l Aavq: WvUveR gvbRgU wmg

WvUv ev Dcv: WvUv Gi A_ nj Dcv| Z_i g~j Dcv`vbK WvUv ej| A_vr GKwU Z_ h mKj gwjK Dcv`vb wbq MwVZ
Zv`i cZKK GK GKwU WvUv ejv nq| WvUv nj msLv, eY ev G`i mgw|

Z_ (Information): WvUv ev Dcv mg~ni mymsMwVZ icK Z_ ej| A_vr GK ev GKvwaK WvUv mg~nK myQvjvfve
mvRvbvi dj h djvdj cvIqv hvq ZvK Z_ ev Information ej| myZivs A_c~Y WvUv mg~ni A_evaK mgwK Z_
ej| hgb:
ivj bvg kwY wefvM
101 Zvkwdqv v`k mvaviY
102 ivKbyvgvb v`k wevb
103 Avj bvgvb v`k wevb
D Uwej ev mviYxZ ivj, bvg, kwY Ges wefvM nj GK GKwU WvUv ev Dcv Ges Giv h vb AvQ H vbK ejv nq
wd| Avevi 101, Zvkwdqv, v`k, mvaviY Gjv nj GK GKwU WvUv, Ze GK G`i mgwK Z_ ev iKW I ejv nq|

WvUv Ges Z_i ga cv_K wjL:

Data (WvUv) Information (Z_)
Z_i g~j Dcv`vbK WvUv ej GK ev GKvwaK WvUv Gi A_evaK mgwK Z_ ej
WvUv ev Dcv mvRvbv ev MvQvjv Aevq _vK bv Z_ mvRvbv ev MvQvjv Aevq _vK
WvUv BbcyU ^ic Z_ nj AvDUcyU ^ic
mivmwi eenvi Kiv hvq bv mivmwi eenvi Kiv hvq
GwU A_c~Y bq GwU A_c~Y

WvUveR: WvUv mg~ni mgvnvi ev mgvekK WvUveR ej| GK ev GKvwaK GbwUwU, GbwUwUmU A_ev Uwej Gi msMnK
WvUveR ej|
GbwUwU: GKwU WvUveRi AMZ h Uwej mg~n _vK Zv`i cZKK GK GKwU GbwUwU ej| A_vr WvUv mg~n h Uwej
avib Kiv nq ev _vK Ges ZvK h bvg `qv nq ZvK GbwUwU ej|
GbwUwU mU: GbwUwUi mgveRK GbwUwU mU ej| A_r GKwU WvUveR h Uwej ev GbwUwU mg~n _vK Zv`i mgwK
GbwUwU mU ej| myZivs GKwU WvUveRK GbwUwU mU ejv nq|
AvwUweDU/wd/Kjvg: AvwUweDU A_ ewk| GKwU WvUveRi Kvb GKwU Uwej ev GbwUwU Gi WvUv mg~n hvi Dci wfw
Ki msiY Kiv Ges cwqvKiY Kiv nq ZvK AvwUweDU ev wd Ges Kjvg ej|
wd: GbwUwU ev Uwej G WvUv ivLvi vbK wd ej| A_vr h vb WvUv mg~n msiY Kiv nq H vbK wd ej|
iKW: GKwU GbwUwU Gi iv eivei hZjv wd ZvK Zv`i mgwK iKW ej| A_vr GKwU Uwej Gi GKwU iv evivei
hZjv WvUv ivLv nq Zv`i mgwK iKW ejv nq|
ivj bvg kwY wefvM
1 KvKb v`k wevb
D Uwej G- 201, KvKb, v`k Ges wevb Gjvi mgw nj GKwU iKW|
WvUv wWKkbvix (Data Dictionary): WvUveR mwKZ Z_ Ges WvUveR BDRvi mwKZ wewfb Z_ msiY KivK
WvUv wWKkbvix ej|
WvUeR gvbRgU wmg (DBMS): WvUveR gvbRgU wmg nj Ggb GK cKvi wmg ev cvMvg hvi gvag
wewfb WvUv Ges Z_ Gi msiY, cwqvKiY Ges wbqY Kiv nq| A_vr h mdUIqvi ev cvMvgi gvag WvUv mg~ni
eeevcbv wbwZ Kiv hvq ZvK WvUveR gvbRgU wmg ej| hgb: MS Access, MySQL, Oracle etc.
WvUeR gvbRgU wmg (DBMS) Gi KvRmg~n:
c_gZ WvUveR gvbRgU wmgi KvRK `yfvM fvM Kiv nq t
dU G (Front-End) t G eenviKvixMY aygv WvUv GwU ev G RvZxq KvR mb KiZ cvi|
evK G (Back-End) t G WvUveR Zwi Kiv _K i Ki mKj aibi KvR mb Kiv nq|
(DBMS) Gi KvRmg~n:
1. WvUveR Zwi Kiv|
2. WvUveR G Uwej Zwi Kiv|
3. WvUveR G bZzb WvUv Ges iKW msY Kiv|
4. WvUv gyQ djv|
5. WvUv AcWU Kiv|
6. WvUv LyR ei Kiv Z_v Abymvb Kiv|
7. WvUv mvRvbv|
8. AcqvRbxq WvUv ev iKW ev` `qv|
9. WvUvi wbicv wbwZ Kiv|
10. WvUveR Gi wbqb Kiv|
11. wicvU Zwi Kiv Ges WvUvmg~n wcU Kiv|
(DBMS) Gi eenviKvix:
mvaviY eenviKvix
AbjvBb eenviKvix
AvwcKkb mdUIqvi eenvi
WvUveR AvWwgwbUi wnme eenvi
WvUveR GWwgwbUi Gi KvR:
1) WvUveR wWRvBb Kiv|
2) WvUveR G BDRvi ev eenviKvix Zwi Kiv|
3) GKvwaK eenviKvix`i mg^q mvab Kiv|
4) WvUveRi eenvi wbicv wbwZ Kiv|
5) WvUveRi ggvwi/m wbaviY Kiv|
6) WvUveR i Kiv Ges e Kiv|
7) WvUveRi evKAvc ivLv|
8) WvUv cybivi Kiv|
9) WvUv mg~ni Gii ev fyj mskvab Kiv|
10) WvUveR AvcWU Kiv|
WvUveR gvbRgU wmg(DBMS) Gi cKvif`mg~n:
Client Server Database
Distributed Database
Web-Enabled Database

WvUveR gWj (Database Model): WvUveRi wWRvBb KvVvgv ev MVb Gi avibvK WvUveR gWj ej| WvUveR
WvUvmg~n wKfve mwZ _vKe Zvi eve wWRvBb/ic c`vb KivK WvUveR gWj ej|
WvUveR gWj Gi cKvie`:-
1) wj vKPvi gWj
2) bUIqvK gWj
3) wijkbvj gWj
4) nvqvivwKKvj gWj
5) AeR AwiqUW gWj BZvw`
wijkbvj WvUveR gvbRgU wmg (RDBMS): cvBgvwi wK (Primary Key) K wfw Ki GKvwaK GbwUwU
mg~ni gvS cii h mK Zwi Kiv nq ZvK wijkbvj WvUveR gvbRgU wmg ej| WvUveRK mnR eenvii
j Ges WvUveRi wbivc wbwZ Kibi h mg WvUveR wmg ev mdUIqvi G GKvwaK WvUveR Ges GKvwaK
GbwUwU Gi ga mK Zwi Ki WvUveR Gi Kvh m`b Kiv hvq ZvK wijkbvj WvUveR gvbRgU wmg ej|
hgb: MS Access, MySQL, Oracle, PostGRESQL, DB2, SQL Server etc.

RDBMS Gi ewk:
Data Abastraction : RDBMS G WvUvK ev GKwU GbwUwUK wewfb Uwej wef Ki `qv nq hvi dj Uwej
mg~ni eenvi wbwZ nq GesGKwU Uweji Dci Kg wbfikxj nIqv hvq| GZ WvUvi wbicv
ewk wbwZ nq|
Concurrency : RDBMS G KbKviw Gi gvag GKB WvUveRK GKvwaK eenviKvix eenvi KiZ cvi|
Data Redundancy : RDBMS G WvUv wiWvbWw Gi dj WvUvmg~n GKvwaK Uwej wef _vKvi dj GKB WvUv Gi
cybivw nq bv
Data Security : RDBMS G WvUveR Ges WvUv mg~ni eenvii wbivcv mevcv ewk wbivc`|
Multiple Views : RDBMS G GKB WvUvi GKvwaK wfD Zwi Kiv hvq|
RDBMS Gi eenvi:
evsK exgv G RvZxq cwZvb
AbjvBb Awdm eevcbvq
B-wUKwUs Gi
B-Kgvm Ges B-weRbm Gi
nvmcvZvj, wKwbK G RvZxq mevg~jK cwZvb
wewfb wkv cwZvb
wewfb KcviU Awdm
wewfb Iqe mvBU gvbRgU
miKvix cwZvb
 mvgvwRK hvMvhvM gvag BZvw`
Kzqwi (Query): WvUveR msiwZ AmsL Z_ ev WvUv _K wbw` Kvb Z_ iKW ev WvUv LyR ei Kivi cwqvK
Kzqwi ej| A_vr h cwZ ev cwqvi gva WvUveRi AmsL WvUv _K wbw` Kvb WvUv mnR LyR cvIqv hvq ZvK
Kzqwi ej| Avi h fvlvq Kzqwi Kiv nq ZvK Kzqwi jvsqR ev fvlv ej| hgb: SQL (Structured Query
Language), QUEL (Query Language), QBE (Query By Example)BZvw`|
Example: SELECT * FROM students WHERE (gpa>4 AND gpa<5);
Example: SELECT * FROM customers WHERE salary> 5000;

Indexing (BbWws): WvUv Uwej ev GbwUwU Gi wgK bv^viK Kvbic cwieZb bv Ki iKW mg~ni Abvb wd
mg~nK mvRvbvi KkjK BbW ej| A_vr g~j WvUveR dvBjK AcwiewZZ iL iKWmg~ni mvRvbvi KkjK
BbWws ej|

Sorting (mwUs): WvUv Uwej Gi iKWmg~nK h Kv g Abymvi mvRvbvK mwUs ej| A_vr WvUv Uwej Gi iKW mg~n
QvU _K eo ev eo _K QvU Gfve mvRvbv cwZK mwUs ej|

WvUv UvBc Gi cKvif`:

Number : G wdwU msLv Gi Rb eeZ nq| hgb: 1, 2, 3,2016, 65536, 4, 63 BZvw`
Auto Number : G wdwU AUvgwUK msLv Gi Rb eeZ nq| hgb: 1, 2, 3 Ges 101, 102, 103
BZvw`|
Text/Character : G wdwU Kvb eY ev Ai Ges bvg wVKvbv BZvw` Gi Rb eeZ nq| hgb: Avwjg,
XvKv, dvwZnv BZvw`|
Yes/No or Logical : G wdwU h Kvb `yBwU welq Gi ga Zzjbvi eeZ nq| hgb: Qj A_ev
gq, wevb A_ev mvaviY BZvw`|
Date/Time : G wdwU aygv ZvwiL ev mgq Gi Rb eeZ nq| hgb: 03/01/2016|
Currency : G wdwUUvKv ev gy`v Gi Rb eeZ nq| hgb: 5,000.00, 25,000.00 BZvw`|
OLE Object : (Object Linking and Embedding) G wdwU Kvb Qwe, Mvd, dvBj BZvw` Gi
Rb eeZ nq| hgb: wcKPvi, GgGm IqvW Gi dvBj ev jLv BZvw`|
Hyperlink : G wdwU Kvb Bgj ev IqemvBUi Rb eeZ nq| hgb:
shahin.jpi@gmail.com
Memo : G wdwU mvaviYZ Kvb weeiY ev evLv ev ge Gi Rb eeZ nq| hgb: Kvb
cwZvbi mK weeiY `qv, ge jLv BZvw`|
Lookup Wizard : G aibi wd mivmwi WvUv GwU bv Ki Kvb Uwej ev wj _K mivmwi WvUv wbq KvR
Kiv nq|
Primary Key (cvBgvwi wK): GKwU Uwej GbwUwU Gi BDwbK (unique ev AwZxq) wK K cvBgvwi wK ej| A_vr GK ev
GKvwaK GbwUwU Gi ga mK vcbi Rb h GKK wK Gi cqvRb nq ZvK cvBgvwi wK ej|
Roll Name Class Address
1 Tashfia XII Dhaka
2 Fatiha XII Dhaka
3 Apon XII Jessore
D Uwej G ivj 1,2,3 K cvBgvwi wK ejv hve|
Foreign Key (dib wK): `ywU Uwej ev GbwUwU Gi ga mK vcbi Rb GKwU Uwej Gi cvBgvwi wK hLb Ab Uwej ev
GbwUwU G eeZ nq ZLb ZvK dib wK ej| A_vr cii mKhy `yB ev ZZvwaK Uwej Gi c_g Uwej Gi
cvBgvwi wK hw` wZxq Uwej eeZ nq Ze wZxq Uwej eeZ c_g Uweji cvBgvwi wK K dib wK ej|
Roll Name Class Address
101 Tashfia XII Dhaka
102 Fatiha XII Dhaka
103 Sadia XII Jessore
wP-1
Reg Name Board GPA Roll
201 Tashfia Jessore 5.00 101
202 Fatiha Jessore 5.00 102
203 Sadia Jessore 4.94 103
wP-2
D wP `ywUZ c_g Uwej Gi ivjK wZxq Uwej dib wK ejv nq|
Composite Primary Key: GKwU Uwej hLb Kvb cvBgvwi wK LyR cvIqv hvq bv ZLb `yB ev ZZvwaK wd Gi
mg^q h cvBgvwi wK MVb Kiv nq ZvK KvwRU cvBgvwi wK ej| Z_v ZZvwaK wdi mvnvh h cvBgvwi wK Zwi Kiv
nq ZvK KvwRU cvBgvwi wK ej|
Roll Name Class Address
101 Nusaiba XI Jessore
101 Fatiha XII Jessore
D Uwej G ivj Ges Kvm Gi mg^q cvBgvwi wK MVb Kiv hvq hvK KvwRU cvBgvwi wK ej|
WvUveR Gi wijkb Pvi cKvi:
1. One to One: GKwU Uwej Gi GKwU iKWi ev wdi mv_ hw` Ab GKwU Uweji aygv GKwU iKWi mv_
ev wdi mv_ mK _vK Zve ZvK One to One wijkb ej|

2. One to Many: GKwU Uwej Gi GKwU iKWi ev wdi mv_ hw` Ab GKwU Uweji GKvwaK iKWi mv_ ev
wdi mv_ mK _vK Zve ZvK One to Many wijkb ej|
 3. Many to One: GKwU Uweji GKvwaK iKWi mv_ ev wdi mv_ hw` GKwU Uwej Gi GKwU iKWi ev
wdi mv_ mK _vK Zve ZvK Many to One wijkb ej|

4. Many to Many: GKwU Uweji GKvwaK iKWi mv_ ev wdi mv_ hw` Ab GKwU Uwej Gi GKvwaK
iKWi ev wdi mv_ mK _vK Zve ZvK Many to Many wijkb ej|

Operator
AcviUi mg~ni bvg Ges D`vniY
Arithmatic Operator Relational Operator
Name Example Name Example
+ (Addition) x+y > (Greaterthan) x>y
- (Subtration) x-y < (Lessthan) x<y
* (Multiplication) x*y >= (Graterthan x >= y
/ (Division) x/y equalto)
() (Parenthasis) (x+y)+(x/y) <= (Lessthan equalto) x <= y
Mod x mod y == 0 == (Equalto/Equality) x == y
<> (Not equalto) x != y
Between and range means
 Like Operator
Logical Operator Name Example
Name Name ? Ges * ? Ges * wPi mv_ Like
AND ! (kZ c~iY Kivi Rb) Operator eenvi Kiv nq|
OR () Mc Gckb Zwii Rb ? h Kvb GKK Aii mv_ gvP
NOT Ki
* h Kvb aibi GK ev GKvwaK
Aii mv_ gvP Ki|

SQL Statement and Command Details

CREATE bZzb database, table BZvw` Zwii Rb eeZ nq|
ZwiKZ wewfb database I table Gi wewfb cwieZbi Rb
DDL: ALTER
eeZ nq|
(Data
Definition DROP database, table BZvw` gyQ djvi Rb eeZ nq|
Language) RENAME database, table BZvw`i bvg cwieZbi Rb eeZ nq|
TRUNCATE Uweji MVb AcwiewZZ iL WvUv gyQ djvi Rb eeZ nq|
DML: SELECT WvUv `Lvbvi Rb eeZ nq|
(Data INSERT WvUv hvM Rb eeZ nq|
Manipulation DELETE WvUv gyQ djvi Rb eeZ nq|
Language) UPDATE WvUv cwieZbi Rb eeZ nq|
DCL: WvUveR BDRvi/eenviKvix`i WvUveR eenvii wewfb AbygwZ
GRANT
(Data c`vbi Rb eeZ nq|
Control WvUveR BDRvi/eenviKvix`i WvUveR eenvii wewfb AbygwZ
REVOKE
Language) evwZji Rb eeZ nq|
DQL: COMMIT WvUveR msibi Rb eeZ nq|
(Data Query SAVEPOINT wbw` mxgv ch Kgv wb`kbv c`vbi Rb eeZ nq|
Language) ROLLBACK wbw` mxgv ch Kgv evwZj Kivi Rb eeZ nq|

WvUveRi wewfb SQL Command mg~n

(CREATE)
bZzi WvUveR / Uwej CREATE DATABSE student;
CREATE TABLE result;
BZvw` Zwi
CREATE TABLE table_name(column1 datatype,
(CREATE) column2 datatype,
bZzi Uwej Zwi column3 datatype,
columnN datatype,
 PRIMARY KEY( one or more columns )
);
-------------------------
CREATE TABLE student_info
(ID Auto Number(10) primary key,
roll_no, Number(14),
Name text (20),
Class Number(10),
Group text (10),
Contact Number Number (15),
DOB Date/Time (10),
Tution Fees Currency(10),
Gender YES/NO (10),
E-Mail Hyperlink(20),
);
Example:
INSERT INTO table_name( column1, column2....columnN)
VALUES ( value1, value2....valueN);
Uwej WvUv/iKW --------------------------
BbmvU Kiv INSERT INTO student_info (ID, roll_no, Name, Class, Group, Contact
Number, DOB, Tution Fees, Gender, E-Mail)
VALUES (101, 401, Nusaiba, XI, Science, 01944005445, 05/09/2012,
1200/-, Female, shahin.jpi@gmail.com);
DROP TABLE: DROP TABLE table_name;
CREATE CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name
INDEX: ON table_name ( column1, column2,...columnN);
ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP INDEX:
DROP INDEX index_name;
ALTER TABLE ALTER TABLE table_name {ADD|DROP|MODIFY} column_name
Statement: {data_ype};

ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME TO new_table_name;

ALTER TABLE
--------------------------
(RENAME):
ALTER TABLE student_info RENAME TO student_personal_info;
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
TRUNCATE
-----------------------------
TABLE:
TRUNCAT TABLE student_info;
UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1, column2 =
value2....columnN=valueN
[ WHERE CONDITION ];
UPDATE:
---------------------------
UPDATE student_info SET roll = 450, name = Nusaiba Shahin WHERE
ID = 101;
 DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE {CONDITION};
DELETE:
--------------------------
DELETE FROM student_info WHERE ID = 101;
DROP DATABASE database_name;
DROP
---------------------------
DATABASE:
DROP DATABASE student;
COMMIT
COMMIT;
Statement:
ROLLBACK
ROLLBACK;
Statement:
SHOW
SHOW DATABASES;
Database:
SELECT column1, column2....columnN
FROM table_name
SELECT WHERE CONDITION;
--------------------------
SELECT name, roll FROM student_info WHERE ID = 101;
SELECT column1, column2....columnN
AND/OR Clause: FROM table_name
WHERE CONDITION-1 {AND|OR} CONDITION-2;
SELECT column1, column2....columnN
BETWEEN
FROM table_name
Clause:
WHERE column_name BETWEEN val-1 AND val-2;
SELECT column1, column2....columnN
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name LIKE { PATTERN };
LIKE Clause: ----------------------
WHERE SALARY LIKE '200%' Finds any values that start with 200
WHERE SALARY LIKE '%2' Finds any values that end with 2
SELECT FROM table_name
WHERE column LIKE '%aa%'
SELECT column1, column2....columnN
ORDER BY
FROM table_name
Clause:
WHERE CONDITION
ORDER BY column_name {ASC|DESC};
SELECT SUM(column_name)
GROUP BY FROM table_name
Clause: WHERE CONDITION
GROUP BY column_name;
SELECT SUM(column_name)
FROM table_name
HAVING
WHERE CONDITION
Clause:
GROUP BY column_name
HAVING (arithematic function condition);
 SELECT COUNT(column_name)
SQL COUNT
FROM table_name
Clause:
WHERE CONDITION;
DESC
DESC table_name;
Statement:
ADD COLUMN
ALTER TABLE akj_student ADD COLUMN class VARCHAR(10)
AFTER
AFTER S_name;
COLUMN
KcviU WvUveR: enr Kvb KcviU Awdm ev cwZvbjv Zv`i kvLv Awdmmg~ni mv_ hvMvhvMi Rb Ges Z_
Av`vb-c`vb mn bvbvwea Kvhg mb Kivi j K`xq mvfvi GKwU WvUveR Zwi Ki hvK KcviU WvUveR ej|
myZivs GKwU cwZvb Zv`i g~j cwZvb mn Abvb kvLv cwZvbi mv_ GKB mv_ Kvhg cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb BUvibU
Ges bUIqvK wfwK K`xfve h WvUveR Gi eenvi Ki ZvK KcviU WvUveR ej|
hgb: evsK, exgv, miKvix wewfb wefvMi Kvhg AbjvBbi gvag mb Kiv BZvw`|

GKwU KcviU WvUveR Gi wewfb Dcv`vb ev BDwbU _vK:

wnDgvb wimvm (Human Resource or HRM)
AvKvDwUs Ges wdbv (Accounting and Finnance)
gvKwUs (Marketing)
mjm (Sales)
Kvgvi mvwfm (Customer Service)
MelYv I Dbqb (Research and Development)

ERP: ERP Gi c~Yic Enterprise Resource Planning. Kvb cwZvbi mvgwMK Kvhg mv`bvi Rb h WvUveR
Zwi Kiv nq ZvK g~jZ BAviwc ej| GKwU cwZvbi AfvwiY Ges evwnK mejv wefvMi Kvhg hw` GKwU
mdUIqvii gvag mb Kiv nq Ze ZvK ejERP |
Data Encryption: WvUv Gi wbivcv wbwZ Kivi Rb WvUv Gi Drm nZ cvcK ch vbvii Rb h wekl cwZZ
WvUv Av`vb-c`vb Kiv nq ZvK WvUv Gbwckb ej| A_vr h cwqvi gvag WvUvi wbivcv eRvq ivLvi Rb g~j WvUvK
cwieZb Ki cvVvbv nq ZvK WvUv Gbwckb ej|
WvUv Gbw Gi g~j Ask PviwU:
1. cBbUU (Plaintext)
2. mvBdviUU (Ciphertext)
3. Gbwckb GjMwi`g (Encryption Algorithm)
4. Mvcb wK ev KvW (Secret Key or Code)
WvUv Gbw Gi wewfb cwZ:
5. AES (Advanced Encryption Algorithm)
6. DES (Data Encryption Standared)
7. IDEA (International Data Encryption Algorithm)
8. SESER CODE: wmRvi KvW njv WvUv Gbw Kivi GKwU cwZ| G cwZZ Gbw Kivi mgq Kvb
AiK Zvi cieZx wZb Ai viv cwZvcb Kiv nq| ivgvb mvU Rywjqvm wmRvi hy wewfb evZv ciYi
Rb G cwZ eenvi KiZb ej Gi bvgKiY Kiv nq wmRvi KvW|
WvUv Gbw `yB cKvi:
1) wmgwUK Gbwckb
2) AvwmgwUK Gbwckb