c Anterior: The front, as opposed to the posterior.

c Anteroposterior: From front to back, as opposed to posteroanterior.

c Caudad: Toward the feet (or tail in embryology), as opposed to cranial.
c Caudal: Pertaining to, situated in, or toward the tail or the hind part. Or below another
structure.
c Cranial: Toward the head, as opposed to caudad.
c Deep: Away from the exterior surface or further into the body, as opposed to superficial.
c Distal: Further from the beginning, as opposed to proximal.
c Dorsal: The back, as opposed to ventral.
c Horizontal: Parallel to the floor, a plane passing through the standing body parallel to the
floor.
c Inferior: Below, as opposed to superior.
c Inferolateral: Below and to one side. Both inferior and lateral.
c Lateral: Toward the left or right side of the body, as opposed to medial.
c Medial: In the middle or inside, as opposed to lateral.
c Posterior: The back or behind, as opposed to the anterior.
c Posteroanterior: From back to front, as opposed to anteroposterior.
c Pronation: Rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm is down (and the corresponding
movement of the foot and leg with the sole down), as opposed to supination.
c Prone: With the front or ventral surface downward (lying face down), as opposed to supine.
c Proximal: Toward the beginning, as opposed to distal.
c Sagittal: A vertical plane passing through the standing body from front to back. The mid-
sagittal, or median plane, splits the body into left and right halves.
c Superficial: On the surface or shallow, as opposed to deep.
c Superior: Above, as opposed to inferior.
c Supination: Rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm is upward (and the
corresponding movement of the foot and leg), as opposed to pronation.
c Supine: With the back or dorsal surface downward (lying face up), as opposed to prone.
c Transverse: A horizontal plane passing through the standing body parallel to the ground.
c Ventral: Pertaining to the abdomen, as opposed to dorsal.
c Vertical: Upright, as opposed to horizontal.
Ê


 In speech, the production and use of speech sounds.
 In dentistry, the contact of the occlusal surfaces of the teeth.
 In anatomy, a joint An area where two bones are attached for the purpose of motion of body
parts. An articulation, or joint, is usually formed of fibrous connective tissue and cartilage. Joints
are grouped according to their motion: a ball and socket joint; a hinge joint; a condyloid joint (a
joint that permits all forms of angular movement except axial rotation); a pivot joint; gliding
joint; and a saddle joint. Joints can move in four and only four ways:

c liding -- one bony surface glides on another without angular or rotatory movement;
c Angular -- occurs only between long bones, increasing or decreasing the angle between
the bones;
c Circumduction -- occurs in joints composed of the head of a bone and an articular cavity,
the long bone describing a series of circles, the whole forming a cone; and
c Rotation -- a bone moves about a central axis without moving from this axis.

The word "articulation" comes from a Latin root, "articulus" meaning a joint. The word "joint"
also comes from the Latin, from "junctio" meaning a joining (as in a junction).