Precambrian Research 266 (2015) 1226

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Precambrian Research
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/precamres

Detrital zircon age patterns and provenance assessment for

pre-glacial to post-glacial successions of the Neoproterozoic
Macabas Group, Aracua orogen, Brazil
Matheus Kuchenbecker a,b, , Antnio Carlos Pedrosa-Soares a,1 , Marly Babinski c,1 ,
Mark Fanning d
a
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, IGC-CPMTC-Programa de Ps-Graduaco em Geologia, Av. Antnio Carlos 6627, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte,
MG, Brazil
b
Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, BR-367, Km 583, Alto da Jacuba, CEP 39100-000 Diamantina, MG, Brazil
c
Centro de Pesquisas Geocronolgicas, Instituto de Geocincias, Universidade de So Paulo, Rua do Lago, 562, CEP 05508-080 So Paulo, SP, Brazil
d
The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The Neoproterozoic Macabas Group represents the precursor basin system of the AracuaWest Congo
Received 2 July 2014 orogen (SE Brazil SW Africa), located between the So Francisco and Congo cratons. The Macabas basin
Received in revised form 25 March 2015 evolved from continental rift settings to an inland-sea basin (a gulf) partially oored by oceanic crust and
Accepted 11 April 2015
connected to aulacogens. Its evolution was coeval with at least one of the major Neoproterozoic glacia-
Available online 22 April 2015
tions. In this paper, we present more than 450 new UPb ages on detrital zircon grains from four units of
the Macabas Group, covering glacial-related to post-glacial sedimentation stages. The results suggest
Keywords:
that the main sedimentary supplies of the Macabas basin should have come from secondary sources,
UPb geochronology
Sedimentary provenance
located in the So Francisco and Congo cratons. The pre-glacial units of the Macabas Group are the only
Macabas Group ones that show important contribution from 1100 to 1200 Ma sources, and lack Archaean zircons, which
AracuaWest Congo orogen are common in younger rocks of the group. These features indicate an important change in the source
So Francisco-Congo palaeocontinent areas, coherent with the climate change to glacial conditions and with a regional unconformity previously
mapped. Sources between 15001600 Ma are more signicant in the continental rift stages, decreasing in
the passive margin stage. This suggests changes driven by the end of a glaciation and/or the breakup of the
continental lithosphere. Tonian zircons occur throughout all the basin stages, and signicantly increase
in the late rift and passive margin successions, recording the most abundant rift-related magmatism yet
found in the AracuaWest Congo orogen. Detrital zircon grains as young as 750 Ma reveal contributions
from Cryogenian sources to passive margin successions, suggesting sedimentary supplies from the South
Bahia Alkaline Province and/or Rio Negro magmatic arc, in Brazil, and/or from rocks found in Africa (e.g.,
La Louila volcanic rocks). The long lasting evolution of the Macabas basin (c. 930 Ma to c. 600 Ma) would
have involved more than one continental rifting event before the onset of an ocean-oor spreading phase
around 660 Ma.
2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction especially for deformed and metamorphosed deposits that lack

Reconstructing the depositional history of Precambrian sed-
imentary basins poor in volcanic rocks is a challenging task,
Corresponding author. Tel.: +55 31 3409 4441; fax: +55 31 3409 4441.
E-mail addresses: mk.geologia@gmail.com (M. Kuchenbecker),
pedrosasoares@ufmg.br (A.C. Pedrosa-Soares), babinski@usp.br (M. Babinski),
Mark.Fanning@anu.edu.au (M. Fanning).
1
Research fellow of the Brazilian Scientic Council (CNPq).
spatial continuity in the eld (Erikson et al., 2001). Unraveling
the tectonic context and timing of such basins is often difcult,
and explaining their subsidence mechanisms and lling evolution
may be even more complicated. Zircon is an attractive prove-
nance proxy owing to its durability and remarkable chemical
stability over a wide range of pressures and temperatures (Fedo
et al., 2003). Currently, UPb dating on detrital zircon grains pro-
vides one of the most powerful tools for basin analysis, since
the age spectra of sedimentary deposits may reect the tectonic
setting of the basin, providing important hints for tectonic and

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2015.04.016
0301-9268/ 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
 M. Kuchenbecker et al. / Precambrian Research 266 (2015) 1226
palaeogeographic interpretations (e.g., Cawood et al., 2012). At the
same time, zircon durability in sedimentary cycles can make inter-
pretation difcult, as multi-cycle sedimentation may be masked
(Thomas, 2011). Therefore, to fully characterize all sedimentary
provenance components, it is essential to have a well-established
regional setting, allowing for the recognition of potential sources
in time and space for a given sedimentary deposit.
The Macabas Group represents the precursor basin system of
the Aracua orogen (Fig. 1), recording continental rift to oceanic
settings, as well as at least one glacial event in the Neoproterozoic
(Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2011a; Babinski et al., 2012). The Macabas
basin presents remarkable features, which makes it an excel-
lent target for sedimentary provenance studies. First of all, the
Macabas basin evolved from continental rifting to ocean-oor
spreading in a singular conned setting, because almost completely
surrounded by the So Francisco-Congo palaeocontinent (Pedrosa-
Soares et al., 2001, 2008; Alkmim et al., 2006). In this scenario,
sedimentary supply could be extremely complex, since there would
be multiple potential source areas relatively close to basin mar-
gins (Fig. 1). Furthermore, at least one of the major Neoproterozoic
glacial events took place during the Macabas basin evolution,
making it important to evaluate sedimentary record changes driven
by glacial-related processes.
In this paper, we present more than 450 new UPb ages on
detrital zircon grains from four metasedimentary units of the
Macabas Group, covering glacial-related to post-glacial sedimen-
tation stages, together with a thorough compilation of about 400
detrital zircon ages available in the literature from the whole group.
This robust UPb geochronological dataset allowed us to present
a detailed evaluation of many potential primary and secondary
sedimentary sources, and to discuss the sedimentary and tectonic
evolution of the precursor basin system of the Aracua orogen.
2. Tectonic setting
The Neoproterozoic Macabas Group records the precursor
basin system of the Aracua orogen, located to the east of the
So Francisco Craton in southeastern Brazil (Pedrosa-Soares et al.,
2011a). This orogen, together with its counterpart located in Africa,
the West Congo belt (Fig. 1), evolved from a conned basin system
almost completely surrounded by the So Francisco-Congo palaeo-
continent (Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2001; Alkmim et al., 2006).
The basin evolution began as a Tonian rifting event that resulted
in the opening of the Macabas basin around 900 Ma (Silva
et al., 2008; Babinski et al., 2012). The last evolution stage of the
Macabas basin resulted in an inland-sea basin partially oored by
oceanic crust, a gulf-like embayment shaped in the So Francisco-
Congo palaecontinent (Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2001, 2008). Zircon
UPb ages from ophiolitic plagiogranites and gabbros constrain the
oceanic spreading phase from c. 660 Ma to c. 600 Ma (Queiroga et al.,
2007; Queiroga, 2010). Indeed, this long-lasting basin history (c.
300 Ma) in such a particular setting (a gulf) put several intriguing
questions (e.g., How many rifting events took place before ocean
spreading? Was it a long-lived stagnant basin?); some of them we
try to access here.
By the beginning of the Ediacaran Period, the Rio Doce magmatic
arc marked the onset of a subduction-related convergent stage
in the Macabas basin, which lasted from c. 630 Ma to c. 580 Ma
(Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2011b; Goncalves et al., 2014).
The tectonic mechanism for basin closure seems to be rather
complex, and probably involved a series of collisions (e.g., Parana-
panema, Amazonia and Kalahari palaeocontinents) against the
external margins of the So Francisco-Congo palaeocontinent
(Alkmim et al., 2006). The collisional stage, recorded by regional
deformation and metamorphism, as well as the production of a
13
huge amount of peraluminous granites, lasted from c. 580 Ma to c.
545 Ma (Gradim et al., 2014; Peixoto et al., 2015). During the post-
collisional stage (c. 530490 Ma), the Aracua orogen underwent
gravitational collapse associated with an important late orogenic
plutonism (Marshak et al., 2006; Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2011b).
3. Regional geology
This topic presents a synthesis on eld studies and analytical
data reported by Pedrosa-Soares et al. (2011a), updated by more
recent publications and results from our own studies. As Pedrosa-
Soares et al. (2011a) already quoted a great number of references on
previous geological mapping projects, thesis and other studies on
the Macabas Group, we only refer to papers containing UPb data.
Although the Macabas Group rocks underwent regional metamor-
phism from the greenschist to the amphibolite facies, we mainly
refer to their protoliths in the forthcoming descriptions.
The Macabas Group represents an extensive and up to 10 km
thick sedimentary pile cropping out mostly in the northern sector of
the Aracua orogen (Fig. 2). The group can be subdivided into three
major successions: (i) the pre-glacial succession, comprising the
Mato, Duas Barras and Rio Peixe Bravo formations; (ii) the glacial-
related succession, including the diamictite-rich packages of the
Serra do Catuni, Nova Aurora and Lower Chapada Acau formations;
and (iii) the post-glacial succession, composed of the diamictite-
free Upper Chapada Acau and Ribeiro da Folha formations. The
pre-glacial and glacial-related successions show evidence of conti-
nental rifting processes, while the post-glacial succession records
the evolution to a passive margin stage.
The up to 200-m thick Mato Formation comprises breccia, con-
glomerate and sandstone deposited in a rift transgressive setting,
recording uvial to shallow marine environments. The youngest
detrital zircon grains dated at c. 1160 Ma dene a maximum depo-
sitional age for this formation (Martins et al., 2008).
The Duas Barras Formation consists of quartzite, conglomeratic
quartzite and rare conglomerate, with variable contents of mica,
feldspar, iron oxide and lithic fragments. The maximum thickness
is approximately 100 m, and the sedimentary structures suggest
uvial to shallow marine environments. Detrital zircon ages set
a maximum depositional age for the Duas Barras Formation at
900 21 Ma (Babinski et al., 2012).
The Rio Peixe Bravo Formation is an up to 700 m thick sequence
of micaceous, ferruginous and/or feldspathic sandstone, pelite and
rare clast-supported conglomerate. Its detrital zircon age spec-
trum records an outstanding contribution from Rhyacian sources
(Babinski et al., 2012), probably located in the neighboring Porteir-
inha basement block (Fig. 2).
The Serra do Catuni Formation, the oldest diamictitic unit of
the Macabas Group, is a very extensive package of massive
diamictite with minor sandstone and pelite intercalations. Glacial
features include chaotic boulders and faceted/striated at-iron-
shaped clasts. The youngest detrital zircon grains constrain the
maximum depositional age at 933 8 Ma (Babinski et al., 2012).
To the east of the Porteirinha basement block (Fig. 2), the Nova
Aurora Formation overlies the pre-glacial Rio Peixe Bravo For-
mation and represents a distal correlative of the Serra do Catuni
Formation. It comprises diamictite, minor graded sandstone, and
rare pelite, as well as thick layers of diamictitic iron formation that
represent an important mineral resource (Vilela et al., 2014).
In the central sector of the Macabas Group, between the
Porteirinha and Guanhes basement blocks, the Serra do Catuni
Formation gradually passes to the diamictite-bearing lower unit
of the Chapada Acau Formation. This lower unit mostly consists
of stratied diamictite, graded sandstone and pelite, composing a
cyclic succession of debris ows and sand-pelite turbidites. The
14 M. Kuchenbecker et al. / Precambrian Research 266 (2015) 1226

Fig. 1. (A) Geotectonic setting for the Aracua orogen and the West Congo Belt. Note the locations of the maps presented in (B) and Fig. 2. Simplied geological map of the
Aracua orogen (modied from Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2011a); (CE). Tectonic evolution schemes of the Macabas basin (modied from Alkmim et al., 2006).
 M. Kuchenbecker et al. / Precambrian Research 266 (2015) 1226 15

Fig. 2. Geological sketch map showing the distribution of the formations of the Macabas Group in the western Aracua orogen (modied from Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2007,
2011a). Numbered black dots indicate sample location.

lower unit of the Chapada Acau Formation also includes mac
volcanic rocks, now metamorphosed to greenschist facies, with
pillow structures and other features of subaquatic ows. Their
lithochemical and isotopic attributes, together with a great amount
of inherited zircons from Archaean to Stenian sources, suggest tran-
sitional mac magmas passing through a thinned continental crust
in a late rift stage of the Macabas basin (Babinski et al., 2005,
2012). To the top, the Lower Chapada Acau Formation gradu-
ally passes to the diamictite-free Upper Chapada Acau Formation.
This upper unit comprises a succession of interbedded sandstone
and pelite, representing a post-glacial unit deposited in a shelf
environment during the passive margin stage of the Macabas
basin. Detrital zircon grains from a quartzite of the Upper Cha-
pada Acau Formation yielded the rst UPb SHRIMP data for the
Macabas Group, suggesting a maximum depositional age around
864 30 Ma (Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2000).
To the east, the Upper Chapada Acau Formation passes to the
Ribeiro da Folha Formation, which includes distal passive mar-
gin and ocean oor deposits. This formation, the most distal unit
of Macabas Group, includes ne-grained turbidites with interca-
lations of chemical sediments (chert, banded iron formations, and
rare limestone). The youngest detrital zircon population from the
16 M. Kuchenbecker et al. / Precambrian Research 266 (2015) 1226

Fig. 3. Cathodoluminescence images of representative detrital zircon crystals from the analyzed samples of the Macabas Group. Images of AR-1 sample are backscattered
electron images.

Ribeiro da Folha Formation includes a few grains as young as c.
745 Ma, although the modal mean age value suggests a maximum
depositional age around 806 Ma (Peixoto et al., 2015).
Thrust slices of metamac and meta-ultramac rocks with
ocean-oor lithochemical and isotopic signatures constitute tec-
tonically dismembered ophiolite complexes associated with the
Ribeiro da Folha Formation (Pedrosa-Soares et al., 1992, 1998).
Zircon crystals from a plagiogranite sample of the Ribeiro da
Folha ophiolite yielded a magmatic crystallization UPb age around
660 Ma (Queiroga et al., 2007). This age together with the UPb zir-
con data from the youngest ophiolite slivers found in the Aracua
orogen (c. 600 Ma, Queiroga, 2010) suggest oceanic spreading at
least from c. 660 Ma to c. 600 Ma in the Macabas basin.
A very probable correlative of the post-glacial Macabas Group
is the Jequitinhonha Complex, a succession of Al-rich paragneiss,
quartzite, graphite gneiss and calc-silicate rocks located in the
northeastern region of the Aracua orogen. It lacks diamictites and
shows detrital zircon age spectra very similar to the typical pattern
shown by the Macabas rocks, with youngest zircon grains around
900 Ma (Goncalves-Dias et al., 2011).
Several magmatic episodes, all of them dated by UPb anal-
ysis on zircon and/or baddeleyite, provide evidence for distinct
continental rifting events related to the Macabas basin evolution
(Pedrosa-Soares and Alkmim, 2011). Records from a rst continen-
tal rifting event, Tonian in age (c. 930870 Ma), are the Pedro Lessa
mac dikes (Machado et al., 1989; Dussin and Chemale, 2012), the
Salto da Divisa A-type granites (Silva et al., 2008; Menezes et al.,
2012) and the Pedra Preta Amphibolite (Gradim, 2012), located
in the Aracua orogen, as well as the bimodal volcanic rocks of
the Zadinian-Mayumbian succession and associated granites of the
 M. Kuchenbecker et al. / Precambrian Research 266 (2015) 1226
West Congo belt (Tack et al., 2001; Thiblemont et al., 2011). Evi-
dence for a Cryogenian (c. 750670 Ma) rifting event includes the
anorogenic magmatic rocks of the South Bahia Alkaline Province
(Rosa et al., 2007), as well as the mac volcanism associated with
the Lower Diamictite Formation, dated at 694 4 Ma (Straathof,
2011), and the La Louila volcanism (Thiblemont et al., 2011). This
last continental rift event seems to have continuously evolved to
ocean opening, as the oldest zircon age obtained from an ophiolitic
plagiogranite suggests oceanic spreading onset around 660 Ma
(Queiroga et al., 2007).
4. Materials and methods
We selected six samples of clastic metasedimentary rocks
from four units of the Macabas Group, representing the glacial
(Serra do Catuni, Nova Aurora and Lower Chapada Acau for-
mations) and post-glacial (Upper Chapada Acau Formation)
successions, with the aim to better constrain the sedimentation
timing throughout the Macabas basin and track their sediment
sources, together with the compiled data sets from previous
works.
Zircon concentrates were extracted from rock samples by
using conventional gravimetric and magnetic (Frantz isodynamic
separator) techniques at the Geochronological Research Center,
University of So Paulo. Final separation was achieved by hand pick-
ing, to exclude eventual grains of other minerals, such as apatite.
Zircon grains were mounted in epoxy disks and polished to expose
their centers. Morphological features and internal structures of zir-
con grains were revealed by electron backscattered electron (BSE)
and cathodoluminescence (CL) images (Fig. 3).
The UPb analyses were carried out on the Sensitive High Reso-
lution Ion Microprobe (SHRIMP II) of Australian National University
(Samples MG-08-10, MG-08-12) and on a NEPTUNE ICP-MS cou-
pled to an Excimer ArF ( = 193 nm) Laser Ablation System at the
Geochronological Research Center, University of So Paulo (Sam-
ples AR-1, SC-1, NA-1, CAS-1).
SHRIMP analysis followed the procedures described by William
(1998). Five scans through the mass stations were made for each
age determination. U abundance was calibrated using the stan-
dard SL13 (U = 238 ppm, William (1998)) and 206 Pb/238 U ratio was
calibrated using the standard Temora (Black et al., 2003). Mea-
sured 204 Pb was applied for the common lead correction, and data
processing was carried out using the Squid and Isoplot programs
(Ludwig, 2001). The youngest outer zone of each grain was prefer-
ably chosen to analyze, with the support of the CL and BSE images.
UPb analysis carried out on the NEPTUNE LA-MC ICP-MS
followed the order: two blanks, two NIST glasses, three exter-
nal standards, 13 unknown samples, two external standards, and
two blanks. Each run consisted of 40 cycles with 1 s/cycle. The
204 Hg interference on 204 Pb was corrected by using 202 Hg, where
204 Hg/202 Hg = 4.2. Both NIST and the external standards utilized
the 207 Pb/206 Pb ratio for their normalization procedures, whereas
the 206 Pb/238 U ratio was used for normalization by the external
standard. Accuracy and precision were monitored by analyses of
zircon standards GJ (602 4.4 Ma; Elhlou et al., 2006) and Temora
2 (416.8 1 Ma; Black et al., 2003). For the operating conditions
and instrument settings see Sato et al. (2010). The reported uncer-
tainties were propagated by quadratic addition of the external
reproducibility (Standard Deviation) obtained from the standard
zircons GJ and Temora 2.
The histograms were obtained with the software Isoplot/Ex
(Ludwig, 2001) and only ages with concordance degree >89% were
considered. UPb ages older than 800 Ma are all mentioned as
207 Pb/206 Pb ages. Younger ones are 238 U/206 Pb ages, unless referred
otherwise.
17
5. Results
5.1. Metadiamictite, Serra do Catuni Formation (sample SC-1)
The sample SC-1 was collected from a massive metadiamic-
tite exposure along a road cut of the BR-251 highway (UTM
667775/8178509), located on the western slope of the Catuni ridge,
which represents the thrust front limiting the Aracua orogen and
So Francisco craton (Fig. 2). This sample represents the strongly
deformed metadiamictite, metamorphosed in the chlorite zone of
the greenschist facies, found along the Serra do Catuni thrusting
zone.
The detrital zircon grains separated from this metadiamic-
tite are rounded to subhedral, measuring 40240 m in length.
Their CL images mostly show oscillatory zoning. Few grains
display inherited cores and homogeneous internal structure
(Fig. 3).
Seventy-seven spots on the same number of zircon grains
yielded UPb ages ranging from c. 1220 Ma to c. 3250 Ma (Fig. 4).
Most of them falls in the 19002200 Ma interval (56%; Fig. 4), sug-
gesting the prevalence of Rhyacian-Orosirian primary sources. The
youngest zircon grains (1227 14 Ma) do not constrain the max-
imum depositional age of the Serra do Catuni Formation, since
younger zircons (c. 933 Ma) have been reported for this same unit
(Babinski et al., 2012).
5.2. Metadiamictite, Nova Aurora Formation (sample NA-1)
This sample was collected from the layered metadiamicite
with graded quartzite intercalations typical of the Nova Aurora
Formation, found in a road cut of the BR-251 highway (UTM
767720/8200868) at the Vacaria River valley (Fig. 2). The sampled
rock is a quite strongly deformed metadiamictite, with a garnet-
bearing-biotite-rich matrix indicating metamorphism in the upper
greenshist facies.
Sixty-one zircon grains, ranging from 60 to 270 m in
length, were recovered from the sample NA-1 (Fig. 3). They
are mostly rounded to minor subhedral, indicating long dis-
tance transport. Most of them show oscillatory zoning in CL
images, while only a few grains exhibit homogeneous internal
structure.
The UPb ages from this sample range from c. 940 Ma to c.
3190 Ma, and cluster in the 19002200 Ma (39%), 9001100 Ma
(20%) and 26002700 Ma (10%) intervals (Fig. 4). The youngest zir-
con age at 939 18 Ma is in good agreement with the youngest
ages of zircon grains from other units of the pre-glacial and glacial
Macabas Group.
5.3. Metadiamictite, Lower Chapada Acau Formation (sample
AR-1)
This sample was collected from the most common metadi-
amictite of the stratied debris ow to turbidite package typical
of the Lower Chapada Acau Formation (Mato Grosso Member),
found on the Aracua River shore (UTM 790242/8067975) near the
Vargem Funda bridge, NNW of Turmalina city (Fig. 2). This meta-
diamictite is strongly deformed, showing a prominent stretching
lineation marked by many elongated clasts and oriented matrix
minerals. Garnet-mica-rich intercalations record metamorphism in
the upper greenschist facies.
Most of the grains recovered from sample AR-1 are well-
rounded, ranging from 50 to 300 m in length, and shows
oscillatory zoning. Seventy-eight analytical spots reveal six zircon
populations, given by statistical age peaks around 1139 10 Ma
(3%), 1495 6 Ma (8%), 1904 6 Ma (10%), 2115 3 Ma (68%),
2552 11 Ma (4%), and 2728 8 Ma (7%). Again, it is clear the great
18 M. Kuchenbecker et al. / Precambrian Research 266 (2015) 1226

Fig. 4. Frequency histogram and probability curves of zircon ages for the analyzed samples of the Macabas Group. Only ages more than 89% concordant were plotted.

importance of Rhyacian-Orosirian sources (78% of the total zir-
con population). The youngest zircon grain (1138 23 Ma) shows
an age similar to the youngest zircon grains inherited by the
metavolcanic rocks of the Rio Preto Member, Lower Chapada Acau
Formation (Babinski et al., 2005, 2012).
5.4. Metadiamictite, Lower Chapada Acau Formation (sample
MG-08-10)
This sample was collected from a light-colored metadiamicite
rich in carbonate clasts supported by abundant sandstone matrix,
 M. Kuchenbecker et al. / Precambrian Research 266 (2015) 1226
found on the Itamarandiba River shore (UTM 733551/8083397)
near a bridge of the gravel road from BR-367 (MG-308) to Carbonita
town, southwest of Turmalina city (Fig. 2). The metadiamictite was
deformed and metamorphosed under conditions of the greenschist
facies garnet zone.
The zircon grains are usually rounded, with a few elongated
grains. Their sizes vary from 60 to 250 m in length. The most com-
mon CL features are oscillatory zoning and homogeneous internal
structure (Fig. 3).
Seventy one grains yielded UPb ages between c. 870 Ma and
c. 3660 Ma, and the more concordant ones cluster in a prominent
peak around 20002200 Ma (53% of the population), which likely
represents the age of the dominant source of the sediments (Fig. 4).
The youngest concordant zircon age is 953 18 Ma (206 Pb/238 U).
5.5. Metasandstone, Upper Chapada Acau Formation (sample
MG-08-12)
The sample MG-08-12 was collected from the sandstone-
pelite succession that overlies the diamictite-bearing package from
which samples MG-08-10 and AR-1 were taken, thus represent-
ing the glacial and post-glacial units included in the Chapada
Acau Formation, respectively. The outcrop is a creek bed (UTM
737227/8115309) located near the Posses village, Leme do Prado
municipality, between the Jequitinhonha River and BR-367 high-
way (Fig. 2). It is a quartz-rich biotite-bearing metasandstone, and
the associated metapelite intercalations reveal metamorphism in
the staurolite-kyanite zone of the amphibolite facies.
The zircon grains separated from this sample are usually
well-rounded, 55220 m long, with oscillatory zoning in CL
images (Fig. 3). Seventy-two grains yielded UPb ages from
900 Ma to 3310 Ma. The frequency diagram (Fig. 4) shows three
main age peaks at 9001100 Ma (22%), 20002100 Ma (21%), and
26002800 Ma (22%). The youngest age (903 11 Ma, 206 Pb/238 U
age) and the zircon age spectrum are in good agreement with the
pattern shown by samples from the pre-glacial and glacial succes-
sions of the Macabas Group.
5.6. Metasandstone, Upper Chapada Acau Formation (sample
CAS-1)
The sample CAS-1 was collected from the diamictite-free
sandstone-pelite package of the Upper Chapada Acau Formation
that covers the glaciogenic Nova Aurora Formation to the west of
outcrop NA-1 (Fig. 2). It is a mica-bearing metasandstone cropping
out in a road cut of the BR-251 highway (UTM 758859/8200267),
aside a gas station. The associated metapelite intercalations record
metamorphism in the garnet zone of the upper greenschist facies.
Seventy-seven zircon grains from the CAS-1 metasandstone
were analyzed. The grains are normally 50280 m long, well-
rounded, showing oscillatory zoning in CL images (Fig. 3). Rare
grains show homogeneous internal structure and thin metamor-
phic overgrowth rims with width not suitable for spot analysis
(<15 m).
The zircon UPb ages range between c. 750 Ma and c. 3380 Ma
(Fig. 4), clustering in three main peaks: 9001100 Ma (58%),
20002100 Ma (7%), and 26002700 Ma (16%). The concordant and
very similar values given by two zircon grains (758 7 Ma and
743 7 Ma) suggest a maximum depositional age for the Upper
Chapada Acau Formation at c. 750 Ma. This maximum depositional
age agrees with the youngest ages given by detrital zircons from
samples of the post-glacial Ribeiro da Folha Formation (Peixoto
et al., 2015). Despite some distinct proportions, the age spectra
are similar for both samples collected from the post-glacial Upper
19
Chapada Acau Formation (CAS-1 and MG-08-12), as well as for
most samples of the Macabas Group.
6. Discussion and conclusions
We discuss the sedimentary provenance and timing of the
Macabas basin lling in the light of our data, together with
a thorough compilation of zircon UPb data from the litera-
ture, including all available UPb data from the Macabas Group
(Figs. 5 and 6).
Until now, the available UPb (LA-ICP-MS and SHRIMP) dataset
for the Macabas Group and correlates was limited to about 400
ages on detrital zircon grains (Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2000; Babinski
et al., 2005, 2012; Martins et al., 2008; Chemale et al., 2012; Peixoto
et al., 2015). In this paper, we present more than 450 UPb ages,
nearly doubling the available geochronological information about
the group. For some of the units, such as the Nova Aurora Formation,
no previous data were available, and for others, such as the Lower
and Upper Chapada Acau formations, the number of dated zircons
was low. The substantial increase in the amount of data permits
a more accurate and reliable interpretation of sedimentary prove-
nance and age constraints of the units. In fact, taking into account
statistical approaches (e.g. Fedo et al., 2003), a minimum number
of zircons (60 grains) were now reached for all the units (Fig. 5). It
might be considered that the loss of information from small grains
and the preference for larger crystals during handpicking could be
even more important than the number of dated zircons for the
reproducibility of zircon age spectra (Slama and Kosler, 2012). We
tried to avoid these biases by randomly choosing the grains during
both the sample preparation and dating procedures.
6.1. Provenance assessment
Taking into account the Macabas Group as a whole (Fig. 5),
the presence of three main age peaks at 19002200 Ma (40% of the
total zircon population), 9001000 Ma (14%), and 26002800 Ma
(7%) is remarkable. Potential primary sources that may be related to
these peaks are, respectively (Fig. 6): (i) magmatic and high-grade
metamorphic rocks from Rhyacian-Orosirian complexes, such as
those found in the Mineiro-Mantiqueira-Juiz de Fora-Pocrane and
Itabuna-Salvador-Curac orogenic systems (Teixeira et al., 2000;
Noce et al., 2007a,b; Novo, 2013), and the Eburnean and Kimezian
basement complexes in the Congo Craton (Maurin et al., 1990; Vicat
and Pouclet, 2000), (ii) the Tonian rift magmatism represented by
the thick bimodal volcanic pile of the Zadinian-Mayumbian suc-
cession and associated anorogenic granites of the West Congo belt
(Tack et al., 2001; Thiblemont et al., 2011), and by the Pedro Lessa
(Machado et al., 1989; Dussin and Chemale, 2012) and Salto da
Divisa (Silva et al., 2008; Menezes et al., 2012) suites, as well as bod-
ies like the Pedra Preta Amphibolite (Gradim, 2012) of the Aracua
Orogen; and (iii) the Archaean cratonic nuclei, with several occur-
rences within the So Francisco and Congo Cratons (Teixeira et al.,
2000; Barbosa and Sabat, 2004; Noce et al., 2007a; Begg et al.,
2009).
Although there are many reliable primary sources to have fed
the Macabas basin, the observed age spectra probably result from
the contribution of both primary and secondary sources. There
are several sedimentary units within the cratonic and orogenic
domains that might be considered as potential sediment sources for
the Macabas basin (Fig. 6). A very important one is the Espinhaco
Supergroup and its correlatives that form an extensive Statherian
to Stenian rift-sag system in the So Francisco domain of the So
Francisco-Congo palaeocontinent (Danderfer et al., 2009; Chemale
et al., 2012; Dussin and Chemale, 2012). The Espinhaco Supergroup
contains a plethora of detrital zircon grains with an age span from
20 M. Kuchenbecker et al. / Precambrian Research 266 (2015) 1226

Fig. 5. Frequency histogram and probability curves of all the available UPb ages in detrital zircons from the Macabas Group. (1) This paper; (2) Babinski et al. (2012); (3)
Chemale et al. (2012); (4) Martins et al. (2008); (5) Babinski et al. (2005); (6) Pedrosa-Soares et al. (2000); (7) Peixoto et al. (2015); (8) Goncalves-Dias et al. (2011).

c. 1100 Ma to c. 3600 Ma (Chemale et al., 2012; Lopes, 2012; Chaves
et al., 2013a,b; Kuchenbecker, 2014). In the southern So Francisco
Craton, the Caranda and So Joo del Rei basins show similar age
spectra, and have been considered as chrono-correlatives of the
Espinhaco Supergroup (Ribeiro et al., 2013).
The Costa Sena Group represents a Palaeoproterozoic basin that
occurs in the southern portion of the Espinhaco Ridge, and shows
detrital zircon UPb ages between 2000 Ma and 3047 Ma (Chemale
et al., 2012; Dussin and Chemale, 2012). Probable correlatives of the
Costa Sena Group are the Riacho dos Machados Group and Limoeiro
 M. Kuchenbecker et al. / Precambrian Research 266 (2015) 1226
Fig. 6. Provenance sketch illustrating the time span (for primary sources) and detrital zircon ages range (for secondary sources) of possible sources for the Macabas Group
rocks. The gray intervals mark the main age peaks of detrital zircons from the undivided Macabas Group. The gray dotted line marks the age of the youngest zircon from
the unit.
Complex, which occurs along the Porteirinha basement block, in the
northern Espinhaco Ridge (Knauer et al., 2007).
In the Iron Quadrangle domain, to the south, there are at least
three important primary to secondary sources, namely: (i) the Rio
das Velhas Supergroup, an Archaean greenstone belt, with zircon
ages ranging between 2710 Ma and 3800 Ma (Machado et al., 1996;
Noce et al., 2005; Hartmann et al., 2006); (ii) the Minas Super-
group which zircon ages ranging from 2250 Ma to 3650 Ma (Renger
et al., 1994; Machado et al., 1996; Hartmann et al., 2006; Mendes
et al., 2014); and (iii) the Itacolomi Group, a sedimentary succession
with detrital zircon grains dated between 2180 Ma and 3240 Ma
(Machado et al., 1996; Hartmann et al., 2006). In the northern So
Francisco Craton, the Contendas-Mirante supracrustal succession
shows zircon ages ranging from c. 1900 Ma to c. 2700 Ma (Nutman
et al., 1994).
Within the Congo Craton, a potential secondary source is the
Palaeoproterozoic Francevillian basin (Thiblemont et al., 2009),
which represents a foreland basin related to the West Central
African belt (Feybesse et al., 1998).
A peak around 19002200 Ma represents the most promi-
nent zircon age cluster occurring in all evolutionary stages of
the Macabas basin. This period encompasses the most important
orogenic events that resulted in the assembly of the So Francisco-
Congo palaeocontinent, recorded in orogenic belts located within
the So Francisco (Mineiro-Mantiqueira-Juiz de Fora-Pocrane and
Itabuna-Salvador-Curac orogenic belts) and Congo (Gabon belt)
cratons. A great number of zircon grains with such ages are
also found in the Espinhaco Supergroup, Costa Sena Group and
Contendas-Mirante sedimentary sequence, which might have
acted as secondary sources.
When analyzed separately, the three evolutionary stages of the
Macabas basin show some remarkable differences. The Tonian
rift stage shows an important contribution from Mesoproterozoic
sources, with an age peak of 11001300 Ma. However, Ectasian-
Stenian (14001000 Ma) magmatic rocks, which could represent
the primary sources, are quite scarce within the So Francisco-
Congo craton. Their most expressive occurrences are the A-type
magmatism of the Karagwe-Ankole belt (Tack et al., 1994, 2010;
21
Hanson et al., 1988; Ring et al., 1999; Fernandez-Alonso et al., 2012)
and the Namaqua-Natal province (Evans et al., 2007; Pettersson
et al., 2007). Detrital zircon ages of 11001300 Ma are also found
in the Espinhaco Supergroup (Chemale et al., 2012; Lopes, 2012;
Santos et al., 2013; Chaves et al., 2013a,b). However, even in these
pre-Neoproterozoic units, the Ectasian-Stenian zircon grains also
represent a minor contribution so that they are not a reliable
major source for the coeval Macabas zircon population. There-
fore, we should consider a more complex scenario to explain the
common presence of Ectasian-Stenian zircons in the Macabas
rocks. We envisage a complex and extensive uvial system drain-
ing the So Francisco-Congo palaeocontinent and owing into the
main grabens formed during the Macabas rift stages. Such a sys-
tem could bring sediments from the Karagwe-Ankole belt and
Namaqua-Natal province to feed the Macabas basin. Additionally,
the Espinhaco Supergroup could represent a more proximal source,
since its rocks were certainly exposed in horsts and shoulders of
the Macabas rifts. Moreover, detrital zircon ages of 12001300 Ma
are also found in sedimentary units of the Braslia belt, such as the
Andrelndia (Valeriano et al., 2004; Valladares et al., 2004), Vazante
(Rodrigues et al., 2012), Canastra and Ibi groups (Rodrigues et al.,
2010; Dias et al., 2011), and in the Canabravinha Formation of the
Rio Preto belt (Caxito et al., 2014). In addition, the presence of Meso-
proterozoic zircons in sedimentary rocks on both sides of the So
Francisco Craton suggests sources hidden by Neoproterozoic and
Phanerozoic covers within this craton, as previously suggested by
Babinski et al. (2012).
In the Cryogenian rift to passive margin stages, an important
contribution of 26002800 Ma sources take place, although they
are virtually absent in deposits of the Tonian rift stage (Fig. 5). This
absence represents an important change of source areas, which
could be related to distinct factors. One of them is the regional
unconformity beneath the glacial succession of the Macabas
Group (Karfunkel and Hoppe, 1988; Uhlein et al., 1998, 1999;
Martins-Neto et al., 2001), related to the Cryogenian rift stage that
separates it from the pre-glacial succession deposited in the Tonian
rift. Therefore, this regional unconformity would represent a long
lasting hiatus, which is coherent with the important provenance
22 M. Kuchenbecker et al. / Precambrian Research 266 (2015) 1226

Fig. 7. Stratigraphic correlation sketch for the Aracua orogen and West Congo belt (modied from Babinski et al., 2012 and Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2008). (1) rift-related felsic
volcanic rocks; (2) rudites; (3) sandstones; (4) pelites; (5) diamictites; (6) mac volcanic rocks with pillow structure and transitional geochemical signature; (7) carbonate
rocks; (8) outsized clasts (dropstones); (9) mac dykes; (10) anorogenic granites; (11) volcanic rocks. See text for age references.

changes. Furthermore, the Cryogenian rift stage is marked by a
climatic change to glacial conditions. Such an important event
certainly implies in severe changes in the palaeogeomorphologic
scenario, which can deeply modify the erosion and sediment trans-
port systems, and consequently the provenance pattern. Finally,
it should be considered that Archaean primary sources could be
mostly covered during the Tonian rifting stage. In fact, seismic sec-
tions cutting across the So Francisco Craton reveal sedimentary
sequences older than the Neoproterozoic Bambu Group covering a
large area of the craton basement (Coelho et al., 2008). In this case,
the Archaean primary sources could have been exhumed by glacial
erosion associated with block uplifting in the Cryogenian rift stage.
The contribution of Calymmian (14001600 Ma) sources is more
signicant during the rift stages, and becomes less so during the
passive margin stage. Primary Calymmian sources within the cra-
tonic domain are restricted to the Curac-Chapada mac dike
swarm (So Francisco Craton) and the Humpata sill province (Congo
Craton, Silveira et al., 2013), which are tentatively correlated to a
Large Igneous Province with a plume center in the Siberian Craton
(Ernst et al., 2014). In the northern Espinhaco Supergroup, volcanic
rocks of the Bomba Formation are also Calymmian in age (Danderfer
et al., 2009). Although evidences of Calymmian magmatic rocks are
rare in the Aracua Orogen, they have been reported as orthoamphi-
bolite bodies enclosed by Rhyacian gneisses in the Pocrane Complex
(Silva et al., 2002; Novo, 2013).
The decrease of the Calymmian sources in the passive mar-
gin deposits could be related to the end of the glaciation. As the
beginning of the passive margin stage corresponds to the late
deglaciation stage, changes in the source areas could be driven by
ice melt (ooding of source areas, changes in the drainage network)
and/or by the breakup of the continental lithosphere (with signif-
icant uplift of former rift shoulders) associated with the onset of
ocean spreading.
The 9001000 Ma zircons appear in age spectra since the Tonian
rift stage, but become important in the Cryogenian rift to passive
margin stages (Fig. 5). Tonian primary sources are more abundant
in the West Congo belt than in the Aracua orogen, owing to the
thick volcanic piles of the Zadinian and Mayumbian groups (c.
930910 Ma), the Mativa and Bata Kimenga (c. 920 Ma), and Noqui
granites (c. 999 Ma, Tack et al., 2001), as well as the Mayumba
granites and related mac rocks of the northern West Congo belt
in Gabon (Thiblemont et al., 2011). In contrast, Tonian igneous
sources are much less abundant in the So Francisco Craton and
Aracua orogen, being limited to the A-type granites of the Salto
da Divisa Suite (915875 Ma; Silva et al., 2008; Menezes et al.,
2012), the Ilhus-Itapebi mac dikes (c. 1000900 Ma, Renne et al.,
1990), and the mac dikes from the Pedro Lessa Suite (905930 Ma,
Machado et al., 1989; Dussin and Chemale, 2012). This difference
is explained by the model of an asymmetric continental rift, with
the thermal axis located in the African counterpart (Pedrosa-Soares
 M. Kuchenbecker et al. / Precambrian Research 266 (2015) 1226
Fig. 8. Sinoptic chart illustrating the evolution of the Macabas Basin in the context of the AracuaWest Congo Orogen. Vertical bars illustrate the time span of the main
magmatic events and basin development stages. (*) West African units or events.
et al., 2008). The increase of the 9001000 Ma zircon population in
the glaciogenic units can be explained by the exhumation of Tonian
magmatic rocks during the Cryogenian rifting processes, making
them available to erosion.
Finally, an input of zircons as young as 750 Ma took place in the
Cryogenian-Ediacaran passive margin stage. Magmatic rocks with
similar ages are found in the South Bahia Alkaline Province (Rosa
et al., 2007) and in the Rio Negro magmatic arc (Tupinamb et al.,
2012). Furthermore, mac volcanic rocks intercalated in the Lower
Diamictite of the West Congo belt were recently dated at 694 4 Ma
(UPb on baddeleyite, Straathof, 2011), and a rhyolitic tuff from
the La Louila Formation yielded a zircon UPb age at 713 49 Ma
(Thiblemont et al., 2011), both in the West Congo belt. These late
Cryogenian ages for rift-related magmatic rocks are in good agree-
ment with the next igneous event related to the Macabas basin,
which is the formation of oceanic crust at c. 660 Ma (Queiroga et al.,
2007; Queiroga, 2010).
6.2. Timing of the Macabas basin lling
The long lasting evolution of the Macabas basin (c. 930 Ma to c.
600 Ma) seems to involve more than one rifting event before its evo-
lution to an inland-sea basin partially oored by oceanic crust. The
mantle-activated rift system that resulted in the Tonian opening
of the Macabas basin, including its counterpart located in Africa,
23
was marked by large volumes of A-type bimodal magmatism with
most UPb ages suggesting a time span from c. 930 Ma to c. 875 Ma
(Figs. 7 and 8; Pedrosa-Soares and Alkmim, 2011, and references
therein). This Tonian anorogenic igneous event could have been
coeval to the sedimentation of the oldest units of the Macabas
basin (the Mato, Duas Barras and Rio Peixe Bravo formations),
which show detrital zircon ages as young as 900 Ma (Babinski et al.,
2012).
The next anorogenic magmatic event took place in the Cryoge-
nian, from c. 750 Ma to c. 675 Ma, on both sides of the AracuaWest
Congo system and neighboring cratonic region. This implies a
long lasting paucity (c. 120 Ma) in the anorogenic magmatic activ-
ity, from c. 870 Ma to c. 750 Ma, which may be correlated with
the regional unconformities observed between the pre-glacial and
glacial successions of both the Macabas and West Congolian basins
(Karfunkel and Hoppe, 1988; Tack et al., 2001; Frimmel et al., 2006;
Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2008). The deposition of thick diamictite-
rich packages (Serra do Catuni, Nova Aurora and Lower Chapada
Acau formations) marked the glacial period in the Macabas basin,
whereas thin diamictite layers intercalated with c. 700 Ma old mac
volcanic rocks (Straathof, 2011) were deposited in the West Con-
golian basin. At this time, the continental basement of the basin
became increasingly stretched, as marked by the transitional geo-
chemical and isotopic signatures of the submarine volcanism of
the Lower Chapada Acau Formation (Gradim et al., 2005) and its
24 M. Kuchenbecker et al. / Precambrian Research 266 (2015) 1226
correlative related to the Lower Diamictite of the West Congo-
lian basin (Kampunzu et al., 1991, Tack et al., 2001). However,
the sedimentation timing related to this stage remains uncertain,
as the maximum depositional age for the glacial succession is
not well constrained in relation to the magmatic age interval (c.
750670 Ma).
The transition from the Late Cryogenian rift stage to the passive
margin setting seems to be gradual and accompanied by a deglacia-
tion period in the Macabas basin. The related magmatic event
records oceanic oor spreading, attested by the magmatic crystal-
lization of ophiolitic plagiogranites at c. 660 Ma (Queiroga et al.,
2007). The ocean spreading timing is constrained between the old-
est plagiogranite age and the age of the youngest ophiolite body
rock ever found in the Aracua orogen, the Santo Antnio do Grama
ophiolite (c. 600 Ma, Queiroga, 2010). The post-glacial succession,
including the diamictite-free Upper Chapada Acau and Ribeiro
da Folha formations, as well as their correlatives (the Jequitin-
honha Complex and Dom Silvrio Group), shows a more suitable
maximum depositional age younger than c. 740 Ma (Fig. 8).
The initial closure of the Macabas basin is well constrained
by the oldest ages (c. 630 Ma) from rocks of the Rio Doce mag-
matic arc (Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2011b; Goncalves et al., 2014). This
implies that, at least between c. 630 and 600 Ma, there was sea-oor
spreading and closure occurring concurrently in the basin. The nal
tectonic inversion of the basin took place in the collisional stage of
the Aracua orogen (580545 Ma, Gradim et al., 2014; Peixoto et al.,
2015).
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge nancial support provided by Brazil-
ian research and development agencies (CNPq, FAPEMIG, FAPESP,
CODEMIG), the Geological Survey of Brazil (CPRM), and the staff
of the geochronological laboratories of the University of So Paulo
and Australian National University. Two anonymous reviewers are
thanked for their helpful and constructive comments that substan-
cially improved this manuscript.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in
the online version, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2015.
04.016
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