Students Guide

Design of Mechanical Systems, 1st semester

Stress and Deformation Analyses of Load Carrying Structural Elements

Preface
This Student's Guide gives general practical guidance to semester project work considering project
content, semester evaluations, etc.. Course descriptions and general descriptions about the study
are given in separate guides, This Student's Guide is based on the Curriculum for the study, and
should be read as a supplement to these regulations.
All Student's Guides may be found at www.industri.aau.dk together with other relevant information
on studies under the Study Board for Industry and Global Business Development.
The Student's Guides are maintained mainly by the Study Secretaries and the Semester
Coordinator, whilst the Study Regulations are maintained by the Study Board.

Overview of the semester

The semester consists of a project module and 3 course modules as listed below.

Semester Module ECTS Grading Exam

Stress and Deformation Analyses 15 7-point scale External
of Load Carrying Structural
Element
1. Solid Mechanics with 5 Passed/failed Internal
Microstructure
Fracture Mechanics and Fatigue 5 Passed/failed Internal
Finite Element Methods 5 Passed/failed Internal

It is very important to notice the new model for courses introduced at Aalborg University in 2010.
Now much of the time needed for course work is no longer scheduled at the official time schedule
for the semester, and as such the students must be much more active in creating time schedules
within each group.
Thus, the students must carefully read the lecture plans of the three courses and make a time
schedule for each week, where the necessary time for reading course material and making course
assignments have been allocated. The time spend on the different modules should match the
allocated number of ECTS given above. The average work-load for one ECTS is expected to be 30
hours.

Stress and Deformation Analyses of Load Carrying Structural Elements (15 ECTS)
(Spndings- og deformationsanalyse af kraftoverfrende konstruktion)

The goal of the project module is given in the Curriculum for the study as:

Goal: Students who complete the module are expected to:

Knowledge
Have gained an in-depth understanding of theoretical and experimental
determination of the stress and deformation states occurring in a structural
element when carrying a mechanical load.
Have attained an understanding for methods of analysis and experimental
methods and the characteristics of their applications and limitations.

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Skills
Be able to set up the governing equations for the theory of elasticity.
Be able to demonstrate the properties of the strain and stress tensors.
Be able to account for the implementation and practical use of the
analytical, numerical, and experimental methods applied in the project.
Be able to give a critical evaluation of the methods applied for stress and
deformation analyses and the results obtained.
Be able to use correct terminology.
Be able to compare theoretical and experimental results.
Be able to critically evaluate applied methods and their results.

Competences
Be able to analyze a load carrying element on the basis of model
considerations, reformulation of the equations of continuum mechanics
into solvable forms, and by applying numerical methods including the finite
element method.
Be able to investigate the behavior of a structural element under
mechanical loading with experimental techniques such as strain gages and
digital image measurement techniques.
Be able to compare theoretical and experimental results carefully, and
critically evaluate the methods applied and the results obtained.
Be able to apply the background and the insight obtained, on intuitive
design optimization, and suggest geometrical changes or a redesign
involving change of material.

Teaching Method: The module is carried out as group-based problem-oriented project work. The
group work is carried out as an independent work process in which the
students themselves organize and coordinate their workload in collaboration
with a supervisor. The project is carried out in groups with normally no more
than 6 members.

Form of examination: External, oral examination

Evaluation criteria: As stated in the Framework Provisions

General description of the project module

Stress and deformation analyses of load carrying structural elements is a basic topic in the
competence profile of a professional career in Mechanical Engineering as well as a central element
in further studies within the field. Focus is put on attaining an in-depth understanding of the theory
of elasticity, numerical and experimental methods for determining the behaviour of a load carrying
structural element, with the goal, that the student can apply these methods in subsequent
semesters and in their professional life in an engineering design process.

Thus, the student must gain in-depth understanding for theoretical and experimental determination
of the stress and deformation states occurring in a structural element when carrying a load.
Furthermore the student must attain an understanding for methods of analysis and experimental
methods and the characteristics of their applications and limitations.

A simple load carrying structural element is chosen within the first week of the semester. The
application of the structural element should give rise to a state of stress and deformation that
cannot be determined with simple elementary methods. In most cases a structural element which
can be simplified using 2D models is chosen.
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By model considerations, reformulation of the equations of continuum mechanics into solvable
forms, and with the application of numerical methods, the element must be analyzed. The
behaviour of the structural element under mechanical loading is to be investigated with
experimental techniques as well.
The theoretical and experimental results must be compared carefully, and a critical evaluation of
the methods applied and the results obtained must be presented.
Finally, on the background of the insight obtained, an intuitive design optimization must be
performed. This may be on the basis of geometrical changes or a redesign involving other types of
materials.

Detailed description of the project module

The project normally consists of the following elements:
1. Presentation of the chosen load carrying structural element
2. Analytical estimations
3. Theory of elasticity
4. The finite element method
5. Strain gage measurements
6. DIC (Digital Image Correlation) measurements
7. Comparison and assessment of the results and methods
8. Intuitive design optimization

The content of the project work is very structured on this semester as the ingredients of the
semester (the different analysis methods) form the basis for the next semesters, and it is important
to get a deep understanding of the basic concepts. Thus, in the following some suggestions to the
different topics are outlined. It is not mandatory to follow this plan completely this can be
discussed with the supervisor.

1. Presentation of the chosen load carrying structural element

The geometry and loading conditions of the structural element to study should be defined within
the first week. Focus in this semester is on the analysis methods, not the application. A structural
element that can be simplified to a 2D structural element will make it easier to apply all the different
analysis methods suggested. The element is typically made of an isotropic material like steel.

2. Analytical estimations
The starting point is to do a rough design of the structural element using analytical methods (like
beam theory, analytical solutions, stress concentrations factors, etc.). In this way critical points,
cross sections or areas of the structural element can be defined, and the size of the loading can be
decided. Furthermore, positioning of strain gages can be decided, and the analytical estimations of
the behaviour can be used for defining load introduction, etc., for the experiments in the laboratory.

3. Theory of elasticity
All the different analysis methods used rely on theory of elasticity, and thus it is suggested to
present the governing equations, concepts and conditions used. Properties of stress and strain
vectors are also typically covered. This chapter may be rather comprehensive.

4. The finite element method

The basic finite element theory for structural analysis is typically described including detailed
descriptions and derivations of the element(s) used.
Furthermore, subroutines for computing element stiffness matrices, stresses, and strains for a finite
element (normally an isoparametric element) are developed and implemented in an in-house FE
code called DMS7FEA written in Fortran 90. The program can read a finite element model
generated using ANSYS, such that the structural element considered can be analyzed both using
ANSYS and the students own version of DMS7FEA. The subroutines are added to the file
Q4Elem.f90. A document containing a detailed description of this task can be found in the literature
list at the end of this document.

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The finite element results are typically both field plots of stresses, cross sectional plots, strain
values in points of interest that can be compared with strain gage measurements, etc.

5. Strain gage measurements

The theory behind strain gages and strain gage measurements is normally presented. This
includes the strain sensitivity in metallic alloys, gage construction, mounting methods, the
measurement system used (Wheatstone bridge, amplifiers, etc.), sensitivity to transverse strain
and temperature (and compensation methods), sensitivity to orientation, etc.
Youngs moduli and Poissons ratio of the material used for the structural element should be
determined using a tensile test specimen.
A number of strain gages are mounted on the structural element, such that the different analytical
and numerical results can be verified by the measured strain values. In case of considering a 2D
plane structure it is advised to position a couple of strain gages to verify that the structural element
is loaded in-plane. Normally each group is allowed to use 10-15 single element gages, 2-3 rosette
gages (consisting of three elements), and perhaps a special purpose gage. It is recommended to
determine both strain values and principal strain directions in a few chosen points of interest.
When doing measurements it is important to specify the equipment used, the measurement
procedure, etc. This makes it possible later on to verify the functionality of the equipment used
w.r.t. accuracy and systematic errors.
The measured data should be treated statistically (see suggested literature at the end).

6. DIC (Digital Image Correlation) measurements

The governing principles for doing whole field 3D measurements with DIC should be described.
Relevant DIC measurements are performed on the loaded structural element. Experience shows
that displacement measurements/analyses are reasonably robust, so it is suggested to begin with
a comparative analysis between FEM and DIC with displacements. Afterwards a qualitative
comparison with strains can be attempted.

7. Comparison and assessment of the results and methods

The different analytical, numerical and experimental results are compared and evaluated, and the
pros and cons of the different methods are discussed. It is important from the very beginning of the
project to decide on the comparisons to make, such that coordinate systems, points of interest,
cross sectional areas of interest, etc., are well defined from the start.
The assessment of the methods applied in the project should yield knowledge about selecting the
proper analysis method in a given situation, taking the wanted accuracy, solution time, complexity,
etc., into account.

8. Intuitive design optimization

Based on the results obtained for the stress distribution in the structural element under loading, it is
suggested finally to make an intuitive design optimization of the element. The intuitive design
optimization can focus on both geometry and material changes. For example, how can the
geometry be changed, such that the weight is reduced while strength and stiffness are maintained?

Project plan and work

It is strongly suggested to make a project plan for the work. As noted previously, the courses are
now organized in a different way than previously, and the work load for the courses may vary from
week to week. Thus, try to make a project plan together with a time schedule for the different
weeks in the semester.
The groups at the semester typically consist of 5-6 students. Quite many analysis and
measurement methods should be treated, and it is difficult to cover all the suggested topics in case
of smaller groups. It is very important that all group members are involved in all topics, and it is
suggested that a rotation principle is applied. For example, in case of a group consisting of 6
persons, two sub groups, each having 3 members, are made, and each week (or perhaps every
second week in the beginning) one person is exchanged between the groups.

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Suggested literature

The course materials from the courses on solid mechanics, theory of elasticity, measurement
techniques, and finite element methods are most relevant for the project. Furthermore, the
following literature is suggested:

K. Hoffmann: An Introduction to Measurements using Strain Gauges. Hottinger Baldwin

Messteknik GmBH, 1989. Free download at
http://www.hbm.com/fileadmin/mediapool/techarticles/hoffmannbook/Hoffmann-
book_EN.pdf

J.W. Dally and W.F. Riley: Experimental Stress Analysis. McGraw Hill, 1991, 3rd edition.

O.. Mouritsen: Grundlggende usikkerhedsvurdering ved mling med strain gages. Institut for
maskinteknik, Aalborg Universitet, 2009. Available as
http://www.ime.aau.dk/notes/oom/Mleteknik%20og%20dataopsamling%20(Strain%20gauges)/No
tater/Kompendium%20vedrrende%20usikkerhedsvurdering%20-%20november%202009.pdf

E. Winstrm-Olsen: Elementr usikkerhedsberegning. Akademisk Forlag, 1974, 2. udgave (kan

kopieres).

S.P. Timoshenko and J.N. Goodier: Theory of Elasticity. McGraw-Hill, 1970.

M.A. Sutton, J.-J. Ortea and H. Schreier: Image Correlation for Shape, Motion and Deformation
Measurements. Springer, ISBN: 978-0-387-78746-6, 2009. You may find a copy of the book at
Grethe Dyhrs office.

E. Lund: "DMS7FEA: A Static Finite Element Analysis Program Using Isoparametric 2D Elements",
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalborg University, 2010.

Study Secretary
Grethe Dyhr, Fibigerstrde 16, room 3-121, email: gd@me.aau.dk, phone: 9940 9297:

Semester Coordinator
Erik Lund, Pontoppidanstrde 103, room 48, email: el@me.aau.dk, phone: 9940 9312

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Solid Mechanics with Microstructure

1. Viscoelasticity I: Rate dependent materials & viscoelastic models

2. Viscoelasticity II: Applications & Time temperature dependence

3. Plasticity I: Uniaxial behaviour. Elastic-plastic decomposition True stress and strain measures

4. Plasticity II: Plastic hardening Isotropic and kinematic hardening

5. Plasticity III: Flow rules (associative & non-associative flow) Viscoplastic flow rules

6. Micromechanics I: Averages stress/strain theorems. Eshelbys solution.

7. Micromechanics II: Introduction to effective medium theories, Voigt, Reuss, Mori-Tanaka.

8. Micromechanics III: Effective material properties: Influence of fibre orientation, imperfect

interfaces and viscoelasticity.

9. Micromechanics IIII: Effects of particle dispersion on effective properties.

10. FEM and real material microstructure.

Litteratur: Plasticity Theory, Jacob Lubliner Fundamentals of Micromechanics of Solids, J. Qu & M.

Cherkaoui.

6
Finite Elements Methods (5 ECTS)

Title: Finite Element Methods

(Elementmetoder)

Prerequisites: Calculus, mechanics, solid mechanics and the courses Finite Element Methods 1
and Finite Element Methods 2 (or similar)

Goal: Students who complete the module are expected to:

Knowledge
Be able to use the finite element method in static stress analysis.
Have knowledge of element technology, such as bar, beam, solid and shell elements.
Be able to apply methods for error estimation and adaptive mesh generation.
Be able to solve structural dynamics and vibrations problems using methods such as free
vibrations, modal methods and direct time integration methods.
Be able to apply nonlinear finite element methods including solution of systems of nonlinear
equations, geometrically nonlinear problems, contact problems, and nonlinear material models.
Be able to perform linearized buckling analysis.
Be able to solve exercises using a commercial finite element program (e.g., ANSYS).

Skills
Demonstrate a basic understanding of concepts, theory and applications of finite element
analysis from a mechanical engineering view point.
Be able to perform linear and nonlinear static and dynamic stress analysis including the use
of commercial finite element software.

Competences
Be able to apply the concepts, theories and techniques covered in the area of linear and
nonlinear finite element analysis on practical problems.
Be able to apply the concepts and theories to the solution of relevant problems using
commercial software programs.

Literature:
Cook, R.D., Malkus, D.S., Plesha, M.E., & Witt, R.J.: Concepts and Applications of Finite Element
Analysis, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2002.

Lund & Lindgaard (2010): Notes for course on Finite Element Methods, 2010.

Course outline:
The course consists of the following lectures and course assignments.

Lecture 1: 4 hours lecture DMS1 / EMSD1 / VT1

Lecturer: Erik Lund
Literature: Cook et al. (2002): Sections 6.1 - 6.13 and 7.1 - 7.3. Lund & Lindgaard (2010):
Summary of basics in FEM and Notes for lecture 1.
Important note: it is assumed that the course participants have passed finite element courses
similar to the bachelor courses in this area given at AAU. Thus, the participants are assumed to
have read Cook et al. (2002) chapters 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Contents: Brief summary of theory for the finite element method applied to static stress analysis.
Element technology. Bar and beam elements. 2D isoparametric solid elements. Numerical
integration. Elements with interior degrees of freedom, for example the improved 4-node
isoparametric 2D element (QM6). 3D solid elements. Shell elements.
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Lecture 2: 8 hours exercises DMS1 / EMSD1 / VT1
Lecturer: Erik Lund & Esben Lindgaard
Literature: Lund & Lindgaard (2010): Notes for lecture 2.
Important note: The participants should have installed the ANSYS programme on their pcs before
the lecture.
Contents: Symmetry conditions. Constraint equations. Sub-structuring. Coordinate transformation.
Basic use of ANSYS. Exercises to be solved using ANSYS Classic and ANSYS Workbench.

Lecture 3: 2 hours lecture and 2 hours exercises DMS1 / EMSD1 / VT1

Lecturer: Erik Lund
Literature: Cook et al. (2002): Sections 9.1 and 9.8 - 9.11. Lund & Lindgaard (2010): Notes for
lecture 3.
Contents: Methods for error estimation and adaptive mesh generation.
Home work assignments: approx. 4 hours.

Lecture 4: hour student presentation of exercises from lecture 3, 2 hours lecture and 1 hours
exercises DMS1 / EMSD1 / VT1
Lecturer: Erik Lund
Literature: Cook et al. (2002): Sections 11.1 11.5 and 11.7. Lund & Lindgaard (2010): Notes for
lecture 4.
Contents: Structural dynamics and vibrations. Classification of dynamic problems. Dynamic
equilibrium in finite element form derived using principle of virtual work. Problems of free vibration
(eigenvalue problems). Mass and damping matrices. Free, undamped vibrations. Solution of
eigenvalue problems. Methods of modal analysis.
Home work assignments: approx. 4 hours.

Lecture 5: hour student presentation of exercises from lecture 4, 2 hours lecture and 1 hours
exercises DMS1 / EMSD1 / VT1
Lecturer: Erik Lund
Literature: Cook et al. (2002): Sections 11.11 11.13. Lund & Lindgaard (2010): Notes for lecture
5.
Contents: Structural dynamics. Explicit and implicit direct methods for time integration.
Home work assignments: approx. 4 hours.

Lecture 6: hour student presentation of exercises from lecture 5, 2 hours lecture and 1 hours
exercises DMS1 / EMSD1 / VT1
Lecturer: Erik Lund
Literature: Cook et al. (2002): Sections 2-10 2.11 and 12.1 12.2. Lund & Lindgaard (2010):
Notes for lecture 6.
Contents: Macros and parameters in ANSYS. Combining ANSYS with other simulation
environments. Solution of multi-physics problems, exemplified by thermoelastic problems.

Lecture 7: 4 hours lecture DMS1 / EMSD1

Lecturer: Esben Lindgaard
Literature: Cook et al. (2002): Sections 17.1, 17.2, 17.9, 18.1 and 18.4-18.7. Lund & Lindgaard
(2010): Notes for lecture 7.
Contents: Introduction to nonlinear finite element methods. Classification of nonlinearities. Solution
of systems of nonlinear equations using Newton-Raphson schemes or arc-length methods.
General finite element formulation of geometrically nonlinear problems. The relation between
geometrically nonlinear analysis and linearized buckling analysis.

Lecture 8: 4 hours exercises DMS1 / EMSD1

Lecturer: Esben Lindgaard
Literature: Lund & Lindgaard (2010): Notes for lecture 8.
Contents: Exercises to be solved using ANSYS Classic and ANSYS Workbench
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Home work assignments: approx. 4 hours.

Lecture 9: hour student presentation of exercises from lecture 8, 2 hours lecture and 1 hours
exercises DMS1 / EMSD1
Lecturer: Esben Lindgaard
Literature: Cook et al. (2002): Section 17.8. Lund & Lindgaard (2010): Notes for lecture 9.
Contents: Contact problems and their implementation in implicit and explicit finite element
programs.
Home work assignments: approx. 4 hours.

Lecture 10: hour student presentation of exercises from lecture 9, 2 hours lecture and 1 hours
exercises DMS1 / EMSD1
Lecturer: Esben Lindgaard
Literature: Cook et al. (2002): Section 17.3 17.6. Lund & Lindgaard (2010): Notes for lecture 10.
Contents: Introduction to finite element modelling of nonlinear material models.
Home work assignments: approx. 4 hours.

Lecture 11: hour student presentation of exercises from lecture 10, 1 hour lecture
DMS1 / EMSD1
Lecturer: Esben Lindgaard
Contents: Introduction to workshop projects
Home work assignments: Work on workshop projects approx. 20 hours.

Lecture 12: Workshop DMS1 / EMSD1

Lecturer: Esben Lindgaard and Erik Lund
Contents: Workshop student presentations. Feedback on the chosen problems and underlying
theory.

Form of examination: Internal, oral examination

Evaluation criteria: As stated in the Framework Provisions

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Fracture Mechanics and Fatigue (5 ECTS), (Brudmekanik og udmattelse)

The following description is from the curriculum for the course:

Goal: Students who complete the module are expected to:

Knowledge
Have gained a comprehensive understanding of fracture mechanics.
Have gained knowledge in applying classical methods in designing against
fatigue fracture by studying notches and their effect, by studying strain-
fatigue, and by analysing eigen-stress states.
Have gained an understanding of how to apply fracture mechanics in the
assessment of reliability of practical designs and machine elements.

Skills
Be able to assess the stability of cracks using Griffiths and Irwins fracture
criteria, energy release rate, and toughness concepts
Be able to apply linear elastic solutions for sharp cracks and obtain the
stress intensity factor.
Be able to assess mixed mode loading and apply crack growth direction
hypotheses
Be able to assess crack growth by fatigue, partial damage and load
spectra.
Be able to assess crack initiation, notches and their effect.
Be able to determine life time and apply methods for improving the fatigue
strength and life time of machine elements and welded details.

Competences
Be able to understand and apply linear elastic concepts in assessing the
stability of cracked structures under static and fatigue loading.
Be able to distinguish between different fatigue regimes, i.e. elastic or
plastic, and un-cracked or pre-cracked, and apply correct methodology to
each case in relevant structures.
Be able to determine the lifetime of welded components, and explain
fatigue in welded components on the basis of fracture mechanical
concepts.

Teaching Method: The form(s) of teaching will be determined and described in connection with
the planning of the semester. The description will account for the form(s) of
teaching and may be accompanied by an elaboration of the roles of the
participants (see chapter 3).The course/project theme is performed in either
English or Danish dependent of the language skills of the participants.

Form of examination: Internal, written/oral examination.

Evaluation criteria: As stated in the Framework Provisions

Study plan:

Part I: Linear fracture mechanics

1: Lecture with exercises

Introduction
Energy considerations for crack growth
Literature: [1]: Chapters 1 and 2.
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2: Lecture with exercises
The stress intensity factor
The Westergaard stress function (introduction)
Literature: [1]: Chapters 3 and 4 (introduction).

3: Workshop with exercises

The Westergaard stress function
Literature: [1]: Chapter 4.

4: Lecture with exercises

Relation between energy release rate and stress intensity factor.
Path independent J-integral
Literature: [1]: Chapters 5 and 6.

5: Lecture with exercises

The plastic zone
Crack kinking
Literature: [1]: Chapters 7 and 8.

Part II: Fatigue

6: Lecture with exercises

Introduction.
Definition of fatigue.
Historical development of the subject of fatigue.
Stratigies for design against fatigue. Designkriteria.
Crack-inititation and -growth.
Whler-curves (SN-curves).
Modified Goodmann diagram. Gerber-diagram.
Literature: [2]: Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4 and [1] Chapter 6.
Additional notes will be given as handouts.

7: Lecture with exercises

Whler-curves (SN-curves).
Basquin-curves.
Modified Goodmann diagram. Gerber-diagram. Morrow-diagram. Haigh-diagram. Methods
for inducing eigenstresses in components.
Literature: [2]: Chap. 4, 7-7.2, 8-8.4
Additional notes will be given as handouts.

8: Lecture with exercises

Finishing excersizes from lecture 2.
Definition of engineering stress/strain and true stress/strain.
Monotone stress-strain curves for large stresses and strains.
Literature: [2]: Chap. 5.1-5.2.
Additional notes will be given as handouts.

9: Workshop with exercises

Cyclic stress-strain curves for large stresses and strains.
Strain based life estimation (Low-cycle fatigue).
N-curves. Basquins equation. Manson-Coffinss equation.
Muralidharan and Mansons equation (Metod of universal slopes).
Smith, Watson, Topper's equation (the SWT parameter).
Literature: [2]: Chap. 5.
Additional notes will be given as handouts.
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10: Lecture with exercises
Notch strain analysis. Strains and stresses in notches.
Stress concentration factors and strain concentration factors in notches when strains and
stresses exceed the linear elastic regime.
The linear rule. Neubers rule. Glinkas rule.
Literature: [2]: Chap. 7.3, 7.6, 7.7, [1]: Chap.afsnit 7.7, 7.8, 7.12, 7.13, 7.14, (7.9, 7.10 og
7.11).
Additional notes will be given as handouts.

Part III: Fracture mechanics and fatigue

11: Lecture with exercises

Introduction. Background and contents of the course.
Palmgren-Miner linear damage rule.
Definition of equivalent stress range.
The method of Rainflow counting.
Literature: [4], [1]: pp. 270 - 282, [2]: pp. 210 - 212, [5]: pp 35 - 40.
Additional notes will be given as handouts.

12: Workshop with exercises

Application of the Rainflow counting method along with the equivalent stress range.
Racetrack counting.
Failure criteria for fatigue loads causing multiaxial stress states.
Literature: [1]: pp. 282 290 and section 10.3.1, [17]: Sections 6.8.4.1 and 6.8.4.2, [6]:
Sections 9.4.3 and 9.5.2.4.
Additional notes will be given as handouts.

13: Lecture
Repetition of the foundations of LEFM, and some important results.
Influence of load spetrum and discussion of crack closure.
Engineering crack growth data for weldable steel and aluminum.
Applications of crack growth/lifetime estimations using Paris equation.
Literature: [17]: Sections 6.8.4.1 and 6.8.4.2, [6]: Sections 9.4.3 og 9.5.2.4, [1]: Chap. 6
(Except section 6.9), [2]: pp. 94 - 98 and 113 - 117, [3]: Chap. 2, [2]: pp. 124 - 127, [7], [8],
[9], [2]: Chap. 3, [10]: Section 8.7.
Additional notes will be given as handouts.

14: Workshop with exercises

Applications of crack growth/lifetime estimations using Paris equation.
Derivation for fatigue curves for crack growth.
Derivation of Palmgren-Miners linear damage rule.
Literature: [2]: pp. 124 127, 130 - 132, [3]: Chap. 2, [3]: pp. 366 - 370, [2]: pp. 208-210.
Additional notes will be given as handouts.

15: Lecture with exercises

Methods for improving components fatigue strength/fatigue life.
"Hot spot method" and "Notch stress method" for evaluation of the fatigue life of complex
and compact welded details in situations where nominal stress approaches are not directly
applicable.
Stress states, crack growth direction and crack speed for a general 3D crack plane.
Preloaded bolted joints.
Litteratur: [2]: Chap. 6, [18], [11], [12], [13]: pp. 319-327, [16]: Sections 14.6, 14.7, 14.8,
14.9, [14], [15], [19], [20].
Additional notes will be given as handouts.
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Litterature:

Part I:

[1] Fracture Mechanics. Jens H. Andreasen, Department of Mechanical and Production

Engineering, Aalborg University. Handed out for each lecture.

Part II:

[1] Norton, R. L.: "Machine Design, An Integrated Approach", third edition, Pearson
Prentice-Hall, 2006, ISBN 0-13-148190-8. (2. Ed. can be used as well).
[2] Stephens, R. I., Fatemi, A., Stephens, R. R. and Fuchs, H. O. (2001), "Metal fatigue in
engineering", second edition, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-51059-9.

Part III (Do not buy any literature until after the first lecture of part III!):

[1] Stephens, R. I., Fatemi, A., Stephens, R. R. and Fuchs, H. O.: "Metal fatigue in
engineering", Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, ISBN 0-471-51059-9.
[2] Almar-Nss,A.: "Fatigue Handbook, Offshore Steel Structures", Tapir, Trondheim, 1985.
[3] Gurney, T. R.: "Fatigue of welded structures", Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
1984.
[4] British Standard: BS 7910:2005: "Guide to methods for assessing the acceptability of
flaws in metallic structures", ISBN 0 580 45965 9.
[5] Eurocode 3 Editorial Group: "Background Documentation, Chapter 9 - Document 9.01,
Background informations on Fatigue design rules, Statistical Evaluation", First Draft
(V.1), December 1989.
[6] ENV 1993-1-1:1992, Eurocode 3: "Design of steel structures - Part 1-1: General rules
and rules for buildings"
[7] Tada, H., Paris, P.C. and Irwin, G.R.: "The stress Analysis of cracks Handbook",
Del Research Corporation Hellertown, Pennsylvania, 1973.
[8] Murakami, Y., et al.: "Stress intensity factors handbook", Pergamon Press, 1987.
[9] Barsoum, R.S.: "Triangular quarter-point elements as elastic and perfectly-plastic crack
tip elements", International journal for numerical methods in engineering, vol.11, p.85-98,
1977.
[10] Cook, R. D., Malkus, D. S., Plesha, M. E. and Witt, R. J.: "Concepts and Applications of
Finite Element Analysis", Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2002,
ISBN 0-471-35605-0.
[11] Erdogan, F. and Sih, G. C.: On the crack extension in plates under plane loading and
transverse shear, J. Basic Eng. 85 (1963) pp. 519-527.
[12] Sih, G. C.: Strain Energy Density Factor Applied to Mixed Mode Crack Problems,
International Journal of Fracture, 10, pp. 305-321,1974.
[13] Broek, D.: The Practical Use of Fracture Mechanics, second edition, Kluwer
Academic Publishers, 1989.
[14] VDI 2230 (2003). Systematische Berechnung hochbeanspruchter Schrauben-
verbindungen. Zylindrische Einschraubenverbindungen. Dsseldorf VDI Verlag 2003.
[15] Mouritsen, O. . (2004). Notat vedrrende forspndte skrue-/boltesamlinger.
Institut for Maskinteknik, Aalborg Universitet, november 2004.
[16] Norton, R. L.: "Machine Design, An Integrated Approach", Third Edition, Pearson
Prentice-Hall, 2006, ISBN 0-13-148190-8. (2. udgave af bogen kan anvendes uden
problemer, idet indholdet af de givne henvisninger er ens i bogens 2. og 3. udgave).
[17] Dansk Standard: "Norm for stlkonstruktioner", DS 412, 3. udgave/1. oplag, Godkendt:
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[18] Andreasen, J. H.: Fracture Mechanics, see part I.
[19] Niemi, E.: "Stress Determination for Fatigue Analysis of Welded Components", The
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 International Institute of Welding, IIS/IIW-1221-93 (ex doc XIII-1458-92, XV-797-92),
Abington Publishing, 1995, ISBN 1 85573 213 0.
[20] Experience with the Notch Stress Approach for Fatigue Assessment of Welded Joints. /
Pedersen, Mikkel Melters ; Mouritsen, Ole . ; Hansen, Michael Rygaard ; Andersen,
Jes G.. 2010. s. 122 Konferencen: Swedish Conference on Lightweight Optimised
Welded Structures, LOST, Borlnge, Sverige, 24. marts 2010 - 25. marts 2010.

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