Increased herbaceous cover
including graminoids, ferns, and herbs and vigorous tree and shrub growth can be found in
mineral intermediate conifer swamps compared to mineral poor conifer swamps (G222).
Limitations to tree growth result from high levels of moisture. Fire frequency low due to the
wetness of site. Forested swamps may convert to a mineral swamp thicket (G136) following
fire, logging, windthrow, or temporary changes in hydrology due to beaver activity.
Successional trends result in uneven-aged stand.
such as flood plains associated with lakes, streams, or rivers. Generally level to undulating
glaciolacustrine and glaciofluvial deposits. Typically non-calcareous, where calcareous
vegetation including yellow birch, black ash, silver maple in southern portion of 4E throughout
5E.
Edaphic Variability
Hydric. Nutrient and moisture availability uniform. Shallow to deep substrates. Overstory and
understory diversity is dependent on the moisture and nutrient gradients in addition to the
bedrock chemistry. Generally on lower slopes, in depressions or adjacent to flowing water or
lake margins. Changes in microtopography within the site result in better drained conditions
supporting localized communities of feathermosses and tree species reflective of drier
conditions. Seasonal and persistent water filled depressions are common and can support
unique communities of bryophytes, sedges, and assorted shrubs. Xeric vegetation such as
eastern white pine, white-grained mountain-rice, as well as decreased shrub and herb
diversity and abundance likely on occasional exposures of bedrock or very shallow substrates.
Related Ecosites
136
Tree cover 25%
128
222 Organic substrate
2 or more swamp 223
indicators present 224
2 or more rich swamp indicators
024, 026
Shallower
Key 9, Key 6
Drier
261 2015-02-26 261

Organic Rich Conifer Swamp G129Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting mostly of eastern white cedar, balsam fir, black spruce, black ash,
white spruce, white birch, and yellow birch. Rich swamp indicators may be present.
Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, eastern white cedar, and
black ash. Shrub and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly conifer litter, broadleaf
litter, and mosses. Substrate organic. Typically deep (> 40 cm) organic material but may
include shallow organic material over bedrock. Wet (MR = 7, 8, 9) or saturated.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
or closed (> 60%). Common understory vegetation includes creeping snowberry, twinflower,
fly honeysuckle, speckled alder, bunchberry, starflower, goldthread, bluebead-lily, common
green peat moss, Schreber's moss, and three-lobed Bazzania. Often contains Central v-type
V8, V9, V21, V35-V38; NE v-type V24-V27.
Tsuga canadensis, Abies balsamea, Picea mariana, Fraxinus nigra, Picea glauca,
Trees
Betula papyrifera, B. alleghaniensis, Thuja occidentalis
Gaultheria hispidula, Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora, Lonicera canadensis, Alnus

Shrubs
incana ssp. rugosa, Acer spicatum, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides
Cornus canadensis, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Coptis trifolia, Clintonia borealis,
Vascular
Rubus pubescens, Aralia nudicaulis, Dryopteris carthusiana, Maianthemum canadense
Herbaceous
ssp. canadense
Spaghnum girgensohnii, Pleurozium schreberi, Bazzania trilobata, Cladonia
Non-vascular
coniocraea, Spaghnum magellanicum, Plagiothecium laetum
262 2015-02-26 262

G129Tt/Tl Organic Rich Conifer Swamp
Ecology
Substrate has good nutrient and moisture conditions for plant growth. Subjected to periodic
flooding or ground water movement enriching site with mineral and organic material. Moisture
content high. Abundant herbaceous cover including graminoids, ferns, and herbs and vigorous
tree and shrub growth can be found in rich conifer swamps compared to intermediate conifer
swamps (G128). Decreased understory diversity and abundance with dense canopy cover.
Limitations to tree growth are the result of high levels of moisture. Fire frequency low due to
wetness of the site. Stable unless moisture levels change.
such as flood plains along lakes, streams, or rivers. Generally level to undulating deep organic
deposits overlying glaciolacustrine and glaciofluvial deposits. Calcareous mineral material
underlying a deep organic substrate may result in increased diversity and vigour. Wide variety
of associated vegetation including yellow birch, black ash, silver maple in southern portion of
4E throughout 5E.
Edaphic Variability
lower slopes, in depressions or adjacent to flowing water or lake margins, likely adjacent to
open peatlands. Changes in microtopography within the site result in better drained conditions
Related Ecosites
136
Tree cover 25%
128
224
2 or more intermediate/rich 129 Mineral substrate
swamp indicators present
024, 026
Shallower
263 2015-02-26 263

Mineral Rich Conifer Swamp G224Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting mostly of eastern white cedar, balsam fir, white birch, eastern white
pine, black spruce, trembling aspen, yellow birch, and red maple. Rich swamp indicators may
be present. Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, red maple,
and eastern white cedar. Shrub and herb rich. Ground surface mostly conifer litter and
broadleaf litter. Substrate mineral or peaty phase. Mostly moderately deep to deep mineral
material and very moist (MR = 6) or saturated.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
or closed (> 60%). Common understory vegetation includes mountain maple, fly honeysuckle,
beaked hazel, twinflower, wild lily-of-the-valley, wild sarsaparilla, starflower, goldthread,
bluebead-lily, and glossy moss. Often contains Central v-type V8, V9, V11, V12, V14, V18,
V19, V21-V23, V29, V35, V37-V39; NE v-type V8, V15, V16, V23, and V25.
Thuja occidentalis, Abies balsamea, Betula papyrifera, Pinus strobus, Picea glauca, P.
Trees
mariana, Populus tremuloides, Betula alleghaniensis, Acer rubrum, Sorbus decora
Acer spicatum, Lonicera canadensis, Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Linnaea borealis
Shrubs ssp. longiflora, Gaultheria hispidula, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides, Vaccinium
angustifolium
Herbaceous borealis, Coptis trifolia, Clintonia borealis, Cornus canadensis, Dryopteris carthusiana
Non-vascular Plagiothecium laetum, Pleurozium schreberi
264 2015-02-26 264

G224Tt/Tl Mineral Rich Conifer Swamp
Ecology
flooding or ground water movement enriching site with mineral and organic material. Rooting
zone in contact with minerotrophic groundwater. Abundant herbaceous cover including
graminoids, ferns, and herbs and vigorous tree and shrub growth can be found in mineral rich
conifer swamps compared to mineral intermediate conifer swamps (G223). Limitations to tree
growth are the result of high levels of moisture. Fire frequency low due to the wetness of site.
Forested swamps may convert to a mineral swamp thicket (G136) following fire, logging,
windthrow, or temporary changes in hydrology due to beaver activity. Successional trends
result in uneven-aged stand.
such as flood plains associated with lakes, streams, or rivers. Generally level to undulating
vegetation including yellow birch, black ash, silver maple in southern portion of 4E throughout
5E.
Edaphic Variability
lower slopes, in depressions or adjacent to flowing water or lake margins, likely adjacent to
open peatlands. Changes in microtopography within the site result in better drained conditions
Related Ecosites
136
Tree cover 25%
223
2 or more intermediate/ 129
rich swamp indicators 224 Organic substrate
present
024, 026
Shallower
Key 9, Key 6
Drier
265 2015-02-26 265

Intolerant Hardwood Swamp G130Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Hardwood canopy consisting mostly of black ash, green ash, trembling aspen, and/or balsam
poplar. May contain balsam fir, white birch, eastern white cedar, white spruce, and red maple.
Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, black ash, trembling
aspen, red maple, and white spruce. Shrub and herb rich. Ground surface mostly conifer litter
and broadleaf litter with occurrences of feathermoss and sphagnum. Evidence of vernal pools
or presence of standing water common. Substrate organic or mineral. Mostly deep and very
moist to wet (MR = 6, 7, 8, or 9) or saturated.
Substrate Series VS1 VS2 S1 S2 M8 M9 M10 M11 MD12 MD13 MD14 MD15 D12 D13 D14 D15 O2 O4 O5 O6
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
treed condition often indicative of younger trees. Black ash, green ash, trembling aspen and/or
large-tooth aspen species compose > 50% of the hardwood tree species in the main canopy.
Ecosite variable from dominant stands of aspen and/or ash to mixed conditions. Common
understory vegetation includes mountain maple, beaked hazel, fly honeysuckle, swamp black
currant, northern wild raisin, wild sarsaparilla, large-leaved aster, wild lily-of-the-valley, naked
mitrewort, sensitive fern, Schreber's moss, and common green peat moss. Often contains
Central v-types V7-9, V20, and V22.
Populus tremuloides, Fraxinus nigra, Populus balsamifera, (Fraxinus pennsylvanica)
Trees
Abies balsamea, Betula papyrifera, Thuja occidentalis, Picea glauca, Acer rubrum
Acer spicatum, Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Lonicera canadensis, Ribes lacustre,
Shrubs Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides, Prunus virginiana var. virginiana, Linnaea borealis
ssp. longiflora, Alnus incana ssp. rugosa
Aralia nudicaulis, Eurybia macrophyllus, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense,
Vascular
Mitella nuda, Galium triflorum, Clintonia borealis, Cornus canadensis, Onoclea
Herbaceous
sensibilis, Carex vaginata
Pleurozium schreberi, Callicladium haldanianum, Brachythecium salebrosum var.
Non-vascular
salebrosum, Cladonia coniocraea, Plagiothecium laetum, Sphagnum girgensohnii
266 2015-02-26 266

G130Tt/Tl Intolerant Hardwood Swamp
Ecology
flooding or ground water movement enriching the site with mineral and organic material.
Moisture content high. Hardwood swamps are the richest of hydric ecosites leading to
abundant herbaceous cover including graminoids, ferns, and herbs and vigorous tree and
shrub growth. Limitations to tree growth are the result of high levels of moisture. Fire
frequency low due to the wetness of site. Stable unless moisture levels change. Successional
trends result in an uneven-aged stand.
Widespread across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range. Confined to depressions, or riparian
areas such as floodplains along lakes, streams, or rivers. Generally level to undulating
vegetation including eastern white cedar, red maple, and white elm in 4E and northern 5E.
Yellow birch becomes more likely as you move south.
Edaphic Variability
Hydric. Nutrient and moisture availability uniform. Mineral, peaty phase, or deep organic
substrates likely. Generally on lower or level slopes, in depressions, or adjacent to flowing
water, lakes, or peatlands. Changes in microtopography within the site result in better drained
conditions supporting localized communities of feathermosses and tree species reflective of
drier conditions. Seasonal and persistent water filled depressions are common and can
support unique communities of bryophytes, sedges, and assorted shrubs. Xeric vegetation
such as eastern white pine, white-grained mountain-rice, as well as decreased shrub and herb
Related Ecosites
N/A
N/A 130 N/A
027, 028
Shallower
070, 071, 076, 119, 120, 125

Drier
267 2015-02-26 267

Maple Hardwood Swamp G131Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Hardwood canopy consisting mostly of maple species. Red maple, sugar maple, and silver
maple likely in main canopy. May contain trembling aspen, black ash, balsam fir, yellow birch,
and eastern white cedar. Understory tree species consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir,
red maple, sugar maple, and black ash. Shrub and herb rich. Ground surface mostly broadleaf
litter with occurrences of feathermoss. Evidence of vernal pools or presence of standing water
common. Substrate organic or mineral. Mostly deep and very moist to wet (MR = 6, 7, 8, or 9)
or saturated.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
treed condition often indicative of younger trees. Maple species compose > 50% of hardwood
tree species in the main canopy. Common understory vegetation includes beaked hazel,
striped maple, mountain maple, fly honeysuckle, northern wild raisin, wild lily-of-the-valley,
rose twisted-stalk, spinulose wood fern, wild sarsaparilla, sedges, powder horn lichen, and
Brachythecium spp. Often contains Central v-types V6, V7, V9, and V12.
Acer rubrum, A. saccharum var. saccharum, A. saccharinum, Populus tremuloides,
Trees
Fraxinus nigra, Abies balsamea, Betula alleghaniensis, Thuja occidentalis
Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Acer pensylvanicum, A. spicatum, Lonicera canadensis,

Shrubs
Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides, Cornus stolonifera, Ilex mucronata
Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Streptopus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus,
Vascular
Dryopteris carthusiana, Aralia nudicaulis, Carex spp., Onoclea sensibilis, Clintonia
Herbaceous
borealis, Athyrium filix-femina var. angustum, Rubus pubescens
Cladonia coniocraea, Brachythecium salebrosum var. salebrosum, B. reflexum var.
Non-vascular
reflexum, Callicladium haldanianum, Plagiothecium laetum
268 2015-02-26 268

G131Tt/Tl Maple Hardwood Swamp
Ecology
frequency low due to wetness of site. Stable unless moisture levels change. Successional
trends result in an uneven-aged stand.
areas such as floodplains associated with lakes, streams, or rivers. Generally level to
undulating glaciolacustrine and glaciofluvial deposits. Typically non-calcareous where
calcareous increased diversity and vigour of the understory may occur. Red maple forests
found throughout the range. Sugar maple and silver maple dominated forests are more likely
in southern 4E and 5E. Wide variety of associated vegetation including eastern white cedar,
red maple, and white elm in 4E and northern 5E. Yellow birch becomes more likely as you
move south.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
N/A
N/A 131 N/A
027, 028
Shallower
073, 074, 075, 122, 123, 124

Drier
269 2015-02-26 269

Oak Hardwood Swamp G132Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Hardwood canopy consisting mostly of oak species. Red oak, bur oak, and white oak species
likely in main canopy. May contain sugar maple, red maple, white birch, yellow birch, and
green ash. Understory consisting of high levels of bur oak, red maple, and balsam fir. Shrub
and herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter with occurrences of
feathermoss. Evidence of vernal pools or presence of standing water common. Substrate
organic or mineral. Mostly deep and very moist to wet (MR = 6, 7, 8, or 9) or saturated.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
treed condition often indicative of younger trees. Oak species compose > 50% of hardwood
tree species in the main canopy. Common understory vegetation includes rough-leaved
dogwood, beaked hazel, winterberry, northern wild raisin, sensitive fern, wild lily-of-the-valley,
wild sarsaparilla, large-leaved aster, and glossy moss. Often contains Central v-types V6.
Quercus macrocarpa, Fraxinus nigra, F. americana, Ulmus americana, Betula

Trees
alleghaniensis, Acer rubrum, Tilia americana, Fraxinus pensylvanica, Quercus rubra
Cornus rugosa, Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta, Ilex verticillata, Viburnum nudum var.
Shrubs
cassinoides, Acer spicatum, Lonicera canadensis
Vascular Onoclea sensibilis, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Aralia nudicaulis,

Herbaceous Eurybia macrophyllus, Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Cornus canadensis
Plagiothecium laetum, Climacium dendroides, Brachythecium salebrosum var.

Non-vascular
salebrosum
270 2015-02-26 270

G132Tt/Tl Oak Hardwood Swamp
Ecology
Successional trends result in an uneven-aged stand.
Limited across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range. Generally found in 5E. Confined to
depressions, or riparian areas such as floodplains associated with lakes, streams, or rivers.
Generally level to undulating glaciolacustrine and glaciofluvial deposits. Typically non-
Red oak dominated forest found throughout the range. Bur oak is uncommon and limited to
5E. Occurrences of white oak begin in the extreme southern portions of 5E and become more
prevalent as you move further south. Associated tree species yellow birch, American
basswood, large-tooth aspen and shrub species winterberry and leatherwood are more
frequent in 5E.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
N/A
N/A 132 N/A
027, 028
Shallower
072, 121
Drier
271 2015-02-26 271

Hardwood Swamp G133Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Hardwood canopy consisting of a mixture of yellow birch, red maple. balsam fir, white birch,
and eastern white cedar. Stand composition highly variable. Understory tree species
consisting of moderate levels of balsam fir, red maple and sugar maple. Shrub and herb rich.
Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter with occurrences of feathermoss. Evidence of vernal
pools or presence of standing water common. Substrate organic or mineral. Mostly deep and
very moist to wet (MR = 6, 7, 8, 9) or saturated.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Tall treed (> 10 m) and low treed ( 10 m) ecosites common. Canopy closure open (> 25%
and 60%) or closed (> 60%). Low treed condition often indicative of younger trees.
Hardwood species with a relative cover > 50%. Common understory vegetation includes
mountain maple, fly honeysuckle, beaked hazel, striped maple, northern wild raisin, starflower,
spinulose wood fern, wild sarsaparilla, bluebead-lily, bunchberry, and glossy moss. Often
contains Central v-types V7-V9, V14-16, V18, and V22; NE v-types V7-13.
Betula alleghaniensis, Acer rubrum, Abies balsamea, Betula papyrifera, Thuja
Trees occidentalis, Acer saccharum var. saccharum, Picea glauca, Tilia americana, Populus
tremuloides, P. balsamifera, Fraxinus nigra, Tsuga canadensis, Picea mariana
Shrubs
pensylvanicum, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides
Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis, Dryopteris carthusiana, Aralia nudicaulis, Clintonia
Vascular
borealis, Cornus canadensis, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Rubus
Herbaceous
pubescens, Coptis trifolia, Streptopus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus
Non-vascular Plagiothecium laetum, Cladonia coniocraea, Dicranum flagellare
272 2015-02-26 272

G133Tt/Tl Hardwood Swamp
Ecology
Moisture content high. Hardwood swamps are the richest of the hydric ecosites leading to
Successional trends result in an uneven-aged stand.
areas such as floodplains associated with lakes, streams, or rivers. Generally level to
undulating glaciolacustrine and glaciofluvial deposits. Typically non-calcareous, where
calcareous increased diversity and vigour of the understory may occur. Wide variety of
associated vegetation including eastern white cedar, red maple, and white elm in 4E and
northern 5E. Mixed forest that may contain yellow birch, American basswood, sugar maple,
and silver maple more frequent in 5E.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
N/A
N/A 133 N/A
027, 028
Shallower
076, 125
Drier
273 2015-02-26 273

Mineral Thicket Swamp G134S
L M H
Ecosite Description
Tall shrub community. Tree poor. Herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter,
dead wood, and mineral material. Evidence of vernal pools or presence of standing water
common. Substrate mineral or peaty phase. Mostly moderately deep to deep mineral material
and very moist (MR = 6).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Tall deciduous shrub cover > 25%, tree cover 10%. Canopy closure variable. Ecosite
variable from stands dominated by one tall shrub specie to a variable mix of tall and short
shrub species. When present common tree species may include black ash, black spruce, and
red maple. Shrub species commonly found include speckled alder, willows, mountain-holly,
dwarf birch, and red-osier dogwood. Herbaceous understory vegetation may include blue-joint
grass, sedges, and spotted jewel-weed. Sphagnum and Mnium species are the dominant
mosses.
Fraxinus nigra, Picea mariana, Acer rubrum, Ulmus americana, Thuja occidentalis,
Trees
Fraxinus pensylvanica, Acer saccharinum, Larix laricina
Alnus incana ssp. rugosa, Salix spp., Ilex mucronata, Betula pumila var. pumila,
Shrubs Cornus stolonifera, Ilex verticillata, Spiraea alba var. alba, Myrica gale, Rhamnus
alnifolia, Cephalanthus occidentalis
Calamagrostis canadensis var. canadensis, Carex spp., Impatiens capensis, Onoclea
Vascular
sensibilis, Scutellaria galericulata var. pubescens, Aster lanceolatus, Dulichium
Herbaceous
arundinaceum var. arundinaceum, Osmunda cinnamomea
Non-vascular Sphagnum spp., Mnium spp.
274 2015-02-26 274

G134S Mineral Thicket Swamp
Ecology
Substrate has moderate nutrient and good moisture conditions for shrub and herbaceous
growth, generally too wet for trees to become established. Vegetation predominately
hydrophytic. Subjected to periodic flooding or ground water movement enriching the site with
mineral and organic material. The extent and frequency of flooding limits the accumulation of
organic matter. Rooting zone in contact with minerotrophic groundwater. Dense, nearly
continuous shrub canopy favours shade-tolerant species in the ground layer and a decrease
in moss coverage. Origin of the ecosite may occur following disturbances (e.g., logging, fire,
windthrow or temporary changes in hydrology due to beaver activity) that eliminate trees in a
forested swamp. Relative stable ecosite but may succeed to a forested mineral swamp with a
stable water table. Fire does not have a large impact due to the wetness of the site.
Widespread across Great Lakes-St.Lawrence range in bedrock depressions, open water
margins along peatlands and upland borders, or associated with large peatland systems or
riparian areas such as flood plains adjacent to lakes, streams, or rivers. Generally level to
undulating glaciolacustrine and glaciofluvial deposits. Typically non-calcareous, where
calcareous increased plant diversity and vigour may occur. Thickets containing mountain-
holly, alder-leaved buckthorn, or buttonbush occur east of Lake Superior. Thickets dominated
by these species may occur along the southern edge of 5E. Speckled alder and dwarf birch
more common in 4E.
Edaphic Variability
Hydric. Nutrient and moisture availability uniform. Very shallow to deep materials. Generally
on lower or level slopes, or in depressions. Often located adjacent to or as patches within
forested rich swamp communities, or part of a complex associated with treed or shrub fens or
treed bogs. Microtopography variable from uniformly level to mounds and hollows, resulting in
better drained conditions supporting localized communities of swamp forest herbs and mosses
such as dwarf raspberry, Canada mayflower, and starflower.
Related Ecosites
142, 143
Tree cover 10% and
shrub cover 25%
135
Organic substrate
134 N/A
127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 222, 223, 224
Tree cover > 25%
275 2015-02-26 275

Organic Thicket Swamp G135S
L M H
Ecosite Description
Tall shrub community. Tree poor. Herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly broadleaf litter,
dead wood, and Sphagnum mosses. Evidence of vernal pools or presence of standing water
common. Substrate organic. Mostly deep and wet (MR = 7, 8, 9).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Tall deciduous shrub cover > 25%, tree cover 10%. Canopy closure variable. Ecosite
variable from stands dominated by one tall shrub specie to a variable mix of tall and short
shrub species. When present common tree species may include black ash, black spruce, and
red maple. Shrub species may include speckled alder, willows, mountain-holly, and red-osier
dogwood. Herbaceous understory vegetation may include royal fern, three-leaved Solomon's
seal, and sedges. Bryophyte species may include common green peat moss, midway peat
moss, and small red peat moss.
Fraxinus nigra, Picea mariana, Acer rubrum, Ulmus americana, Thuja occidentalis,
Trees
Fraxinus pensylvanica, Larix laricina
Alnus incana ssp. rugosa, Ilex mucronata, Salix spp., Cornus stolonifera, Spiraea alba
Shrubs
var. alba, Ilex verticillata
Vascular Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis, Maianthemum trifolium, Carex spp., Dryopteris
Herbaceous carthusiana, Coptis trifolia, Calamagrostis canadensis var. canadensis, Glyceria striata
Non-vascular Sphagnum girgensohnii, S. magellanicum, S. capillifolium, Pleurozium schreberi
276 2015-02-26 276

G135S Organic Thicket Swamp
Ecology
Substrate has moderate nutrient and good moisture conditions for shrub and herbaceous
growth, generally too wet for trees to become established. Vegetation predominately
hydrophytic. Subjected to periodic flooding or ground water movement enriching the site with
mineral and organic material. Frequency and extent of flooding is limited allowing the
accumulation of organic material. Ecosite tends to be more open than a mineral thicket swamp
(G134) with high Sphagnum moss cover. Dense, nearly continuous shrub canopy favours
shade-tolerant species in the ground layer and a decrease in moss coverage. Origin of the
ecosite may occur following disturbances (e.g., logging, fire, windthrow or temporary changes
in hydrology due to beaver activity) that eliminate trees in a forested swamp. Relative stable
ecosite but may succeed to a forested organic swamp with a stable water table. Fire does not
have a large impact due to the wetness of the site.
Widespread across Great Lakes-St.Lawrence range in bedrock depressions, open water
margins along peatlands and upland borders, or associated with large peatland systems or
riparian areas such as flood plains adjacent to lakes, streams, or rivers. Generally level to
undulating organic deposits. When underlying bedrock or substrate mineralogy is calcareous
and the depth of the organic layer is not very deep, increased plant diversity and vigour may
occur. Thickets containing mountain-holly, alder-leaved buckthorn, or buttonbush occur east of
Lake Superior. Thickets dominated by these species and virginia chain fern may occur along
the southern edge of 5E. Speckled alder and dwarf birch more common in 4E.
Edaphic Variability
Hydric. Nutrient and moisture availability uniform. Very shallow to deep materials. Generally
on lower or level slopes, or in depressions. Often located adjacent to or as patches within
forested rich swamp communities, or part of a complex associated with mineral thicket
swamps, treed or shrub fens or treed bogs. Microtopography variable from uniformly level to
mounds and hollows, resulting in better drained conditions supporting localized communities
of swamp forest herbs and mosses such as dwarf raspberry, Canada mayflower, and
starflower.
Related Ecosites
144
Tree cover 10% and
shrub cover 25%
136 134
Tree cover > 10%
135 Mineral substrate
127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 222, 223, 224
Tree cover > 25%
277 2015-02-26 277

Sparse Treed Fen G136Tl/Tt
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting mostly of black spruce with tamarack and/or presence of fen
indicators. Understory tree species consisting of black spruce and tamarack. Shrub and herb
moderately rich. Ericaceous shrubs abundant. Ground surface mostly deciduous litter and
Spaghnum moss. Substrate organic or mineral. Mostly deep and very moist to wet (MR = 6, 7,
8, or 9) or saturated.
Substrate Series O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Low treed sparse (> 10% and 25%) or open (> 25% and 60%). Characterized by high
cover of shrubs, sedges, and/or bryophytes. Common understory vegetation includes sweet
gale, speckled alder, leatherleaf, red-osier dogwood, slender sedge, northern bugleweed, few-
seeded sedge, pitcher-plant, midway peat moss, common green peat moss, and common
brown peat moss. May contain NE v-types V25, V28, V24, V21, and V26.
Myrica gale, Alnus incana ssp. rugosa, Chamaedaphne calyculata, Cornus stolonifera,
Shrubs Andromeda polifolia var. glaucophylla, Aronia melanocarpa, Spiraea alba var. alba, Ilex
verticillata, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Rhododendron groenlandicum
Vascular Carex lasiocarpa ssp. americana, Lycopus uniflorus, Carex oligosperma, Sarracenia
Herbaceous purpurea ssp. purpurea, Maianthemum trifolium, Drosera rotundifolia
Sphagnum magellanicum, S. girgensohnii, S. fuscum, S. angustifolium, Pleurozium

Non-vascular
schreberi
278 2015-02-26 278

G136Tt/Tl Sparse Treed Fen
Ecology
Substrate has moderate nutrient and excess moisture, limiting plant growth. Rooting zone in
contact with minerotrophic groundwater. Generally open, slow growing, uneven-aged stands
with variable tree density. Black spruce and sphagnum occurs in poor fens with increasing
brown moss abundance. In richer fens, tamarack may replace black spruce with increasing
cover of sedges. Fire frequency low due to the wetness of the site. Stable unless moisture
levels change.
Widespread across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range developing where permanently saturated
substrate conditions occur. Confined to ground-water fed depressions, gradual seepage
slopes, or protected riparian areas associated with lakes and ponds. Generally level to
undulating organic, glaciolacustrine, and glaciofluvial deposits. Typically non-calcareous,
where calcareous increased plant diversity and vigour may occur. Black spruce and tamarack
common tree species throughout the range. Winterberry, mountain-holly, and large cranberry
more common shrub species in southern 4E and 5E.
Edaphic Variability
substrates likely. Generally on lower slopes, in depressions or adjacent to flowing water or
lake margins, likely adjacent to bog, other fen, or marsh ecosites. Changes in
communities of moss and herb species reflective of drier conditions. Xeric vegetation such as
Related Ecosites
139, 140, 141

Tree cover 10%
137
La and fen indicators absent; 136 N/A
trees are low and stunted
024, 026
Shallower
128, 223, 129, 224

Tree cover > 25%
279 2015-02-26 279

Sparse Treed Bog G137Tt/Tl
L M H
Ecosite Description
Conifer canopy consisting mostly of black spruce with small amounts of other species.
Understory tree species consisting of black spruce and balsam fir. Shrub and herb poor.
Ericaceous shrubs abundant. Ground surface mostly deciduous litter and Spaghnum moss.
Substrate organic. Mostly deep and wet (MR = 7, 8, or 9) or saturated.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Low treed sparse (> 10% and 25%) or open (> 25% and 60%). Hydrologically isolated.
Characterized by high cover of shrubs, sedges, and/or bryophytes. Common understory
vegetation includes leatherleaf, sheep laurel, bog laurel, pitcher-plant, three-leaved Solomon's
seal, sheathed cotton-grass, small red peat moss, common brown peat moss, and poor-fen
peat moss. May contain NE v-types V24, V26, V25, and V28.
Trees Picea mariana
Chamaedaphne calyculata, Kalmia angustifolia var. angustifolia, K. polifolia, Vaccinium

Shrubs
oxycoccos, Gaultheria hispidula, Rhododendron groenlandicum, Vaccinium myrtilloides
Vascular Sarracenia purpurea ssp. purpurea, Maianthemum trifolium, Eriophorum vaginatum,

Herbaceous Carex oligosperma, Carex pauciflora
Sphagnum capillifolium, S. fuscum, S. angustifolium, S. magellanicum, Pleurozium

Non-vascular
schreberi
280 2015-02-26 280

G137Tt/Tl Sparse Treed Bog
Ecology
Substrate has low nutrient and excess moisture, limiting plant growth. Generally open, slow
growing, uneven-aged stands with variable tree density. Diversity of vascular plants is low.
Vegetation is characterized by Sphagnum mosses and woody vegetation adapted to nutrient-
poor site conditions. Fire frequency low due to the wetness of the site. Stable unless moisture
levels change.
Widespread and uncommon across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range. This ecosite is more
common in the north. Confined to bedrock depressions or associated with large peatland
systems (e.g., raised dome in fens). Generally level to undulating organic deposits.
Edaphic Variability
Hydric. Nutrient and moisture availability uniform. Generally on lower or level slopes, in
depressions. Often found as part of a complex associated with poor conifer swamps or fens.
Tamarack when present often found on the edge of the ecosite. Varies from flat to hummocky.
Changes in microtopography within the site result in better drained conditions supporting
localized communities of vegetation reflective of drier conditions such as feathermoss, eastern
white pine, white birch, and balsam fir.
Related Ecosites
138
Tree cover 10%
136
N/A 137 La 10% and fen
indicators present
024, 026
Shallower
127, 222
Tree cover > 25%
281 2015-02-26 281

Open Bog G138S/N
L M H
Ecosite Description
Low shrub, bryophyte, or graminoid communities. Tree poor. Shrubs when present are
ericaceous. Herb poor. Ground surface mostly Sphagnum mosses and deciduous litter.
Substrate organic. Mostly deep and wet (MR = 7, 8, or 9).
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Typically low shrub, however may be bryophytes, general Sphagnum ssp., and/or graminoids
dominated systems. Tree cover 10%, and tall shrub cover 25%. System must be
hydrologically isolated. Fen indicators absent, species poor. Tree species if present include
stunted black spruce. Shrubs commonly encountered include leatherleaf, Labrador tea, bog
rosemary, and small cranberry. Herbaceous species include few-seeded sedge, dense cotton-
grass, and three-seeded sedge. Bryophytes species include Warnstorf's peat moss, common
brown peat moss, and midway peat moss.
G138S - Shrub cover > 10%.
G138N - Shrub cover 10%, may be a herbaceous or non-vascular dominated
community.
Trees Picea mariana
Chamaedaphne calyculata, Rhododendron groenlandicum, Andromeda polifolia var.

Shrubs glaucophylla, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Kalmia polifolia, Gaultheria hispidula, Kalmia
angustifolia var. angustifolia
Vascular Carex oligosperma, Eriophorum vaginatum, Carex pauciflora, Sarracenia purpurea,
Herbaceous Drosera rotundifolia, Eriophorum angustifolium, Maianthemum trifolium
Non-vascular Sphagnum warnstorfii, S. fuscum, S. magellanicum, S. angustifolium
282 2015-02-26 282

G138S/N Open Bog
Ecology
Substrate extremely low in nutrients and acidic limiting plant growth. Peat surface has become
elevated, isolating it from mineral-rich runoff or groundwater. Vegetation is predominately
hydrophytic. Diversity of vascular plants is low. Vegetation is characterized by Sphagnum
mosses, graminoids, and woody vegetation adapted to nutrient-poor site conditions. May
succeed from a treed bog where the trees have been eliminated due to disturbance. Fire
does not have a large impact due to the wetness of the site. Stable unless moisture levels
change.
Widespread and uncommon across the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range. More abundant in
4E. Confined to bedrock depressions or associated with large peatland systems (e.g., raised
dome or openings in treed bogs or fens). Generally level to undulating organic deposits.
Virginia chain fern, hidden-fruited bladderwort, and Billing's Three-seeded Sedge may occur
along the southern edge of 5E.
Edaphic Variability
Hydric. Typically uniform in nutrient and moisture availability. Generally on lower or level
slopes, in depressions. Often found as part of a peatland complex, occasionally on shores (but
isolated from groundwater). May grade into a sparse treed bog or poor fen. Microtopography
variable ranging from uniformly level to mounds and hollows. Changes in peat elevation within
the site result in better drained conditions supporting localized communities of vegetation
reflective of drier conditions such as low ericaceous shrubs, and wetter hollows supporting
graminoid species.
Related Ecosites
145, 149
Increased water
139, 140, 141

N/A 138 Fen indicators present;
not hydrologically isolated
137
Tree cover > 10%
283 2015-02-26 283

Poor Fen G139S/N
L M H
Ecosite Description
Bryophyte, graminoid, or low shrub communities. Tree poor. Shrubs when present typically
ericaceous. Herb poor. Ground surface mostly Sphagnum mosses and deciduous litter.
Substrate organic or mineral. Mostly deep and very moist to wet (MR = 6, 7, 8, or 9) or
saturated.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Typically graminoid, however may be shrub or bryophyte dominated system. Tree cover
10%, and tall shrub cover 25%. Fen indicators present, species poor. Tree species if present
include stunted black spruce and tamarack. Shrubs species commonly found include sweet
gale, leatherleaf, speckled alder, and narrow-leaved meadow-sweet. Herbaceous species
include slender sedge, few-seeded sedge, lake-bank sedge, pitcher-plant and beaked sedge.
Bryophyte species include midway peat moss, common green peat moss, and poor-fen peat
moss.
G139S - open peatlands with > 10% cover of shrubs. Forb cover is sparse, graminoids are
abundant. Stunted black spruce and tamarack often present.
G139N - open peatlands with 10% shrubs. Typically dominated by graminoids, forb
cover is sparse.
Myrica gale, Chamaedaphne calyculata, Alnus incana ssp. rugosa, Spiraea alba var.
Shrubs alba, Betula pumila var. pumila, Andromeda polifolia var. glaucophylla, Salix
pedicellaris, Vaccinium oxycoccos
Carex lasiocarpa ssp. americana, C. oligosperma, C. lacustris, Sarracenia purpurea, C.
Vascular
rostrata, C. utriculata, Dulichium arundinaceum var. arundinaceum, Eriophorum
Herbaceous
virginicum
Non-vascular Sphagnum magellanicum, S. girgensohnii, S. angustifolium
284 2015-02-26 284

G139S/N Poor Fen
Ecology
Substrate has low nutrient and excess moisture, limiting plant growth. Weakly minerotrophic
peatlands, subjected to occasional flooding or low ground water movement enriching the site
with mineral and organic material. Rooting zone in contact with minerotrophic groundwater.
Diversity of vascular plants is low and is predominantly hydrophytic. Vegetation is
characterized by Sphagnum mosses, graminoids, and woody vegetation adapted to nutrient-
poor site conditions. Fire does not have a large impact due to the wetness of the site, but may
play a role in maintaining the ecosite by killing encroaching trees and promoting graminoid
dominance. In the northwest (4S, 4W, 5S) fire may remove the top portion of the organic
matter in drought years when the fen has dried down, often resulting in a fen with stunted jack
pine. Stable unless moisture levels change, for example flooding through beaver activity may
convert the poor fen into a meadow marsh or shallow march, or a decrease in the water table
may convert the fen into a conifer swamp or shrub thicket.
Widespread across Great Lakes-St.Lawrence range developing where permanently saturated
substrate conditions occur. Confined to kettle depressions and in flat areas or mild
depressions. Generally level to undulating organic, morainal, glaciolacustrine, and glaciofluvial
deposits. Typically non-calcareous, where calcareous increased plant diversity and vigour
may occur. Billing's Three-seeded Sedge may occur along the southern edge of 5E. Fire origin
fen may occur in 4W-1, 4W-2, 4S-3, 4S-4, 4S-5, 4S-6, and 5S-2.
Edaphic Variability
substrates likely. Generally on lower slopes and in depressions. The ecosite often forms a
mosaic of shrub and herb dominated areas often grading into bog, other fen, or poor conifer
swamp. Typically level microtopography. Changes in peat elevation within the site result in
better drained conditions supporting localized communities of low ericaceous shrubs and
scattered black spruce and tamarack, and wetter hollows dominated by graminoids.
Related Ecosites
146, 147
Floating mat
138
140
Hydrologically
isolated; absence of
139 Two or more rich
fen indicators
fen indicators
136
Tree cover > 10%
285 2015-02-26 285

Open Moderately Rich Fen G140S/N
L M H
Ecosite Description
Graminoid or low shrub communities. Tree poor. Shrubs when present typically ericaceous.
Herb moderately poor. Ground surface mostly sedge and deciduous litter, and Sphagnum
mosses. Substrate organic or mineral. Mostly deep and very moist to wet (MR = 6, 7, 8, or 9)
or saturated.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Shrub or graminoid dominated system. Tree cover 10%, and tall shrub cover 25%. Rich
fen indicators present. Tree species if present include stunted black spruce and tamarack.
Shrubs species commonly found include leatherleaf, sweet gale, speckled alder, and dwarf
birch. Herbaceous species include few-seeded sedge, bog aster, and slender sedge.
Bryophyte species include small red peat moss, midway peat moss, and Schreber's moss.
G140S - open peatlands with > 10% cover of shrubs. Forb cover is variable, graminoids
are abundant. Stunted black spruce and tamarack often present.
cover is variable.
Chamaedaphne calyculata, Myrica gale, Alnus incana ssp. rugosa, Betula pumila var.
Shrubs
pumila, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Andromeda polifolia, Kalmia polifolia, Rhamnus alnifolia
Carex oligosperma, C. lasiocarpa ssp. americana, Menyanthes trifoliata, Equisetum
Vascular fluviatile, Eriophorum angustifolium ssp. angustifolium, Trichophorum alpinum,
Herbaceous Solidago uliginosa, Rhynchospora alba, Carex magellanica ssp. irrigua, Solidago
uliginosa, Utricularia intermedia, Pogonia ophioglossoides
Sphagnum capillifolium, S. magellanicum, Pleurozium schreberi, Aulacomnium
Non-vascular
palustre, Sphagnum angustifolium
286 2015-02-26 286

G140S/N Open Moderately Rich Fen
Ecology
Substrate has moderate nutrient availability. Limitation to plant growth due to excess moisture.
Subjected to periodic flooding or ground water movement enriching the site with mineral and
organic material. Rooting zone in contact with minerotrophic groundwater. Diversity of
vascular plants is moderate and predominantly hydrophytic. Vegetation is characterized by
Sphagnum mosses, graminoids, and woody vegetation adapted to nutrient-rich site conditions.
Fire does not have a large impact due to the wetness of the site. Stable unless moisture levels
change, for example flooding through beaver activity may convert the moderately rich fen into
a meadow marsh or shallow marsh, or a decrease in the water table may convert the fen into
a conifer swamp or shrub thicket.
slopes, or protected riparian areas associated with lakes, rivers, and ponds. Generally level to
undulating organic, morainal, glaciolacustrine, and glaciofluvial deposits. Typically non-
calcareous, where calcareous increased plant diversity and vigour may occur.
Edaphic Variability
substrates likely. Generally on lower slopes, in depressions, or adjacent to flowing water or
lake margins, likely in a complex with bog, other fen, or marsh ecosites. Microtopography
variable ranging from uniformly level to mound and hollows. Changes in peat elevation within
the site result in better drained conditions supporting localized communities of low shrubs and
scattered black spruce and tamarack, and wetter hollows dominated by graminoids.
Related Ecosites
146, 147
Floating mat
139 141
Fen indicators 140 Two or more extremely
present rich fen indicators
136
Tree cover > 10%
287 2015-02-26 287

Open Extremely Rich Fen G141S/N
L M H
Ecosite Description
Graminoid or low shrub communities. Tree poor. Shrubs when present typically ericaceous.
Herb moderately rich. Ground surface mostly sedge and deciduous litter, and brown mosses.
Substrate organic or mineral. Mostly deep and very moist to wet (MR = 6, 7, 8, or 9) or
saturated.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Shrub or graminoid dominated system. Tree cover 10%, and tall shrub cover 25%.
Extremely rich fen indicators present. Tree species if present include stunted black spruce,
cedar, and tamarack. String and flark vegetation may differ in species composition and
structure. Shrubs species commonly found include shrubby cinquefoil, mountain fly
honeysuckle, and sage-leaved willow. Herbaceous species include wild timothy, sticky false
asphodel, marsh grass-of-parnassus, and tall white bog orchid. Bryophyte species includes
Star-like Hypnum moss, fuzzy brown moss, and Limprichtia moss.
G141S - open peatlands with > 10% cover of shrubs. Forb cover is variable, graminoids
are abundant. Stunted black spruce and tamarack often present.
cover is variable.
Trees Larix laricina, Picea mariana
Shrubs Dasiphora fruticosa, Lonicera villosa, Salix candida
Carex lasiocarpa ssp. americana, Triantha glutinosa, Parnassia palustris, Platanthera

Vascular
dilatata var. dilatata, C. limosa, C. livida, C. chordorrhiza, C. sterilis, Trichophorum
Herbaceous
cespitosum, Drosera linearis, Carex gynocrates
Campylium stellatum var. stellatum, Tomentypnum nitens, Limprichtia revolvens,

Non-vascular
Sphagnum warnstorfii, Aulacomnium spp.
288 2015-02-26 288

G141S/N Open Extremely Rich Fen
Ecology
Substrate has high nutrient availability. Limitation to plant growth due to excess moisture.
Minerotrophic peatland, subjected to periodic flooding or ground water movement enriching
the site with mineral and organic material. Rooting zone in contact with minerotrophic
groundwater. Diversity of vascular plants is high and predominantly hydrophytic. Vegetation is
characterized by brown mosses, graminoids, and woody vegetation adapted to nutrient-rich
site conditions. Fire does not have a large impact due to the wetness of the site. Stable unless
moisture levels change, for example flooding through beaver activity may convert the
extremely rich fen into a meadow marsh or shallow marsh, or a decrease in the water table
may convert the fen into a conifer swamp or shrub thicket.
slopes, or protected riparian areas associated with lakes, rivers, and ponds. Generally level to
undulating organic, morainal, glaciolacustrine, and glaciofluvial deposits. Typically non-
calcareous, where calcareous increased plant diversity and vigour may occur.
Edaphic Variability
substrates likely. Generally on lower slopes, in depressions, or adjacent to flowing water or
lake margins. The ecosite often forms a mosaic of shrub and herb dominated areas, likely in a
complex with bog, other fen, meadow, or marsh ecosites. Patterning or alternating raised
ridges (strings) and depressions or hollows (flarks) form perpendicular to the direction of
waterflow. The ridges are dominated by sedges, shrubs and scattered, stunted trees and
depressions (flarks) are represented by saturated to inundated open areas of brown mosses,
sedges, and rushes. Changes in peat elevation within the site result in better drained
conditions supporting localized communities of low ericaceous shrubs and scattered black
spruce and tamarack, and wetter hollows dominated by graminoids.
Related Ecosites
146, 147
Floating mat
140 144
Two or more rich 141 Seasonally flooded;
fen indicators Tree/shrub cover 10%
136
Tree cover > 10%
289 2015-02-26 289

Mineral Meadow Marsh G142N
L M H
Ecosite Description
Graminoid or less frequently forb communities. Dominated by sedges and grasses. Ground
surface mostly sedge litter. Substrate mineral. Mostly deep and very moist (MR=6) or
saturated.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Graminoid or forb dominated system. Herbaceous cover > 50% and anchored to the surface.
Trees if present may include black spruce, tamarack, and red maple but does not exceed 10%
cover. Tall shrub cover 25%. Ecosite may be dominated by one specie or have a variable
composition. Shrub species include pussy willow and red-osier dogwood. Herbaceous species
include lake-bank sedge, tussock sedge, Canada blue-joint grass, and reed canary grass.
Trace occurrence of non-vascular cover restricted to the edges of tussocks.
Picea mariana, Larix laricina, Acer rubrum, Betula papyrifera, Fraxinus pennsylvanica,
Trees
Ulmus americana
Shrubs Salix discolor, Cornus stolonifera, Spiraea alba var. alba, Alnus viridis ssp. crispa
Carex lacustris, C. stricta, Calamagrostis canadensis, Phalaris arundinacea, Impatiens

Vascular
capensis, Agrostis gigantea, Scirpus cyperinus, Polygonum spp., Juncus nodosus,
Herbaceous
Juncus alpinoarticulatus, Carex viridula var. viridula
290 2015-02-26 290

G142N Mineral Meadow Marsh
Ecology
Substrate has variable nutrient availability due to substrate texture and mineralogy. Secondary
enrichment of site may occur if in contact with lake or stream water. Rooting zone in contact
with minerotrophic groundwater. Limitation to plant growth due to excess moisture. Subjected
to seasonal water fluctuations through seasonal flooding and near shore wave action.
Vascular plant cover and diversity variable, predominantly hydrophytic. Trees when present
scattered and stunted. Fire does not have a large impact due to the wetness of the site, but
can help maintain the ecosite through the reduction of woody species. Stable unless moisture
levels change. The ecosite may convert to a shrub thicket when water levels decrease. Open
conditions maintained by seasonal flooding and beaver activity.
Widespread across Great Lakes-St.Lawrence range occurring in wetland basins, along
streams and drainage ways, in drained beaver ponds, in shallow bays. Generally morainal,
glaciolacustrine and glaciofluvial deposits. Atlantic coast plain species may occur along the
shores of lakes in Parry Sound and Muskoka. These species may include Virginia meadow-
beauty, Eatons panic grass, Carolina yellow-eyed-grass, Careys knotweed, bayonet rush,
and golden hedge-hyssops. Typically non-calcareous, where calcareous increased plant
diversity and vigour may occur.
Edaphic Variability
Hydric. Nutrient and moisture availability uniform. Mineral or peaty phase substrates likely.
Generally on lower or level slopes adjacent to small streams, lakeshores, beaver meadows,
ditches and occasionally in isolated basins. The ecosite often forms a mosaic of shrub and
herb dominated areas, some open pools of water may be present. May be adjacent to a
marsh or thicket. Microtopography variable ranging from uniformly level to mounds and
hollows. Changes in peat elevation within the site result in better drained conditions supporting
localized communities of low ericaceous shrubs and scattered black spruce and tamarack,
wetter hollows dominated by graminoids, and open pools of water dominated by floating-
leaved or emergent vegetation.
Related Ecosites
145, 149
Increased water
144 143
Organic substrate
142 Rock substrate
134
Tall shrub cover > 25%
291 2015-02-26 291

Rock Meadow Marsh G143N
L M H
Ecosite Description
Graminoid or less frequently forb communities. Vascular plants restricted to cracks in bedrock
or spaces between coarse fragments where mineral or organic material has accumulated.
Dominated by sedges and grasses. Ground surface mostly sedge litter. Substrate rock
(bedrock or coarse fragments). Moisture regime saturated.
Substrate Series R1 R2 R3 R5 R6 R8
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
composition. Shrub species may include sweet gale and narrow-leaved meadowsweet.
Herbaceous species may include Dudley's rush and tufted hairgrass. Trace occurrence of
non-vascular cover restricted to the edges of tussocks.
Trees Picea mariana, Larix laricina, Acer rubrum, Betula papyrifera, Thuja occidentalis
Myrica gale, Spiraea alba var. alba, Ilex verticillata, Salix discolor, Physocarpus
Shrubs
opulifolius
Deschampsia cespitosa ssp. cespitosa, Carex viridula ssp. viridula, C. cryptolepis, C.
Vascular echinata, C. scoparia, Eupatorium spp., Symphyotrichum spp., Agrostis scabra, Juncus
Herbaceous spp., Eleocharis spp., Euthamia graminifolia, Potentilla norvegica ssp. norvegica,
Lycopus uniflorus, Hypericum spp., Viola lanceolata
292 2015-02-26 292

G143N Rock Meadow Marsh
Ecology
Ecosite is usually adjacent to a lake or stream. Limited accumulation of organic and mineral
material occur due to flooding and ice-scouring. More active ecosite than Mineral Meadow
Marsh (G142) and Organic Meadow Marsh (G144). Enrichment of substrate through seepage
or periodic flooding. Vegetation is predominately hydrophytic, restricted to cracks in bedrock or
spaces between coarse fragments where mineral or organic material has accumulated, for
example cobble shorelines. Trees if present scattered and stunted. Subjected to drawdowns.
Fire does not have a large impact due to the wetness of the site.
Limited across Great Lakes-St.Lawrence range occurring next to water bodies, rivers and
streams with bedrock or cobble shores. Atlantic coast plain species may occur along the
shores of lake in Parry Sound and Muskoka. These species may include Virginia meadow-
beauty, Eatons panic grass, Carolina yellow-eyed-grass, Careys knotweed, bayonet rush,
and golden hedge-hyssops. Inland rush found in 4W, 4S, and 5S.
Edaphic Variability
Hydric. This ecosite is usually found in terrestrial shallow soil over bedrock landscapes, at the
land-water interface. Rock or colluvial deposits. Typically non-calcareous, although local areas
of base-rich bedrock (greenstones) may occur, especially in parts of northwestern Ontario.
Plants often rooted in cracks filled with sand or mud. May occur in a matrix of rock and stones
(boulder, cobble, gravel), open pools may be present containing floating-leaved or emergent
vegetation.
Related Ecosites
145, 149
Increased water
144 142
Organic substrate
134
293 2015-02-26 293

Organic Meadow Marsh G144N
L M H
Ecosite Description
Graminoid or less frequently forb communities. Dominated by sedges and grasses. Ground
surface mostly sedge litter. Substrate organic. Mostly deep and wet (MR = 7, 8, or 9) or
saturated.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
composition. Shrub species may include leatherleaf and sweet gale. Herbaceous species may
include Canada blue-joint grass, swamp loosestrife, and wool-grass. Non-vascular cover when
present restricted to the edges of tussocks.
Trees Picea mariana, Larix laricina, Acer rubrum, Betula papyrifera
Shrubs Chamaedaphne calyculata, Myrica gale, Spiraea alba var. alba
Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex utriculata, Lysimachia terrestris, Scirpus cyperinus,

Vascular
Carex stricta, C. rostrata, Typha spp., Glyceria canadensis var. canadensis, Thelypteris
Herbaceous
palustris var. pubescens, Asclepias incarnata ssp. incarnata
294 2015-02-26 294

G144N Organic Meadow Marsh
Ecology
Substrate has high nutrient availability, strongly influenced by nutrient rich groundwater
enriching the site. Secondary enrichment may occur when the ecosite is adjacent to a lake or
stream. Water levels typically at or near the substrate surface throughout the year. Seasonal
flooding and drawdowns when they occur are less frequent and severe than Mineral Meadow
Marsh (G142) and Rock Meadow Marsh (G143). Characteristic vegetation species are
predominantly hydrophytic. Subjected to periodic flooding and to drawdowns. Vascular plant
abundance is high, although not usually diverse. May contain standing dead trees. Fire does
not have a large impact due to the wetness of the site, but can help maintain the ecosite
through the reduction of woody species. In drought years when the water level is low fire may
have an impact. Stable unless moisture levels change. The ecosite may convert to a shrub
thicket when water levels decrease. Open conditions maintained by seasonal flooding. Often
develops in former beaver ponds after dam burst and are not rebuilt. Cattails dominated
marsh may develop on logged or disturbed conifer swamps.
Widespread across Great Lakes-St.Lawrence range occurring on lake, pond and stream
margins, in beaver ponds or in shallow bays often adjacent to other wetland communities.
Generally undulating to level organic deposits. When underlying bedrock or substrate
mineralogy is calcareous and the depth of the organic layer is not very deep, increased plant
diversity and vigour may occur. Buttonbush and Virginia chain fern may be present along the
southern edge of 5E.
Edaphic Variability
Hydric. Nutrient and moisture availability uniform. Organic substrates. Generally on lower or
level slopes adjacent to small streams, lakeshores, beaver meadows, ditches and
occasionally in isolated basins. The ecosite often forms a mosaic of shrub and herb dominated
areas, some open pools of water may be present. May be adjacent to a marsh or thicket.
Microtopography variable ranging from uniformly level to mounds and hollows. Changes in
peat elevation within the site result in better drained conditions supporting localized
communities of low ericaceous shrubs and scattered black spruce and tamarack, wetter
hollows dominated by graminoids, and open pools dominated by floating-leaved and emergent
vegetation.
Related Ecosites
145, 149
Increased water
142, 143
139, 140, 141
Fen indicators present
144 Mineral or rock
substrate
135
295 2015-02-26 295

Floating Marsh G145S/N
L M H
Ecosite Description
Forb dominated community on a floating mat of organic debris composed primarily of dead
cattail stalks and roots adjacent to lakes or streams. Often composed of dense stands of
cattails, associated forb species highly variable. Graminoid cover variable. Shrubs when
present are tolerant of wet conditions (e.g., willows). Trees absent. Ground surface mostly
cattail litter. Substrate organic and floating. Moisture regime very wet (MR = 9).
Substrate Series O7
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Forb dominated system, primarily cattails. Shrub cover 25% and floating mat not composed
of sphagnum or sedge. Ecosite may be dominated by one specie or have a variable
composition. Shrub species commonly found, when present include willows. Herbaceous
species include cattails, marsh cinquefoil, lake-bank sedge, and tussock sedge. Floating-
leaved and submergent aquatic plants may be present but cover is sparse.
Shrubs Salix spp., Myrica gale
Vascular Typha spp., Comarum palustre, Carex lacustris, C. stricta, Asclepias incarnata ssp.
Herbaceous incarnata, Lysimachia terrestris, Cicuta bulbifera, Campanula aparinoides
Floating-
Lemna spp., Spirodela polyrhiza, Utricularia vulgaris
leaved
Submergent Potamogeton natans, P. gramineus
296 2015-02-26 296

G145S/N Floating Marsh
Ecology
Substrate has high nutrient availability. Limitation to plant growth due to excess moisture.
Subjected to seasonal flooding and to drawdowns. Substrate is a floating mat of peat held
together by roots, suspended over water or loose sedimentary peat. Enrichment of site by
contact with lake or stream water. Vascular plant abundance is high, although not usually
diverse. Vegetation is predominantly characterized by hydrophytic herbaceous and woody
vegetation adapted to wet nutrient-rich site conditions. Fire does not have a large impact due
to the wetness of the site. Successionally stable but may be fragmented by strong winds or
beaver activity. Stable unless moisture levels change.
substrate conditions occur. Generally found in sheltered shoreline areas along the edges of
ponds, lakes, and streams. Swamp loosestrife may be found along the southern edge of 5E.
Edaphic Variability
Hydric. Nutrient and moisture availability uniform. Substrate is a floating mat of organic origin.
The floating mat will rise and fall with changes in water level. Generally on lower or level
slopes along shorelines in lakes, ponds, and river backwaters. The ecosite may also contain
areas of open water that support floating-leaved and submergent aquatic cover such as
duckweed and bladderwort.
Related Ecosites
150, 152
Emergent cover 25%
149 148
Organic substrate
146
Shore fen; floating mat of
sphagnum or sedge origin
297 2015-02-26 297

Open Shore Fen G146S/N
L M H
Ecosite Description
Graminoid, generally sedge or low shrub community on floating mats adjacent to ponds, lakes,
and streams. Trees poor. Herb moderately poor. Ground surface mostly sedge and deciduous
litter, and Sphagnum mosses. Substrate organic and floating. Moisture regime very wet (MR =
9).
Substrate Series O7
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Graminoid, generally sedge or low shrub community on floating mat of peat, usually of sedge
origin. Shrub cover 25%. Ecosite may be dominated by one specie or have a variable
composition. Shrub species may include leatherleaf and sweet gale. Herbaceous species
include wooly sedge, beaked sedge, reed-like three-way sedge, and cotton-grasses.
Bryophytes dominated by Sphagnum species.
Shrubs Chamaedaphne calyculata, Myrica gale, Salix pedicellaris
Carex lasiocarpa ssp. americana, C. rostrata, Dulichium arundinaceum var.

Vascular
arundinaceum, Eriophorum spp., Carex lacustris, Muhlenbergia glomerata, Comarum
Herbaceous
palustre
Non-vascular Sphagnum spp.
298 2015-02-26 298

G146S/N Open Shore Fen
Ecology
Water level changes minimal. Subject to low wave and current action (e.g., in sheltered bays),
narrow band or patch in a wetland complex. Substrate is a floating mat of peat held together
by roots, suspended over water or loose sedimentary peat. Enrichment of site by contact with
lake or stream water. Vascular plant cover is high, although not usually diverse. Vegetation is
predominantly hydrophytic. Successionally stable but may be fragmented by strong winds or
beaver activity. Stable unless moisture levels change.
substrate conditions occur. Generally found in protected or slow moving riparian areas along
the edges of peatland associated with ponds, lakes, and streams; peatland basins affected by
surface runoff; and lagg zones at the edges of peatlands. Often associated with meadow
marshes. Generally level to undulating organic deposits. When underlying bedrock or
substrate mineralogy is calcareous and the depth of the organic layer is not very deep,
increased plant diversity and vigour may occur.
Edaphic Variability
duckweed and bladderwort. Changes in microtopography within the site result in better
drained conditions supporting localized communities of low shrubs and scattered black spruce
and tamarack, and wetter hollows dominated by graminoids.
Related Ecosites
145
Floating mat not of sedge or
sphagnum origin
144
Vegetation anchored to
138
substrate
Hydrologically 146
isolated
147
139, 140, 141

Not floating mat;
adjacent to water body
299 2015-02-26 299

Shrub Shore Fen G147S
L M H
Ecosite Description
Low shrub community on floating mats adjacent to ponds, lakes, and streams. Tree poor.
Ground surface mostly leaf and sedge litter. Substrate organic and floating. Moisture regime
very wet (MR = 9).
Substrate Series O7
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n z
Low shrub community on floating mat of sphagnum or sedge origin. Shrub cover > 25%.
Ecosite may be dominated by one specie or have a variable composition. Tree species if
present include stunted tamarack and black spruce. Shrub species include leatherleaf, sweet
gale, dwarf birch, and speckled alder. Herbaceous species may include Canada blue-joint
grass, beaked sedge, marsh cinquefoil, wire sedge, and tussock sedge. Bryophytes
dominated by Sphagnum species.
Chamaedaphne calyculata, Myrica gale, Betula pumila, Alnus incana ssp. rugosa, Salix
Shrubs
pedicellaris
Calamagrostis canadensis var. canadensis, Carex utriculata, Comarum palustre, Carex
Vascular
lasiocarpa ssp. americana, C. stricta, Muhlenbergia glomerata, Carex aquatilis var.
Herbaceous
aquatilis
Non-vascular Sphagnum spp.
300 2015-02-26 300

G147S Shrub Shore Fen
Ecology
Water level changes minimal. Subject to low wave and current action (e.g., in sheltered bays),
Found as a narrow band or patch in a wetland complex. Substrate is a floating mat of peat
held together by roots, suspended over water or loose sedimentary peat. Enrichment of site by
contact with lake or stream water. Vascular plant cover is high, although not usually diverse.
Vegetation is predominantly hydrophytic. Fire does not have a large impact due to the
wetness of the site. Successionally stable but may be fragmented by strong winds or beaver
activity. Stable unless moisture levels change.
substrate conditions occur. Generally found in protected or slow moving riparian areas along
the edges of peatland associated with ponds, lakes, and streams; peatland basins affected by
surface runoff; and lagg zones at the edges of peatlands. Generally level to undulating
organic. When underlying bedrock or substrate mineralogy is calcareous and the depth of the
organic layer is not very deep, increased plant diversity and vigour may occur.
Edaphic Variability
duckweed and bladderwort. Changes in microtopography within the site result in better
drained conditions supporting localized communities of low shrubs and scattered black spruce
and tamarack, and wetter hollows dominated by graminoids.
Related Ecosites
145
Floating mat not of sedge or
sphagnum origin
144
Vegetation anchored to
138
substrate
Hydrologically 147
isolated
146
Shrub cover 25%
139, 140, 141

Not floating mat;
adjacent to water body
301 2015-02-26 301

Mineral Shallow Marsh G148N
L M H
Ecosite Description
Herbaceous vegetation community typically composed of emergent grasses, rushes, sedges,
forbs (occasionally), or horsetails. Floating-leaved herbaceous species may also be present.
Water normally above the substrate surface (less than 2 m deep). Substrate mineral. Mostly
deep and saturated.
Substrate Series L4 L5
Herbaceous dominated community with > 25% emergent vegetation. Submergent and
floating-leaved vegetation variable. Ecosite may be dominated by one specie or have a
variable composition. Emergent species may include cattails, woolgrass, and arrowheads.
Floating-leaved species may include duckweed and fragrant white water lily. Submergent
species may include coontail and common waterweed.
Typha spp., Scirpus cyperinus, Sagittaria spp., Eleocharis palustris, Sparganium

Herbs and
eurycarpum, Pontederia cordata, Schoenoplectus spp., Equisetum fluviatile, Carex
Graminoids
aquatilis, C. vesicaria, C. utriculata, Dulichium arundinaceum
Floating- Lemna spp., Nymphaea odorata ssp. tuberosa, Potamogeton spp., Nuphar variegata,
leaved Eriocaulon aquaticum
Ceratophyllum demersum, Elodea canadensis, Potamogeton spp., Stuckenia

Submergent
pectinatus, Myriophyllum sibiricum
302 2015-02-26 302

G148N Mineral Shallow Marsh
Ecology
Nutrient levels typically high due to abundant waterflow, and periodic exposure and aeration of
the substrate. Dominant plants are tolerant of persistently deep water levels. Variation in
species composition over time is in response to changes in hydrological conditions. May
contain standing dead trees. In communities with a stable water level species diversity
decreases and the area is often dominated by a single species. Ecosite is exposed regularly
to wave action, river currents, ice-scouring, or drawdowns preventing the accumulation of
organic material. Mineral shallow marshes are early-seral ecosites forming naturally in
recently created wetland environments. This ecosite will persist as long as the hydrological
regime is maintained.
Widespread across Great Lakes-St.Lawrence range in wave-washed lakeshores, stream

floodplains, and back-levees. May also occur at seepage sites. Atlantic coast plain species
may occur along the shores of lake in Parry Sound and Muskoka. These species may include
Virginia meadow-beauty, Carolina yellow-eyed-grass, tow-cupped pondweed, conifervoid
pondweed, bayonet rush, hidden-fruited bladderwort, and floating-heart. Heart-leaved
pickerel-weed may occur in 4E and 5E and Purple bladderwort may occur along the southern
edge of 5E.
Edaphic Variability
slopes, or in depressions. Often found as a part of a wetland complex adjacent to open water
marshes and meadow marshes. Sandy or fine textured mineral substrate. Water depth
variable. Submergent and floating-leaved vegetation more prevalent in deeper water.
Related Ecosites
151
Emergent cover 25%
145, 149
Organic substrate
148 N/A
142, 143
Seasonally flooded
146, 147
303 2015-02-26 303

Organic Shallow Marsh G149N
L M H
Ecosite Description
Herbaceous vegetation community typically composed of emergent grasses, rushes, sedges,
forbs (occasionally), or horsetails. Floating-leaved herbaceous species may also be present.
Water normally above the substrate surface (less than 2 m deep). Substrate organic. Mostly
deep and saturated.
Herbaceous dominated community with > 25% emergent vegetation. Submergent and
floating-leaved vegetation variable. Ecosite may be dominated by one specie or have a
variable composition. Herbaceous species may include cattails, woolgrass, and arrowheads.
Emergent species may include cattails, woolgrass, and arrowheads. Submergent and floating-
leaved species may include duckweeds, fragrant white water lily, and coontail.
Typha spp., Scirpus cyperinus., Sagittaria spp., Eleocharis palustris, Sparganium

Herbs and
eurycarpum, Pontederia cordata, Schoenoplectus spp., Glyceria canadensis, G. striata,
Graminoids
Carex lacustris, C. utriculata, Lysimachia terrestris, Zizania palustris
Floating- Lemna spp., Nymphaea odorata ssp. tuberosa, Potamogeton natans, Brasenia
leaved schreberi, Persicaria amphibia var. emersa
Ceratophyllum demersum, Elodea canadensis, Potamogeton spp., Myriophyllum spp.,

Submergent
Alisma plantago-aquatica
304 2015-02-26 304

G149N Organic Shallow Marsh
Ecology
Nutrient levels typically high due to abundant waterflow, and periodic exposure and aeration of
the substrate. Dominant plants are tolerant of persistently deep water levels. May contain
dead standing trees. Variation in species composition over time is in response to changes in
hydrological conditions. In communities with a stable water level species diversity decreases
and the area is often dominated by a single species. Frequency and intensity of flooding, wave
action, river currents, ice-scouring, or drawdowns limited allowing for the accumulation of
organic material. Water levels more stable than Mineral Shallow Marsh (G148). Organic
shallow marshes are early-seral ecosites forming naturally in recently created wetland
environments. This ecosite will persist as long as the hydrological regime is maintained.
Widespread across Great Lakes-St.Lawrence range in sheltered lakeshores, stream
floodplains, slow moving streams, and back-levees.
Edaphic Variability
slopes, or in depressions. Often found as a part of a wetland complex adjacent to open water
marshes and meadow marshes. Organic substrate. Water depth variable. Submergent and
floating-leaved vegetation more prevalent in deeper water.
Related Ecosites
150, 152
Emergent cover 25%
145
148
Floating organic 149 Mineral substrate
substrate
144
Seasonally flooded
146, 147
305 2015-02-26 305

Open Water Marsh: Floating-Leaved G150N
L M H
Ecosite Description
Herbaceous vegetation community typically composed of floating-leaved aquatic vegetation.
Submergent and emergent species may also be present. Water normally above the substrate
surface (less than 2 m deep). Substrate typically mineral or organic and deep but may be rock.
Moisture regime is saturated.
Substrate Series L2 L3 L4 L5 L6
Herbaceous dominated community with > 50% floating-leaved material and 25% emergent
vegetation. The area is dominated by floating-leaved and submergent aquatic plants species.
The ecosite may represent a simple community dominated by one to several species.
Emergent species may include floating-leaved burreed, softstem bulrush, and hybrid bulrush.
Floating-leaved species may include white water-lily, floating-leaved pondweed, yellow pond-
lily, and water-shield. Submergent species may include bladderwort, coontail, and pondweeds.
Emergent Sparganium fluctuans, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, S. carinatus
Floating- Nymphaea odorata ssp. tuberosa, Potamogeton natans, Nuphar variegata, Brasenia
leaved schreberi, Lemna spp.
Utricularia spp., Ceratophyllum demersum, Potamogeton spp., Ranunculus aquatilis

Submergent
var. diffusus, Vallisneria americana, Elodea canadensis, Bidens beckii
306 2015-02-26 306

G150N Open Water Marsh: Floating-leaved
Ecology
Dominant plants are tolerant of persistently deep water levels. Water table above the surface
for most of the growing season, rarely drawdowns. Ecosite may be subjected to low wave and
current energy. Increased water turbidity and/or increased water depth negatively affect the
distribution of aquatic species by decreasing the light levels.
Widespread across Great Lakes-St.Lawrence range in sheltered bays, and still and slow-
moving water associated with ponds, river meanders, oxbows, and lagg zones at the edge of
peatlands. Floating-hearts may occur in the Parry Sound and Muskoka regions.
Edaphic Variability
Hydric. Generally on lower or level slopes, or in depressions. Often found as a part of a
wetland complex with shallow marshes and open water. Emergent vegetation more prevalent
in shallower water.
Related Ecosites
154, 155, 156

Active limnetic
151
Mineral substrate
152
Organic substrate
150
153
Constructed water collection
145
Floating marsh mat
149
Emergent cover > 25%
307 2015-02-26 307

Open Water Marsh: Mineral G151N
L M H
Ecosite Description
Herbaceous vegetation community typically composed of submergent aquatic vegetation.
Emergent and floating-leaved species may also be present. Water normally above the
substrate surface (less than 2 m deep). Substrate typically mineral and deep. Moisture regime
is saturated.
Herbaceous dominated community with 25 % emergent vegetation and 50% floating-
leaved vegetation. The area is dominated by submergent aquatic plant species. The ecosite
may represent a simple community dominated by one to several species. Emergent species
may include marsh spikerush, floating-leaved burreed, and softstem bulrush. Floating-leaved
species may include yellow-pond lily and pondweeds. Submergent species may include
pondweeds, common bladderwort, and spiked water-milfoil.
Eleocharis palustris, Sparganium fluctuans, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, S.

Emergent
carinatus
Floating-
Nuphar variegata, Potamogeton spp.
leaved
Potamogeton spp., Utricularia vulgaris., Myriophyllum sibiricum, Ceratophyllum

Submergent
demersum, Lobelia dortmanna
308 2015-02-26 308

G151N Open Water Marsh: Mineral
Ecology
Dominant plants are tolerant of persistently deep water levels. Plant species distribution is
affected by water chemistry (acidic to basic gradient), substrate quality, turbidity (amount of
light available), and waterflow. Water table above the surface for most of the growing season.
Drawdowns are rare. Ecosites often exposed to high wave energy. Low species diversity
common.
Widespread across Great Lakes-St.Lawrence range typically on wave-washed lakeshores and
streams. Slender water-milfoil found in 5E.
Edaphic Variability
Hydric. Generally on lower or level slopes, or in depressions. Often transitional to deep,
unvegetated waters of lakes. Typically occurring on nutrient poor (oligotrophic) acidic mineral
substrates.
Related Ecosites
155
Active mineral limnetic
153
150, 152
Organic substrate
151 Constructed water
collection
148
309 2015-02-26 309

Open Water Marsh: Organic G152N
L M H
Ecosite Description
Herbaceous vegetation community typically composed of submergent aquatic vegetation.
Emergent and floating-leaved species may also be present. Water normally above the
substrate surface (less than 2 m deep). Substrate typically organic and deep. Moisture regime
is saturated.
Substrate Series L2 L3 L6
Herbaceous dominated community with 25% emergent vegetation and 50% floating-
leaved vegetation. The area is dominated by submergent aquatic plant species. The ecosite
may represent a simple community dominated by one to several species. Emergent species
may include softstem bulrush and hybrid bulrush. Floating-leaved species may include yellow
pond-lily and pondweeds. Submergent species may include pondweeds, common
bladderwort, and common coontail.
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, S. carinatus, Dulichium arundinaceum var.

Emergent
arundinaceum
Floating-
Nuphar variegata, Potamogeton spp., Lemma spp., Brasenia schreberi
leaved
Potamogeton spp., Utricularia vulgaris, Ceratophyllum demersum, Myriophyllum

Submergent
sibiricum, Elodea canadensis
310 2015-02-26 310

G152N Open Water Marsh: Organic
Ecology
Dominant plants are tolerant of persistently deep water levels. Plant species distribution is
affected by water chemistry (acidic to basic gradient), substrate quality, turbidity (amount of
light available), and waterflow. Water table above the surface for most of the growing season,
Draw downs are rare. Ecosites not highly disturbed by wave or current action. Typically few
plant species. Higher submergent cover than Open Water Marsh: Mineral (G151).
Widespread across Great Lakes-St.Lawrence range in sheltered bays, and still and slow-
moving water associated with ponds, river meanders, oxbows, and lagg zones at the edge of
peatlands. One of the most common wetland conditions in oligotrophic lakes on bedrock-
dominated terrain. Robbins spike-rush and heart-leaved pickerel-weed may occur east of
Lake Superior
Edaphic Variability
Hydric. Generally on lower or level slopes, or in depressions. Often transitional to deep,
unvegetated waters of lakes. Low nutrient levels in oligotrophic lakes generally underlain by
bedrock or coarse fragments typically support a sparsely-vegetated open water marsh.
Related Ecosites
154, 155, 156

Active limnetic
151
Mineral substrate
150
Floating-leaved 152 153
cover > 50%
Constructed water
collection
145
Floating marsh mat
149
311 2015-02-26 311

Constructed Water Collections G153X/N
L M H
Ecosite Description
Human constructed water catchment areas with engineered permanent impermeable or
permeable materials adjacent to built environments. These areas often have straight
constructed boundaries (e.g., walls, dams, weirs, culverts) with uniform slopes and a rapid
transition to adjacent terrestrial environments. May have inflow or outflow structures. Water
normally above the substrate surface with a depth that does not exceed 2 m. May be
unvegetated or contain not woody communities typically consisting of submergent, emergent,
and/or floating-leaved vegetation. Substrate texture variable, may consist of natural (e.g.,
mineral material, gravel) or constructed (e.g., concrete dam). Moisture regime is saturated.
Substrate Series
Unvegetated or vegetated aquatic plant communities. When present the area is dominated by
native, opportunistic aquatic plant species that are tolerant of fluctuating water conditions and
chemistry. Invasive species often present due to degree of disturbance and importation of
materials during construction. May also contain naturalized landscape species. Ecosite may
be dominated by one specie or have a variable composition. Floating-leaved and submergent
plants variable occurring only if water level deep and persistent.
Shrubs Salix spp., Cornus spp., Alnus spp.
Typha spp., Phragmites australis ssp. americanus, Carex spp., Juncus spp., Phalaris
Emergent
arundinacea, Phalaris spp., Lythrum salicaria
312 2015-02-26 312

G153N Constructed Water Collections
Ecology
Limitation to plant growth due to excess moisture. May have highly variable water regimes
with storm and seasonal flooding and drawdowns. Enrichment of site by sewage inputs or
runoff that may contain salt, toxics, or pathogens depending on purpose of construction and
water sources. Vascular plant abundance may be high but not usually diverse. Vegetation is
predominantly hydrophytic. Salt enrichment may encourage the establishment of halophytic
species. Fire does not have a large impact due to the wetness of the site. Successionally
stable.
Widespread across the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range. May include irrigation channels/
ditches for agricultural purposes, sewage treatment ponds, storm water collection ponds,
irrigation ponds and constructed wetlands. Typically in urban/suburban areas used for water
control and pollution remediation or in rural areas for livestock or field irrigation.
Edaphic Variability
Hydric. Materials highly variable and dependent on construction. May include transported fills,
concrete, stone, as well as local materials. Often older constructed water collection areas may
become vegetated unless species are removed or water movement is sufficient to limited plant
rooting and growth.
Related Ecosites
154, 155, 156
Active limnetic
150
151
Floating-leaved 153 Mineral substrate
cover > 50%
148
313 2015-02-26 313

Active Limnetic Rock G154N
L M H
Ecosite Description
Submerged consolidated or unconsolidated rock material communities in high energy limnetic
zones. Water normally above the substrate surface with a depth that does not exceed 2 m.
Vascular vegetation cover does not exceed 25% due to shoreline processes such as waves,
currents, periodic flooding, ice scour, and high winds. Substrate texture variable, typically
consisting of solid bedrock, gravel, cobbles, and/or stones. Mostly deep and saturated.
Vegetation cover is very limited and varies seasonally. Conditions favour aquatic plants that
are resistant to wave energy. Plants are restricted to cracks in the bedrock or to the spaces
between coarse fragments where mineral and organic material accumulate. Common species
include pipewort, water lobelia, and spiny-spored quillwort.
Emergent Eriocaulon aquaticum, Lobelia dortmanna
Submergent Isoetes echinospora
314 2015-02-26 314

G154N Active Limnetic Rock
Ecology
Little or no substrate development occurs in this ecosite. Dominant plants are tolerant of high
energy or are able to colonize an area quickly. Plants are restricted to cracks in the bedrock or
to the spaces between coarse fragments where mineral and organic material accumulate.
Ecosite is maintained by high energy in the form of waves, currents, periodic flooding, ice
scour, and high winds. Variability in aquatic species increases with a decrease in energy.
These sites are usually permanently flooded; rarely they may become exposed during extreme
drought years. If water levels decrease the ecosite may become an active bedrock shoreline
(G160).
Widespread but uncommon across Great Lakes-St.Lawrence range associated with the high
energy shorelines of large lakes, rivers, streams, and ponds.
Edaphic Variability
Nutrient availability limited due to activity and limited substrates. Shoreline communities
produce characteristic zonal patterns due to the amount and frequency of wave, currents,
periodic flooding, ice, and wind influences. This ecosite is found just below the exposed
shoreline.
Related Ecosites
N/A
155
N/A 154 Mineral substrate
151
Vascular vegetation
cover > 2%
153
Constructed water
collection
315 2015-02-26 315

Active Limnetic Mineral G155N
L M H
Ecosite Description
Submerged mineral material communities associated with the shorelines of large lakes, rivers,
streams, and ponds. These communities occur in high energy limnetic zones where the water
is normally above the substrate surface but does not exceed 2 m. Vascular vegetation cover
25%. Shoreline processes such as waves, currents, periodic flooding, ice scour, and high
winds are common. Substrate texture variable, typically consisting of wave-washed sands.
Mostly deep and saturated.
Vegetation cover is very limited and varies seasonally. Vegetation species highly variable
consisting of species that are adapted to disturbance by flooding, ice-scouring, and strong
currents and waves. Common species include pipewort, water lobelia, and spiny-spored
quillwort.
Emergent Eriocaulon aquaticum, Lobelia dortmanna
Submergent Isoetes echinospora
316 2015-02-26 316

G155N Active Limnetic Mineral
Ecology
Dominant plants are tolerant of high energy or are able to colonize an area quickly. Ecosite is
maintained by high energy in the form of waves, currents, periodic flooding, ice scour, and
high winds. Variability in aquatic species increases with a decrease in energy. These sites are
usually permanently flooded; rarely they may become exposed during extreme drought years.
Widespread but uncommon across Great Lakes-St.Lawrence range associated with the high
energy shorelines of large lakes, rivers, streams, and ponds.
Edaphic Variability
of wave, currents, periodic flooding, ice, and wind influences. This ecosite is found just below
the exposed shoreline.
Related Ecosites
N/A
154 156
Rock substrate
155 Organic substrate
151
Vascular vegetation
cover > 2%
153
Constructed water
collection
317 2015-02-26 317

Active Limnetic Organic G156N
L M H
Ecosite Description
Submerged organic material communities associated with the shorelines of large lakes, rivers,
streams, and ponds. These communities occur in low energy limnetic zones where the water
is normally above the substrate surface but does not exceed 2 m. Vascular vegetation cover
25%. Shoreline processes such as waves, currents, periodic flooding, and ice scour are
common but not severe. Substrate texture organic. Mostly deep and saturated.
Vegetation cover is very limited and varies seasonally. Vegetation species highly variable
consisting of species that are adapted to disturbance by flooding, ice-scouring, and strong
currents and waves.
Emergent
To
B eD
Submergent ete
rm
i ne
Floating- d
leaved
318 2015-02-26 318

G156N Active Limnetic Organic
Ecology
Dominant plants are tolerant of low energy or are able to colonize an area quickly. Ecosite is
maintained by low energy in the form of waves, currents, periodic flooding, and ice scour.
Variability in aquatic species increases with a decrease in energy. These sites are usually
permanently flooded; rarely they may become exposed during extreme drought years. Not as high
energy as Active Limnetic Mineral (G155).
Widespread but uncommon across Great Lakes-St.Lawrence range associated with the low
energy shorelines of large lakes, rivers, streams, and ponds or in sheltered bays, stream
floodplains, and isolated basins.
Edaphic Variability
of wave, currents, periodic flooding, ice, and wind influences. This ecosite is found just below
the exposed shoreline.
Related Ecosites
N/A
155
Mineral substrate
156 N/A
151
Vascular vegetation
cover > 2%
153
Constructed water
collection
319 2015-02-26 319

Active Cliff G157X
L M H
Profile/Slope Sequence Ecosite Description
Exposed vertical bedrock communities.

These communities support limited vascular
vegetation, bryophytes, and lichens (foliose,
fruticose) due to natural energy (gravity, wind,
water, and ice). Substrate texture rock.
Moisture regime xeric, humid or saturated.
Substrate Series A1
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
Not vegetated. Vascular vegetation 2% cover. Bryophyte and lichen (foliose, fruticose)
10% cover. Crustose lichen cover unlimited. Community on vertical rock surface (> 60 or
173%, minimum height of 3 m). Vegetation species highly variable consisting of species that
are adapted to exposed and disturbed materials. Suite of opportunistic species often reflective
of adjacent vegetation communities. Tree species may include white birch and trembling
aspen. Shrub species may include serviceberries and Rubus species. Herbaceous species
may include wild columbine, hairgrass, and poverty grass. Lichen and bryophytes include
broom mosses, ciliate Hedwigia moss, and sunburst lichen.
Trees Betula papyrifera, Populus tremuloides, Prunus pensylvanica
Shrubs Amelanchier spp., Rubus spp.
Vascular Aquilegia canadensis, Deschampsia flexuosa, Danthonia spicata, Polypodium

Herbaceous virginianum, Panicum spp., Poa compressa
Non-vascular Dicranum spp., Hedwigia ciliata, Xanthoria spp., Caloplaca spp., Xanthoparmelia spp.
320 2015-02-26 320

G157X Active Cliff
Ecology
Slope instability and restrictions in rooting zone, moisture, nutrient availability results in limited
plant growth and species diversification. Dominant plants are tolerant of high energy or are
able to colonize an area quickly. Ecosite is maintained primarily by gravitational stresses
(sloughing or slumping) and high winds. Water, sun and/or ice may also influence the site.
Plant diversity increases with a decrease in energy. In the absence of activity the ecosite will
become an open cliff or cliff ecosite.
Widespread but uncommon across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range in river gorges or on the
shore of lakes with steep topography and high hilly ground (e.g., Algonquin, Algoma and
Temagami regions). Generally associated with shale, slate, and sandstone and other bedrock
types that are easily weathered.
Edaphic Variability
Nutrient and moisture availability limited due to thin soils, verticality, strong winds, ice, waves,
and sun. Wind and sun produce desiccating conditions for many plants. Increased species
diversity and abundance may occur on ledges and in cracks and crevices where shallow
pockets of mineral and organic substrates have been able to accumulate. Cliffs typically
associated with talus (G167, G168) and cliff top rock barren (G164, G165).
Related Ecosites
N/A
158, 159
Vascular vegetation 157 N/A
cover > 2%
N/A
321 2015-02-26 321

Cliff G158Tt/Tl/S
L M H
Sparse tree or shrub communities on

exposed vertical bedrock. Herb poor.
Vascular plants restricted to crevices and
ledges. Ground surface mostly lichen,
feathermoss, and exposed bedrock.
Substrate texture rock. Moisture regime xeric,
humid, or saturated.
Substrate Series V1
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
Sparse tree or shrub system. Total vascular vegetative cover 25%. Tree and/or shrub cover
> 10% and 25%. Tree species include eastern white cedar, red pine, and eastern white pine.
Shrub species include common juniper, low sweet blueberry, and bearberry. Herbaceous
species include rock polypody, rusty cliff fern, and fragile fern. Lichen and bryophytes include
gray reindeer lichen, yellow-green lichen, and haircap mosses.
common.
Thuja occidentalis, Pinus resinosa, P. strobus, Quercus rubra, Pinus banksiana,

Trees
Populus grandidentata, Betula papyrifera
Juniperus communis, Vaccinium angustifolium, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Diervilla

Shrubs
lonicera, Amelanchier spp.
Polypodium virginianum, Woodsia ilvensis, Cystopteris fragilis, Danthonia spicata,
Vascular
Deschampsia flexuosa, Aquilegia canadensis, Fragaria virginiana ssp. virginiana,
Herbaceous
Sibbaldiopsis tridentata
Non-vascular Cladina rangiferina, C. mitis, Polytrichum spp., Dicranum spp., Hedwigia ciliata
322 2015-02-26 322

G158Tt/Tl/S Cliff
Ecology
Restriction in rooting zone, moisture, and nutrient availability results in limited plant growth
and species diversification. Vascular plants restricted to cracks and crevices or small patches
of mineral or organic substrates. Mosses and lichens establish on more protected rock
surfaces. Growth form of trees and shrubs impacted by wind and gravitational stresses,
causing stunting, stem-dieback, and misshapen trunks. Plant communities are tolerant of
environmental extremes, well adapted to desiccation, rapid fluctuations in temperature, and
low availability of nutrients. Fire originating in adjacent forests may scorch cliff vegetation.
Major fires that remove the forest canopy adjacent to cliffs often result in warmer and drier
conditions, similar to windstorms and logging. In the absence of disturbance the ecosite is
stable.
Widespread but uncommon across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range in river gorges or on the
Temagami regions). Bedrock is typically acidic. When base-rich (e.g., greenstone, basalt)
increased species diversity and vigour may occur. Arctic-alpine species may be found on
base-rich bedrock on the shore of Lake Superior and in 4W on the norwesters. Prairie/
western species may be found on the base-rich bedrock in 4W on the norwesters or in 5S at
Lake of the Woods. Eastern hemlock may occur east of Lake Superior.
Edaphic Variability
Nutrient and moisture availability variable, typically limited due to verticality. Nutrient
availability dependent on exposed bedrock mineralogy. Moisture availability dependent on cliff
aspect influencing the amount of sun exposure and wind on the cliff face. South- to west-
facing cliffs (may also include higher cliff faces) tend to be exposed, warmer, and drier
supporting plant communities with high lichen cover, and sparse herbaceous, shrub, and tree
cover. Compared to dry-mesic to mesic, northwest- to east-facing cliffs which support high
lichen, bryophyte and algal cover, sparse to open herbaceous, shrub, and tree cover. Wet,
shaded northwest- to east-facing cliffs (may also include lower slopes) are typically cooler and
moister but are unable to support a larger community of plant species due to limited substrate
availability. Diversity of vegetation influenced by shading. Cliffs composed of highly fractured
bedrock, or wet cliffs with areas of mosses and lichens tend to have the highest plant cover
due to increased rooting and plant stability. May include areas dominated by herbaceous
vegetation, or areas of bare rock. Vegetation patchy. Cliffs typically associated with talus
(G167, G168) and cliff top rock barren (G164, G165).
Related Ecosites
N/A
157, 159
N/A 158 Tree/shrub cover 10%
N/A
323 2015-02-26 323

Open Cliff G159N
L M H
Not woody plant community on exposed vertical

bedrock consisting of lichen, bryophyte, and/or
herbaceous cover. Tree and shrub poor. Ground
surface mostly lichen, feathermoss, and
exposed bedrock. Substrate texture rock.
Moisture regime xeric, humid, or saturated.
Substrate Series V1
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
Herbaceous, lichen, or bryophyte dominated community. Total vascular vegetative cover
25%. Tree and/or shrub cover 10%. Tree species include eastern white cedar, red pine, and
eastern white pine. Shrub species include common juniper, low sweet blueberry, and bush
honeysuckle. Herbaceous species include common hairgrass, poverty grass, and rock
polypody. Lichen and bryophytes include gray reindeer lichen, yellow-green lichen, and
haircap mosses.
Trees Thuja occidentalis, Pinus resinosa, P. strobus, Quercus rubra
Shrubs Juniperus communis, Vaccinium angustifolium, Diervilla lonicera
Deschampsia flexuosa, Danthonia spicatum, Polypodium virginianum, Woodsia

Vascular
ilvensis, Cystopteris fragilis, Calamagrostis canadensis var. canadensis, Aralia
Herbaceous
nudicaulis, Elymus trachycaulus, Fallopia cilinodis, Sibbaldiopsis tridentata
Cladina rangiferina, C. mitis, Polytrichum spp., Dicranum spp., Hedwigia ciliata,
Non-vascular
Umbilicaria mammulata
324 2015-02-26 324

G159N Open Cliff
Ecology
of mineral or organic substrates. Ground cover dominated by lichen and bryophytes. Growth
form of trees and shrubs impacted by wind and gravitational stresses, causing stunting, stem-
dieback, and misshapen trunks. Plant communities are tolerant of environmental extremes,
well adapted to desiccation, rapid fluctuations in temperature, and low availability of nutrients.
Fire originating in adjacent forests may scorch cliff vegetation. Major fires that remove the
forest canopy adjacent to cliffs often result in warmer and drier conditions, similar to
windstorms and logging. In the absence of disturbance the ecosite is stable.
Widespread but uncommon across Great Lakes-St.Lawrence range in river gorges or on the
Temagami regions). Bedrock is typically acidic. When base-rich (e.g., greenstone, basaltic)
increased species diversity and vigour may occur. Arctic-alpine (e.g., weak Arctic sedge and
showy locoweed) and prairie species (e.g., dryland sedge and Franklins Phacelia) may be
found on base-rich bedrock in 4W on the norwesters. Prairie/western species (e.g., prairie
sagewort, Oregon cliff fern, Prairie june-grass, and Porcupine bunch grass) may be found on
the base-rich bedrock in 5S at Lake of the Woods. Eastern hemlock may occur east of Lake
Superior.
Edaphic Variability
availability. Diversity of vegetation influenced by shading. Cliffs composed of highly fractured
bedrock, or wet cliffs with areas of mosses and lichens tend to have the highest plant cover
due to increased rooting and plant stability. May include areas dominated by herbaceous
vegetation, or areas of bare rock. Vegetation patchy. Cliffs typically associated with talus
(G167, G168) and cliff top rock barren (G164, G165).
Related Ecosites
N/A
157
158
Tree/shrub cover > 10%
159 Vascular vegetation
cover 2%
N/A
325 2015-02-26 325
Active Bedrock Shoreline G160X
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Exposed consolidated rock material communities adjacent to a water body. These

due to activity such as shoreline processes (e.g., waves, currents, periodic flooding, ice scour,
and high winds). Substrate texture rock. Moisture regime xeric, humid, or saturated.
Substrate Series A2
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
10% cover. Crustose lichen cover unlimited. Vegetation highly variable consisting of species
that are adapted to disturbance by flooding, ice-scouring, and strong currents and can
withstand periods of inundation. Crustose lichens and mosses dominate. Species may include
sunburst and firedot lichens.
Vascular
To Be Determined
Herbaceous
Non-vascular Xanthoria spp., Caloplaca spp., Xanthoparmelia spp., Dicranum spp., Staurothele fissa
326 2015-02-26 326

G160X Active Bedrock Shoreline
Ecology
Storm waves and ice regularly scour the rock removing vegetation and developing substrates.
Vascular plants when present limited to scattered protective cracks. Substrates when present
limited to cracks, under low shrubs or in pools. Plant communities are tolerant of high energy
or are able to colonize an area quickly. Ecosite is maintained by high energy, in the absence
of activity the ecosite will succeed to an open bedrock shoreline (G162) or bedrock shoreline
(G161).
Widespread but uncommon across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range typically on the shore of
lakes and large rivers (e.g., Lake Superior shoreline). Bedrock is typically acidic. When base-
rich (e.g., greenstone, basalt) increased species diversity and vigour may occur. Arctic-alpine
communities may occur along the shorelines of Lake Superior.
Edaphic Variability
Nutrient and moisture availability limited due to activity and limited substrates. Shoreline
communities produce characteristic zonal patterns due to the amount and frequency of wave,
currents, periodic flooding, ice, and wind influences. This ecosite is found just above the water
which is subjected to regular storms waves and ice scour. Strong winds often found along
larger lakes result in wind-induced desiccation for vegetation. Large rock pools may remain
flooded during the summer supporting vegetation along their margins.
Related Ecosites
N/A
158
cover > 2%
N/A
327 2015-02-26 327

Bedrock Shoreline G161Tt/Tl/S
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Sparsely vegetated tree or shrub communities on the consolidated rock material adjacent to
lakes and streams. Mosses and lichens dominate, with a few herbs, shrubs, tree saplings,
and stunted trees restricted to crevices and to areas above the strong influence of waves and
ice scour. Ground surface mostly lichen, moss, and exposed bedrock. Substrate texture rock.
Moisture regime xeric or humid.
Substrate Series R1 R3 R4 R5
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
> 10% and 25%. Tree species include eastern white pine, red oak, and white birch. Shrub
species include narrow-leaved meadowsweet, running serviceberry, and red-osier dogwood.
Herbaceous species include rough hair grass, bristly sarsaparilla, pale corydalis, and poverty
oat grass. Lichen and bryophytes include sunburst lichen and broom moss species.
common.
Trees Pinus strobus, Quercus rubra, Betula papyrifera, Sorbus decora
Spiraea alba var. alba, Amelanchier stolonifera, Cornus stolonifera, Juniperus

Shrubs communis, Vaccinium angustifolium, Physocarpus opulifolius, Alnus incana spp.
rugosa,
Agrostis scabra, Aralia hispida, Capnoides sempervirens, Danthonia spicata,
Vascular
Deschampsia flexuosa, Panicum acuminatum, Selaginella rupestris, Agrostis hyemalis,
Herbaceous
Campanula rotundifolia
Non-vascular Xanthoria spp., Caloplaca spp., Dicranum spp.
328 2015-02-26 328

G161Tt/Tl/S Bedrock Shoreline
Ecology
Plant diversity increases above the strong influences of waves and ice scour. Vascular plants
are limited to cracks or crevices where substrates tend to develop and at pool edges where
moisture and available nutrients are concentrated. Trees when present often stunted. Tree
cover increases with distance from shore. Wind storms maintain the open vegetation
structure, causing blowdowns of shallowly rooted trees. Ecosite is maintained by infrequent
ice scour and wave events. In the absence of activity the ecosite may succeed to a very
shallow treed or shrub system.
Widespread but uncommon across Great Lakes-St.Lawrence range typically on the shore of
communities may occur along the shorelines of Lake Superior on base-rich bedrock.
Edaphic Variability
Nutrient and moisture availability limited due to limited substrates and activity. Shoreline
currents, periodic flooding, ice, and wind influences. This ecosite is found within the spray
zone above the high energy zone often adjacent to G162 where wave action and ice scour are
minimal.
Related Ecosites
N/A
162, 160
N/A
329 2015-02-26 329

Open Bedrock Shoreline G162N
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Sparsely vegetated not woody communities on the shoreline of lakes and streams. Mosses
and lichens dominate, with a few herbs, shrubs, tree saplings, and stunted trees restricted to
crevices and to areas above the strong influence of waves and ice scour. Vascular plants
restricted to crevices. Ground surface mostly lichen, moss, and exposed bedrock. Substrate
rock. Moisture regime xeric or humid.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
25%. Tree and/or shrub cover 10%. Tree species include eastern white pine, red oak, and
showy mountain-ash. Shrub species include narrow-leaved meadowsweet, running
serviceberry, and red-osier dogwood. Herbaceous species include rough hair grass, bristly
sarsaparilla, pale corydalis, and poverty oat grass. Lichen and bryophytes include sunburst
lichen and broom moss species.
Trees Pinus strobus, Quercus rubra, Sorbus decora
Spiraea alba var. alba, Amelanchier stolonifera, Cornus stolonifera, Juniperus

Shrubs communis, Vaccinium angustifolium, Physocarpus opulifolius, Alnus incana spp.
rugosa
Agrostis scabra, Aralia hispida, Capnoides sempervirens, Danthonia spicata,
Vascular
Deschampsia flexuosa, Panicum acuminatum, Selaginella rupestris, Agrostis hyemalis,
Herbaceous
Campanula rotundifolia
Non-vascular Xanthoria spp., Caloplaca spp., Dicranum spp.
330 2015-02-26 330

G162N Open Bedrock Shoreline
Ecology
ice scour and wave events. In the absence of activity the ecosite may succeed to bedrock
shoreline (G161).
communities may occur along the shorelines of Lake Superior on base-rich bedrock.
Edaphic Variability
less frequent and severe.
Related Ecosites
N/A
160
161
cover 2%
N/A
331 2015-02-26 331

Active Rock Barren G163X
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Exposed consolidated rock material communities on horizontal or slightly sloping bedrock
exposures. These communities support limited vascular vegetation, bryophytes, and lichens
(foliose, fruticose) due to activity such as high winds. Substrate texture rock. Moisture regime
xeric, humid, or saturated.
Substrate Series A2
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
that are adapted to disturbance and can withstand periods of inundation. Crustose lichens and
mosses are the predominant vegetation. Species may include sunburst and firedot lichens.
Vascular
To be determined
Herbaceous
Non-vascular Xanthoria spp., Caloplaca spp., Xanthoparmelia spp., Dicranum spp., Staurothele fissa
332 2015-02-26 332

G163X Active Rock Barren
Ecology
Regular activity, typically wind, scour the rock removing vegetation and developing substrates.
Vascular plants when present restricted to scattered protective cracks and crevices.
Substrates when present limited to cracks and crevices. Bedrock dominated by lichen. Plant
communities are tolerant of high energy or are able to colonize an area quickly. Ecosite is
maintained by high energy, in the absence of activity the ecosite will succeed to an open rock
barren (G165) or rock barren (G164)
Widespread and common across Great Lakes-St.Lawrence range typically on ridgetops, side-
slopes, cliff tops in rolling to rugged bedrock-controlled terrain. Common in landscapes with
thin soils over bedrock. Bedrock is typically acidic. When base-rich (e.g., greenstone, basalt)
increased species diversity and vigour may occur.
Edaphic Variability
Nutrient and moisture availability limited due to activity and limited substrates. Underlying
topography results in exposed bedrock, variation in substrate depth, and inclusion of bedrock
controlled wetlands. Often on low, toe, or level slope positions. High spatial Variability results
in a complex of very shallow and rock barren systems. Often present as openings within larger
treed systems or on the top of cliffs.
Related Ecosites
N/A
164, 165
cover > 2%
N/A
333 2015-02-26 333

Rock Barren G164Tt/Tl/S
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Sparsely vegetated tree or shrub communities on horizontal or slightly sloping bedrock
exposures. Herb moderately poor. Vascular plants restricted to cracks, crevices, and
depressions where a thin veneer of mineral or organic material has accumulated. Ground
surface mostly lichens and exposed bedrock. Substrate texture rock. Moisture regime xeric or
humid.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
> 10% and 25%. Trees when present may include red oak and white pine. Shrub species
may include common juniper, low-sweet blueberry, and raspberry species. Herbaceous
species may include poverty grass, pale corydalis, and sheep laurel. Non-vascular species
may include rock foam, reindeer lichens, and broom mosses.
common.
Quercus rubra, Pinus strobus, P. resinosa, Betula papyrifera, Pinus banksiana,

Trees
Populus tremuloides, Acer rubrum, Quercus macrocarpa, Prunus pensylvanica
Juniperus communis, Vaccinium angustifolium, Rubus spp., Diervilla lonicera, Rhus

Shrubs
hirta, Gaultheria procumbens, Salix humilis
Danthonia spicata, Deschampsia flexuosa, Carex pensylvanica, Capnoides
Vascular sempervirens, Rumex acetosella ssp. acetosella, Fragaria virginiana ssp. virginiana,
Herbaceous Aralia hispida, Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Agrostis scabra, Aralia
nudicaulis, Pteridium aquilinum
Non-vascular Stereocaulon saxatile, Cladina spp., Dicranum spp.,
334 2015-02-26 334

G164Tt/Tl/S Rock Barren
Ecology
of mineral or organic substrates. Bedrock with minimal fracturing and little substrate
accumulation are dominated by lichen. Plant communities are tolerant of environmental
extremes, well adapted to desiccation, rapid fluctuations in temperature, and low availability of
nutrients. Fire, drought, and scarce mineral and organic material help maintain the
characteristics of this ecosite. In the absence of fire or other major disturbances this system
may succeed to a very shallow ecosite.
slopes, cliff tops in rolling to rugged bedrock-controlled terrain. Common in landscapes with
thin soils over bedrock. Bedrock is typically acidic. When base-rich (e.g., greenstone, basalt)
increased species diversity and vigour may occur. Black huckleberry may be present in
eastern 5E.
Edaphic Variability
Nutrient and moisture availability variable. Underlying topography results in exposed bedrock,
variation in substrate depth, and inclusion of bedrock controlled wetlands. Often on low, toe, or
level slope positions. High spatial variability results in a complex of very shallow and rock
barren systems. Often present as openings within larger treed systems. A wide variety of tree
deeper mineral or organic material.
Related Ecosites
N/A
163, 165
N/A
335 2015-02-26 335

Open Rock Barren G165N
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Sparsely vegetated not woody communities on horizontal or slightly sloping bedrock
exposures.
Substrate Vascular plants restricted to cracks, crevices, and depressions where a thin
Description
veneer of mineral or organic material has accumulated. Ground surface mostly lichens and
exposed bedrock. Substrate texture rock. Moisture regime xeric, humid, or saturated.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
25%. Tree and/or shrub cover 10%. Trees when present may include red oak and white
pine. Shrub species may include common juniper, low-sweet blueberry, and Rubus species.
Herbaceous species may include poverty grass, pale corydalis, and sheep laurel. Non-
vascular species may include rock foam, grey reindeer lichen, and yellow-green lichen.
Quercus rubra, Pinus strobus, P. resinosa, Betula papyrifera, Pinus banksiana, Populus
Trees
tremuloides, Acer rubrum, Quercus macrocarpa, Prunus pensylvanica
Juniperus communis, Vaccinium angustifolium, Rubus spp., Diervilla lonicera, Rhus
Shrubs hirta, Vaccinium myrtilloides, Amelanchier sanguinea, Comptonia peregrina, Salix
humilis
Deschampsia flexuosa, Danthonia spicata, Carex pensylvanica, Capnoides
Vascular sempervirens, Rumex acetosella ssp. acetosella, Aralia hispida, Agrostis scabra,
Herbaceous Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Pteridium aquilinum, Piptatherum pungens,
Selaginella rupestris
Stereocaulon saxatile, Cladina rangiferina, C. mitis, Dicranum polysetum, Pleurozium
Non-vascular
schreberi
336 2015-02-26 336

G165N Open Rock Barren
Ecology
of mineral or organic substrates. Bedrock with minimal fracturing and little substrate
accumulation are dominated by lichen. Plant communities are tolerant of environmental
extremes, well adapted to desiccation, rapid fluctuations in temperature, and low availability of
nutrients. Fire, drought, and scarce mineral and organic material help maintain the
characteristics of this ecosite. In the absence of fire or other major disturbances this system
may succeed to a very shallow ecosite.
slopes, cliff tops, and along lake-shores and stream banks in rolling to rugged bedrock-
controlled terrain. Common in landscapes with thin soils over bedrock. Bedrock is typically
acidic. When base-rich (e.g., greenstone, basalt) increased species diversity and vigour may
occur. Arctic-alpine communities may occur along the shorelines of Lake Superior on base-
rich bedrock. Smooth sumac may occur west of Lake Superior and staghorn sumac and
northern gooseberry may occur east of Lake Superior.
Edaphic Variability
Nutrient and moisture availability variable. Underlying topography results in exposed bedrock,
variation in substrate depth, and inclusion of bedrock controlled wetlands. Often on low, toe, or
level slope positions. High spatial Variability results in a complex of very shallow and rock
barren systems. Often present as openings within larger treed systems. A wide variety of tree
deeper mineral or organic material.
Related Ecosites
N/A
163
164
cover 2%
N/A
337 2015-02-26 337

Active Talus or Historic/Raised Beach G166X
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Exposed unconsolidated rock material communities on talus slopes, usually below cliffs or
rock outcrops or on historic/raised beaches not immediately adjacent to the shores of water
bodies. These communities support limited vascular vegetation, bryophytes, and lichens
Substrate Series A3
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
that are adapted to exposed and disturbed materials. Suite of species often reflective of
adjacent vegetation communities. Tree species may include white birch and trembling aspen.
Shrub species may include serviceberries, bush honeysuckle, and red raspberry. Herbaceous
species include goldenrods, asters, and fireweed. Lichen species mostly crustose including
map lichen, grey reindeer lichen, and yellow-green lichen.
Trees Betula papyrifera, Populus tremuloides, Picea glauca, Prunus pensylvanica
Shrubs Amelanchier spp., Diervilla lonicera, Rubus idaeus spp. strigosus
Vascular
Solidago spp., Eurybia spp., Chamerion angustifolium var. angustifolium
Herbaceous
Rhizocarpon spp., Cladina rangiferina, C. mitis, Acarospora spp., Lecidea spp.,

Non-vascular
Porpidia spp.
338 2015-02-26 338

G166X Active Talus or Historic/Raised Beach
Ecology
Areas of extensive or recent rock slides are often devoid of vegetation except for lichens
encrusted on boulders. Instability of area and restrictions in rooting zone, moisture, and
nutrient availability results in limited plant growth and species diversification. Dominant plants
are tolerant of high energy or are able to colonize an area quickly. Ecosite is maintained by
frequent gravitational events that deposit rock at the base of cliffs or exposed bedrock on
steep hillsides. Plant diversity increases with a decrease in energy. In the absence of activity
the ecosite will become an open talus or historic/raised beach (G168) or talus or historic/
raised beach (G167).
Edaphic Variability
Nutrient and moisture availability variable. Nutrient availability dependent on exposed bedrock
mineralogy. On some talus slopes the microclimate on the lower part of the slope is
moderated by ice, cool water, and naturally refrigerated air in the spaces beneath large coarse
fragments. The absorption of sunlight keeps the upper slopes quite warm. The cooling effect
on the lower part of the slope may be strong enough to support a narrow band of stunted trees
such as black and white spruce and abundant ferns and mosses. In talus systems shrubs and
small trees often present in the zone of smaller coarse fragments at the very top of the slope.
Talus slopes are typically associated with cliff (G157, G158, G159).
Related Ecosites
N/A
167, 168
cover > 2%
N/A
339 2015-02-26 339

Talus or Historic/Raised Beach G167Tt/Tl/S
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Sparsely vegetated tree or shrub communities on coarse fragments. May be located on a talus
slopes, usually below cliffs or rock outcrops or on historic/raised beaches not immediately
adjacent to the shores of water bodies. Vascular plants restricted to spaces between coarse
fragments where mineral or organic materials have accumulated. Ground surface mostly
lichens and exposed bedrock. Substrate texture rock. Moisture regime xeric or humid.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
25%. Tree and/or shrub cover > 10% and 25%. Trees when present may include white birch
and white spruce. Shrub species may include serviceberries, bush honeysuckle, and green
alder. Herbaceous species may include rock polypody, harebell, and rough bent-grass. Non-
vascular species may include rock shield lichens, rock tripes, and map lichens.
Betula papyrifera, Picea glauca, Abies balsamea, Populus tremuloides, Prunus

Trees
pensylvanica
Shrubs Amelanchier spp., Diervilla lonicera, Alnus viridis ssp. crispa
Vascular Polypodium virginianum, Agrostis scabra, Aralia hispida, Woodsia ilvensis, Aralia
Herbaceous nudicaulis
Xanthoparmelia spp., Umbilicaria spp., Rhizocarpon spp., Cladina rangiferina, C. mitis,

Non-vascular
Dicranum spp., Arctoparmelia centrifuga, Dermatocarpon miniatum,
340 2015-02-26 340

G167Tt/Tl/S Talus or Historic/Raised Beach
Ecology
and species diversification. Vascular plants restricted to moss mats or pockets of substrate,
trees and shrubs are rooted beneath the coarse fragments where mineral or organic material
has accumulated. Plant communities are tolerant of environmental extremes, well adapted to
desiccation, rapid fluctuations in temperature, low availability of nutrients, and stress caused
by shifting substrates (talus). Fire, environmental extremes, and scarce mineral and organic
material help maintain the characteristics of this ecosite. Rock slides often remove trees and
shrubs, returning parts of the community to open talus. In the absence of fire or other major
disturbances this system may succeed to a very shallow ecosite.
Widespread but uncommon across Great Lakes-St.Lawrence range in river gorges or on
increased species diversity and vigour may occur. Red oak, bur oak, and sumac species
found on the southern margin of 5E.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
N/A
166, 168
N/A
341 2015-02-26 341

Open Talus or Historic/Raised Beach G168N
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Sparsely vegetated not woody communities on coarse fragments. May be located on a talus
slopes, usually below cliffs or rock outcrops or on historic/raised beaches not immediately
adjacent to the shores of water bodies. Vascular plants restricted to spaces between coarse
fragments where mineral or organic material have accumulated. Ground surface mostly
lichens and exposed bedrock. Substrate texture rock. Moisture regime xeric or humid
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
25%. Tree and/or shrub cover 10%. Trees when present may include eastern white cedar,
white birch, and eastern white pine. Shrub species may include choke cherry, serviceberries,
and bush honeysuckle. Herbaceous species may include rock polypody, wild sarsaparilla, and
rusty cliff fern. Non-vascular species may include rock shield lichens, rock tripes, and map
lichens.
Thuja occidentalis, Betula papyrifera, Pinus strobus, Picea glauca, Abies balsamea,
Trees
Populus tremuloides
Shrubs Prunus virginiana var. virginiana, Amelanchier spp., Diervilla lonicera, Acer spicatum
Vascular Polypodium virginianum, Aralia nudicaulis, Woodsia ilvensis, Dryopteris fragrans,

Herbaceous Huperzia spp., Aquilegia canadensis
Xanthoparmelia spp., Umbilicaria spp., Rhizocarpon spp., Cladina spp., Dicranum spp.,
Non-vascular
Arctoparmelia centrifuga, Dermatocarpon miniatum,
342 2015-02-26 342

G168N Open Talus or Historic/Raised Beach
Ecology
and species diversification. Vascular plants restricted to moss mats or pockets of substrate.
Plant communities are tolerant of environmental extremes, well adapted to desiccation, rapid
fluctuations in temperature, low availability of nutrients, and stress caused by shifting
substrates (talus). Fire, environmental extremes, and scarce mineral and organic material help
maintain the characteristics of this ecosite. In the absence of fire or other major disturbances
(e.g., rock slide) this system may succeed to a very shallow ecosite.
Edaphic Variability
Talus slopes are typically associated with cliff (G157, G158, G159)
Related Ecosites
N/A
166
167
cover 2%
N/A
343 2015-02-26 343

Anthropogenic Coarse Shoreline G169X
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Anthropogenic exposed unconsolidated rock material communities adjacent to a water body.
Includes shorelines modified by humans through gabion or groin baskets or other means of
shore stabilization. These communities support limited vascular vegetation, bryophytes, and
lichens (foliose, fruticose) due to activity such as shoreline processes (e.g., waves, currents,
periodic flooding, ice scour, and high winds). Substrate texture rock. Moisture regime xeric or
humid.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
withstand long periods of inundation. Suite of species, when present, often characterized by
firmly rooted perennial herbs and shrubs, with annual herbaceous species.
Trees
To
Shrubs B eD
ete
rm
Vascular i ne
Herbaceous d
Non-vascular
344 2015-02-26 344

G169X Anthropogenic Coarse Shoreline
Ecology
Activity (e.g., waves, currents, periodic flooding, ice scour, and high winds) limits the
establishment of plant communities. Annually inundated by spring flooding and following
heavy rains. Vascular plants restricted to interstitial spaces between the rock where finer
materials have collected. In the absence of disturbance, grass and shrub dominated areas will
develop.
Widespread and uncommon across Great Lakes-St.Lawrence range associated with water
bodies with pier/breakwater walls, shoreline stability, or urban ditching/road.
Edaphic Variability
of wave, currents, periodic flooding, ice, and wind influences. Active coarse shorelines are
often found in narrow bands nearest the water where activity is constant. Typically adjacent to
these ecosite are meadows or sparse shrubs systems.
Related Ecosites
N/A
171, 172 170

Vascular vegetation 169 Vascular vegetation
cover > 2% cover 2%
N/A
345 2015-02-26 345

Active Coarse Shoreline G170X
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Exposed unconsolidated rock material communities adjacent to a water body. These
Substrate Series A3
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
firmly rooted perennial herbs and shrubs, with annual herbaceous species.
Trees
To
Shrubs B eD
ete
rm
Vascular i ne
d
Herbaceous
Non-vascular
346 2015-02-26 346

G170X Active Coarse Shoreline
Ecology
materials have collected. Often dynamic these ecosites grow, shrink, shift, or disappear due to
frequency and intensity of water events. In the absence of disturbance, grass and shrub
dominated areas will develop.
Widespread and uncommon across Great Lakes-St.Lawrence range associated with streams,
small rivers, and lakes or inland areas of exposed unconsolidated rock material.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
N/A
171, 172 169

Vascular vegetation 170 Constructed groin/
cover > 2% gabion baskets
N/A
347 2015-02-26 347

Coarse Shoreline G171Tt/Tl/S
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Sparsely vegetated tree or shrub shoreline communities on unconsolidated rock material.
Mosses and lichens dominate, with a few herbs, shrubs, tree saplings, and stunted trees
restricted to spaces between coarse fragments where mineral or organic material has
accumulated. Ground surface mostly lichen, moss, and exposed bedrock. Substrate texture
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
> 10% and 25%. Species of nearby plant communities often inhabit the area. Tree species
include white birch and trembling aspen. Shrub species include ninebark, green alder, and
red-osier dogwood. Herbaceous species may include goldenrods and hawkweeds. Non-
vascular species include boulder lichens.
G171Tt/Tl sparse treed communities with > 10% tree cover. Low treed ( 10 m) ecosites
common.
G171S sparse shrub communities with > 10% shrub cover ( 10% tree cover).
Trees Betula papyrifera, Populus tremuloides, Sorbus decora
Physocarpus opulifolius, Alnus viridis ssp. crispa, Cornus stolonifera, Rosa acicularis
Shrubs
ssp. sayi
Vascular Solidago spp., Hieracium spp., Capnoides sempervirens, Fragaria virginiana ssp.
Herbaceous virginiana, Aquilegia canadensis
Non-vascular Porpidia spp.
348 2015-02-26 348

G171Tt/Tl/S Coarse Shoreline
Ecology
Restrictions in rooting zone, moisture, and nutrient availability results in limited plant growth
and species diversification. Plant communities are tolerant of desiccation and can tolerate
infrequent wave and ice events. Vascular plants are limited to crack or crevices where
substrates tend to develop. Coarse fragment size and depth and texture of underlying mineral
material vary, affecting both diversity and stability of the plant community. Trees when present
often stunted. Tree cover increases with distance from shore. Wind storms maintain the open
vegetation structure, causing blowdowns of shallowly rooted trees. Ecosite is maintained by
infrequent ice scour and wave events. In the absence of activity the ecosite may succeed to a
very shallow treed or shrub system.
lakes and large rivers (e.g., Lake Superior shoreline). Coarse fragments are typically acidic.
When base-rich (e.g., greenstone, basalt) increased species diversity and vigour may occur.
Arctic-alpine communities may occur along the shorelines of Lake Superior on base-rich rock.
Edaphic Variability
currents, periodic flooding, ice and wind influences. Plant diversity increases above the
influences of waves and ice scour. This ecosite is found within the spray zone above the high
energy zone often adjacent to G172 where wave action and ice scour are minimal. Coarse
shorelines composed of deep accumulations of large coarse fragments tend to be dry and
have limited vegetation. Shallower accumulations of smaller coarse fragments, may support
denser and more diverse plant cover.
Related Ecosites
N/A
169
Constructed groin/
gabion baskets
N/A 171
170, 172
Tree/shrub cover 10%
N/A
349 2015-02-26 349

Open Coarse Shoreline G172N
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Sparsely vegetated not woody shoreline communities on unconsolidated rock material.
restricted to spaces between coarse fragments where mineral or organic material has
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
Herbaceous, lichen, or bryophyte dominated community. Total vascular vegetation cover
25%. Tree and/or shrub cover 10%. Species of nearby plant communities often inhabit the
area. Tree species include white birch and trembling aspen. Shrub species include ninebark,
green alder, and red-osier dogwood. Herbaceous species may include goldenrods and
hawkweeds.
Trees Betula papyrifera, Populus tremuloides, Sorbus decora
Physocarpus opulifolius, Alnus viridis ssp. crispa, Cornus stolonifera, Rosa acicularis
Shrubs
ssp. sayi
Vascular Solidago spp., Hieracium spp., Capnoides sempervirens, Fragaria virginiana ssp.
Herbaceous virginiana, Aquilegia canadensis
Non-vascular To be determined
350 2015-02-26 350

G172N Open Coarse Shoreline
Ecology
infrequent wave and ice events. Vascular plants are limited to cracks or crevices where
vegetation structure, causing blowdown of shallowly rooted trees. Ecosite is maintained by
coarse shoreline (G171).
lakes and large rivers (e.g., Lake Superior shoreline). Coarse fragments are typically acidic.
When base-rich (e.g., greenstone, basalt) increased species diversity and vigour may occur.
Arctic-alpine communities may occur along the shorelines of Lake Superior on base-rich rock.
Edaphic Variability
energy zone often adjacent to G170 where wave action and ice scour are less frequent and
severe. Coarse shorelines composed of deep accumulations of large coarse fragments tend to
be dry and have limited vegetation. Shallower accumulations of smaller coarse fragments,
may support denser and more diverse plant cover.
Related Ecosites
N/A
169
Constructed groin/
gabion baskets
171
172
170
Vascular vegetation
cover 2%
N/A
351 2015-02-26 351

Calcareous Active Cliff G173X
L M H
Exposed vertical bedrock communities.

These communities support limited vascular
vegetation, bryophytes, and lichens (foliose,
fruticose) due to natural energy (gravity,
wind, water, and ice). Substrate texture rock.
Moisture regime xeric, humid, or saturated.
Substrate Series A1
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
10% cover. Crustose lichen cover unlimited. Community on vertical rock surface (>60 or
173%, minimum height of 3 m). Vegetation highly variable consisting of species that are
adapted to exposed and disturbed materials. Suite of species often reflective of adjacent
vegetation communities. Tree species may include white birch and trembling aspen. Shrub
species may include choke cherry and serviceberries. Herbaceous species include poverty oat
grass, tufted hairgrass, and fireweed. Crustose lichen species such as speck and firedot
lichens dominate.
Trees Betula papyrifera, Populus tremuloides
Shrubs Prunus virginiana var. virginiana, Amelanchier spp., Lonicera dioica
Danthonia spicata, Deschampsia cespitosa ssp. cespitosa, Chamerion angustifolium

Vascular
ssp. angustifolium, Calamagrostis canadensis var. canadensis, Solidago spp., Eurybia
Herbaceous
spp., Oenothera biennis, Aquilegia canadensis
Non-vascular Verrucaria spp., Caloplaca spp., Xanthoria spp.
352 2015-02-26 352

G173X Calcareous Active Cliff
Ecology
Slope instability and restrictions in rooting zone, moisture, nutrient availability results in limited
plant growth and species diversification. Dominant plants are tolerant of high energy or are
able to colonize an area quickly. Ecosite is maintained primarily by gravitational stresses
constantly removing rock from the cliff face (sloughing or slumping) and high winds. Water,
sun and/or ice may also influence the site. Plant diversity increases with a decrease in energy.
In the absence of activity the ecosite will become an open cliff or cliff ecosite.
Isolated and uncommon across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range. Calcareous cliffs may be
found on the southern edge of 5E at the transition to 6E near Bancroft and in the New
Liskeard and Lake Temiskaming area at the 3E- 4E transition.
Edaphic Variability
Nutrient and moisture availability limited due to thin soils, verticality, strong winds, ice, waves,
and sun. Wind and sun produce desiccating conditions for many plants. Increased species
diversity and abundance may occur on ledges and in cracks and crevices where shallow
pockets of mineral and organic substrates have been able to accumulate. Cliffs typically
associated with talus (G167, G168) and cliff top rock barren (G164, G165).
Related Ecosites
N/A
174, 175
cover > 2%
N/A
353 2015-02-26 353

Calcareous Cliff G174Tt/Tl/S
L M H

Tree or shrub communities on exposed
vertical calcareous bedrock. Herb poor.
Vascular plants restricted to crevices and
ledges. Ground surface mostly lichen,
Substrate texture rock. Moisture regime
Substrate Series V1
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
> 10% and 25%. Tree species include eastern white cedar. Shrub species include mountain
maple. Herbaceous species include rock polypody, smooth cliff-brake, and maidenhair
spleenwort. Lichen and bryophytes include variable hypnum moss, fluffy dust lichen, and
haircap mosses.
common.
Trees Thuja occidentalis, Betula papyrifera
Shrubs Acer spicatum, Diervilla lonicera, Cornus rugosa
Polypodium virginianum, Pellaea glabella ssp. glabella, Asplenium trichomanes ssp.

Vascular
trichomanes, Cystopteris fragilis, Poa spp., Cryptogramma stelleri, Artemisia
Herbaceous
campestris ssp. caudata, Cystopteris bulbifera
Amblystegium varium, Lepraria lobificans, Polytrichum spp., Dicranum spp., Hedwigia
Non-vascular ciliata, Xanthoria elegans, Verrucaria nigrescentoidea, Caloplaca spp., Plagiomnium
cuspidatum, Cladina rangiferina, C. mitis
354 2015-02-26 354

G174Tt/Tl/S Calcareous Cliff
Ecology
stable.
Liskeard and Lake Temiskaming area at the 3E- 4E transition. Calcareous cliffs tend to have a
stronger component of annual species when compared to non-calcareous cliffs. These cliffs
may also include poison-ivy and virginia-creeper.
Edaphic Variability
availability. Cliffs composed of highly fractured bedrock, or wet cliffs (near waterfalls or cliffs
with seepage or in the spray or mist zone of large lakes and rivers) with areas of mosses and
lichens tend to have the highest plant cover due to increased rooting and plant stability. May
include areas dominated by herbaceous vegetation, or areas of bare rock. Vegetation patchy.
Cliffs typically associated with talus (G183, G184) and cliff top rock barren (G180, G181).
Related Ecosites
N/A
173, 175
N/A
355 2015-02-26 355

Open Calcareous Cliff G175N
L M H
Not woody plant community on exposed

vertical bedrock consisting of lichen,
bryophyte, and/or herbaceous cover.
Species may include common hairgrass,
poverty grass, reindeer lichen, coral
lichen, and haircap mosses Tree and
shrub poor. Ground surface mostly lichen,
Substrate texture rock. Moisture regime
Substrate Series V1
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
25%. Tree and/or shrub cover 10%. Tree species include eastern white cedar, red pine, and
eastern white pine. Shrub species include common juniper, low sweet blueberry, and round-
leaved dogwood. Herbaceous species include tufted hairgrass, poverty oat grass, and rock
polypody. Lichen and bryophytes include variable hypnum moss, fluffy dust lichen, and hair
cap mosses.
Trees Thuja occidentalis, Pinus resinosa, P. strobus, Quercus rubra
Shrubs Juniperus communis, Vaccinium angustifolium, Cornus rugosa, Diervilla lonicera
Deschampsia cespitosa ssp. cespitosa, Danthonia spicata, Polypodium virginianum,

Vascular
Cystopteris fragilis, Woodsia glabella, Cryptogramma stelleri, Pellaea glabella ssp.
Herbaceous
glabella, Asplenium trichomanes ssp. trichomanes, Campanula rotundifolia
Amblystegium varium, Lepraria lobificans, Polytrichum spp., Dicranum spp., Hedwigia
Non-vascular ciliata, Xanthoria elegans, Verrucaria nigrescentoidea, Caloplaca spp., Plagiomnium
cuspidatum, Cladina rangiferina, C. mitis
356 2015-02-26 356

G175N Open Calcareous Cliff
Ecology
stable.
Liskeard and Lake Temiskaming area at the 3E- 4E transition. Calcareous cliffs tend to have a
stronger component of annual species when compared to non-calcareous cliffs. Cliff bases
with southern exposures may also include poison-ivy and virginia-creeper.
Edaphic Variability
availability. Cliffs composed of highly fractured bedrock, or wet cliffs (near waterfalls or cliffs
with seepage or in the spray or mist zone of large lakes and rivers) with areas of mosses and
lichens tend to have the highest plant cover due to increased rooting and plant stability. May
include areas dominated by herbaceous vegetation, or areas of bare rock. Vegetation patchy.
Cliffs typically associated with talus (G183, G184) and cliff top rock barren (G180, G181).
Related Ecosites
N/A
173
174
cover 2%
N/A
357 2015-02-26 357

Calcareous Active Bedrock Shoreline G176X
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Exposed consolidated rock material communities adjacent to a water body. These
Substrate Series A2
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
withstand periods of inundation. Crustose lichens and mosses are the predominant
vegetation. Species may include sunburst and speck lichens.
Vascular
Dichanthelium acuminatum var. lindheimeri
Herbaceous
Non-vascular Xanthoria spp., Verrucaria spp.
358 2015-02-26 358

G176X Calcareous Active Bedrock Shoreline
Ecology
of activity the ecosite will succeed to an open bedrock shoreline (G178) or bedrock shoreline
(G177).
Isolated and uncommon across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range. Calcareous materials are
localized in 4E and 5E. They are generally found on the southern edge of 5E at the transition
to 6E near Haliburton and Renfrew.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
N/A
177, 178
cover > 2%
N/A
359 2015-02-26 359

Calcareous Bedrock Shoreline G177Tt/Tl/S
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Sparsely vegetated tree or shrub communities on the bedrock shoreline of lakes and streams.
restricted to crevices and to areas above the strong influence of waves and ice scour. Ground
surface mostly lichen, moss, and exposed bedrock. Substrate texture rock. Moisture regime
xeric or humid.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
> 10% and 25%. Tree species include eastern white cedar, white birch, and white spruce.
Shrub species include common juniper, creeping juniper, and bearberry. Herbaceous species
include harebell, tufted hairgrass, and Baltic rush. Crustose lichen such as speck and
stippleback lichens dominate.
common.
Trees Thuja occidentalis, Betula papyrifera, Picea glauca, Populus balsamifera
Shrubs Juniperus communis, J. horizontalis, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Campanula rotundifolia, Deschampsia cespitosa ssp. cespitosa, Juncus balticus,

Vascular Agalinis tenuifolia var. tenuifolia, Lobelia kalmii, Carex viridula, C. concinna, Viola
Herbaceous nephrophylla, Packera paupercula, Trichophorum cespitosum, Lilium philadelphicum,
Argentina anserina, Carex viridula ssp. viridula, Primula mistassinica
Non-vascular Verrucaria spp., Dermatocarpon spp.
360 2015-02-26 360

G177Tt/Tl/S Calcareous Bedrock Shoreline
Ecology
ice scour and wave events. In the absence of activity the ecosite may succeed to an very
shallow treed or shrub system.
Edaphic Variability
minimal.
Related Ecosites
N/A
176, 178
N/A
361 2015-02-26 361

Calcareous Open Bedrock Shoreline G178N
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Sparsely vegetated not woody communities on the shoreline of lakes and streams. Mosses
and lichens dominate, with a few herbs, shrubs, tree saplings, and stunted trees restricted to
crevices and to areas above the strong influence of waves and ice scour. Vascular plants
restricted to crevices. Ground surface mostly lichen, moss, and exposed bedrock. Substrate
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
25%. Tree and/or shrub cover 10%. Tree species include eastern white cedar, white birch,
and white spruce. Shrub species include common juniper and creeping juniper. Herbaceous
species include tufted hairgrass, yellow corydalis, and Baltic rush. Lichen and bryophytes
include sunburst lichen and broom mosses.
Thuja occidentalis, Betula papyrifera, Picea glauca, Populus balsamifera ssp.

Trees
balsamifera
Shrubs Juniperus communis, J. horizontalis, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Deschampsia cespitosa ssp. cespitosa, Corydalis flavula, Juncus arcticus ssp. balticus,
Vascular
Agalinis tenuifolia var. tenuifolia, Lobelia kalmii, Argentina anserina, Carex viridula ssp.
Herbaceous
viridula, Primula mistassinica, Dasiphora floribunda
Non-vascular Xanthoria elegans, Dicranum spp., Verrucaria spp., Dermatocarpon spp.
362 2015-02-26 362

G178N Calcareous Open Bedrock Shoreline
Ecology
ice scour and wave events. In the absence of activity the ecosite may succeed to bedrock
shoreline (G177).
Edaphic Variability
less frequent and severe.
Related Ecosites
N/A
176
177
cover 2%
N/A
363 2015-02-26 363

Calcareous Active Rock Barren G179X
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Exposed consolidated rock material communities on horizontal or slightly sloping bedrock
exposures. These communities support limited vascular vegetation, bryophytes, and lichens
Substrate Series A2
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
that are adapted to disturbance and can withstand periods of inundation. Crustose lichens and
mosses are the predominant vegetation. Species may include sunburst lichens.
Vascular
To be determined
Herbaceous
Non-vascular Xanthoria spp.
364 2015-02-26 364

G179X Calcareous Active Rock Barren
Ecology
Regular activity, typically wind, scour the rock removing vegetation and developing substrates.
Vascular plants when present restricted to scattered protective cracks and crevices.
Substrates when present limited to cracks and crevices. Bedrock dominated by lichen. Plant
communities are tolerant of high energy or are able to colonize an area quickly. Ecosite is
maintained by high energy, in the absence of activity the ecosite will succeed to an open
calcareous rock barren (G181) or calcareous rock barren (G180).
Isolated and uncommon across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range. Calcareous bedrock can be
found on the southern edge of 5E at the transition to 6E near Haliburton and Renfrew.
Calcareous rock barrens can also be found in the New Liskeard and Lake Temiskaming area
at the 3E- 4E transition.
Edaphic Variability
Nutrient and moisture availability limited due to activity and limited substrates. Ecosite may be
subjected to seasonal flooding with severe and prolonged summer droughts, as in the case of
alvars, creating distinctive plant communities. Underlying topography results in exposed
bedrock, variation in substrate depth, and inclusion of bedrock controlled wetlands. Often on
low, toe, or level slope positions. High spatial Variability results in a complex of very shallow
and rock barren systems. Often present as openings within larger treed systems or on the top
of cliffs.
Related Ecosites
N/A
180, 181
cover > 2%
N/A
365 2015-02-26 365

Calcareous Rock Barren G180Tt/Tl/S
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Sparsely vegetated tree or shrub communities on horizontal or slightly sloping calcareous
bedrock exposures. Herb moderately poor. Vascular plants restricted to cracks, crevices, and
depression where a thin veneer of mineral or organic material has accumulated. Ground
surface mostly lichens and exposed bedrock. Substrate texture rock. Moisture regime xeric,
humid, or saturated.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
> 10% and 25%. Trees when present often stunted. Characteristics tree species may
include eastern white cedar, white spruce, and white birch. Shrub species may include
common juniper, red-osier dogwood, and bush honeysuckle. Herbaceous species may include
Canada mayflower, wild strawberry, large-leaved aster, and wild columbine. Non-vascular
species include speck and rim lichens.
common.
Thuja occidentalis, Picea glauca, Betula papyrifera, Abies balsamea, Quercus
Trees
macrocarpa
Juniper communis, Cornus stolonifera, Diervilla lonicera, Rubus spp., Prunus spp.,
Shrubs
Salix humilis
Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Fragaria virginiana ssp. virginiana, Eurybia

Vascular
macrophyllus, Aquilegia canadensis, Campanula rotundifolia, Danthonia spicata,
Herbaceous
Oryzopsis asperifolia, Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens, Carex eburnea
Non-vascular Verrucaria spp., Lecanora spp., Caloplaca spp., Aspicilia contorta, Cladina spp.
366 2015-02-26 366

G180Tt/Tl/S Calcareous Rock Barren
Ecology
of mineral or organic substrates. Ground cover dominated by lichen and bryophytes. Plant
communities are tolerant of environmental extremes, well adapted to desiccation, rapid
fluctuations in temperature, and low availability of nutrients. Fire, drought, and scarce mineral
and organic material help maintain the characteristics of this ecosite. In the absence of fire or
other major disturbances this system may succeed to a very shallow ecosite.
Calcareous rock barrens can also be found in the New Liskeard and Lake Temiskaming area
at the 3E- 4E transition. Eastern red cedar may occur on the southern edge of 5E.
Edaphic Variability
Nutrient and moisture availability variable. Components of the ecosite may be subjected to
seasonal flooding with severe and prolonged summer droughts, creating distinctive plant
vegetation types (alvars). Plant species in this vegetation type may include Coopers milk-
vetch, Crawes sedge, lance-leaved tickseed, and compressed spike-rush. Underlying
controlled wetlands. High spatial Variability results in a complex of very shallow and rock
barren systems. Often on low, toe, or level slope positions. A wide variety of tree species as
well as increased shrub and herb diversity and abundance likely on inclusions of deeper
mineral or organic material.
Related Ecosites
N/A
179, 181
N/A
367 2015-02-26 367

Calcareous Open Rock Barren G181N
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Sparsely vegetated not woody communities on horizontal or slightly sloping calcareous
bedrock exposures. Vascular plants restricted to cracks, crevices, and depression where a
thin veneer of mineral or organic material has accumulated. Ground surface mostly lichens
and exposed bedrock. Substrate texture rock. Moisture regime xeric, humid, or saturated.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
25%. Tree and/or shrub cover 10%. Trees when present often stunted. Characteristics tree
species may include eastern white cedar, white spruce, and white birch. Shrub species may
include common juniper, red-osier dogwood, and bush honeysuckle. Herbaceous species may
include Canada mayflower, wild strawberry, large-leaved aster, and wild columbine. non-
vascular species are mostly crustose and include speck and rim lichens.
Thuja occidentalis, Picea glauca, Betula papyrifera, Abies balsamea, Quercus

Trees
macrocarpa
Shrubs Juniper communis, Cornus stolonifera, Diervilla lonicera, Salix humilis
Maianthemum canadense ssp. canadense, Fragaria virginiana ssp. virginiana, Eurybia

Vascular macrophyllus, Aquilegia canadensis, Campanula rotundifolia, Danthonia spicata,
Herbaceous Oryzopsis asperifolia, Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens, Carex eburnea, C.
richardsonii
Non-vascular Verrucaria spp., Lecanora spp., Caloplaca spp., Aspicilia contorta,
368 2015-02-26 368

G181Tt/Tl/S Calcareous Open Rock Barren
Ecology
of mineral or organic substrates. Ground cover dominated by lichen and bryophytes. Plant
communities are tolerant of environmental extremes, well adapted to desiccation, rapid
fluctuations in temperature, and low availability of nutrients. Fire, drought, and scarce mineral
and organic material help maintain the characteristics of this ecosite. In the absence of fire or
other major disturbances this system may succeed to a very shallow ecosite.
Calcareous cliffs and rock barrens can also be found in the New Liskeard area at the 3E- 4E
transition. Eastern red cedar may occur on the southern edge of 5E.
Edaphic Variability
Nutrient and moisture availability variable. Components of the ecosite may be subjected to
seasonal flooding with severe and prolonged summer droughts, creating distinctive plant
vegetation types (alvars). Plant species in this vegetation type may include Coopers milk-
vetch, Crawes sedge, lance-leaved tickseed, and compressed spike-rush. Underlying
controlled wetlands. High spatial Variability results in a complex of very shallow and rock
barren systems. Often on low, toe, or level slope positions. A wide variety of tree species as
well as increased shrub and herb diversity and abundance likely on inclusions of deeper
mineral or organic material.
Related Ecosites
N/A
179
180
cover 2%
N/A
369 2015-02-26 369

Calcareous Active Talus or Historic/Raised Beach G182X
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Exposed unconsolidated calcareous rock material communities on talus slopes, usually below
cliffs or rock outcrops or on historic/raised beaches not immediately adjacent to the shores of
water bodies. These communities support limited vascular vegetation, bryophytes, and lichens
xeric or humid.
Substrate Series A2
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
that are adapted to exposed and disturbed materials. Suite of species often reflective of
adjacent vegetation communities. Tree species may include white birch and trembling aspen.
Shrub species may include choke cherry, mountain maple, and serviceberries. Herbaceous
species include goldenrods, asters, and fireweed. Lichen species mostly crustose including
cobblestone lichen.
Trees Betula papyrifera, Populus tremuloides
Prunus virginiana var. virginiana, Acer spicatum, Amelanchier spp., Diervilla lonicera,
Shrubs
Rubus idaeus spp. strigosus
Vascular
Solidago spp., Eurybia spp., Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium
Herbaceous
Non-vascular Acarospora spp.
370 2015-02-26 370

G182X Calcareous Active Talus or Historic/Raised Beach
Ecology
Areas of extensive or recent rock slides are often devoid of vegetation except for lichens
encrusted on boulders. Instability of area and restrictions in rooting zone, moisture, and
nutrient availability results in limited plant growth and species diversification. Dominant plants
are tolerant of high energy or are able to colonize an area quickly. Ecosite is maintained by
frequent gravitational events that deposit rock at the base of cliffs or exposed bedrock on
steep hillsides. Plant diversity increases with a decrease in energy. In the absence of activity
the ecosite will become an open talus or historic/raised beach (G184) or talus or historic/
raised beach (G183).
transition.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
N/A
183, 184
cover > 2%
N/A
371 2015-02-26 371

Calcareous Talus or Historic/Raised Beach G183Tt/Tl/S
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Sparsely vegetated not woody communities on calcareous coarse fragments. May be located
on a talus slopes, usually below cliffs or rock outcrops or on historic/raised beaches not
immediately adjacent to the shores of water bodies. Vascular plants restricted to spaces
between coarse fragments where mineral or organic material have accumulated. Ground
humid.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
25%. Tree and/or shrub cover > 10% and 25%. Trees when present may include white birch
and trembling aspen. Shrub species may include mountain maple, choke cherry, and red-
berried elderberry. Herbaceous species may include bulbet fern, herb Robert, and early
meadow-rue. Non-vascular species may include cobblestone and firedot lichens.
Trees Betula papyrifera, Populus tremuloides, Thuja occidentalis
Acer spicatum, Prunus virginiana var. virginiana, Sambucus racemosa ssp. rubens,
Shrubs
Amelanchier spp., Diervilla lonicera, Cornus rugosa
Vascular Cystopteris bulbifera, Geranium robertianum, Thalictrum dioicum, Cystopteris fragilis,

Herbaceous Aquilegia canadensis, Aralia hispida
Non-vascular Acarospora spp., Caloplaca spp., Sarcogyne regularis, Verrucaria nigrescentoidea
372 2015-02-26 372

G183Tt/Tl/S Calcareous Talus or Historic/Raised Beach
Ecology
and species diversification. Vascular plants restricted to mosses mats or pockets of substrate,
transition. Calcareous talus slopes tend to have a stronger component of annual species when
compared to non-calcareous talus slopes. Poison-ivy and virginia-creeper may be found on
calcareous talus slopes/raised beaches.
Edaphic Variability
Talus typically associated with cliffs (G173, G174, G175).
Related Ecosites
N/A
182, 184
N/A
373 2015-02-26 373

Calcareous Open Talus or Historic/Raised Beach G184N
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Sparsely vegetated not woody communities on calcareous coarse fragments. May be located
on a talus slopes, usually below cliffs or rock outcrops or on historic/raised beaches not
immediately adjacent to the shores of water bodies. Vascular plants restricted to spaces
between coarse fragments where mineral or organic material have accumulated. Ground
humid.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
25%. Tree and/or shrub cover 10%. Trees when present may include white birch and
trembling aspen. Shrub species may include mountain maple, choke cherry, and red-berried
elderberry. Herbaceous species may include bulbet fern, herb Robert, and early meadow-rue.
Non-vascular species may include cobblestone and firedot lichens.
Trees Betula papyrifera, Populus tremuloides, Thuja occidentalis
Acer spicatum, Prunus virginiana var. virginiana, Sambucus racemosa ssp. rubens,
Shrubs
Amelanchier spp., Diervilla lonicera, Cornus rugosa
Vascular Cystopteris bulbifera, Geranium robertianum, Thalictrum dioicum, Cystopteris fragilis,

Herbaceous Aquilegia canadensis, Aralia hispida
Non-vascular Acarospora spp., Caloplaca spp., Sarcogyne regularis, Verrucaria nigrescentoidea
374 2015-02-26 374

G184N Calcareous Open Talus or Historic/Raised Beach
Ecology
and species diversification. Vascular plants restricted to mosses mats or pockets of substrate,
transition. Calcareous talus slopes tend to have a stronger component of annual species when
compared to non-calcareous talus slopes. Poison-ivy and virginia-creeper may be found on
calcareous talus slopes/raised beaches.
Edaphic Variability
Talus typically associated with cliffs (G173, G174, G175).
Related Ecosites
N/A
182
183
cover 2%
N/A
375 2015-02-26 375

Calcareous Anthropogenic Coarse Shoreline G185X
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Anthropogenic exposed unconsolidated calcareous rock material communities adjacent to a
water body. Includes shorelines modified by humans through gabion or groin baskets or other
means of shore stabilization. These communities support limited vascular vegetation,
bryophytes, and lichens (foliose, fruticose) due to activity such as shoreline processes (e.g.,
waves, currents, periodic flooding, ice scour, and high winds). Substrate texture rock. Moisture
regime xeric or humid.
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
firmly rooted perennial herbs and shrubs, with annual herbaceous species and emergent
aquatic vegetation.
Vascular
To be determined
Herbaceous
376 2015-02-26 376

G185X Calcareous Anthropogenic Coarse Shoreline
Ecology
materials have collected. In the absence of disturbance, grass and shrub dominated areas will
develop.
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
N/A
186
187, 188
Vascular vegetation
Vascaular vegetation 185 cover 2%, not
cover > 2%
anthropogenic
N/A
377 2015-02-26 377

Calcareous Active Coarse Shoreline G186X
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Exposed unconsolidated calcareous rock material communities adjacent to a water body.
These communities support limited vascular vegetation, bryophytes, and lichens (foliose,
fruticose) due to activity such as shoreline processes (e.g., waves, currents, periodic flooding,
ice scour, and high winds). Substrate texture rock. Moisture regime xeric or humid.
Substrate Series A2
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
withstand periods of inundation. Crustose lichens and mosses are the predominant
vegetation. Species may include sunburst and speck lichens.
Vascular
Dichanthelium acuminatum var. lindheimeri
Herbaceous
Non-vascular Xanthoria spp., Verrucaria spp.
378 2015-02-26 378

G186X Calcareous Active Coarse Shoreline
Ecology
of activity the ecosite will succeed to an open coarse shoreline (G188) or coarse shoreline
(G187).
Edaphic Variability
Related Ecosites
N/A
187, 188 185

Vascular vegetation 186 Constructed groin/
cover > 2% gabion baskets
N/A
379 2015-02-26 379

Calcareous Coarse Shoreline G187Tt/Tl/S
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Sparsely vegetated tree or shrub shoreline communities on unconsolidated calcareous rock
material. Mosses and lichens dominate, with a few herbs, shrubs, tree saplings, and stunted
trees restricted to spaces between coarse fragments where mineral or organic material has
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
> 10% and 25%. Species of nearby plant communities often inhabit the area. Tree species
include white birch and trembling aspen. Shrub species include speckled alder and bearberry.
Herbaceous species include Canadian primrose, harebell, and bog lobelia.
G187Tt/Tl sparse treed communities with > 10% tree cover. Low treed ( 10 m) ecosites
common.
G187S sparse shrub communities with > 10% shrub cover ( 10% tree cover).
Betula papyrifera, Populus tremuloides, P. balsamifera ssp. balsamifera, Thuja

Trees
occidentalis
Shrubs Alnus incana ssp. rugosa, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Vascular Primula mistassinica, Campanula rotundifolia, Lobelia kalmii, Argentina anserina,

Herbaceous Agrostis hyemalis, Carex viridula ssp. viridula
Non-vascular
380 2015-02-26 380

G187Tt/Tl/S Calcareous Coarse Shoreline
Ecology
very shallow treed or shrub system.
Isolated and but uncommon across Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range. Calcareous materials
are localized in 4E and 5E. They are generally found on the southern edge of 5E at the
transition to 6E near Haliburton and Renfrew.
Edaphic Variability
energy zone often adjacent to G188 where wave action and ice scour are minimal. Coarse
shorelines composed of deep accumulations of large coarse fragments tend to be dry and
have limited vegetation. Shallower accumulations of smaller coarse fragments, may support
denser and more diverse plant cover.
Related Ecosites
N/A
185
Constructed groin/
gabion baskets
N/A 187
186, 188
Tree/shrub cover 10%
N/A
381 2015-02-26 381

Calcareous Open Coarse Shoreline G188N
L M H
Not Available
Approximately 250m
Ecosite Description
Sparsely vegetated not woody shoreline communities on unconsolidated calcareous rock
material. Mosses and lichens dominate, with a few herbs, shrubs, tree saplings, and stunted
trees restricted to spaces between coarse fragments where mineral or organic material has
Depth R VS S M MD D
Chemistry k n a b z
Herbaceous, lichen, or bryophyte dominated community. Total vascular vegetation cover
25%. Tree and/or shrub cover 10%. Species of nearby plant communities often inhabit the
area. Tree species include white birch and trembling aspen. Shrub species include speckled
alder and bearberry. Herbaceous species include Canadian primrose, harebell, and bog
lobelia.
Betula papyrifera, Populus tremuloides, P. balsamifera ssp. balsamifera, Thuja

Trees
occidentalis
Shrubs Alnus incana ssp. rugosa, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Vascular Primula mistassinica, Campanula rotundifolia, Lobelia kalmii, Argentina anserina,

Herbaceous Agrostis hyemalis, Carex viridula ssp. viridula
382 2015-02-26 382

G188N Calcareous Open Coarse Shoreline
Ecology
coarse shoreline (G187).
Widespread but uncommon across the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence range. Calcareous
materials are localized in 4E and 5E. They are generally found on the southern edge of 5E at
the transition to 6E near Haliburton and Renfrew.
Edaphic Variability
energy zone often adjacent to G186 where wave action and ice scour are less frequent and
severe. Coarse shorelines composed of deep accumulations of large coarse fragments tend to
be dry and have limited vegetation. Shallower accumulations of smaller coarse fragments,
may support denser and more diverse plant cover.
Related Ecosites
N/A
185
Constructed groin/
187 gabion baskets
188
186
Vegetation cover 2%
N/A
383 2015-02-26 383

Glossary
absolute cover - the proportion of a specified ground area or plot covered by a specified plant species,
vegetation layer or plant form expressed as a percent (eg tree cover >10%, means that > 10% of the ground
surface has tree cover).
acidic (a) - a chemistry modifier referring to rock with a ph value of < 7.0. For ELC purposes refers to igneous
bedrock or coarse fragments composed of > 66% silica. Examples of acidic rock may include granite, quartz,
gneiss, shale, and sandstone.
active - sites not vegetated due to natural energy (wind, water or gravity) or human influences. Vascular plant
cover is 2%, bryophyte and foliose lichen cover 10% but crustose lichen cover is unlimited.
algals (Algae) - the common name for simple plants which do not have specialized parts such as roots or leaves.
They do not have vascular systems, so most are found living in water.
basic (alkaline)(b) - a chemistry modifier referring to rock with a ph value of > 7.0. For ELC purposed refers
metamorphic or igneous bedrock or coarse fragments enriched with alkalis. Examples of basic rock may include
basalt, greenstones, dolomites, and limestones.
bedrock - consolidated rock surface, some crevices and cracking permitted.
bog - ombrotrophic peatlands generally unaffected by nutrient-rich groundwater that are acidic
and often dominated by heath shrubs and Sphagnum mosses and that may include open growing,
stunted trees.
brown moss - an ecological group of peatland moss species usually indicating nutrient rich site conditions such
as rich fens. Mostly from the Amblystegiaceae family (i.e. Drepanocladus spp., Scorpidium spp., Campylium
stellatum) but some other species are included (i.e. Palydella squarrosa).
bryophyte - non-vascular organisms that reproduce by spores and need moisture for fertilization. Include
mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
calcareous (k) - a chemistry modifier for rock or mineral material that contains carbonate minerals which when
tested with acid (10% HCl) will produce a fizzing or bubbling reaction.
canopy closure - the degree of canopy cover relative to openings. Canopy closure can be closed, open or
sparse.
closed tall treed (cTt) - vegetation cover class modifier consisting of tall (> 10 m) trees (for a complete list of ELC
tree species, refer to Chapter 5 - ELC Life Forms) with > 60% absolute cover.
coarse fragments - unconsolidated rock material > 2 mm occupying > 90% of the substrate volume. Includes
gravels, cobbles, stones, and boulders.
complex - a multi-layered stand characterized by trees of many different ages or sizes occurring singly or in
groups (e.g. a mixedwood stand that has been repeatedly disturbed creating a mosaic of species, age and height
classes).
conifer - within the ecosite name conifer indicates that > 50% of the relative tree cover on this site is provided
by conifer species. Conifer species are cone-bearing plants belonging to the taxonomic group Gymnospermae.
cover - cover is the ground area overtopped by vegetation of a specified plant species, vegetation layer, or plant
form as determined by a vertical projection of the canopy. Cover can be expressed as relative cover or absolute
cover. Cover is the basis for evaluating the relative importance of plant species not basal area or the number of
stems.
crown closure (c.c.)- the percent of ground area that is covered by the vertical projection of dominant and co-
dominant tree crowns in a forested system onto the ground. An ocular assessment looking vertically up through
the tree crowns over a plot where an estimate is determined for the percentage of the canopy that is open to the
sky above or conversely the percentage of the sky blocked by tree crowns.
crustose - lichens growing tightly appressed to the substrate, for example Caloplaca spp.
cryoturbation - churning of the ground surface or profile horizons by frost action.
deep (D) - mineral depth class with the depth of unconsolidated mineral material > 120 cm over rock or bedrock.
27/4/2009 Chapter 4 Glossary (draft) 1

deep folic (DF) - organic depth class with the depth of folic material > 40 cm over rock, bedrock, or mineral
material.
deep peat (DP) - organic depth class with the depth of peat material > 40 cm over rock, bedrock, or mineral
material or a floating mat.
degree of decomposition - method for describing organic material based on the appearance of the plant
remains and the degree of alteration or decomposition of the original structure. In peats the degree of
decomposition is determined using the von Post scale of decomposition. In folics the degree of decomposition is
determined based on how easily discernible the original plant structures are.
depth - a measurement of a substrate profile in (cm) from the zero point to bedrock. Depth measurements are
generalized into depth classes meant to be an ecological re-interpretation of the Ontario Centre for Soil Resource
Evaluation (OSCRE) standards, for classification purposes.
diversity - the richness of species within a given area. Diversity includes two distinct concepts: (1) richness of
species; (2) evenness in the abundance of the species. Described in terms of poor, moderately poor, moderately
rich, and rich.
dry (d) - moisture modifier referring to mineral material with a moisture regime of or 0.
ecosite - a fine-scale landscape area define by recurring patterns of substrate and vegetation types on a
landscape.
ecosite matrix - a table which provides a complete listing of all possible combinations for defining valid ecosites
in terms of a number of site related ecological factors. Defining factors within the ecosite matrix include: ecosite
name, ecosite number, vegetation cover, depth, moisture, chemistry, vegetation cover class and ecology. Refer
to Chapter 2, Section 9.
emergent - upright plants which are normally rooted in water and emerging above the water surface; does not
include some submergents that normally lie entirely underwater but have flowering parts which break the surface.
eolian process - a process by which mineral materials that have been deposited or modified by wind energy.
This process maintains the active sand dune or dune complex ecosites.
effective texture -
1. mineral substrate texture that has the predominant effect on substrate moisture regime and drainage. In
non-stratified mineral substrates and substrates with a depth 60 cm, the effective texture is the substrate
texture that comprises most of the profile, in stratified mineral substrates it is determined using the effective
texture chart.
2. organic substrate while the term effective texture does not apply surveyors are required to record the
organic material that comprises most of the profile. In deep organic peats this would correspond to the
degree of decomposition of the middle tier, in folics and very shallow organic substrates this would
correspond to the organic material making up greater than 50% of the sampled profile.
effective canopy - determination of which tree species in a polygon should be used for decision nodes 16a
through to 16h when keying out an ecosite. This is the canopy layer that has the most significant impact on the
site and generally contains trees with a height greater than 10 m. If the stand contains two or more tiers and the
tall trees (> 10 m) are absent or poorly represented (<10% absolute cover), low trees (<10 m) are used in
determining an ecosite.
feathermoss - upland moss species with a feather-like form including Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium
schreberi, and Ptilium cristacastrensis.
fen - wetland with a peat substrate, nutrient-rich waters, and primarily vegetated by shrubs and graminoids.
fibric - the least decomposed organic peat developed mainly from mosses (ie sphagnum and brown mosses) or
graminoids. Contains large amounts of well-preserved fiber by volume (> 40% rubbed fibre by volume).
Corresponds to the von Post scale of decomposition 1 to 4.
floating-leaved - rooted or free-floating plants with leaves normally floating on water surface; does not include
pondweeds (Potamogeton spp.) with both floating and submergent leaves.
floating mat - mat of peat held together by roots and rhizomes underlain by water or loose, fluid peat.
folic - organic substrates developed primarily from the accumulation of feather moss, leaves, twigs, and woody
material. Normally associated with upland forested substrates. Folic substrates are described based on their
degree of decomposition which is determined based on how easily discernible the original plant structures are.
For a complete list of valid degree of decomposition codes see Chapter 3 Substrates of Ontario.
2 Chapter 4 Glossary (draft) 4/27/2009
foliose - leaf-like lichen growing loosely attached to the substrate, for example Peltigera spp. (Dogs tooth lichen
and Spotted dog lichen).
fresh (f) - moisture modifier referring to mineral material with a moisture regime of 1, 2 or 3.
graminoid - narrow-leaved herbaceous vascular plant species, belonging to the Poaceae and Cyperaceae,
including grasses, sedges, cotton-grasses, and rushes (including spike-rushes, beak-rushes, and twig-rushes).
ground surface - general term referring to the proportions of materials in contact with the ground (litter, lichen,
moss, stones, exposed bedrock etc. the overall cover of a plant community.
ground cover - general term referring to the proportions of organic living material found on the site in contact with
the ground.
hardwood - within the ecosite name hardwood indicates that > 50% of the relative tree cover on this site is
provided by hardwood species. Hardwood species are angiosperm with broad leaves, such as Acer, Fraxinus,
Populus, and Quercus.
herbaceous (H) - vegetation cover class modifier consisting of herbaceous (forbs, graminoids and aquatic)
vegetation with > 25% absolute cover and the ratio of non-vascular to vascular cover is 2:1.
humic - the most decomposed organic peat developed mainly from mosses (ie sphagnum or brown mosses) or
graminoids. Contains small amounts of well-preserved fiber by volume (< 10% rubbed fibre by volume).
Corresponds to the von Post scale of decomposition 7 to 10.
humid (h) - moisture modifier reserved for non-standard moisture situations not covered by historic moisture
regime classifications. This condition typically occurs on lower slopes and rock outcrops sheltered from climatic
extremes by aspect or surrounding vegetation. Lichen and bryophyte cover typically abundant. Vascular or treed
vegetation is common. One or more of the following criteria must be met to be classified as humid:
Close proximity to water
Aspect is north-northwest to southeast facing slope
>25% direct shading
<20% of sample area showing signs of seepage
Very limited or no evidence of ponding or pooling
humus form - pattern of substrate horizons located at or near the surface of a pedon, which have formed from
organic material, either separate from, or intermixed with, mineral materials.
hydric - a general term for substrates that develop under conditions of poor drainage in marshes, swamps,
seepage areas or flats. Often associated with moisture regimes 6.
hydrologically isolated - peatland surface raised above surrounding terrain; isolated from mineral-rich substrate
waters; nutrient input from atmospheric deposition; water tracks diverted around perimeter.
indicator species - species, usually plants, used to indicate an ecological condition such as substrate moisture
or nutrient regime that may not be directly measured. For ELC purposed the suite of plant species helps to
distinguish wetland types. Refer to Chapter 2, Section 4 for a complete listing of all common and scientific names
for swamp and fen indicators.
lichens - organisms made up of a fungus and an alga living in symbiosis. Lichens are divided into a number of
life forms based on growth form, including crustose and foliose.
limnetic - substrate condition that is usually submerged under water that is 2m deep. Also see Permanently
Flooded.
low shrub (Sl) - vegetation cover class modifier consisting of low ( 2 m) shrubs (for a complete list of ELC shrub
species, refer to Chapter 5 ELC Life Forms) with > 25% absolute cover.
low treed (Tl) -

1. vegetation cover modifier consisting of the low treed and sparse low treed vegetative cover class modifiers.
2. vegetation cover class modifier consisting of low (10 m) trees (for a complete list of ELC tree species,
refer to Chapter 5 - ELC Life Forms) with > 25% absolute cover.
marsh - a wetland with a mineral or peat substrate inundated by nutrient rich water and characterized
by emergent graminoid vegetation.

mesic - intermediate stage of decomposed organic peat developed mainly from mosses (ie sphagnum and brown
mosses) or graminoids. Contains minimum amounts of well-preserved fiber by volume (10 40% rubbed fibre by
volume). Corresponds to the von Post scale of decomposition 5 and 6.
middle tier - in an organic substrate profile the part of the control section that found at a depth of 40 to 120 cm.
mineral material - material containing 17% or less organic carbon (about 30% or less organic matter) by weight.
Material composed of particle sizes 2 mm occupying > 90% of the substrate.
mixedwood - within the ecosite name mixedwood indicates that the conditions for a mostly conifer polygon
have not been met and that there was not a large enough single group of hardwood species to meet the mostly
criteria. A mixedwood ecosite condition most often occurs when there is high variability in the species
composition of that polygon.
mode of deposition - the accumulation or laying down of parent material by a natural or artificial process (i.e. ice,
water, wind, or man made).
moderate (M) - mineral depth class with the depth of unconsolidated mineral material > 30 cm to 60 cm over
rock or bedrock.
moderately deep (MD) - mineral depth class with the depth of unconsolidated mineral material > 60 cm to 120
cm over rock or bedrock.
moist (m) - moisture modifier referring to mineral material with a moisture regime of 4 or 5.
moisture regime (MR) - refers to the available moisture supply for plant growth estimated in relative or absolute
terms. Determined by the field examination of physical properties and profile characteristics of the substrate.
Moisture regimes are determined using one of three moisture regime charts as presented in Chapter 3 - Substrate
of Ontario.
mostly - greater than 50% (> 50%)

1. With respect to ecosites, mostly refers to the species or species group which is > 50% of absolute cover
or has the highest relative cover. If two species or species groups are about equally abundant (within 5%
cover), the species or species group with the taller position in the canopy is selected.
2. With respect to substrates, mostly refers to the material type which is > 50%.
non-calcareous (n) - a chemistry modifier for mineral material that refers to a substrate where the presence of
carbonates is not detected in the mineral materials.
non-vascular (Nv) -
1. a general term for those plants without a vascular system (xylem and phloem). Although non-vascular
plants lack these particular tissues, a number of non-vascular plants possess tissues specialized for
internal transport of water. Non-vascular plants have no roots, stems, or leaves, since each of these
structures is defined by containing vascular tissue. Bryophytes, lichens, fungi and algae are all examples
of non-vascular plants.
2. Also refers to the vegetation cover class modifier (Nv) consisting of non-vascular (bryophyte and lichen)
vegetation with >10% absolute cover.
not vegetated (X) -

1. vegetation cover modifier consisting of the not vegetated vegetative cover class modifiers.
2. vegetation cover class modifier consisting of 10% bryophyte + foliose lichen absolute cover and 2%
vascular absolute cover.
not woody (N) - vegetation cover modifier consisting of the herbaceous, sparse herbaceous and non vascular
vegetative cover class modifiers.
OCSRE - refers to the Field Manual for Describing Soils in Ontario (1993) and is referenced as:
Ontario Centre for Soil Resource Evaluation. 1993. Field Manual for Describing Soils in Ontario. 4th
Edition. Ontario Centre for Soil Resource Evaluation. Publication No.93-1, 62pp.
open tall treed (oTt) - vegetation cover class modifier consisting of tall (> 10 m) trees (for a complete list of ELC
tree species, refer to the section on Life Form Classifications) with > 25% and 60% absolute cover.
organic material - material containing more than 17% organic carbon (about 30% or more organic matter) by
weight. Can be derived from peat or folic material.
patterned ground - a general term for circles, polygons, strips, nets, and steps created by frost action.

patterning - distinct patterns of vegetation perpendicular to the seepage of water that carries nutrients essential
to the growth of the plants forming the patterns. Patterning usually indicates richer fen conditions.
peat - organic substrates developed primarily from accumulations of mosses (ie sphagnum or brown mosses),
sedges (graminoid), or other hydrophytic vegetation. Commonly saturated and normally associated with lowland
or aquatic/semi-aquatic systems. Peat substrates are described based on their degree of decomposition using the
von Post scale of decomposition. For a complete list of valid degree of decomposition codes see Chapter 3
Substrates of Ontario.
permafrost - land that has permanently frozen substrate.
permanently flooded - a water regime condition where standing water covers the land surface throughout the
year (but may be absent during extreme droughts). Also see Limnetic.
polygon - a community of trees possessing sufficient uniformity in composition, constitution, age, arrangement or
ecological condition to be distinguishable from adjacent communities.
relative cover - the proportion of the ground area overtopped by a specified plant species, vegetation layer or
plant form expressed as a percent of the total area coverage of another specified group of plant species,
vegetation layer or plant form (eg. coniferous species > 80% of canopy cover means coniferous species make
up > 80% of the total tree canopy coverage).
rock - a consolidated mass of mineral material. A general term used to describe bedrock or coarse fragments.
rock (R) - depth class with the depth of unconsolidated mineral material 5 cm AND organic material 10 cm
over coarse fragments OR bedrock or > 80% of area is exposed bedrock or coarse fragments.
saline (z) - a chemistry modifier that refers to a substrate that is saturated by salt water or secondary enrichment
of salt by ground water or dry deposition.
salt water shoreline - the tidal zone or salt water and land interface associated with the Sub-arctic ecosites.
saturated (s) - moisture modifier reserved for non-standard moisture situations not covered by historic moisture
regime classifications. This condition typically occurs on lower slopes or bedrock systems where rock surface
shape causes accumulation or persistence of water. Seepage from bedrock cracks or crevices may be visible.
Lichen and bryophytes are abundant and reflective of the wetter environment. Organic accumulations typically
derived from sphagnum or graminoid peats. One or more of the following criteria must be met to be classified as
saturated:
Water flowing through system at or near surface
Close proximity to modifying influence of water
>20% of sample are showing signs of seepage
Evidence of ponding or pooling
>25% direct shading
Organic substrate is typically peat
Aspect is a north to east facing slope.
shallow (S) - mineral depth class with the depth of unconsolidated mineral material >15 cm to 30 cm over rock
or bedrock.
shallow folic (SF) - organic depth class with the depth of folic material >10 to 40 cm AND the thickness of
organic:mineral material is 2:1 over rock, bedrock, or mineral material.
shallow peat (SP) - organic depth class with the depth of peat material >10 to 40 cm over bedrock, rock, or
30 cm mineral material.
shoreline - for the purpose of ecosites a shoreline is any land which is adjacent to a large water body. This
includes beaches, sand spits, bars and headlands.
shoreline process - water energy exerted on a shoreline in the form of wave action, ice scouring and high winds
which has a significant impact on the presence and growth of vegetation.
sedimentary peat - highly decomposed plant residue precipitated from standing water, also referred to as loon
shit.
shrub - a shrub is a woody species that typically adopts a multi-stemmed growth form achieving a height < 10 m.
For a complete list of ELC shrub species, refer to Chapter 5 ELC Life Forms.
shrub (S) - vegetation cover modifier consisting of the tall shrub, sparse tall shrub, low shrub and sparse low
shrub vegetative cover class modifiers.
significantly altered - to distinguish Anthropogenic ecosites, there needs to be an assessment of the degree of
anthropogenic influence on a community. The influence could have physically or chemically changed a site,
along with the response in a communitys composition, structure, and/or function, including alteration of natural
disturbance processes. Significant alteration of the substrate includes human activities such as road construction,
urban landscaping, industrial sites and various fills or deposits, to the degree that it has no natural analogue.
Activities such as forestry operations (for example, harvesting and site preparation) and agriculture activities such
as plowing are not considered to have significantly altered the substrate for the purposes of this ELC product.
single canopy - a simple stand structure that is composed of even aged trees (age difference of trees within the
main canopy is less than 20 yrs) with similar heights usually originating from a single disturbance event (e.g. fire-
origin jack pine).
single canopy with veterans - a single canopy layered stand with veteran trees being observed in or above the
main canopy within the stand (e.g. an aspen stand with emergent white pine, or a young plantation with residual
hardwood).
sparse herbaceous (sH) - vegetation cover class modifier consisting of herbaceous (forbs, graminoids and
aquatic) vegetation with > 10% and 25% absolute cover.
sparse low shrub (sSl) - sparse low shrub consisting of low ( 2 m) shrubs (for a complete list of ELC shrub
species, refer to Chapter 5 ELC Life Forms) with > 10% and 25% absolute cover.
sparse low treed (sTl) - vegetation cover class modifier consisting of low (10 m) trees (for a complete list of
ELC tree species, refer to Chapter 5 ELC Life Forms) with > 10% and 25% absolute cover.
sparse tall shrub (sSt) - vegetation cover class modifier consisting of tall (> 2 m) shrubs (for a complete list of
ELC shrub species, refer to Chapter 5 ELC Life Forms) with > 10% and 25% absolute cover.
sparse tall treed (sTt) - vegetation cover class modifier consisting of tall (> 10 m) trees (for a complete list of
ELC tree species, refer to Chapter 5 ELC Life Forms) with > 10% and 25% absolute cover.
stunted - generally this term refers to populations of trees that are often widely spaced, exceptionally old,
deformed and slow growing. This term can be further described as being equivalent to a Site Class 4 site
condition.
substrate consist of any mineral, bedrock, coarse fragments, or organic materials normally above or covered
by standing water than is less than 2 m in depth.
substrate type (s-type) - a Provincially harmonized system for the general classification of substrates in Ontario
forming the basic units for ecological classification. A combination of moisture, depth, and texture. To determine
substrate type, refer to Chapter 3 Substrates of Ontario.
swamp - a mineral-rich wetland characterized by a dense cover of deciduous or coniferous trees, or shrubs.
tall shrub (St) - vegetation cover class modifier consisting of tall (> 2 m) shrubs (for a complete list of ELC shrub
species, refer to Chapter 5 ELC Life Forms) with > 25% absolute cover.
tall treed (Tt) - vegetation cover modifier consisting of the closed tall treed, open tall treed and sparse tall treed
vegetative cover class modifiers (for a complete list of ELC shrub species, refer to Chapter 5 ELC Life Forms).
texture - classification of unconsolidated mineral material based on the proportions of sand, silt, and clay.
Further refined through the assessment of the dominant sand particle size (ie. Sivfs) and characterization of
coarser material. Related textures are grouped to form a texture family. See Chapter 3 Substrates of Ontario
for more information.
texture family - association of mineral substrate textures grouped together based on particle size. Texture family
categories include; sandy, coarse loamy, silty, fine loamy, and clayey. See Chapter 3 Substrates of Ontario for
more information.
tree - a tree is a woody species that typically adopts a single stem growth form and is capable of achieving a
height > 10 m. For a complete list of ELC tree species, refer to Chapter 5 Life Forms.
tree species code - these are 2 letter species abbreviations used to identify tree species used within the ecosite
keys. For a complete list of ELC tree species and associated abbreviations, refer to Chapter 5 Life Forms.
two canopy - a multi-layered stand structure with two distinct canopy layers (e.g. poplar overstory with a distinct
fairly homogeneous understory of spruce and balsam fir). The difference in age between layers should be greater
than 20 yrs and/or the difference in height should be greater than 3 m.
two canopy with veterans - a two canopy layered stand with veteran trees being observed in or above the main
canopy layer within the stand (e.g. an aspen stand with emergent white pine and a distinct fairly homogeneous
understory of spruce and balsam fir).
unconsolidated rock - see Rock.
vascular plants - organisms that have specialized tissues for conducting water, minerals, and photosynthetic
products through the plant. Vascular plants include the ferns, clubmosses, horsetails, flowering plants, trees, and
shrubs.
vertical - refers to a substrate (keys will specify either rock or mineral) that must be a minimum of 3 m tall and
must have a slope > 60 degrees (173%).
very moist (v) - moisture modifier referring to mineral material with a moisture regime of 6.
vegetation cover class - vegetation modifier that describes and identifies the absolute vegetation cover of trees,
shrubs, not woody, not vascular and not vegetated site conditions. This optional modifier is used within the
ecosite coding string to better envision the structure and productivity of the site. To determine which of these
modifiers is the most appropriate to apply, use the Key to vegetation cover found in Chapter 2 Ecosites of
Ontario.
vegetation cover - vegetation cover is a roll-up of one or more Vegetative Cover Classes that are used to
determine the minimum acceptable ecosite code and to relate that ecosite back to a factsheet which describes
the expected variation of that ecosite across a geographic range.
vegetation type (v-type) - a Provincially harmonized system for the general classification of vegetation in Ontario
forming the basic units for ecological classification. Based on species composition and vegetation cover.
vernal (ephemeral) pool - shallow, temporary body of water (one that becomes dry by spring or early summer)
that occupies a depression.
very shallow (VS) - mineral depth class with the depth of unconsolidated mineral material > 5 cm to 15 cm over
rock or bedrock.
wet (w) - moisture modifier referring to organic material with a moisture regime of 7, 8 or 9.
xeric (x) - moisture modifier reserved for non-standard moisture situations not covered by historic moisture
regime classifications. This condition typically occurs on upper slope positions, steep slopes and exposed rock
outcrops. Vegetation is typically restricted to lichen and bryophytes. Vascular or treed vegetation may
occasionally be present in the sparse condition and is generally restricted to cracks and crevices. One or more of
the following criteria must be met to be classified as xeric:
Not in close proximity to modifying influence of water
Aspect is a south to west facing slope
<25% direct shading
Organic substrates are folic (derived from upland species)
No evidence of seepage, ponding or pooling

ELC Life Forms Trees
Genus Species Variety Common Name Code Abbrev

Abies balsamea Balsam Fir WABIBAL Bf
Acer campestre Hedge Maple WACECAM
Acer nigrum Black Maple WACESAN Mb
Acer platanoides Norway Maple WACEPLA Mn
Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore Maple WACEPSE
Acer rubrum Red Maple WACERUB Mr
Acer saccharinum Silver Maple WACESCR Ms
Acer saccharum var. saccharum Sugar Maple WACESAS Mh
Acer spp. Maple Species WACESPP Mx
Acer X freemanii Freeman's Maple WACEFRE Mf
Aesculus glabra var. glabra Ohio Buckeye WAESGLG
Aesculus hippocastanum Horse Chestnut WAESHIP Hc
Aesculus spp. Buckeye Spp. WAESSPP
Ailanthus altissima Tree-of-heaven WAILALT
Alnus glutinosa Black Alder WALNGLU
Amelanchier arborea Downy Serviceberry WAMEARB
Amelanchier laevis Smooth Juneberry WAMELAE
Amelanchier spp. Serviceberry Spp WAMESPP
Asimina triloba Pawpaw WASITRI Pa
Betula alleghaniensis Yellow Birch WBETALL By
Betula lenta Cherry Birch WBETLEN Bc
Betula occidentalis Water Birch WBETOCC
Betula papyrifera White Birch WBETPAP Bw
Betula pendula European Weeping Birch WBETPEN Bp
Betula populifolia Gray Birch WBETPOP Bg
Betula spp. Birch Spp. WBETSPP Bx
Betula X neoborealis Hybrid Birch WBETNEO
Caragana arborescens Caragana WCARARB
Carpinus caroliniana var. virginiana Blue Beech WCARCAV Bb
Carya cordiformis Bitternut hickory WCARCOR Hb
Carya glabra Pignut Hickory WCARGLA Hp
Carya laciniosa Big Shellbark Hickory WCARLAC Hl
Carya ovata var. ovata Shagbark Hickory WCAROVO Hs
Carya spp. Hickory Spp. WCARSPP
Carya X laneyi Laney's Hickory WCARLAN
Castanea dentata American Chestnut WCASDEN Cd
Catalpa bignonioides Common Catalpa WCATBIG
Catalpa ovata Chinese Catalpa WCATOVA
Catalpa speciosa Northern Catalpa WCATSPE Cat
Catalpa X erubescens Hybrid Catalpa WCATHYB
Celtis occidentalis Hackberry WCELOCC Hk
Celtis spp. Hackberry Spp. WCELSPP
Celtis tenuifolia Dwarf Hackberry WCELTEN
Cercis canadensis var. canadensis Canadian Redbud WCERCAN Red
Cladrastis kentukea Kentucky Yellowwood WCLAKEN
Cornus florida Flowering Dogwood WCORFLO
Cotinus coggygria Smoke-tree WCOTCOG
Crataegus coccinea var. coccinea Pedicelled Hawthorn WCRAPED
Crataegus coccinea var. pringlei Pringle's Hawthorn WCRAPRI
Crataegus coccinioides Widened Hawthorn WCRADIL
Crataegus crus-galli var. crus-galli Cockspur Thorn WCRACRU
Crataegus douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn WCRADOU
Crataegus kingstonensis Kingston Hawthorn WCRAKIN
Crataegus nitidula Shiny Hawthorn WCRANIT
Crataegus punctata var. punctata Large-fruited Thorn WCRAPUN
Crataegus spp. Hawthorn Spp. WCRASPP Ht
Crataegus submollis Emerson's Thorn WCRASBM
Crataegus suborbiculata Caughuawaga Thorn WCRASUB
Crataegus succulenta var. succulenta Long-spined Thorn WCRASUC
Elaeagnus umbellata Russian Olive WELAUMB
Fagus grandifolia American Beech WFAGGRA Be
Fagus sylvatica European Beech WFAGSYL
Fraxinus americana White Ash WFRAAME Aw
Fraxinus excelsior European Ash WFRAEXC
Fraxinus nigra Black Ash WFRANIG Ab
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green Ash WFRAPEN Ag
Fraxinus profunda Pumpkin Ash WFRAPRO Ap
Fraxinus quadrangulata Blue Ash WFRAQUA Aq
Fraxinus spp. Ash Spp. WFRASPP Ax
27/4/2009 Chapter 5 Life Forms (draft) 1
Ginkgo biloba Ginkgo WGINBIL
Gleditsia triacanthos Honey Locust WGLETRI Gt
Gymnocladus dioicus Kentucky Coffee-tree WGYMDIO Kk
Juglans cinerea Butternut WJUGCIN Bn
Juglans nigra Black Walnut WJUGNIG Wb
Juglans regia Persian Walnut WJUGREG
Juglans spp. Walnut Spp. WJUGSPP
Juniperus communis Common Juniper WJUNCOM
Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana Eastern Red Cedar WJUNVIV Cr
Larix decidua European Larch WLARDEC Le
Larix kaempferi Japanese Larch WLARLEP Lj
Larix laricina Tamarack WLARLAR La
Liquidambar styraciflua Sweet Gum WLIQSTY
Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip Tree WLIRTUL Tp
Maclura pomifera Osage-orange WMACPOM
Magnolia acuminata Cucumber Magnolia WMAGACU Ct
Magnolia X soulangeana Saucer Magnolia WMAGSOU
Malus baccata Siberian Crabapple WMALBAC
Malus coronaria Wild Crabapple WMALCOR
Malus pumila Common Crabapple WMALPUM
Morus alba White Mulberry WMORALB
Morus rubra Red Mulberry WMORRUB Mo
Morus spp. Mulberry Spp. WMORSPP
Nyssa sylvatica Black Gum WNYSSYL Gb
Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana Ironwood WOSTVIR Iw
Philadelphus coronarius Garden Syringa WPHICOR
Picea abies Norway Spruce WPICABI Sn
Picea glauca White Spruce WPICGLA Sw
Picea mariana Black Spruce WPICMAR Sb
Picea pungens Colorado Spruce WPICPUN
Picea rubens Red Spruce WPICRUB Sr
Picea spp. Spruce Spp. WPICSPP Sx
Pinus banksiana Jack Pine WPINBAN Pj
Pinus cembra Swiss Stone Pine WPINCEM
Pinus mugo Mugo Pine WPINMUG
Pinus nigra Austrian Pine WPINNIG Pn
Pinus resinosa Red Pine WPINRES Pr
Pinus rigida Pitch Pine WPINRIG Pp
Pinus spp. Pine Spp. WPINSPP Px
Pinus strobus Eastern White Pine WPINSTR Pw
Pinus sylvestris Scotch Pine WPINSYL Ps
Pinus virginiana Scrub Pine WPINVIR
Platanus hybrida London Plane-tree WPLAACE
Platanus occidentalis Sycamore WPLAOCC Sy
Populus alba White Poplar WPOPALB Pe
Populus balsamifera Balsam Poplar WPOPBAB Pb
Populus deltoides ssp. deltoides Eastern Cottonwood WPOPDED Pd
Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera Cottonwood WPOPDEM
Populus grandidentata Large-tooth Aspen WPOPGRA Pl
Populus nigra var. italica Lombardy Poplar WPOPNIG
Populus spp. Poplar Spp. WPOPSPP Po
Populus tremuloides Trembling Aspen WPOPTRE Pt
Populus X berolinensis Hybrid Poplar WPOPBER Ph
Populus X canadensis Carolina Poplar WPOPCAD Pc
Populus X canescens Gray Poplar WPOPCAS
Populus X heimburgeri Heimburger's Aspen WPOPHEI
Populus X jackii Jack's Aspen WPOPJAC
Populus X rouleauiana Rouleau's Aspen WPOPROU
Populus X smithii Smith's Aspen WPOPSMI
Prunus avium Sweet Cherry WPRUAVI Cm
Prunus cerasifera Cherry Plum WPRUCER
Prunus cerasus Sour Cherry WPRUCEU Cs
Prunus nigra Canada Plum WPRUNIG
Prunus pensylvanica Pin Cherry WPRUPEN Cp
Prunus persica Common Peach WPRUPER
Prunus serotina ssp. serotina Black Cherry WPRUSER Cb
Prunus spp. Cherry Spp. WPRUSPP Ch
Ptelea trifoliata Common Hop-tree WPTETRI
Pyrus communis Common Pear WPYRCOM
Quercus alba White Oak WQUEALB Ow
Quercus bicolor Swamp White Oak WQUEBIC Osw
2 Chapter 5 Life Forms (draft) 27/04/2009
Quercus ellipsoidalis Northern Pin Oak WQUEELL
Quercus ilicifolia Bear Oak WQUEILI
Quercus macrocarpa Bur Oak WQUEMAC Ob
Quercus muehlenbergii Chinquapin Oak WQUEMUE Och
Quercus palustris Pin Oak WQUEPAL Op
Quercus prinoides Dwarf Chinquapin Oak WQUEPRI
Quercus robur English Oak WQUEROB
Quercus rubra Red Oak WQUERUB Or
Quercus shumardii Shumard Oak WQUESHU Os
Quercus spp. Oak Spp. WQUESPP Ox
Quercus velutina Black Oak WQUEVEL Obl
Quercus X bebbiana Bebb's Oak WQUEBEB
Quercus X deamii Deam's Oak WQUEDEA
Quercus X hawkinsiae Hawkins' Oak WQUEHAW
Quercus X jackiana Jack's Oak WQUEJAC
Quercus X palaeolithicola Palaeozoic Rock Oak WQUEPAT
Quercus X schuettei Schuett's Oak WQUESCH
Robinia hispida Bristly Locust WROBHIS
Robinia pseudoacacia Black Locust WROBPSE Lb
Robinia spp. Locust Spp. WROBSPP
Robinia viscosa Clammy Locust WROBVIS
Salix alba White Willow WSALALB
Salix amygdaloides Peach-leaved Willow WSALAMY
Salix atrocinerea Willow WSALATR
Salix fragilis Brittle Willow WSALFRA
Salix lutea Yellow Willow WSALLUT
Salix maccalliana McCalla's Willow WSALMAC
Salix nigra Black Willow WSALNIG
Salix pentandra Bay-leaved Willow WSALPEN
Salix spp. Willow Spp. WSALSPP Wi
Salix viminalis Basket Willow WSALVIM
Sassafras albidum Sassafras WSASALB Ss
Sorbus americana American Mountain-ash WSORAME
Sorbus aucuparia European Mountain-ash WSORAUC Ema
Sorbus decora Showy Mountain-ash WSORDEC
Sorbus spp. Mountain-ash Spp. WSORSPP Am
Thuja occidentalis Eastern White Cedar WTHUOCC Cw
Tilia americana American Basswood WTILAME Bd
Tilia cordata Small Leaf Linden WTILCOR Ll
Tilia heterophylla White Basswood WTILHET
Tilia platyphyllos Large-leaved Lime WTILPLA Bl
Tilia tomentosa Silver Linden WTILTOM
Tilia X euchlora Crimean Lime WTILEUC
Tilia X vulgaris Common Lime WTILVUL
Tsuga canadensis Eastern Hemlock WTSUCAN He
Ulmus americana American Elm WULMAME Ew
Ulmus glabra Scotch Elm WULMGLA
Ulmus minor English Elm WULMMIN
Ulmus procera English Elm WULMPRO
Ulmus pumila Siberian Elm WULMPUM
Ulmus rubra Slippery Elm WULMRUB Er
Ulmus spp. Elm Spp. WULMSPP
Ulmus thomasii Rock Elm WULMTHO Eu

ELC Life Forms Shrubs

Acer ginnala Amur Maple WACEGIN
Acer japonicum Japanese Maple WACEJAP
Acer negundo Manitoba Maple WACENEG Mm
Acer palmatum Japanese Maple WACEPAL
Acer pensylvanicum Striped Maple WACEPEN Mp
Acer spicatum Mountain Maple WACESPI Mt
Acer spp. Maple Spp. WACESPP
Alnus incana spp. rugosa Speckled Alder WALNINR
Alnus spp. Alder Spp. WALNSPP Al
Alnus viridis spp. crispa Green Alder WALNVIC
Amelanchier alnifolia var. alnifolia Saskatoon Berry WAMEALN
Amelanchier amabilis Large-flowered Juneberry WAMEAMA
Amelanchier bartramiana Bartram's Juneberry WAMEBAR
Amelanchier humilis Running Serviceberry WAMESTO
Amelanchier interior Wiegand's Serviceberry WAMEWIE
Amelanchier intermedia Swamp Juneberry WAMEITM
Amelanchier sanguinea Round-leaved Serviceberry WAMESAN
Amelanchier spicata Low Juneberry WAMESPI
Amelanchier spp. Serviceberry Spp. WAMESPP
Amelanchier X neglecta Hybrid Juneberry WAMENEG
Amelanchier X quinti-martii Hybrid Juneberry WAMEQUI
Amorpha canescens Lead-plant WAMOCAN
Amorpha fruticosa Shrubby False-indigo WAMOFRU
Andromeda polifolia var. glaucophylla Bog Rosemary WANDPOG
Andromeda polifolia var. polifolia Wild Rosemary WANDPOP
Andromeda X jamesiana James' Rosemary WANDJAM
Arceuthobium americanum Pine Mistletoe WARCAME
Arceuthobium pusillum Dwarf Mistletoe WARCPUS
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Common Bearberry WARCUVA
Arctous alpina Alpine Bearberry WARCALP
Arctous rubra Red Bearberry WARCRUB
Aronia melanocarpa Black chokeberry WAROMEL
Berberis aquifolium Mountain Grape WBERAQU
Berberis repens Trailing Mahonia WBERREP
Berberis spp. Barberry Spp. WBERSPP
Berberis thunbergii Japanese Barberry WBERTHU
Berberis vulgaris Common Barberry WBERVUL
Berberis X ottawensis Hybrid Barberry WBEROTT
Betula glandulosa Dwarf Birch WBETGLA
Betula minor Dwarf White Birch WBETMIN
Betula neoalaskana Alaska Paper Birch WBETNEA
Betula pubescens ssp. pubescens Downy Birch WBETPUP
Betula pumila var. pumila Dwarf Birch WBETPUM
Betula spp. Betula Spp. WBETSPP
Betula X purpusii Purpus' Birch WBETPUR
Betula X sandbergii Sandberg's Birch WBETSAN
Betula X sargentii Sargent's Birch WBETSAR
Campsis radicans Trumpet Creeper WCAMRAD
Caragana frutex Russian Pea Shrub WCARFRU
Ceanothus americanus New Jersey Tea WCEAAME
Ceanothus herbaceus Narrow-leaved New Jersey Tea WCEAHER
Ceanothus spp. New Jersey Tea Spp. WCEASPP
Celastrus orbiculatus Oriental Bittersweet WCELORB
Celastrus scandens Climbing Bittersweet WCELSCA
Cephalanthus occidentalis Eastern Buttonbush WCEPOCC
Chamaedaphne calyculata Leatherleaf WCHACAL
Chimaphila maculata Spotted Wintergreen WCHIMAM
Chimaphila umbellata ssp. umbellata Prince's-pine WCHIUMC
Clematis campaniflora Clematis WCLECAM
Clematis integrifolia Clematis WCLEINT
Clematis occidentalis var. occidentalis Purple Clematis WCLEOCO
Clematis orientalis Western Clematis WCLEORI
Clematis recta Upright Clematis WCLEREC
Clematis terniflora Sweet Autumn Clematis WCLETER
Clematis viorna Leather-flower WCLEVIO
Clematis virginiana Virgin's-bower WCLEVIR
Clematis vitalba Traveler's Joy WCLEVIL
Clematis viticella Italian Clematis WCLEVIT
Clematis spp. Clematis Spp. WCLESPP
Comptonia peregrina Sweetfern WCOMPER
Cornus alternifolia Alternate-leaved Dogwood WCORALT
Cornus amomum ssp. obliqua Silky Dogwood WCOROBL
Cornus drummondii Rough-leaved Dogwood WCORDRU
Cornus foemina ssp. racemosa Red Panicled Dogwood WCORFOR
Cornus rugosa Round-leaved Dogwood WCORRUG
Cornus stolonifera Red-osier Dogwood WCORSTO
Cornus X slavinii Slavin's Dogwood WCORSLA
Cornus spp. Dogwood Spp. WCORSPP
Corylus americana American Hazel WCORAME
Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta Beaked Hazelnut WCORCOC
Cotoneaster horizontalis Ornamental Thorn WCOTHOR
Cotoneaster lucidus Peking Thorn WCOTACU
Crataegus ater Ater Thorn WCRAATE
Crataegus beata Dunbar's Hawthorn WCRABEA
Crataegus brainerdii Brainerd's Hawthorn WCRABRA
Crataegus calpodendron Pear-thorn WCRACAL
Crataegus chrysocarpa var. aboriginum Round-leaved Hawthorn WCRACHR
Crataegus coccinea var. fulleriana Fuller's Hawthorn WCRAFUL
Crataegus cognata Beautiful Hawthorn WCRAFOR
Crataegus compacta Compact Hawthorn WCRACOC
Crataegus corusca Gleaming Hawthorn WCRACOR
Crataegus dodgei var. dodgei Dodge's Hawthorn WCRADOD
Crataegus flabellata Fan-leaved Thorn WCRAFLA
Crataegus florifera Woodland Hawthorn WCRASYL
Crataegus fluviatilis Pear-shaped Hawthorn WCRAAPI
Crataegus grandis Large Hawthorn WCRAGRA
Crataegus holmesiana Holmes Hawthorn WCRAHOL
Crataegus intricata Lange's Thorn WCRAINT
Crataegus irrasa Blanchard's Thorn WCRAIRR
Crataegus macracantha var. macracantha Long-spined Thorn WCRAMAC
Crataegus macrosperma Variable Thorn WCRAMCS
Crataegus margaretta Brown's Thorn WCRAMAR
Crataegus mollis var. mollis Downy Thorn WCRAMOL
Crataegus monogyna English Hawthorn WCRAMON
Crataegus perjucunda Hawthorn WCRAPRJ
Crataegus persimilis Bush's Thorn WCRAPER
Crataegus populnea Adorned Hawthorn WRCACOM
Crataegus prona Heavily-laden Hawthorn WCRAGRV
Crataegus pruinosa var. dissona Hawthorn WCRADIN
Crataegus pruinosa var. pruinosa Waxy-fruited Thorn WCRAPRU
Crataegus schuettei var. schuettei Schuette's Hawthorn WCRASCH
Crataegus tenax Tenacious Hawthorn WCRATEN
Crataegus spp. Hawthorn Spp. WCRASPP Ht
Cydonia oblonga Quince WCYDOBL
Dalibarda repens Dewdrop WDALREP
Daphne mezereum Mezer's Daphne WDAPMEZ
Diervilla lonicera Bush Honeysuckle WDIELON
Dirca palustris Leatherwood WDIRPAL
Dryas drummondii var. drummondii Drummond's Mountain Avens WDRYDRD
Dryas integrifolia ssp. integrifolia Entire-leaved Mountain Avens WDRYINI
Elaeagnus angustifolia Russian Olive WELAANG
Elaeagnus commutata Silverberry WELACOM
Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum Black Crowberry WEMPNIH
Epigaea repens Trailing Arbutus WEPIREP
Euonymus alatus Winged Burning Bush WEUOALA
Euonymus atropurpureus var. atropurpureus Burning Bush WEUOATA
Euonymus europaeus European Euonymus WEUOEUR
Euonymus fortunei Winter Creeper WEUOFOR
Euonymus obovatus Running Strawberry-bush WEUOOBO
Euonymus spp. Euonymus Spp. WEUOSPP
Forsythia viridissima Forsynthia WFORVIR
Frangula alnus Glossy Buckthorn WRHAFRA
Gaultheria hispidula Creeping Snowberry WGAUHIS
Gaultheria procumbens Wintergreen WGAUPRO
Gaylussacia baccata Black Huckleberry WGAYBAC
Hamamelis virginiana Witch-hazel WHAMVIR Haz
Hudsonia tomentosa False Heather WHUDTOM
Ilex aquifolium English Holly WILEAQU
Ilex mucronata Mountain-holly WNEMMUC
Ilex verticillata Winterberry WILEVER
Juniperus horizontalis Creeping Juniper WJUNHOR
Juniperus sabina Savin Juniper WJUNSAB
Kalmia angustifolia var. angustifolia Sheep Laurel WKALANG
Kalmia microphylla Laurel WKALMIC
Kalmia polifolia Bog Laurel WKALPOL
Kerria japonica Japanese Rose WKERJAP
Lespedeza cuneata Chinese Bush-clover WLESCUN
Lespedeza thunbergii Thunberg's Bush-clover WLESTHU
Lespedeza X nuttallii Hybrid Bush-clover WLESNUT
Ligustrum ovalifolium Oval-leaved Privet WLIGOVA
Ligustrum vulgare Common Privet WLIGVUL
Lindera benzoin Spicebush WLINBEN
Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora Twinflower WLINBOL
Lonicera canadensis Fly Honeysuckle WLONCAN
Lonicera caprifolium Goat-leaf Honeysuckle WLONCAP
Lonicera chrysantha Ornamental Honeysuckle WLONCHR
Lonicera dioica var. dioica Glaucous Honeysuckle WLONDIO
Lonicera dioica var. glaucescens Douglas Honeysuckle WLONGLA
Lonicera emphyllocalyx Blue-fly Honeysuckle WLONEMP
Lonicera hirsuta Hairy Honeysuckle WLONHIR
Lonicera involucrata var. involucrata Bracted Honeysuckle WLONINV
Lonicera japonica Japanese Honeysuckle WLONJAP
Lonicera maackii Amur Honeysuckle WLONMAA
Lonicera morrowii Morrow's Honeysuckle WLONMOR
Lonicera oblongifolia Swamp Fly Honeysuckle WLONOBL
Lonicera periclymenum Woodbine Honeysuckle WLONPER
Lonicera sempervirens var. sempervirens Trumpet Honeysuckle WLONSEM
Lonicera tatarica Tartarian Honeysuckle WLONTAR
Lonicera villosa Mountain Fly Honeysuckle WLONVIL
Lonicera xylosteum European Fly Honeysuckle WLONXYL
Lonicera X bella Bell's Honeysuckle WLONBEL
Lonicera spp. Honeysuckle Spp, WLONSPP
Lycium barbarum Matrimony-vine WLYCBAR
Lycium chinense Chinese Matrimony-vine WLYCCHI
Mitchella repens Creeping Partridge-berry WMITREP
Morella pensylvanica Bayberry WMYRPEN
Myrica gale Sweet Gale WMYRGAL
Oplopanax horridus Devil's-club WOPLHOR
Parthenocissus inserta Inserted Virginia-creeper WPARINS
Parthenocissus quinquefolia Five-leaved Virginia-creeper WPARQUI
Parthenocissus tricuspidata Virginia-creeper WPARTRI
Philadelphus inodorus Scentless Mock-orange WPHIINO
Philadelphus pubescens Hairy Mock-orange WPHIPUB
Phyllodoce caerulea Purple Mountain-heather WPHYCAE
Physocarpus opulifolius Ninebark WPHYOPU
Prunus americana American Plum WPRUAME
Prunus domestica ssp. domestica Damson Plum WPRUDOD
Prunus glandulosa Ornamental Cherry WPRUGLA
Prunus mahaleb Mahaleb Cherry WPRUMAH
Prunus padus European Bird Cherry WPRUPAD
Prunus pumila var. besseyi Sand Cherry WPRUPUB
Prunus pumila var. pumila Sand Cherry WPRUPUP
Prunus spinosa Black Thorn WPRUSPI
Prunus tomentosa Manchu Cherry WPRUTOM
Prunus virginiana var. virginiana Choke Cherry WPRUVIV Cc
Prunus spp. Cherry Spp. WPRUSPP
Rhamnus alnifolia Alder-leaved Buckthorn WRHAALN
Rhamnus cathartica Common Buckthorn WRHACAT
Rhododendron canadense Canadian Rhododendron WRHOCAN
Rhododendron groenlandicum Labrador-tea WLEDGRO
Rhododendron lapponicum Lapland Rosebay WRHOLAP
Rhododendron tomentosum Narrow-leaved Labrador-tea WLEDDEC
Rhus aromatica var. aromatica Fragrant Sumac WRHUARO
Rhus copallina var. latifolia Shining Sumac WRHUCOL
Rhus glabra Smooth Sumac WRHUGLA
Rhus hirta Staghorn Sumac WRHUTYP
Rhus X pulvinata Hybrid Sumac WRHUPUL
Rhus spp. Sumac Spp. WRHUSPP
Ribes americanum Wild Black Currant WRIBAME
Ribes aureum var. villosum Golden Currant WRIBODO
Ribes aureum var. aureum Golden Currant WRIBAUR
Ribes cynosbati Prickly Gooseberry WRIBCYN
Ribes glandulosum Skunk Currant WRIBGLA
Ribes hirtellum Smooth Gooseberry WRIBHIR
Ribes hudsonianum var. hudsonianum Northern Wild Black Currant WRIBHUD
Ribes lacustre Swamp Black Currant WRIBLAC
Ribes missouriense Missouri Gooseberry WRIBMIS
Ribes nigrum Garden Black Currant WRIBNIG
Ribes oxyacanthoides ssp. oxyacanthoides Bristly Wild Gooseberry WRIBOXO
Ribes oxyacanthoides ssp. setosum Rock Gooseberry WRIBSET
Ribes rubrum Red Currant WRIBRUB
Ribes triste Wild Red Currant WRIBTRI
Ribes uva-crispa var. sativum European Currant WRIBUVA
Ribes spp. Currant Spp. WRIBSPP
Rosa acicularis ssp. sayi Prickly Rose WROSACS
Rosa arkansana Arkansas Rose WROSARK
Rosa blanda Smooth Rose WROSBLA
Rosa canina Dog Rose WROSCAN
Rosa carolina Pasture Rose WROSCAR
Rosa cinnamomea Cinnamon Rose WROSMAJ
Rosa hugonis Hugo's Rose WROSHUG
Rosa micrantha Small-flowered Rose WROSMIC
Rosa multiflora Multiflora Rose WROSMUL
Rosa nitida Northeastern Rose WROSNIT
Rosa palustris Swamp Rose WROSPAL
Rosa rubiginosa Eglantine WROSRUB
Rosa rugosa Wrinkled Rose WROSRUG
Rosa setigera Prairie Rose WROSSET
Rosa spinosissima Scotch Rose WROSPIM
Rosa virginiana Low Rose WROSVIR
Rosa woodsii var. woodsii Woods' Rose WROSWOO
Rosa X centifolia Cabbage Rose WROSCEN
Rosa spp. Rose Spp. WROSSPP
Rubus allegheniensis Common Blackberry WRUBALL
Rubus armeniacus Himalaya-berry WRUBPRO
Rubus caesius European Dewberry WRUBCAE
Rubus canadensis Smooth Blackberry WRUBCAN
Rubus flagellaris Prickly Raspberry WRUBFLA
Rubus frondosus Leafy Raspberry WRUBFRO
Rubus hispidus Trailing Blackberry WRUBHIS
Rubus idaeus ssp. idaeus Red Raspberry WRUBIDI
Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus Wild Red Raspberry WRUBIDM
Rubus occidentalis Black Raspberry WRUBOCC
Rubus odoratus Purple Flowering Raspberry WRUBODO
Rubus parviflorus var. parviflorus Sparse-flowered Thimbleberry WRUBPAR
Rubus pensilvanicus Pennsylvania Raspberry WRUBPEN
Rubus setosus Bristly Raspberry WRUBSET
Rubus X paracaulis Hybrid Raspberry WRUBPAC
Salix arbusculoides Arbuscus Willow WSALARB
Salix arctica Arctic Willow WSALARC
Salix arctophila Labrador Willow WSALARP
Salix ballii Ball's Willow WSALBAL
Salix bebbiana Bebb's Willow WSALBEB
Salix brachycarpa var. brachycarpa Canada Willow WSALBRB
Salix calcicola var. calcicola Limestone Willow WSALLAC
Salix candida Sage-leaved Willow WSALCAN
Salix caprea Goat Willow WSALCAP
Salix cinerea Ashy Willow WSALCIC
Salix cordata Heart-leaf Willow WSALCOR
Salix daphnoides Daphne's Willow WSALDAP
Salix discolor Pussy Willow WSALDIS
Salix eriocephala Missouri Willow WSALERI
Salix glauca ssp. callicarpaea Northern Willow WSALGLC
Salix humilis var. humilis Upland Willow WSALHUM
Salix interior Sandbar Willow WSALEXI
Salix lucida Shining Willow WSALLUC
Salix myricoides Blue-leaved Willow WSALMYR
Salix myrsinifolia Myrica-leaved Willow WSALMYS
Salix myrtillifolia Myrtle-leaved Willow WSALMYT
Salix pedicellaris Bog Willow WSALPED
Salix pellita Satiny Willow WSALPEL
Salix petiolaris Slender Willow WSALPET
Salix planifolia Flat-leaved Willow WSALPLA
Salix pseudomonticola False Mountain Willow WSALPSE
Salix purpurea Purple Osier Willow WSALPUR
Salix pyrifolia Balsam Willow WSALPYR
Salix reticulata Net-veined Willow WSALRER
Salix scouleriana Scouler's Willow WSALSCO
Salix serissima Autumn Willow WSALSER
Salix spp. Willow Spp. WSALSPP Wi
Salix vestita Hairy Willow WSALVES
Salix X beschelii Beshel's Willow WSALBES
Salix X jamesensis James' Willow WSALJAM
Salix X jesupii Jesup's Willow WSALJES
Salix X pendulina Hybrid Willow WSALPND
Salix X rubens Reddish Willow WSALRUB
Salix X sepulcralis Hybrid Willow WSALSEP
Sambucus canadensis Common Elderberry WSAMCAN
Sambucus nigra European Elderberry WSAMNIG
Sambucus racemosa ssp. pubens Red-berried Elderberry WSAMRAP
Sambucus spp. Elderberry Spp. WSAMSPP
Sesbania macrocarpa Long-podded Sesban WSESMAC
Shepherdia canadensis Canada Soapberry WSHECAN
Sorbaria sorbifolia False Spiraea WSORSOR
Spiraea alba var. alba Narrow-leaved Meadow-sweet WSPIALB
Spiraea chamaedryfolia Meadow-sweet WSPICHA
Spiraea corymbosa Corymbose Meadow-sweet WSPICOR
Spiraea japonica Japanese Meadow-sweet WSPIJAP
Spiraea prunifolia Plum-leaved Spiraea WSPIPRU
Spiraea salicifolia Willow-leaved Meadow-sweet WSPISAL
Spiraea spp. Spiraea Spp. WSPISPP
Spiraea thunbergii Thunberg's Meadow-sweet WSPITHU
Spiraea tomentosa Tomentose Meadow-sweet WSPITOM
Spiraea X vanhouttei Vanhoutt's Meadow-sweet WSPIVAN
Staphylea trifolia Bladder-nut WSTATRI
Symphoricarpos albus var. albus Snowberry WSYMALB
Symphoricarpos occidentalis Wolfberry WSYMOCC
Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Round Snowberry WSYMORB
Syringa vulgaris Common Lilac WSYRVUL
Taxus canadensis Ground Hemlock WTAXCAN
Toxicodendron radicans var. rydbergii Western Poison-ivy WRHURYD
Toxicodendron radicans ssp. negundo Poison-ivy WRHURAN
Toxicodendron vernix Poison Sumac WRHUVER
Ulmus parvifolia Lacebark Elm WULMPAR
Vaccinium angustifolium Low Sweet Blueberry WVACANG
Vaccinium cespitosum Dwarf Bilberry WVACCAE
Vaccinium corymbosum Highbush Blueberry WVACCOR
Vaccinium macrocarpon Large Cranberry WVACMAC
Vaccinium membranaceum Mountain Huckleberry WVACMEM
Vaccinium myrtilloides Velvet-leaf Blueberry WVACMYR
Vaccinium ovalifolium Oval-leaved Bilbery WVACOVA
Vaccinium oxycoccos Small Cranberry WVACOXY
Vaccinium pallidum Dryland Blueberry WVACPAL
Vaccinium stamineum Deerberry WVACSTA
Vaccinium uliginosum Bog Blueberry WVACULP
Vaccinium vitis-idaea Rock Cranberry WVACVIM
Vaccinium spp. Blueberry Spp. WVACSPP
Viburnum acerifolium Maple-leaved Viburnum WVIBACE
Viburnum edule Lowbush Cranberry WVIBEDU
Viburnum lantana Wayfaring Tree WVIBLAN
Viburnum lantanoides Hobblebush WVIBLAO
Viburnum lentago Nannyberry WVIBLEN
Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides Northern Wild Raisin WVIBCAS
Viburnum opulus ssp. opulus Guelder Rose WVIBOPU
Viburnum opulus var. americanum High Bush Cranberry WVIBTRI
Viburnum rafinesquianum Downy Arrow-wood WVIBRAF
Viburnum recognitum Southern Arrow-wood WVIBREC
Viburnum spp. Viburnum Spp. WVIBSPP
Vitis aestivalis Summer Grape WVITAES
Vitis labrusca Fox Grape WVITLAB
Vitis riparia Riverbank Grape WVITRIP
Vitis vulpina Frost Grape WVITVUL
Vitis spp. Grape Spp. WVITSPP
Zanthoxylum americanum Prickly-ash WZANAME

Recommended Readings
Here is a short list of some useful support references.
There are many botanical and substrate references. This is not intended as a definitive list of all possible
technical materials but rather a practical list that will aid in immediate application of the ecosystem classification
for most areas of Ontario.
These publications are readily available and are meant to support field data collection and field identification of
ecosite, vegetation and substrate conditions.
For Plant Identification
Chambers, B., K. Legasy, and C.V. Bentley. 1996. Forest Plants of Central Ontario. Central Region Science &
Technology and Lone Pine Publishing. Edmonton, AB.
Cobb, B., E. Farnsworth, and C. Lowe. 2005. A Field Guide to Ferns of Northeastern and Central North
America. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, NY.
Cody, W.J., and D.M. Britton. 1989. Ferns and Fern Allies of Canada. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.
Publication 1829/E. Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Supply and Services, Ottawa, ON.
Farrar, J.L. 1995. Trees in Canada. Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited, Markham, ON and the Canadian Forest
Service, Ottawa, ON.
Johnson, D., L. Kershaw, A. MacKinnon, and J. Pojar. 1995. Plants of the Western Boreal Forest and Aspen
Parkland. Lone Pine Publishing. Edmonton, AB.
Legasy, K., S. Labelle-Beadman, and B. Chambers. 1995. Forest Plants of Northeastern Ontario. Lone Pine
Publishing. Edmonton, AB.
Newcomb, L. 1977. Wildflower Guide. Little, Brown and Company. New York, NY.
Newmaster, S., A.G.Harris, and L. Kershaw. 1997. Wetland Plants of Ontario. Lone Pine Publishing.
Edmonton, AB.
Sims, R.A. and K.A. Baldwin. 1996. Sphagnum species in northwestern Ontario: A field guide to their
identification. Nat. Resour. Can., Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste.
Marie, ON. NODA/NFP Tech. Rep. TR-30. NWST Tech. Rep. TR-101.
Soper, J.H. and M.L. Heimburger. 1982. Shrubs of Ontario. Royal Ontario Museum, Publ. in Life Sci., Toronto,
ON.
Recommendations for more advanced taxonomic references for specialized groups of plants or specific
geographic areas are available from members of the ELC Working group.
For More Detailed Information on Substrate Classification
Soil Classification Working Group. 1998. The Canadian System of Soil Classification. 3rd Edition. Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada Publication 1646 (Revised). NRC Research Press, Ottawa, ON. Available online
at: http://sis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/references/1998sc_a.html
27/04/2009 Chapter 6 Recommended Reading (draft) 1

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Table of Contents

Chapter 2 Ecosites of Ontario

Chapter 3 Field Guide to the Substrates of Ontario

Chapter 5 ELC Life Forms

Chapter 6 Recommended Reading

Please submit any comments to:

Peter Uhlig, Provincial Ecologist

Ecological Land Classification Working Group

ii Chapter 2 - Ecosites of Ontario (draft) 01/05/2009

List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................................... iv

01/05/2009 Chapter 2 - Ecosites of Ontario (draft) iii

iv Chapter 2 - Ecosites of Ontario (draft) 01/05/2009

01/05/2009 Chapter 2 - Ecosites of Ontario (draft) v

1.1 Ecosite Development Drivers

01/05/2009 Chapter 2 - Ecosites of Ontario (draft) 1

3. Standardization and Consistency

2 Ecosite Definition and Background

2.1 Ecosite Definition

2.2 Ecosite Development

2 Chapter 2 - Ecosites of Ontario (draft) 01/05/2009

2.3 Desirable Attributes Achieved Through Design

01/05/2009 Chapter 2 - Ecosites of Ontario (draft) 3

4 Chapter 2 - Ecosites of Ontario (draft) 01/05/2009

3.1 Hierarchy of Influence

Figure 3. Hierarchy of influence.

3.2 General process to classify an Ecosite

01/05/2009 Chapter 2 - Ecosites of Ontario (draft) 5

4. Repeat step 3 until an ecosite number is determined.

3.3 Ecosite Coding Structure

Minimum Required Ecosite Code

Geographic Range Ecosite Number Vegetation Cover Modifier

Example: G053Tt (Dry to Fresh, Coarse: Conifer)

Geographic Range Ecoregion / Ecodistrict (Refer to Figure 2)

GLSL Overlap on Southern 6E-9, 6E-10, 6E-11, 6E-12, 6E-16, 6E-17

Table 2. Codes and description of vegetation cover.

X Not Vegetated <2% vascular cover, <10% bryophyte or foliose lichen

Vegetation Vegetation Cover

Optional Ecosite Code

10 Chapter 2 - Ecosites of Ontario (draft) 01/05/2009

01/05/2009 Chapter 2 - Ecosites of Ontario (draft) 11

Moisture Regime Term Text Description

12 Chapter 2 - Ecosites of Ontario (draft) 01/05/2009

01/05/2009 Chapter 2 - Ecosites of Ontario (draft) 13

CF > 90% rock fragments > 2 mm Gr, Co, St, Bo

Chapter 2 - Ecosites of Ontario (draft)

Chemistry Code Term Text Description

01/05/2009 Chapter 2 - Ecosites of Ontario (draft) 15

Fen indicators: Plant species that distinguish fens from bogs.

Swamp indicators: Plant species that distinguish swamps from bogs.

16 Chapter 2 - Ecosites of Ontario (draft) 01/05/2009

01/05/2009 Chapter 2 - Ecosites of Ontario (draft) 17

Trembling Aspen Balsam Fir White Pine

Figure 9. Symbols used in figures 7 and 8.

Table 8. Species abbreviations required to navigate through the ecosite keys.

Abbrev. Species Name Abbrev. Species Name Abbrev. Species Name

18 Chapter 2 - Ecosites of Ontario (draft) 01/05/2009

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Jack White Tolerant White

20 Chapter 2 - Ecosites of Ontario (draft) 01/05/2009

5.2 Layout of the Ecosite Factsheets

22 Chapter 2 - Ecosites of Ontario (draft) 01/05/2009

Figure 10. Example of page 1 Boreal Treed Factsheet.

01/05/2009 Chapter 2 - Ecosites of Ontario (draft) 23