B GIO DC V O TO VIN HN LM KHOA HC

V CNG NGH VIT NAM

HC VIN KHOA HC V CNG NGH

-----------------------------

PHAN THI L

NGHIN CU, NH GI TI NGUYN NC LU VC SNG

SRPK PHC V PHT TRIN BN VNG KINH T - X HI

(THUC PHN LNH TH VIT NAM)

LUN N TIN S A L

H NI 2017
 VIN HN LM KHOA HC V CNG NGH VIT NAM
HC VIN KHOA HC V CNG NGH
...***

PHAN THI L

NGHIN CU, NH GI TI NGUYN NC

LU VC SNG SRPK PHC V PHT TRIN BN VNG
KINH T - X HI
(THUC PHN LNH TH VIT NAM)

LUN N TIN S A L
Chuyn ngnh: a l t nhin
M s: 62 44 02 17

Ngi hng dn khoa hc:

1. TS.NCVCC. Nguyn Lp Dn
2. PGS.TS. Lng Th Vn

H Ni 2017
 LI CAM OAN
Ti xin cam oan y l cng trnh nghin cu ca ring ti, cc kt qu nghin
cu c trnh by trong lun n l trung thc, khch quan v cha tng bo v
bt k hc v no.

Ti xin cam oan rng mi s gip cho vic thc hin lun n c cm
n, cc thng tin trch dn trong lun n ny u c ch r ngun gc.

Tc gi lun n

Phan Thi L
 LI CM N

Trong sut qu trnh hc tp v hon thnh lun n tin s, ti nhn c s

hng dn, gip qu bu ca cc thy c, cc nh khoa hc, cc ng nghip, gia
nh v bn b. Vi lng knh trng v bit n su sc ti xin c by t li cm n
chn thnh ti:

Thy TS.NCVCC. Nguyn Lp Dn, c PGS.TS. Lng Th Vn tn tnh

hng dn, ng vin cng nh gip trong sut qu trnh nghin cu v hon
thnh lun n.

Tp th phng a l Thy vn - Vin a l, cc ng nghip ti khoa a l

a chnh, trng i hc Quy Nhn lun to mi iu kin gip ti hon thnh
lun n.

Cc thy c gio, cc nh khoa hc ca Khoa a l - Hc vin Khoa hc v

Cng ngh, Vin Hn lm Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam to iu kin thun
li, ch bo, gip trong qu trnh hc tp v hon thnh lun n.

Gia nh, v v cc con, bn b lun ng vin, gip ti trong qa trnh hc

tp v hon thnh lun n.

Xin chn thnh cm n!

Phan Thi L
 MC LC
MC LC ........................................................................................................................................... I
DANH MC CC T VIT TT ......................................................................................... IV
DANH MC BNG........................................................................................................................V
DANH MC HNH .................................................................................................................... VIII
M U ..............................................................................................................................................1
I. Tnh cp thit ca vn nghin cu ..................................................................1
II. Mc tiu v nhim v nghin cu ca lun n ..................................................2
1. Mc tiu nghin cu ca lun n .........................................................................2
2. Nhim v nghin cu ca lun n .......................................................................2
III. i tng v phm vi nghin cu ca lun n.................................................3
1. i tng nghin cu ..........................................................................................3
2. Phm vi nghin cu ............................................................................................. 3
IV. Cch tip cn v phng php nghin cu ......................................................3
1. Cch tip cn .......................................................................................................3
2. Phng php nghin cu .....................................................................................4
V. Lun im bo v ..................................................................................................5
VI. Nhng ng gp mi ca lun n ......................................................................5
VII. ngha khoa hc v thc tin ca lun n .....................................................5
VIII. C s ti liu .....................................................................................................5
IX. Cu trc lun n ...................................................................................................6
Chng 1. C S L LUN V TNG QUAN CC NGHIN CU, NH
GI TI NGUYN NC ..........................................................................................................8
1.1. C s l lun v nghin cu, nh gi ti nguyn nc ..................................8
1.1.1. Nc v ti nguyn nc ..............................................................................8
1.1.2. Mi trng nc ............................................................................................ 8
1.1.3. Lu vc sng .................................................................................................9
1.1.4. Dng chy ti thiu .......................................................................................9
1.1.5. Pht trin bn vng v pht trin bn vng ti nguyn nc ......................10
1.1.6. Quan im s dng bn vng ti nguyn nc ...........................................11
1.1.7. Vai tr ca ti nguyn nc i vi pht trin kinh t - x hi ..................12
1.1.8. nh gi ti nguyn nc ............................................................................13
1.1.9. Qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc v Qun l tng hp lu vc sng ......16
1.1.10. Bin i kh hu v kch bn bin i kh hu ..........................................18
1.2. Tng quan v nghin cu, nh gi ti nguyn nc ...................................18
1.2.1. Trn th gii ................................................................................................ 19

i
 1.2.2. Vit Nam..................................................................................................23
1.2.3. Vng Ty Nguyn .......................................................................................28
1.2.4. Lu vc sng Srpk ...................................................................................30
1.3. Tiu kt chng 1 ............................................................................................. 32
Chng 2. PHN TCH CC NHN T HNH THNH V NH HNG
N TI NGUYN NC LU VC SNG SRPK .............................................33
2.1. Cc nhn t t nhin ........................................................................................33
2.1.1. V tr a l v phm vi lu vc ...................................................................33
2.1.2. a cht cu to ........................................................................................... 33
2.1.3. a cht thy vn .........................................................................................34
2.1.4. a hnh a mo......................................................................................38
2.1.5. Th nhng .................................................................................................41
2.1.6. Kh hu ........................................................................................................45
2.1.7. Bin i kh hu........................................................................................... 54
2.1.8. Thy vn ......................................................................................................55
2.1.9. Thm thc vt .............................................................................................. 56
2.1.10. Tai bin thin nhin ...................................................................................58
2.2. Cc nhn t kinh t - x hi .............................................................................62
2.2.1. Dn s, dn c v tp qun sn xut ........................................................... 62
2.2.2. Cc ngnh kinh t ........................................................................................64
2.2.3. Pht trin th ........................................................................................... 71
2.2.4. Giao thng ...................................................................................................71
2.2.5. Cc cng trnh khai thc nc .....................................................................72
2.3. Tiu kt chng 2 .........................................................................................74
Chng 3. NH GI TNG HP TI NGUYN NC LU VC SNG
SRPK N NM 2020 C XT N BIN I KH HU ...............................75
3.1. nh gi tng hp ti nguyn nc lu vc sng Srpk ............................ 75
3.1.1. nh gi ti nguyn nc ma....................................................................75
3.1.2. nh gi ti nguyn nc mt .....................................................................77
3.1.3. nh gi ti nguyn nc di t ............................................................. 84
3.2. nh gi tc ng xuyn bin gii lu vc sng Srpk pha h lu
Campuchia ...............................................................................................................90
3.2.1. Thay i ch dng chy trong sng........................................................90
3.2.2. Thay i ch dng chy nm ..................................................................91
3.2.3. nh gi s dao ng mc nc gy st l b sng...................................91
3.3. D tnh ti nguyn nc lu vc sng Srpk n 2020 c xt n bin i
kh hu ......................................................................................................................92

ii
 3.3.1. Kch bn bin i kh hu cho lu vc sng Srpk...................................92
3.3.2. D tnh lng nc n lu vc sng Srpk nm 2020 theo kch bn bin
i kh hu B2 .......................................................................................................94
3.4. Nhu cu s dng nc 2010 v d tnh n 2020 trn lu vc sng Srpk
...................................................................................................................................99
3.4.1. Phn chia cc tiu lu vc sng Srpk tnh nhu cu nc ........................99
3.4.2. Nhu cu nc trn cc tiu lu vc ...........................................................100
3.4.3. Nhu cu nc cho m bo dng chy ti thiu .......................................108
3.4.4. Tng hp nhu cu nc trn lu vc sng Srpk nm 2010 v 2020 .....109
3.5. Tiu kt chng 3 ...........................................................................................109
Chng 4. CN BNG NC V CC GII PHP KHAI THC, S DNG
HP L TI NGUYN NC LU VC SNG SRPK PHC V PHT
TRIN BN VNG KINH T - X HI ..........................................................................111
4.1. Cn bng nc trn lu vc sng Srpk nm 2020 theo Quy hoch pht
trin kinh t - x hi c xt n bin i kh hu ...............................................111
4.1.1. Lin kt m un MIKE NAM vo m hnh MIKE BASIN tnh ngun nc
n trn lu vc ...................................................................................................112
4.1.2. Tnh cn bng nc trn lu vc sng Srpk ..........................................118
4.2. Cc gii php khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc lu vc sng Srpk .125
4.2.1. C s xut .............................................................................................125
4.2.2. Gii php khai thc s dng hp l, bo v v pht trin ti nguyn nc
lu vc sng Srpk bn vng ............................................................................126
4.3. Tiu kt chng 4 ...........................................................................................143
KT LUN V KIN NGH ..................................................................................................145
1. Kt lun ..............................................................................................................145
2. Kin ngh ............................................................................................................146
DANH MC CC CNG TRNH CNG B .........................................................147
TI LIU THAM KHO .........................................................................................................148
PH LC BNG .............................................................................................................................A
PH LC HNH ..............................................................................................................................N

iii
 DANH MC CC T VIT TT
VIT TT VIT Y
BKH Bin i kh hu
CBN Cn bng nc
CCN Cm cng nghip
CN Cng nghip
DCTT Dng chy ti thiu
GTH-TNN nh gi tng hp ti nguyn nc
GTNN nh gi ti nguyn nc
KTN iu kin t nhin
GWP Global Water Partnership
IWMI International Water Management Institute
KBBKH Kch bn bin i kh hu
KCN Khu cng nghip
KT-XH Kinh t - x hi
LV Lu vc
LVS Lu vc sng
MT Mi trng
ND Nc di t
NN Nng nghip
PLB Ph lc bng
PLH Ph lc hnh
PTBV Pht trin bn vng
QLTH-LVS Qun l tng hp lu vc sng
QLTH-TNN Qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc
QLTNN Qun l ti nguyn nc
TCCP Tiu chun cho php
TLV Tiu lu vc
TN T nhin
TNN Ti nguyn nc
TNTN TNTN

iv
 DANH MC BNG

Bng 2.1. Din tch, cao v t l cao a hnh LVS Srpk ........................................ 40
Bng 2.2. Cc nhm t chnh trn lu vc sng Srpk .................................................... 42
Bng 2.3. S gi nng thng, nm cc trm kh tng trong vng (gi) ............................ 45
Bng 2.4. Nhi t trung bin h thng, nm LVS Srpk (0C) ............................................... 46
Bng 2.5. Bc hi trung bnh thang, nm (mm) ................................................................... 47
Bng 2.6. m tng i trung bnh ti cc tra m khi tng (%) ..................................... 48
Bng 2.7. Lng ma trung bnh nm cc trm trn lu vc sng Srpk ........................ 50
Bng 2.8. Tc gi trung bnh ti cac tra m khi tng (m/s) ............................................. 53
Bng 2.9. c trng hin h thai h thng sng Srpk ........................................................... 56
Bng 2.10. Bin ng din tch rng trn LVS Srpk (ha) ................................................ 57
Bng 2.11. Din tch b hn hn cc a phng LVS Srpk (n 24/3/2016) ................. 60
Bng 2.12. T l tng t nhin dn s cc tnh thuc LVS Srpk (%) ............................... 63
Bng 2.13. Thc trng s dng t trn LVS Srpk nm 2013 ......................................... 64
Bng 2.14. Din tch trng mt s cy lng thc v thc phm nm 2013 ...................... 65
Bng 2.15. Din tch trng mt s cy cng nghip ngn ngy nm 2013 ......................... 66
Bng 2.16. Din tch trng mt s cy cng nghip di ngy 2013 .................................... 67
Bng 2.17. Din tch mt s cy n qu nm 2013............................................................... 68
Bng 2.18. S lng v sn lng mt s vt nui trn LVS nm 2013 ............................ 68
Bng 2.19. Sn lng, gi tr sn xut ngnh lm nghip LVS Srpk nm 2013............. 69
Bng 2.20. C cu GDP theo gi tr thc t nm 2013 cc tnh thuc LVS Srpk so
vi c nc (%) ............................................................................................................. 70
Bng 2.21. Gi tr sn xut cng nghip nm 2010, 2013 v mc tng trng............. 70
Bng 2.22. S lt khch du lich v doanh thu du lch nm 2010 v 2013 ........................ 71
Bng 2.23. Tng hp hin trng cc cng trnh thy li trn LVS Srpk (nm 2012) .... 73

Bng 3.1. Danh sch cc trm o ma trn LVS Srpk ..................................................... 75

Bng 3.2. Cc tham s thng k chui ma nm ti cc im quan trc ............................ 76
Bng 3.3. Kt qu o cc ch tiu ti ch mt s im ly mu 4/2013 .............................. 76
Bng 3.4. Kt qu phn tch mu nc ma lu vc sng Srpk nm 2013 .................... 77
Bng 3.5. Danh sach cac tra m thuy vn LVS Srpk ........................................................... 77

v
Bng 3.6. c trng dng chy nm ta i cac tra m thuy vn LVS Srpk ............................ 79
Bng 3.7. Cc tham s thng k dng chy nm cc trm thu vn LVS Srpk ............. 79
Bng 3.8. Cc tham s thng k Qmax ti cc trm thu vn trn sng Srpk ................... 80
Bng 3.9. c trng dng chy mua kit trung bnh nhiu nm LVS Srpk.................... 82
Bng 3.10. c trng dng chy trung bnh nhiu nm LVS Srpk ................................. 82
Bng 3.11. c trung bnh nhiu nm LVS Srpk (g/m3) ............................................ 82
Bng 3.12. Tr lng tnh t nhin mt s vng nghin cu LVS Srpk ........................ 85
Bng 3.13. Moduyn v lu lng dng ngm trn dng chnh sng Srpk ..................... 85
Bng 3.14. Tng hp cc loi ti nguyn nc lu vc sng Srpk ................................. 90
Bng 3.15. Dung tch cc h cha v h s iu tit cc h ................................................ 91
Bng 3.16. Mc tng nhit trung bnh nm vo cc ma nm 2020 so vi thi k 1980
1999 theo kch bn pht thi trung bnh (B2), (0C) .................................................. 93
Bng 3.17. Mc thay i lng ma nm vo cc ma so vi thi k 1980 1999 theo
kch bn pht thi trung bnh (B2), (%) ........................................................................ 93
Bng 3.18. Lng ma, bc hi trn LVS Srpk 2020 vi Kch bn B2 (mm) ............... 95
Bng 3.19. Dng chy n nm 2010 trn cc tiu lu vc (m3/s)...................................... 97
Bng 3.20. Dng chy n nm 2020 vi KBBKH B2 trn cc tiu lu vc (m3/s) ...... 98
Bng 3.21. Cc tiu lu vc sng Srpk ........................................................................... 100
Bng 3.22. Nhu cu dng nc nm 2010 cho cc loi cy trng chnh trn cc tiu lu
vc sng Srpk ng vi tn sut ma thit k P = 85% ......................................... 102
Bng 3.23. Nhu cu dng nc n nm 2020 cho m t s loa i cy trng chinh trn cc
tiu lu vc sng Srpk ng vi tn sut ma thit k P = 85% ............................ 103
Bng 3.24. nh mc dng nc trong chn nui (TCVN-1995) ..................................... 103
Bng 3.25. Nhu cu nc cho chn nui trn cc TLV Srpk......................................... 104
Bng 3.26. Nhu c u nc cho nui trng thy sn nm 2020 trn cc TLV Srpk ....... 104
Bng 3.27. Nhu cu nc cho cng nghip trn cc TLV sng Srpk............................ 106
Bng 3.28. Tiu chun dng nc sinh hot cho tng loi th (l/ngi/ngy) ............ 107
Bng 3.29. Quy m v dn s cc th trn LVS Srpk d kin n 2020 .................. 107
Bng 3.30. Nhu cu nc cho sinh hot trn cc tiu lu vc ........................................... 107
Bng 3.31. Nhu cu nc cho du lch trn LVS Srpk .................................................... 108
Bng 3.32. Phn phi dng chy ti thiu ti Bun n v c Xuyn .......................... 109
Bng 3.33. Tng hp nhu cu dng nc 2010 v 2020 trn LVS vi P = 85% ............. 109

vi
Bng 4.1. Danh sch cc trm s dng s liu ma, bc hi trong m hnh .................... 113
Bng 4.2. Cc trm thy vn c s dng tnh ton dng chy ................................. 113
Bng 4.3. B thng s ma dng chy hiu chnh cc trm thy vn............................ 114
Bng 4.4. Kt qu nh gi qu trnh hiu chnh, kim nh ti cc trm ......................... 114
Bng 4.5. Cc h cha thy in a vo m hnh trn LVS Srpk ............................... 116
Bng 4.6. Lng nc thiu theo ngnh, theo thng nm 2010 trn cc TLV v nt kim
tra DCTT ng vi tn sut ma thit k P = 85% ..................................................... 120
Bng 4.7. Lng nc thi u trn cac TLV sng Srpk nm 2010 ng vi tn sut ma
thit k P = 85% ........................................................................................................... 121
Bng 4.8. Tng hp lng nc thiu ht 2010 trn LVS Srpk ng vi tn sut ma
thit k P = 85% ........................................................................................................... 121
Bng 4.9. Lng nc thiu theo ngnh v theo thng 2020 trn cc TLV v nt kim tra
DCTT c xt n BKH vi kch bn B2 ng vi tn sut ma thit k P = 85% 123
Bng 4.10. Lng nc thiu v mc m bo trn cc TLVS Srpk nm 2020 ng vi
tn sut ma thit k P = 85% c xt n BKH B2 ............................................... 124
Bng 4.11. Lng nc thiu 2020 so vi 2010 trn LVS Srpk ng vi tn sut ma
thit k P = 85% ........................................................................................................... 124
Bng 4.12. Tng hp cc yu t t nhin lin quan n TNN trn cc tiu lu vc sng Srpk140
Bng 4.13. Tng hp cc yu t KT-XH lin quan n khai thc v s dng nc trn
cc TLV Srpk .......................................................................................................... 140

vii
 DANH MC HNH

Hnh 1. S tip cn h thng trong nghin cu TNN lu vc sng Srpk .................... 7

Hnh 2.1. Bn hnh chnh lu vc sng Srpk ............................................................ 32a

Hnh 2.2. Bn a cht lu vc sng Srpk .................................................................. 33a
Hnh 2.3. Bn a cht thy vn lu vc sng Srpk .................................................. 35a
Hnh 2.4. Bn hnh th t nhin lu vc sng Srpk................................................... 39a
Hnh 2.5. Bn th nhng lu vc sng Srpk............................................................ 42a
Hnh 2.6. Biu bin trnh nm ca nhit thng ........................................................... 47
Hnh 2.7. Bn nhit trung bnh nhiu nm lu vc sng Srpk ............................ 47a
Hnh 2.8. Biu bc hi ti cc trm .................................................................................. 48
Hnh 2.9. Biu nhit , m, bc hi trm Bun Ma Thut v Bun H ................. 49
Hnh 2.10. Biu bin ng lng ma thng ti mt s trm ......................................... 51
Hnh 2.11. Bn lng ma trung bnh nhiu nm lu vc sng Srpk...................... 50a
Hnh 2.12. Bn mng li sng sui lu vc sng Srpk........................................... 55a
Hnh 2.13. Bn lp ph thc vt nm 2010 lu vc sng Srpk ................................ 57a
Hnh 2.14. Biu t l tng t nhin dn s cc tnh LVS Srpk .................................... 63
Hnh 2.15. Bn s dng t 2010 trn lu vc sng Srpk ........................................ 66a
Hnh 2.16. Bn hin trng cc cng trnh thy li lu vc sng Srpk ..................... 73a

Hnh 3.1. Bn moduyn dng chy trung bnh nhiu nm lu vc sng Srpk ........ ..78a
Hnh 3.2. Bn moduyn dng chy ma l lu vc sng Srpk .................................. 80a
Hnh 3.3. Bn moduyn dng chy ma kit lu vc sng Srpk ............................... 81a
Hnh 3.4. Bn cht lng nc mt lu vc sng Srpk ............................................ 83a
Hnh 3.5. Bn moduyn dng chy ngm lu vc sng Srpk .................................... 86a
Hnh 3.6. Bn cht lng nc nc di t lu vc sng Srpk ........................... 88a
Hnh 3.7. Biu phn phi lng ma thng nm nn v nm 2020 trm Bun H ...... 96
Hnh 3.8. Biu phn phi lng ma thng nm nn v nm 2020 trm Bun n .... 96
Hnh 3.9. Biu phn phi lng bc hi ti trm Bun Ma Thut, k Mil................. 99
Hnh 3.10. Biu phn phi lng bc hi ti trm Lk, Mrk, Bun H .................. 99
Hnh 3.11. Bn cc tiu lu vc tnh cn bng nc LVS Srpk ............................... 99a
Hnh 3.12. S lm vic ca m hnh CROPWAT ......................................................... 102
Hnh 3.13. Biu nhu cu nc nm 2010 v nm 2020 ................................................ 109

Hnh 4.1. S qu trnh p dng MIKE BASIN tnh cn bng nc LVS Srpk ....... 111
Hnh 4.2. S m phng h thng sng trong MIKE BASIN ........................................ 115

viii
Hnh 4.3. S tnh cn bng nc LVS sng Srpk ..................................................... 117
Hnh 4.4. Kt qu hiu chnh ng qu trnh lu lng thc o v tnh ton ti trm c
Xuyn, vi ch s Nash t 78,8% ............................................................................... 118
Hnh 4.5. Kt qu hiu chnh ng qu trnh lu lng thc o v tnh ton ti trm
Giang Sn, vi ch s Nash 85,81% ........................................................................... 118
Hnh 4.6. Kt qu hiu chnh ng qu trnh lu lng thc o v tnh ton ti trm Cu
14, vi ch s Nash 80,58%......................................................................................... 119
Hnh 4.7. Kt qu hiu chnh ng qu trnh lu lng thc o v tnh ton ti trm
Bun n, vi ch s Nash 80,8% ............................................................................. 119
Hnh 4.8. Bn phn b lng nc thiu trn LVS Srpk nm 2010 ng vi tn
sut P = 85% .............................................................................................................. 121a
Hnh 4.9. Bn phn b lng nc thiu trn LVS Srpk nm 2020 ng vi tn
sut P = 85% .............................................................................................................. 124a

ix
 M U
I. Tnh cp thit ca vn nghin cu
Nc l hp phn quan trng cu thnh lp v a l v quyt nh n s sng
ca mi sinh vt, nc cn l ngun ti nguyn qu gi ca i sng x hi, l Vng
xanh trong thi i ngy nay m khng c ti nguyn no c th thay th c. Vi
vng tun hon ca nc, nu xt trn phm vi ton cu, nc vn m bo s cn
bng v p ng cho mi nhu cu ca x hi. Song do s phn b khng u theo
khng gian v thi gian, s tc ng ca bin i kh hu (BKH), bn cnh l do vn
qun l, khai thc v bo v ngun nc khng hp l dn n tnh trng suy thoi
nhiu vng, quc gia v khu vc; chnh nguyn nhn ny lm cho ti nguyn nc
(TNN) tr nn thiu ht, thm ch khan him nhiu ni, gy ra tiu cc i vi mi
trng (MT) v x hi, nh hng n pht trin bn vng (PTBV). V vy, nh gi ti
nguyn nc (GTNN) l c s khoa hc quan trng nht thc hin khai thc, s
dng v qun l TNN hp l phc v cho PTBV kinh t - x hi (KT-XH).
Srpk l h thng sng ln ca Ty Nguyn, bt ngun t cc tnh Gia Lai,
k Lk, k Nng, Lm ng chy sang Campuchia ri vo sng M Kng, phn
lu vc sng (LVS) thuc lnh th Vit Nam l phn thng ngun. V vy, y l h
thng sng lin tnh, lin quc gia c vai tr v ngha rt quan trng trong pht trin
KT-XH, an ninh - quc phng, bo v MT v i ngoi khng ch vi Ty Nguyn m
cho c nc. Trong thc t, TNN sng Srpk cn chi phi n c im hot ng
sn xut v i sng x hi ca LV rng ln ny, c bit l i vi nng nghip
(NN). Tuy nhin, do s phn ha su sc gia ma ma v ma kh, s phc tp ca
a cht - a hnh, tnh c th ca th nhng, thy vn, cng vi l nhu cu s
dng nc ngy cng tng nhanh v s tc ng ca BKH lm cho TNN ca LVS
b suy gim mnh, khng p ng c nhu cu, lm mt tnh bn vng ca TNN v e
da n s PTBV kinh t - x hi ca LVS Srpk.
Cho n nay, c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v thy vn, v TNN trn a
bn Ty Nguyn v LVS Srpk. Tuy nhin, cc nghin cu ny thc hin trn ton
lnh th Ty Nguyn hoc tp trung lm r c im thy vn v TNN ca LVS Srpk
hoc nh gi cho mt lnh vc c th no nh nng lng, sinh hot, phng chng
thin tai Vic nghin cu, vn dng cc m hnh tnh ton hin i nh gi tng
hp ti nguyn nc (GTH-TNN) phc v cho pht trin cc ngnh kinh t v x hi
theo hng bn vng cha c tin hnh.
V vy, Nghin cu, nh gi ti nguyn nc lu vc sng Srpk phc v
pht trin bn vng kinh t - x hi l vic lm cn thit, c ngha c v mt khoa

1
hc v thc tin, gp phn xc lp c s khoa hc v thc tin c hng khai thc,
s dng v qun l TNN bn vng gn vi bo v MT, t m bo ngun nc
cho pht trin bn vng KT-XH ca LVS Srpk v tham gia vo vic m bo an
ninh quc phng vng Ty Nguyn.
II. Mc tiu v nhim v nghin cu ca lun n
1. Mc tiu nghin cu ca lun n
- nh gi hin trng, tim nng ngun nc v d bo cn bng ngun nc
n nm 2020 trn LVS Srpk c xt n BKH.
- xut cc gii php khai thc, s dng hp l v pht trin TNN bn vng,
phc v PTBV kinh t - x hi LVS Srpk n nm 2020 v nhng nm tip theo
trong bi cnh tc ng ca BKH.
2. Nhim v nghin cu ca lun n
- Tng quan c chn lc cc vn l lun v nghin cu, GTNN v nhng
phng php, kt qu nghin cu, GTNN trn th gii, Vit Nam v LVS Srpk
cng nh vn khai thc s dng TNN trong pht trin KT-XH.
- Tng hp, h thng ha v x l cc ti liu lin quan n iu kin t nhin
(KTN), KT-XH lu vc sng Srpk.
- Kho st thc a nhm b sung ti liu v kim tra kt qu nghin cu.
- Phn tch cc nhn t t nhin (TN), KT-XH hnh thnh v nh hng n ti
nguyn nc LVS Srpk.
- nh gi tng hp hin trng v d bo TNN n nm 2020 c xt n tc
ng ca BKH.
- nh gi thc trng khai thc, s dng TNN v d bo nhu cu s dng nc
cho pht trin KT-XH ca LVS Srpk n nm 2020.
- Tnh ton cn bng nc (CBN) hin trng v d bo n nm 2020 c xt
n BKH theo kch bn B2 cho cc tiu LVS Srpk.
- xut cc gii php khai thc, s dng TNN hp l, cng nh bo v v
pht trin ngun nc phc v cho pht trin bn vng KT-XH trn LVS Srpk n
nm 2020 v nhng nm sau .
- Xy dng v bin tp cc bn chuyn lin quan n ti nguyn nc
LVS Srpk.
2
III. i tng v phm vi nghin cu ca lun n
1. i tng nghin cu
Ti nguyn nc lu vc sng Srpk thuc phn lnh th Vit Nam. C th:
+ Nghin cu, nh gi v s lng, cht lng, ng thi v s phn b ca nc
ma, nc mt, nc di t;
+ Vai tr, gi tr, kh nng khai thc s dng ca tng ngun nc;
+ Cc gii php khai thc, s dung hp l v pht trin bn vng TNN phc v
cho pht trin bn vng KT-XH.
2. Phm vi nghin cu
Nghin cu c tin hnh LVS Srpk phn thuc lnh th Vit Nam, xc nh
theo bn a hnh t l 1:100.000 (c tham kho phn LV thuc lnh th Campuchia).
IV. Cch tip cn v phng php nghin cu
1. Cch tip cn
- Quan im h thng: Quan im ny ch ra rng, LVS Srpk l mt b phn
ca h thng TN Ty Nguyn v lnh th Vit Nam. V vy, n c mi quan h v qu
trnh pht sinh v pht trin, nn trong qu trnh nghin cu lun phi t LVS Srpk
trong h thng TN .
- Quan im tng hp: Quan im tng hp xem TN l mt th thng nht hon
chnh, trong cc thnh phn, cc yu t c quan h hu c v bin chng vi nhau. V
vy, khi nghin cu TNN lu vc sng Srpk phi xc nh c mi quan h ca cc
thnh phn TN vi nhau v gia TN vi KT-XH n s hnh thnh v nh hng i vi
TNN, cng nh vai tr ca TNN i vi s tn ti v pht trin ca cc thnh phn .
- Quan im sinh thi v PTBV: Quan im ny chi phi vic xut cc gii
php khai thc, s dng hp l TNN m bo cung cp ngun nc phc v cho
pht trin KT-XH bn vng, n nh sn xut v s pht trin bnh thng ca cc h
sinh thi lin quan n TNN ca LVS Srpk.
- Quan im lch s v vin cnh: Mi s vt v hin tng TN cng nh x
hi lun lun vn ng, hay ni cch khc l khng c g tn ti vnh vin v bt bin.
V vy, khi nghin cu TNN lu vc sng Srpk phi t trong bi cnh vn ng
ca cc nhn t khc nh s bin ng ca ma, dng chy, thm rng, BKH, s
pht trin dn s v cc ngnh kinh t vi nhu cu dng nc ca giai on trc
2010, t 2010 n 2020 v sau na mi c th i n khai thc, s dng hp l TNN.

3
2. Phng php nghin cu
thc hin cc ni dung ca lun n, tc gi s dng cc phng php sau:
- Phng php thu thp, k tha chn lc v phn tch h thng cc ngun ti liu,
t liu lin quan n ni dung nghin cu. Vn dng phng php ny nhm m bo
tnh k tha, s dng cc thng tin, s liu c kim nghim, cng nhn v cng b
chnh thc nhm tit kim c cng sc v thi gian nghin cu, ng thi dng i
chiu, so snh vi thc t v kt qu nghin cu.
- Phng php bn v h thng tin a l (GIS) c s dng trong sut qu
trnh nghin cu nhm khai thc cc thng tin a l, s phn b v cc mi lin h
khng gian. Kt qu nghin cu cng c th hin trc quan thng qua bn vi s
thit lp h thng thng tin a l.
Cc bn c s dng trong nghin cu gm: bn v tr a l, a hnh,
a cht a mo, th nhng, hin trng s dng t, ma, dng chy, lp ph thc
vt c t l 1/50.000 v 1/100.000 khu vc Ty Nguyn v phm vi LVS Srpk.

T cc s liu, kt qu tnh ton, mc tiu ca ni dung bn , khun kh lun

n thc hin bin tp v xy dng cc bn chuyn . Cc bn c v trn nn
bn a hnh t l 1/100.000, s dng cng c Vertical mapper trong Mapinfo.

- Phng php iu tra, kho st thc a: Phng php ny nhm mc ch thu

thp ti liu b sung, nghin cu hin trng, thu thp kin cc nh qun l v nhn
dn a phng v vn TNN, so snh gia ti liu trong phng vi thc a... Vi t
cch l thnh vin ti cp Nh nc TN3/T02, tc gi tham gia i kho st, thu
thp ti liu, ly mu phn tch, o c, phng vn ngi dn, d hi tho, hi ngh
cng cc nh qun l v cc cp chnh quyn a phng ca 5 tnh Ty Nguyn, trong
tp trung vo cc a phng thuc LVS Srpk (Gia Lai, k Lk, k Nng,
Lm ng).
- Phng php m hnh: S dng m hnh CROPWAT tnh nhu cu nc cho
din tch cc loi cy trng nm 2010 v 2020; M hnh thy vn MIKE BASIN thc
hin tnh ton CBN trn cc TLV, t tnh c nhu cu s dng nc, xc nh lng
nc thiu, kh nng p ng ngun nc cho cc ngnh trn cc TLV sng Srpk.
- Phng php chuyn gia: Tham kho kin cc chuyn gia, cc nh khoa hc
u ngnh v lnh vc TNN, cc nh qun l x hi thng qua cc hi ngh chuyn
ngnh, hi tho chuyn , phng vn trc tip c t vn, trao i lm r nhng
vn v TNN vi pht trin KT-XH.

4
V. Lun im bo v
- LVS Srpk l lu vc xuyn bin gii, trong phn thuc lnh th Vit
Nam l ni t thy u ngun chu tc ng mnh m ca cc yu t TN v cc hot
ng KT-XH, t hnh thnh nn TNN trong vng c tnh c th so vi cc LVS
khc nc ta.
- nh gi tng hp v CBN h thng theo cc TLV l c s khoa hc tt nht
cho vic xut cc gii php khai thc, s dng tng hp TNN phc v pht trin
bn vng KT-XH trn LVS Srpk.
VI. Nhng ng gp mi ca lun n
- Lun n nh gi, lm r cc yu t TN v KT-XH hnh thnh v nh
hng n s lng, cht lng cc ngun nc LVS Srpk.
- Vn dng phng php lun GTH-TNN vo LVS Srpk l ni t thy u
ngun c din tch lp ph th nhng bazan ln v hon ton khc bit vi cc LVS
khc ca nc ta. T , nh gi c tim nng v d bo ngun nc, nhu cu s
dng nc theo cc TLV sng Srpk hin ti v n nm 2020 c xt n BKH.
- Lun n xut c cc gii php nh hng khai thc, s dng nc
hp l, pht trin v bo v TNN bn vng, t m bo nc p ng cho pht
trin bn vng KT-XH trn cc TLV sng Srpk.
VII. ngha khoa hc v thc tin ca lun n
* ngha khoa hc
- B sung c s phng php lun nh gi tng hp TNN theo LVS;
- Kt qu nghin cu ca lun n s gip cho vic quy hoch, pht trin KT-XH
cng nh qun l hiu qu TNN gn vi bo v mi trng LVS Srpk.
* ngha thc tin
Vic nghin cu, GTNN l c s khoa hc cho nhng gii php ph hp
trong khai thc, s dng v bo v TNN t gim thiu c cc mu thun trong s
dng nc, gp phn xa i, gim ngho v pht trin bn vng KT-XH thuc phm
vi LVS Srpk.
VIII. C s ti liu
- Ti liu kh tng: S liu thng k v s liu d bo ca Trung tm Kh
tng Thy vn quc gia.
- S liu ma t kt qu quan trc ca 23 trm o ma t nm 1958 - 2012; S

5
liu dng chy ca 16 trm thy vn quan trc t 1977 - 2012; Ti liu nc di t
ca on CTV-CCT 704, ti KC02.2009, KC.08.05.
- Bn a cht cc tnh Gia Lai, k Lk - k Nng, Lm ng v Ty
Nguyn, t l 1/50.000, 1/100.000, 1/200.000 ca Lin on a cht 704.
- Bn th nhng v hin trng s dng t t l 1/50.000, 1/100.000 ca cc
tnh Ty Nguyn.
- Bo co tng hp d n quy hoch thy li cc tnh Gia Lai, k Lk, k
Nng, Lm ng (nm 2007, 2008) c b sung n nm 2013.
- Nin gim thng k 2010, 2013 cc tnh k Lk, Gia Lai, k Nng, Lm
ng.
- Bo co hin trng MT cc tnh k Lk, k Nng, Gia Lai, Lm ng,
- Bo co tng hp Quy hoch tng th pht trin KT-XH n nm 2010, 2015,
2020 cc tnh k Lk, k Nng, Gia Lai, Lm ng, Ty Nguyn.
- ti KHCN cp Nh nc TN3/T02: Nghin cu c s khoa hc cho gii
php tng th gii quyt cc mu thun li ch trong vic khai thc s dng ti nguyn
nc lnh th Ty Nguyn m tc gi l thnh vin tham gia thc hin.
- D n QH-K.5519-Q/BNN: Quy hoch s dng tng hp v bo v ngun
nc lu vc sng Srpk ca Vin Quy hoch thy li.
- Ti liu, hnh nh v dng chy, mi trng, cc hot ng khai thc nc, tnh
hnh hn hn... do qu trnh i thc a ca tc gi thu thp c.
IX. Cu trc lun n
Ngoi phn m u, phn kt lun v ph lc, lun n gm c 4 chng:
Chng 1: C s l lun v tng quan cc nghin cu, nh gi ti nguyn nc
Chng 2: Phn tch cc nhn t hnh thnh v nh hng n ti nguyn nc
lu vc sng Srpk
Chng 3: nh gi tng hp ti nguyn nc lu vc sng Srpk n nm
2020 c xt n bin i kh hu
Chng 4: Cn bng nc v cc gii php khai thc, s dng hp l ti nguyn
nc lu vc sng Srpk phc v pht trin bn vng kinh t - x hi.
Lun n c trin khai theo cc bc nghin cu sau (xem hnh 1)

6
Hnh 1. S tip cn h thng trong nghin cu TNN lu vc sng Srpk
7
 Chng 1
C S L LUN V TNG QUAN CC NGHIN CU, NH GI
TI NGUYN NC
1.1. C s l lun v nghin cu, nh gi ti nguyn nc
1.1.1. Nc v ti nguyn nc
1.1.1.1. Nc
- Theo Lut TNN s 17/2012/QH13, quy nh Nc l ti nguyn c bit
quan trng, l thnh phn thit yu ca s sng v mi trng, quyt nh s tn ti,
pht trin bn vng ca t nc; mt khc nc cng c th gy ra tai ha cho con
ngi v mi trng [61].
Nc l mt hp phn ca TN, c vai tr cc k quan trng i vi MT v cc
h sinh thi, v n quyt nh n s tn ti, pht trin v c trng ca h. i vi s
pht trin ca x hi, nc khng nhng l iu kin tin quyt cho s sng m cn l
nhn t gp phn vo mi qu trnh ca s pht trin. Nc l ti nguyn thin nhin
(TNTN) c bit c con ngi s dng cho nhiu mc ch v mc khc nhau t
qu kh n hin ti v trong tng lai. V vy, th k XXI nc c nh gi l
TNTN ng th 2 sau ti nguyn con ngi. T , vn t ra l nu khng s
dng v bo v tt TNN, cng nh khng qun l v khai thc hp l th khng th c
MT sinh thi lnh mnh v PTBV.
1.1.1.2. Ti nguyn nc
TNN bao gm nhiu loi v tn ti nhiu trng thi khc nhau. Tuy nhin,
ch c bit hn c l TNN ngt trn lc a th lng, bi y l ngun nc c
s dng trc tip cho mi hot ng. Nh vy, khi ni n Ti nguyn nc trong
lun n l ch TNN ngt.
Theo Khon 1 iu 2 Lut Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam nm 2012 quy nh:
Ti nguyn nc bao gm cc ngun nc mt, nc ma, nc di t, nc bin
thuc lnh th ca nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam [61].
Lun n vn dng quan nim TNN theo iu Lut ny lm c s nghin cu,
tuy nhin ch tp trung nghin cu TNN ngt.
1.1.2. Mi trng nc
Theo Lut Bo v mi trng (2014) Mi trng bao gm cc yu t TN v
yu t vt cht nhn to quan h mt thit vi nhau, bao quanh con ngi, c nh
8
hng n i sng, sn xut, s tn ti pht trin ca con ngi v thin nhin [62].
MT nc l khng gian m bo vic duy tr s sng v pht trin ca cc loi
thc v ng vt sinh sng trong nc. Nh vy, MT nc l MT m nhng c th tn
ti, sinh sng v tng tc qua li trong mt khng gian cha nc u b nh hng
v ph thuc vo nc.
T quan nim v MT nc nh trn, c th hiu rng ra l: MT nc l TNN
theo ngha rng (MT nc mt, MT nc ngm), hoc TNN c cha ng, tn ti
trong mt khng gian nht nh no theo ngha hp (MT nc ca mt bin, ca
mt con sng hay h thng sng, LVS, ca mt h no ) c nh hng n i
sng, sn xut, s tn ti pht trin ca con ngi v thin nhin.
1.1.3. Lu vc sng
Nc trn b mt t theo quy lut chung u chy t ni cao xung ni thp,
lu ngy cc dng chy to thnh sng sui. Mi mt dng sng u c phn din tch
hng v tp trung nc gi l LVS. Hin nay c nhiu quan nim v LVS:
Mt lu vc sng c th xem nh mt vng a l c gii hn bi ng
chia nc trn mt v di t. ng chia nc trn mt l ng ni cc nh cao
ca a hnh. Nc t nh cao chuyn ng theo hng dc ca a hnh xung
chn dc l cc sui nh ri tp trung xung cc nhnh sng ln hn chy v
bin. C nh th chng to thnh mng li sng. Trn lu vc sng, ngoi cc din
tch t trn cn cn c cc thnh phn t cha nc thuc dng chy sng, h v
cc vng t ngp nc theo tng thi k. Tt c phn b mt lu vc c trn cn v
di nc u l mi trng v ni cho cc loi sinh sng [73].
Theo Khon 8 iu 2, Lut Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam (2012): Lu vc
sng l vng t m trong phm vi nc mt, nc di t chy t nhin vo
sng v thot ra mt ca chung hoc thot ra bin [61].
Ni cch khc, LVS l phn din tch b mt t trong TN m ton b cc loi
nc c trn (nc trn mt v nc ngm) s tp trung li cho mt con sng.
1.1.4. Dng chy ti thiu
Theo Ngh nh s 112/2008/N-CP v qun l, bo v, khai thc tng hp ti
nguyn v MT cc h cha thy in, thy li v Ngh nh s 120/2008/N/CP v
Qun l LVS trong c quan nim v dng chy ti thiu (DCTT): Dng chy ti
thiu l dng chy mc thp nht cn thit duy tr dng sng hoc on sng,
bo m s pht trin bnh thng ca h sinh thi thy sinh v bo m mc ti thiu

9
cho khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc ca cc i tng s dng nc theo th t u
tin c xc nh trong quy hoch lu vc sng [22].
1.1.5. Pht trin bn vng v pht trin bn vng ti nguyn nc
1.1.5.1. Pht trin bn vng
Theo y ban Mi trng v Pht trin th gii (WCED) nm 1987: Pht trin
bn vng l nhng th h hin ti cn p ng nhu cu ca mnh, sao cho khng lm
hi n kh nng cc th h tng lai p ng cc nhu cu ca h (dn theo [48]).
y l nh ngha c chp nhn mt cch rng ri, c nhiu nc trn th gii
ng h mt cch mnh m.
Theo khon 4 iu 3 Lut Bo v mi trng [62]: Pht trin bn vng l pht
trin p ng c nhu cu ca hin ti m khng lm tn hi n kh nng p ng
nhu cu ca cc th h tng lai trn c s kt hp cht ch, hi ha gia tng
trng kinh t, bo m tin b x hi v bo v mi trng.
Hi ngh Thng nh Th gii v PTBV nm 2002 xc nh Pht trin bn
vng l qu trnh pht trin c s kt hp cht ch, hp l v hi ha gia 3 mt ca
s pht trin, gm: pht trin kinh t (nht l tng trng kinh t), pht trin x hi
(nht l thc hin tin b, cng bng x hi; xa i gim ngho v gii quyt vic
lm) v bo v mi trng (nht l x l, khc phc nhim, phc hi v ci thin
cht lng mi MT; phng chng chy v cht ph rng; khai thc hp l v s dng
tit kim TNTN).
Tiu ch nh gi s PTBV l: S tng trng kinh t n nh; thc hin tt
tin b v cng bng x hi; khai thc hp l, s dng tit kim ti nguyn nc, bo
v v nng cao c cht lng mi trng sng.
1.1.5.2. Pht trin bn vng ti nguyn nc
Pht trin bn vng TNN l vic s dng TNN p ng nhu cu ca con ngi
giai on hin ti, nhng phi m bo nhu cu cn thit trong tng lai pht trin kinh
t c hiu qu, ng thi m bo an sinh x hi v MT bn vng.
Theo [73] pht trin bn vng TNN i hi trong khai thc, s dng cng nh
qun l ngun nc phi t c cc yu cu v bn vng, c ngha:
- TNN phi c khai thc, s dng mt cch hp l, khng vt qu gii hn
tim nng ca ngun nc, nc c kh nng hi phc hay ti to theo
chu trnh thy vn vn c ca TN.
- TNN phi c s dng mt cch tit kim v tht s hiu qu, p ng c

10
 nhu cu ngy cng tng ca con ngi v hiu qu s dng nc ngy cng cao.
Nc thc s tr thnh ngun ti nguyn c gi tr kinh t v qu gi.
- TNN phi c bo v c bit nht l v mt cht lng. Phi kim sot v hn
ch nhim nc, khng th cho tnh trng nhim nc tr thnh trm trng
v lan rng lm gim lng nc sch ca con ngi.
- TNN l ca tt c mi ngi v mi ngi u c quyn s dng v c trch
nhim bo v nc. V th, trong qun l s dng nc phi m bo tnh cng
ng v tnh cng bng v phi c s tham gia ca tt c cc thnh phn c lin
quan trong x hi, phi ng gp cho s pht trin x hi.
- thc hin c yu cu ca s PTBV, cc h thng cng trnh khai thc
v s dng ngun nc cng phi l h thng bn vng.
* Theo [61], Pht trin ti nguyn nc l bin php nhm nng cao kh nng
khai thc, s dng bn vng ti nguyn nc v nng cao gi tr ca ti nguyn
nc. Nh vy, c th hiu rng pht trin TNN trc ht l tng lng nc khai
thc c, nhng phi m bo lng nc y cho nhu cu lu di ca nhiu th
h v phi nng cao hiu qu, lm tng gi tr ca nc.
1.1.6. Quan im s dng bn vng ti nguyn nc
nc ta quan im s dng bn vng TNN l: Qun l TNN theo phng thc
tng hp, ton din. Quan im ny c th hin xuyn sut trong Chin lc quc
gia v ti nguyn nc nm 2006 l Qun l tng hp phi c thc hin theo phng
thc tng hp v thng nht trn c s lu vc sng. C cu s dng nc phi ph hp
vi s chuyn dch c cu kinh t trong thi k y mnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha
t nc; ti nguyn nc phi c pht trin bn vng; khai thc, s dng tit kim,
hiu qu, tng hp v a mc tiu. Phi coi sn phm nc l hng ha; sm xa b c
ch bao cp, thc hin x hi ha cc hot ng bo v, pht trin ngun nc v cung
ng dch v nc [77]; c bit, gn y quan im qun l tng hp, ton din TNN
c lut ha v c quy nh trong Lut Ti nguyn nc s 17/2012/QH13 [61].
Lun n vn dng quan im pht trin v s dng bn vng TNN theo Chin
lc quc gia v ti nguyn nc v Lut ti nguyn nc 2012 cho LVS Srpk.
* Tiu ch s dng bn vng TNN trn LVS Srpk:
Vn dng quan im s dng bn vng ca Vit Nam v mc tiu nghin cu,
lun n a ra cc tiu ch s dng bn vng TNN trn LVS Srpk l:
- S dng nc hin ti nhng phi m bo cho thi gian sau, nm sau, th h

11
 sau cng c s dng;
- S dng nc thng lu nhng cng phi m bo ngun nc cho h
lu s dng y , m bo dng chy ti thiu;
- S dng lun phi i cng vi GTNN v tm kim, pht trin ngun nc
m bo kh nng cp nc;
- Khai thc TNN phi ng k thut, s dng tit kim, hiu qu, tng hp v
a mc tiu;
- Phi coi nc l sn phm hng ha nn ngi dng nc phi tr tin
m bo cng bng v trnh lng ph;
- Cc cng trnh khai thc, vn chuyn nc phi m bo hin i v k thut
chng vic tn tht do r r;
- p dng cc quy trnh cng ngh tin tin, bin php khoa hc s dng
nc nhiu ln;
- Bo v rng u ngun phc hi cc h sinh thi rng, ph xanh t trng
i trc gi nc v ti to ngun nc ngm.
- Phi cn i trong s dng nc gia cc ngnh m bo cng bng v
t gi tr cao nht.
1.1.7. Vai tr ca ti nguyn nc i vi pht trin kinh t - x hi
TNN l thit yu i vi cuc sng ca con ngi, l iu kin tin quyt
pht trin KT-XH ca mt quc gia.
T khi xut hin, loi ngi bit n vai tr quan trng ca nc. Cc nh
trit hc C i coi nc l thnh phn c bn ca vt cht hoc coi nc l ngun
gc ca v tr. Lch s pht trin cho thy cc nn vn minh ca loi ngi u gn
lin vi cc dng sng v ngun nc nh: nn vn minh Lng H, nn vn minh Ai
Cp h lu sng Nil, nn vn minh sng Hng n , nn vn minh Trung Quc
vi sng Hong H, nn vn minh sng Hng Vit Nam, nn vn minh Kh Me gn vi
sng M Kng... Ngy nay, nc l ngun TNTN c gi tr hng u cung cp thc phm
v nguyn liu cho CN, nc l yu t rt quan trng trong sn xut NN, CN, sinh hot,
th thao, gii tr v cho rt nhiu hot ng khc ca con ngi. Ngoi ra nc cn c
coi l mt khong sn c bit v n tng tr mt ngun nng lng ln v c kh nng
ha tan nhiu vt cht c th khai thc phc v cho nhu cu nhiu mt ca con ngi.
V vy, pht trin KT-XH th nc l nhn t hng u, c th ni nc l
ngun ti nguyn quyt nh s tn vong v pht trin ca bt c quc gia, dn tc no
trn th gii.

12
1.1.8. nh gi ti nguyn nc
1.1.8.1. Khi nim nh gi ti nguyn nc
* Hin nay c nhiu quan nim khc nhau v GTNN:
- Theo quan nim ca i tc nc Ton cu (GWP): nh gi ti nguyn
nc l xc nh ngun, mc , tin cy v cht lng ngun nc cho vic s
dng v kim sot n.
- Theo Nguyn Thanh Sn: nh gi ti nguyn nc c hiu l vic xc
nh s lng, cht lng, gi tr, kh nng s dng v mc nh hng ca chng
i vi s pht trin kinh t - x hi, cng nh nh hng ca cc hot ng kinh t -
x hi i vi cc ngun nc [68].
TNN c nh gi bi ba c trng l lng, cht lng v ng thi:
+ nh gi lng nc l nh gi tng lng nc c sinh ra trong mt
khong thi gian mt nm hoc mt thi k no trong nm. Lng nc l c
trng biu th mc phong ph ca TNN trn mt vng lnh th.
+ nh gi cht lng nc l nh gi c trng hm lng cc cht ha tan
trong nc, phc v yu cu dng nc c th theo cc tiu chun v i tng s
dng nc.
+ nh gi ng thi ca nc l nh gi s thay i bi c trng ca nc
theo thi gian v khng gian, l s trao i nc gia cc khu vc cha nc, s
vn chuyn v quy lut chuyn ng ca nc trong sng, s chuyn ng ca nc
ngm, cc qu trnh trao i cht ha tan, truyn mn, trng thi rn lng hi theo
thi gian...
* V mt phng php lun, GTNN thng c hiu l s so snh cc tnh cht
v c tnh TN vn c ca chng vi cc nhu cu ny sinh trong khai thc v s dng.
Vic GTNN thng bt u t xc nh tr lng n khai thc v s dng chng vo
cc mc tiu kinh t khc nhau sao cho c hiu qu kinh t cao.
1.1.8.2. Ni dung nh gi ti nguyn nc
GTNN l vn rng ln, n bao gm hai ni dung chnh: nh gi theo yu t
(nh gi tng ngun nc ring bit) v GTNN theo lnh th nghin cu. y l hai
ni dung ca mt vn c lin quan cht ch vi nhau. Gii quyt mt cch khoa hc
cc ni dung c ngha quan trng i vi lun chng khai thc v s dng hp l cc
ngun nc vi hiu qu KT-XH cao. Song gii quyt vn ny cn phi c phng
php nh gi ph hp [47], [68].

13
 nh gi ti nguyn nc theo yu t:
nh gi theo yu t l ni dung c bn khng th thiu c trong qu trnh
GTNN. l, nghin cu nhng nh hng khc nhau theo lnh th v cc c tnh
v tnh cht TN ca tng ngun nc i vi nng sut lao ng x hi trong qu trnh
khai thc s dng.
C s GTNN l mi quan h tng h ca s thng nht t nhin - x hi. Do
, TNN cn c nh gi v TN, k thut v kinh t. Ni dung phng php nh
gi thng tin hnh theo ba giai on sau:
a. GTNN v mt TN: Giai on nh gi v mt TN nhm xc nh mc
tin cy ca nhng hiu bit chung v TNN trong cc vng lnh th. Ni dung nh gi
trong giai on ny trc ht l vic kim k ton b cc loi v cc ngun nc ca
lnh th mt cch c h thng theo nhm cc ch tiu TN ca TNTN, gm cc ch tiu:
tr lng, cht lng, c im phn b, mc tp trung, s bin ng theo khng
gian v thi gian... ca tng ngun nc c trong vng. Tuy nhin, i vi mi ngun
nc c th li c nhng ch tiu c trng ring. Phn tch cc KTN v MT c nh
hng ti vic thm d v khai thc s dng TNN trong vng nh: iu kin kh tng
- thu vn, a cht, a mo, th nhng, lp ph thc vt, v tr a l... T , xc
nh tim nng v kh nng thc t c th khai thc c ca cc ngun nc trong
tng giai on c th nhm p ng nhu cu pht trin KT-XH ca vng nghin cu.
b. GTNN v mt k thut: Ni dung ch yu ca giai on ny l nh gi hin
trng khai thc cng nh trnh k thut v cng ngh khai thc s dng i vi tng
loi TNN trong vng nghin cu. Trc ht l phn tch nh gi hin trng khai thc s
dng TNN ca vng trong thi gian qua theo cc ch tiu: nng sut, sn lng khai thc,
trang b k thut, tnh trng cng ngh, quy m v c cu khai thc tng khu vc... Bc
tip theo l xc nh nhu cu v tng loi nc ca nn kinh t v kh nng p ng nhu
cu trong tng giai on pht trin. nh gi kh nng k thut v cng ngh khai
thc. T a ra cc phng n v mt k thut khai thc s dng i vi tng ngun
nc trong vng.
c. GTNN v mt kinh t: Mc ch ca giai on nh gi ny l nhm xc nh
tnh hp l v mt kinh t ca vic khai thc s dng TNN trong tng vng lnh th, nn
n c biu th thng qua cc ch tiu kinh t. nh gi v mt kinh t l lun chng cho
cc phng n khai thc s dng TNN v cc mt: quy m, cng sut khai thc, nhu cu
u t, chi ph, gi thnh v hiu qu khai thc ngun nc. Trn c s la chn
phng n khai thc s dng hp l TNN ca vng cho tng giai on pht trin.

14
 Sau khi nh gi c th tng giai on ring bit, tin hnh GTH-TNN
theo lnh th.
nh gi tng hp ti nguyn nc theo lnh th:
GTH-TNN theo lnh th l mt vn rt phc tp. Tnh phc tp ny th hin
ngay trong bn thn ca i tng nghin cu, i tng nh gi y khng ch l
ngun nc ring bit m l s khai thc s dng phi hp ca nhiu loi TNN khc nhau
trn tng vng lnh th c th. Hay ni cch khc: l vic khai thc s dng mt s
t hp hn ch theo lnh th ca cc ti nguyn nc ring bit v cc mi trng c
trng trn c s s dng tt nht cc ngun ti nguyn, lao ng v cc ngun vt cht
k thut c ch ti nhim v v kh nng ca nn kinh t quc dn ni chung cng nh
tng vng lnh th ni ring (KG. Gofman, 1977). Khai thc s dng tng hp TNN l
hnh thc khai thc s dng hp l v ti u, em li hiu qun KT-XH cao nht [96].
V i vi mi vng lnh th khng ch tin hnh khai thc mt cch n iu
i vi mt loi ti nguyn ny hay mt loi ti nguyn khc phc v cho tng mc
tiu cc b ca mi ngnh, m phi tin hnh khai thc tng hp nhiu loi ti nguyn
khc nhau p ng tng hp mc tiu KT-XH chung ca ton vng v c nc.
gii quyt vn ny i hi phi GTH-TNN theo phng php ph hp vi iu
kin KT-XH c th ca tng vng.
Hin nay, c mt s phng php nh gi khc nhau nh: nh gi bng cch cng
cc nh gi ti nguyn ring bit, nh gi theo tng tim nng TNTN, nh gi theo chu
trnh TNTN, nh gi theo kt hp phng n... Mi phng php trn nhm gii quyt
nhng mc tiu nghin cu c th. ng trn gc tng hp lnh th th vic GTH-
TNTN theo phng php kt hp phng n l ph hp v c u im hn [47], [68].
* GTH - TNN theo lnh th gm nhng ni dung nh sau:
- Trn c s nh gi cc ngun nc ring bit, tin hnh phn tch t trng
TNN trong vng, la chn cc ngun nc tri, tc l cc ngun nc c t trng ln
v gi tr kinh t cao, c kh nng lm c s cho vic khai thc lm ng lc thc y
cc ngnh kinh t khc pht trin.
- Sp xp th t u tin ca cc ngun nc trong vng theo gi tr kinh t. Xc
nh cc th mnh c trng cho tng khu vc lnh th trn c s phn tch mi quan
h lnh th ca cc ngun nc.
- Phn tch cc phng n khai thc s dng ca tng loi TNN ring bit
c xut trong mi quan h gia cc yu t TN, MT v x hi.

15
 - xut phng hng khai thc s dng tng hp TNN ph hp vi kh
nng p ng ngun nc hin c, iu kin cng nh mc tiu pht trin KT-XH ca
vng, ca c nc trong tng giai on pht trin.
1.1.9. Qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc v Qun l tng hp lu vc sng
1.1.9.1. Qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc
Theo GWP, nm 2000: Qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc l mt qu trnh y
mnh phi hp pht trin v qun l ti nguyn nc, t v cc ti nguyn lin quan,
sao cho ti a ha cc li ch kinh t v phc li x hi mt cch cng bng m khng
phng hi n tnh bn vng ca cc h sinh thi thit yu [124]. y c coi l
nn tng ca cng tc QLTH-TNN.
Nh vy, QLTH-TNN khng n thun l vic lp quy hoch, k hoch m y
l mt qu trnh, trong cn n lc qun l theo hng tng hp, cn gii quyt tt
cc mi quan h tng tc gia con ngi v TN; gia t v nc; gia nc mt v
nc di t; gia khi lng v cht lng; gia thng lu v h lu; gia nc ngt
v cc vng ven bin; gia trong nc v ngoi nc; gia cc i tng s dng nc.
1.1.9.2. Qun l tng hp lu vc sng
Hin nay, nhiu c quan nghin cu, t chc quc t v cc hc gi c quan
nim, nh ngha khc nhau v Qun l tng hp lu vc sng (QLTH-LVS) [33],
[120], [124]:
- QLTH-LVS l ly LVS lm c s v xem LVS l mt h thng ng lc v
thng nht m trong c tc ng qua li gia nc, t ai v MT. Phng php
ny cng nhm qun l LVS nh l mt thc th vi nhng mc ch bo v ton b
nng sut ca cc ngun ti nguyn mt cch lu bn, ng thi bo v v ci thin
cht lng MT ti LVS.
- GWP cho rng: QLTH-LVS l mt qu trnh m trong con ngi pht
trin v QLTNN, t v cc ti nguyn khc nhm t c hiu qu ti u ca cc
thnh qu KT-XH mt cch cng bng m khng nh i bng s bn vng ca cc
h sinh thi then cht [124].
- Theo J. Buston th: QLTH-LVS bao hm vic cc nh hoch nh chnh sch xem
xt tt c cc kha cnh v cc ngun ti nguyn c trn lu vc, nhu cu s dng cc
ngun ti nguyn theo cch tip cn h sinh thi nhm m bo nhng s la chn
phng n pht trin KT-XH c hiu qu lu di thng qua s pht trin cc mi quan h
hi ha gia cc h s dng ti nguyn v gia cng ng dn c sng trn lu vc [33].

16
 - Gio s Bruce Mitchell [120] trong cng trnh Resource and Environmental
Management in Canada: Addressing Conflict and Uncertainty, khi ni v cng tc
QLTH-LVS m t nh l mt Khi nim theo cch m ng gi l 3 ch P: trit
l (philosophy), qu trnh (process) v sn phm (product). Theo quan im l
lun v cch hiu 3 ch P l:
V l mt trit l nn vic QLTH-LVS l mt li suy ngh c bit v nhng
vn qun l cc ngun TNTN trn LVS, c bit l TNN. Li suy ngh ny cng m
t LVS nh l mt h thng nn vic qun l h thng ny phi trn c s tng th, m
vic qun l tng th i hi phi xem xt c mt qu trnh. Qu trnh khng
nhng phi linh ng, uyn chuyn trong gii quyt nhng hon cnh v iu kin c
th hoc thay i, m cn bao gm c vic tch lu thm kin thc v cc thng tin lin
quan n cc qu trnh qun l. Do vy, p s cui cng ca vic QLTH-LVS phi c
gi tr thit thc th n phi l mt sn phm. iu ny c ngha l vic QLTH-LVS
phi mang li kt qu v nhng thnh qu ny c th hin qua vic chun b v thc
hin mt k hoch hnh ng. Cng phi bit rng k hoch qun l khng phi l mc
tiu m l phng tin t ti mc tiu. N phi mang li hiu qu thng qua nhng
hot ng thc tin trong LVS nhm t c nhng mc tiu ca cng vic qun l.
Tt c cc quan nim v nh ngha trn u nhn mnh nhng kha cnh ni bt
ca QLTH-LVS v cho thy QLTH-LVS l s hp tc trong qun l v khai thc s dng
cc ngun ti nguyn c trn ton b LVS mt cch hp l, hiu qu v cng bng t
c li ch kinh t v x hi m khng lm tn hi s bn vng ca h sinh thi.
QLTH-LVS bao trm tt c cc hot ng ca con ngi cn phi s dng nc
v tc ng ti h thng TNN mt. N l qun l cc h sinh thi nc nh l mt phn
ca MT t nhin rng ln v trong mi quan h vi mi trng KT-XH ca chng.
* Cch hiu v QLTH-LVS khc vi cch qun l theo a gii hnh chnh
thng thng (kiu c in trc y) l: Phm vi khng gian ca qun l bao qut
trn ton b LVS; Cch qun l da trn nguyn tc ca QLTH cc ngun ti nguyn
v bo v mi trng LVS nhm t n mc tiu bn vng, trong trng tm l
QLTH-TNN trong mi lin quan vi ti nguyn t v cc ti nguyn lin quan khc.
- V th, QLTH-LVS cn phi: Ch qun l cc dng khc nhau ca nc:
nc mt v nc ngm; Ch qun l c s lng v cht lng nc trn LVS; Ch
cc mi lin quan gia cc ngun ti nguyn, c bit l gia ti nguyn t v
TNN; Tng hp cc gii hn TN, cc nhu cu KT-XH; Tng hp v lut php, chnh
sch v th ch.

17
 - Theo quan im ca PTBV th QLTH-LVS c ba mc ch ch yu: Bo v
cc chc nng ca sng v LVS; Qun l v s dng bn vng TNN trong mi quan h
vi t v cc ti nguyn sinh thi khc; Hn ch suy thoi v duy tr MT ca sng v
LVS bn vng cho cc th h hin ti v tng lai.
Nh vy, QLTH-LVS l ly LVS lm c s v xem LVS l mt h thng ng
lc v thng nht m trong c tc ng qua li gia nc, t ai v MT. Phng
php ny cng nhm qun l LVS nh l mt thc th vi nhng mc ch bo v ton
b nng sut ca cc ngun ti nguyn mt cch lu bn, ng thi bo v v ci thin
cht lng MT ti LVS.
1.1.10. Bin i kh hu v kch bn bin i kh hu
1.1.10.1. Bin i kh hu
Theo T chc Kh tng Th gii (WMO) v Chng trnh MT ca LHQ
(UNEP): Bin i kh hu Tri t l s thay i ca h thng kh hu gm kh
quyn, thy quyn, sinh quyn, thch quyn hin ti v trong tng lai bi cc nguyn
nhn t nhin v nhn to trong mt giai on nht nh t tnh bng thp k hay
hng triu nm. S bin i c th l thay i thi tit bnh qun hay thay i s phn
b cc s kin thi tit quanh mt mc trung bnh. S bin i kh hu c th gii hn
trong mt vng nht nh hay c th xut hin trn ton a cu [54].
1.1.10.2. Kch bn bin i kh hu
KBBKH: Kch bn bin i kh hu l gi nh c c s khoa hc v tnh tin
cy v s tin trin trong tng lai ca cc mi quan h gia kinh t x hi, tng thu
nhp quc dn, pht thi kh nh knh, bin i kh hu v mc nc bin dng, th
hin mi rng buc gia pht trin v hnh ng ton cu trong tng lai [9].
Theo [9] gm 3 kch bn: kch bn pht thi thp (kch bn B1), kch bn pht
thi trung bnh (kch bn B2) v kch bn pht thi cao (kch bn A2).
i vi LVS Srpk lun n s dng Kch bn pht thi trung bnh (B2), v: y l
kch bn c B TN&MT khuyn dng cho Vit Nam; i vi LVS Srpk trong thi
gian ti mc bin ng khng ln (c th ch mc trung bnh); Kch bn B2 c s thin
lch ln A2 hoc xung B1 nh. V th, khi xy ra s thin lch th mc khc bit
cng khng qu thay i so vi kt qu c s dng trong tnh ton ca lun n.
1.2. Tng quan v nghin cu, nh gi ti nguyn nc
Cc nguy c xung t ngun nc do s suy thoi TNN ang din ra vi mc
ngy cng nghim trng, km theo nhu cu dng nc ca nhn loi cng tng

18
ln khng ngng. Theo [75], [124] nhu cu v nc ngt ca nhn loi trong th k
XX tng ln gp su ln so vi th k XIX.
c bit trong nhng thp k gn y, qu trnh th ha, hot ng NN, CN
gy nhim ngun nc. Theo Vin Nc quc t Stockholm (SIWI), tnh trng
nhim ngun nc ang gia tng trn Tri t, trung bnh mi ngy c khong 2 triu
tn cht thi sinh hot b trc tip ra sng, h v bin. Tnh trng khin cho 1/6
s dn ton cu hin khng tip cn c ngun nc sch, hn 1,6 triu tr em t
vong mi nm do thiu v sinh v thiu nc sch. Mt khc, BKH ngy cng gy
p lc nng n ln tr lng v cht lng ngun nc, gy nhim, hn hn v thiu
ht ngun nc nghim trng nhiu ni.
Chnh v vy, vn nghin cu, nh gi QLTNN c th gii, cc
quc gia, vng lnh th rt quan tm. Tuy nhin, do s khc bit v quan nim, hn
ch v trnh pht trin v iu kin KT-XH, nh hng ca chin tranh nn cc
nghin cu v nc cng c s khc nhau.
1.2.1. Trn th gii
T lu, nhiu ni trn th gii ch n vic nghin cu, nh gi cc
ngun nc nhm khai thc hp l v bo v TNN.
Mt trong nhng cng trnh nghin cu sm nht c ghi chp li l Cng
trnh nghin cu vng tun hon nc trong thin nhin ca A. I. Voeicov
(1894). ng c cng t nn mng cho phng php nghin cu TNN
bng CBN. Theo ng, dng chy sng ngi l kt qu tng tc gia ma -
mt m - bc hi. Cn M. I. Lvvich l ngi a ra cc khi nim hin
i v CBN ton cu, phn bit s khc nhau gia cc yu t kh hu v mt
m vi dng chy thc t, i su nh gi vai tr ca cc nhn t phi kh
hu nh a hnh, a mo, lp ph thc vt trong phng trnh cn bng
nc LVS. Nm 1962 ng a ra s v mi quan h gia cc yu t
trong phng trnh CBN, c bit l cc quan h ph thuc gia lng bc
hi Z, lng thm U vi lng m trong tng th nhng W, t c
rt ra cc h s dn nc Ku v Kz (Ku + Kz = 1) (Dn theo [46]).
Nm 1977, ln u tin LHQ a vn Nc ln din n Quc t, ti Hi
ngh Mar Del Plata (Argentina) v nhn mnh v vn quy hoch nc sch, v
sinh v ly thp k 80 l Thp k Quc t nc sch v V sinh. S kin quc t
quan trng th hin mi quan tm ca cc quc gia, t chc trong vn qun l bn
vng ngun nc qu gi l t nm 1993 th gii chnh thc ly ngy 22/3 hng
19
nm l Ngy nc th gii v LHQ t chc thng nin Tun Nc Th gii t
ngy 5 - 11 thng 9 hng nm.
Nm 1984, Vin qun l nc quc t (International water management institute -
IWMI) c thnh lp, nhng nghin cu ca IWMI gip xc nh s dng nc cho
pht in v nhng vn c lin quan, mu thun v cn bng nh th no vi an ninh
lng thc v cc h sinh thi, xem xt cc gii php QLTNN, cc phng n v cng
ngh v iu hnh gim thiu hu qu xu tim n trong pht trin thy in [107].
Vi nhn thc nguy c thiu nc ngt l trm trng v c th dn ti cc cuc
tranh chp do vic qun l khai thc, s dng ngun nc khng hp l lm cho ngun
nc b suy thoi, do nhim v cn kit, nm 2000 LHQ thit lp Mc tiu thin
nin k. Mt trong nhng mc tiu l Pht trin qun l tng hp ngun nc v
s dng nc c hiu qu, gip cc nc ang pht trin thng qua hnh ng v nc
tt c mi cp. Nm 2003 LHQ thnh lp y ban v nc ca LHQ (UN-Water),
h tr cc quc gia trong n lc lin quan n ngun nc ca h, nhm t c
cc mc tiu Pht trin Thin nin k.
Mt s kin c ngha c bit gn y nht i vi th gii v Vit Nam, l
ti i hi ng Lin minh Ngh vin Th gii ln th 132 (IPU-132) din ra t 28/3 -
2/4/2015 ti H Ni, Vit Nam xut sng kin D tho Ngh quyt v qun tr
ngun nc v c thng qua vi t l tuyt i 27/27 thnh vin. D tho
a ra cc kin ngh quan trng, l:
Ku gi cc nc c chung ngun nc tng cng hp tc trong cc vn
lin quan n ngun nc quc t v nghim tc xem xt vic tham gia
cc khun kh php l quc t v hp tc nc xuyn bin gii. ng thi,
Vit Nam cho rng, cn khuyn khch cc ngh vin hi thc cc chnh ph
tn trng nhng cam kt a ra trong vic bo v cc ngun nc sch,
thc thi cc Cng c khu vc v quc t, cc tha thun v s dng hiu
qu, tch hp ngun nc v cc ngun ti nguyn khc v mc tiu PTBV.
Vit Nam ku gi cc quc gia, nht l quc gia pht trin thc y hp tc
v h tr cc nc ang pht trin trong n lc qun tr nc, bao gm lp
k hoch, bo v v s dng c hiu qu ngun nc hng ti PTBV.
T d tho , y ban Thng trc v PTBV, Ti chnh v Thng mi
tho lun hon chnh v biu quyt thng qua d tho Ngh quyt nh hnh c
ch mi v qun tr ngun nc: Thc y hnh ng ca Ngh vin trong vn
nc v v sinh.

20
 V thc hin chc nng qun l, c th thy t sau Hi ngh Dublin (I/1992) v
Hi ngh thng nh v Mi trng v Pht trin ti Rio do Janeiro (Braxin, 1992),
phn ln cc nc trn th gii u trong tin trnh thc hin QLTH-TNN thay v qun
l theo n v hnh chnh nh trc, thc hin ly LVS lm n v qun l nc, ch
trng v coi QLTH-LVS l iu kin cn thit nng cao hiu qu s dng nc,
iu phi v gii quyt cc mu thun trong vic khai thc v s dng TNN gia cc
vng, cc khu vc thng, h lu ca LVS, bo v ngun nc khng b suy thoi v
nhim. Nhng c gng tp trung vo cc vn ch yu nh: Th ch, chnh
sch, t chc, khoa hc cng ngh, KT-XH c cp quc gia v cp LV.
in hnh cho QLTH-TNN theo hng tip cn trn l vic thnh lp cc Hip
c, y ban, y hi: Hip c hp tc, bo v v s dng bn vng LVS a-Nup k
ngy 29/6/1994; y ban Quc t Bo v sng Rhine (ICPR), thnh lp nm 1972; y
ban LVS Murray Darling ca xtrylia, thnh lp 1985; LVS M Kng, thnh
lp y hi Sng M Kng (MRC) nm 1995. MRC c vai tr v nhim v l: Thc
y, h tr, hp tc v iu phi phi hp trong vic pht trin mi tim nng v li
ch ca tt c cc quc gia ven sng v ngn nga s dng lng ph nc trong LVS
M Kng, Thc y v iu phi hot ng pht trin v qun l bn vng TNN v
cc ti nguyn lin quan v li ch chung ca cc quc gia thnh vin v phc li ca
ngi dn [33], [67], [69], [70].
Mt s quc gia sm tin hnh nghin cu, GTNN thc hin QLTNN hiu
qu v bn vng hn, nh: M, vn nghin cu, nh gi v i n vic QLTNN
c quan tm rt sm t cui th k XIX. thc hin nhim v nhiu c quan qun
l nc v cc T chc lin quan c thnh lp, nh dc theo sng Colorado c Cc
Ci to vn hnh p, y ban v cc cn c khoa hc qun l nc LVS Colorado; Trn
sng Ohio c Ban v sinh sng (ORSANCO) l mt c quan lin bang c trch nhim v
cht lng nc dc theo sng Ohio; Hip hi thng lu sng Mississippi (UMRBA)
(dn theo [69]), [122]). Php, Lut v nc c thit lp rt sm t nm 1964, sau
c b sung vo nm 1992 v 2006. Theo , chnh sch v nc c xc nh bi nh
nc trong mi quan h i tc vi tt c cc cng ng a phng, ngi s dng cho
mc ch CN, nhng nganh pht trin quy m ln, ng dn, ngi nui trng thy sn,
cc hip hi bo v TN tt c cc cp vi quan im l t chc qun l ti nguyn mang
tnh tng th nhm m bo p ng cao nht tt c cc nhu cu trong khi vn tn trng
cc h sinh thi thy sinh [42], [116]. Ti Braxin, do cc cm th ln s dng nhiu
nc v lm nhim nghim trng... phc hi cht lng nc sng, thng 9/1991

21
Braxin trin khai D n Sng Tiete. Mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng ca D n
l kim sot pht thi t hot ng CN, trn c s phn tch hin trng cht lng nc v
thng k cc ngun thi CN trong LVS T , cc tiu ch kim sot c xc lp v
quy trnh kim sot nc thi CN trong LVS Tiete c xut [69].
ng Nam , do hn ch v nhiu mt nn cng tc nghin cu TNN din ra
mun hn. Tuy nhin, di sc p ca dn s v s cn kit ca TNN, c s h tr
mnh m ca cc quc gia v cc t chc, nn vn nghin cu, QLTNN cng
c ch trng gn y v tip cn theo nhiu hng khc nhau: Philipine xem cch
tip cn QLTNN theo LVS vi s tham gia ca nhiu bn lin quan l m hnh l tng
qun l tng hp; Ti Indonesia t 1989 n 2009 thnh lp 41 t chc LVS vi
hnh thc, chc nng v nhim v a dng; Thi Lan thnh lp 25 y ban LVS c
trch nhim lp quy hoch, hnh thnh cc d n v thng qua k hoch pht trin LV.
c bit vi s h tr ca my tnh in t, s ra i v ng dng cc m hnh
ton thy vn vo qu trnh nghin cu lm cho kt qu nghin cu TNN ngy cng
tin li, nhanh v chnh xc hn. l s ra i rt sm ca m hnh Stanford
Watershed Model (SWM) bi Crawford v Linsley (1966), SWM l th nghim u
tin cho vic m hnh ha hu nh ton b chu trnh thy vn v sau nhanh chng
pht trin nhiu m hnh nh: m hnh NAM (1973), IHDM (1980), SWATH thng
m hnh GIBSI, l mt h thng m hnh tng hp, m hnh cho cc kt qu kim tra tc
ng ca NN, CN, qun l nc c v lng v cht n TNN; M hnh BASINS c
xy dng bi Vn phng Bo v Mi trng ca Hoa K, m hnh c xy dng
a ra mt cng c nh gi tt hn v tng hp hn cc ngun pht thi tp trung v
khng tp trung trong cng tc qun l cht lng nc trn LVS; M hnh h thng
nh gi v pht trin ngun nc WEAP l m hnh kt hp gia vic m phng h
thng v cc chnh sch cn p dng cho LV, WEAP da trn nguyn tc tnh ton cn
bng gia cc nhu cu ca cc dng s dng nc, gi thnh v hiu qu ca cc cng
trnh cp nc v c s phn b ngun nc, vi ngun nc cung cp bao gm nc
mt, nc ngm, nc h cha v cc vn chuyn ngun nc. M hnh ny c nhiu
tc gi vn dng thnh cng khi c s phc tp v phn phi dng chy v nhu cu nc
trong NN, th, CN v MT bi nhiu quy m khng gian v thi gian ca tc gi Yates
v cng s (2005); Phn tch tnh hnh nc trong tng lai theo cc kch bn khc nhau
ca s pht trin v BKH ca Britta Hollermann v cng s (2010); QLTH-TNN
theo LVS ca Phan Th Thanh Hng (2011)...(dn theo [132]); B m hnh MIKE ca
Vin Thy lc an mch (DHI) xy dng cc phn mm nh gi v phn tch cc

22
vn v cht lng v s lng nc, y l cc phn mm hu ch trong cng tc lp
k hoch pht trin v qun l ngun nc theo quan im bn vng. Phn mm MIKE
BASIN vi giao din ArcView GIS l mt m hnh m phng ngun nc LVS, MIKE
BASIN vi cc m un tnh ton n gin a ra cc kch bn tnh ton cc bin i
ca cc c trng dng chy theo khng gian v thi gian, xc nh cc nhu cu dng
nc, vn hnh h cha a mc tiu, cng trnh chuyn nc v nh gi cht lng
nc. MIKE BASIN s dng giao din GIS t hp c s d liu, xc nh LV v
trnh din kt qu mt cch thun li cho ngi s dng, m hnh c ng dng
tnh CBN em li hiu qu cao cho nhiu LV trn th gii nh: LVS LeBa BaLan,
LVS Cape Fear pha Bc Carolina M,
1.2.2. Vit Nam
Lch s nghin cu v ngun nc ca Vit Nam c bit n qua cc cng
trnh chnh tr sng ngi c t hng nghn nm nay h thng sng Hng v cc
sng thuc phm vi ng bng sng Hng, cng nh vic ci to, khai khn cc vng
t phn, mn khng nh cha ng ta nhn thc rt r vai tr v gi tr trong vic s
dng ngun nc. Vo thi k Nh Nguyn mt cng trnh c ngha ln trong s
dng ngun nc l vic o knh Vnh T (1819-1824) di 87 km ni sng Chu c
ra vnh Thi Lan ti tnh Kin Giang to con ng lu thng thy, thot l v
cung cp nc ngt cho thau chua, ra mn phc v sn xut NN hng trm nm qua.
Tuy nhin, trong mt thi gian di sau k t khi Thc dn Php xm lc, nhng
nghin cu v TNN khng c quan tm ng mc, ch c cc nh a cht Php trong
qu trnh iu tra khong sn, thnh lp cc bn a cht lnh th vi mc ch khai thc
thuc a, trong c nhc n mt vi im v nc di t.
Khi ha bnh c lp li min Bc (1954), Chnh ph rt ch n nghin
cu, s dng TNN hp l. Thng 1/1961, quyt nh thnh lp y ban Tr thy v
khai thc sng Hng vi nhim v nghin cu lp quy hoch tr thy v khai thc tng
hp h thng sng Hng, phc v xy dng v pht trin KT-XH vi 5 lnh vc quy
hoch dng sng: quy hoch phng chng l; quy hoch cp - thot nc; quy hoch
vn ti thy; quy hoch h thng bc thang thy in (sng , sng L, sng Gm),
cc h thng thy nng ln vng h lu, nng cp h thng iu. C th xem y l
m hnh t chc LVS u tin Vit Nam.
Cng trong thi gian ny, cng tc thy li, quy hoch h thng thy nng
c Nh nc ht sc ch trng, nh xy dng h thng thy nng Bc Hng Hi
(1957 - 1959). Cng tc iu tra nghin cu nc di t cng c ch , khi u

23
 thnh lp bn a cht thy vn min Bc Vit Nam t l 1/500.000 (1964). Bn
da trn kt qu kho st thc a v thu thp tng hp ti liu ca nhiu c quan
khc nhau, trong ng ch l ti liu 350 l khoan. Trn bn chia min Bc
thnh 26 phc h cha nc, vch c cc ng ng mun dng chy v ranh
gii nhim mn ven bin. T nm 1965, Tng cc a cht trin khai cng tc lp
bn a cht t l 1/200.000 v 1/50.000 cho tng vng lnh th min Bc. u
nm 1975, thc hin ch th ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic tng kt cng tc iu
tra c bn v ti nguyn v KTN lnh th, cc nh a cht thy vn lp bo co
tng kt km theo bn a cht thy vn min Bc Vit Nam 1/500.000 do V Ngc
K ch bin. y l cng trnh tng kt cng tc iu tra c bn TNN di t c gi
tr ln v khoa hc v thc tin cho n ngy nay [46].
min Nam, do M - Ngy chim ng nn khng t chc nghin cu c,
m ch c cc nghin cu s b ca ngi M vi mc ch cp nc cho th hoc
phc v cc tri lnh, nn t c gi tr khoa hc.
Nh vy, c th thy trong giai on ny cc nghin cu v TNN ch ch trng
vo vic xc nh v phm vi phn b, khai thc ngun nc (ch yu l nc mt)
phc v cho cc mc ch kinh t khc nhau m cha c s ch n bo v, s dng
ngun nc hp l, hay pht trin ngun nc. y cng l thc t ca bi cnh t
nc lc by gi l chin tranh, sn xut cn nh l, ngun nc cn phong ph,
nhng biu hin ca BKH cha r rng.
Sau khi thng nht t nc (1975), Nh nc thnh lp Tng cc Kh tng -
Thy vn (11/1976), quan tm u t khi phc v pht trin thm nhiu trm kh tng,
nht l min Nam thc hin nghin cu, nh gi v QLTNN v thc hin nhiu
nghin cu trn phm vi c nc [46], trong ng ch c cc nghin cu:
iu tra tng hp vng ng bng sng Cu Long (1978 - 1981); iu tra v
khai thc ng bng sng Cu Long (1982 - 1990); Chng trnh s dng
tng hp ngun nc lnh th Vit Nam (1981 - 1985); Chng trnh Atlas
Quc gia (1982 - 1985); Chng trnh Atlas H Ni, cc bn v TNN,
nc v hot ng ca con ngi (1984 - 1985); Chng trnh cp Nh nc
42A do Tng cc Kh tng Thy vn ch tr (1988), chng trnh xy
dng b s liu v b bn kh hu s, phong ph cho ton quc, phc
v hiu qu trong nhiu nm qua. Tp bn gm 52 trang, bao gm bn
mng li trm kh tng v cc bn phn b c trng kh hu. Trong
, cc yu t kh hu c phn thnh 5 nhm chnh: (1) Bc x v nng;

24
 (2) Gi; (3) Nhit ; (4) Ma, m, bc hi v h s m; (5) Bo. Chng
trnh nghin cu khe nt lnh th Vit Nam (1981 - 1985).
Trong giai on ny cng xut hin hng lot cng trnh cng b v thy
vn, thy li, TNN v MT. ng ch l cc cng trnh ca Ng nh
Tun (1984, 1989, 1992, 1995), Phm Quang Hnh (1986, 1988),
Nguyn Vn C (1987, 1995), Trn Tut (1987),
Cng tc nghin cu a cht thy vn v GTNN di t c y mnh
mt bc quan trng, nh: thnh lp Bn a cht thy vn t l
1/300.000 v ti Nc di t Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam
do V Ngc K ch bin; Bn a cht thy vn Vit Nam t l
1/500.000 do Trn Hng Ph ch bin...
Trong nhng nm gn y, cng tc phng, chng nguy c BKH v bo v
ngun nc tr thnh ni dung lun c Chnh ph quan tm, coi trng trong xy
dng chin lc pht trin quc gia. Trong c cc chng trnh cp quc gia nh:
Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia v nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn... nhm
nng cao hiu qu qun l, bo v, s dng TNN.
Cc ti, d n trng im trong nghin cu, nh gi v QLTNN lu vc
c trin khai trn nhiu vng lnh th, cc LVS, cc ngun nc khc nhau, nh:
ti cp Nh nc KC-08-04/10-2004 Nghin cu m hnh qun l tng hp
ti nguyn v mi trng lu vc sng do PGS.TS Nguyn Quang Trung lm ch
nhim; ti cp Nh nc KC-08-31 (2005), Nghin cu nh gi hin trng, d bo
din bin ti nguyn v mi trng nc phc v pht trin bn vng lu vc sng Vm
C do GS.TS o Xun Hc lm ch nhim, kt qu thit lp c m hnh thy lc
v cc vng ph cn cho phn mm MIKE 11 nh gi, d bo ti nguyn v MT nc
LVS Vm C.
Vi mc tiu nh gi tim nng, c im phn b s lng v cht lng
TNN mt, lm c s cho cc hot ng khai thc s dng TNN phc v pht trin KT-
XH, an ninh quc phng v hp tc quc t v TNN vng bin gii Vit Nam - Lo
thuc LVS M, sng C; ng thi tng cng c s thng tin d liu v TNN vng
bin gii LVS M, sng C phc v cc hot ng hp tc pht trin vi Cng ha dn
ch nhn dn Lo ca cc c quan lin quan. T nm 2010 2014 Trung tm Quy
hoch v iu tra ti nguyn nc quc gia thc hin d n iu tra nh gi
ti nguyn nc lu vc cc sng bin gii Vit Nam - Lo thuc lu vc sng M,
sng C. D n iu tra trn phm vi rng, gm 81 x bin gii thuc 19 huyn
25
ca 4 tnh in Bin, Sn La, Thanh Ha, Ngh An, ko di dc 1.360 km ng bin
gii, vi din tch 13.610 km2; iu tra, GTNN, o c b sung lu lng nc
sng, o nhanh mt s ch tiu cht lng nc v p dng cng c m hnh, k thut
GIS phn tch, tnh ton, GTNN mt trong vng D n. Kt qu nghin cu ca
D n l phn tch, nh gi hin trng, din bin TNN mt theo khng gian v thi
gian bao gm c cht lng v s lng; o c, xc nh lng nc trn dng chnh
sng M, C; nh gi kh nng khai thc s dng TNN mt trn ton vng d n;
Xc nh cc vn ni cm v xut cc gii php qun l, bo v v khai thc
TNN mt khu vc bin gii Vit Nam - Lo hin nay. D n cng lp cc s
iu tra, nh gi TNN mt, ng thi tng cng c s thng tin d liu v TNN
vng bin gii phc v cc hot ng hp tc pht trin ca cc B ngnh, t nc.
y l mt d n nghin cu v TNN kh ton din, c ngha ln c v mt khoa
hc v thc tin. Tuy nhin, trong d n cha vn dng cc KBBKH tnh n kh
nng bin ng ngun nc, nghin cu trn phm vi rng ln, a hnh phc tp li
bao gm nhiu a phng khc nhau, nn cha c s phn chia thnh cc TLV, xc
nh th mnh v sn xut ca tng tiu vng v nhu cu s dng nc cho nhng
mc ch c th, t a ra cc chin lc trong s dng TNN cho tng TLV.
n iu tra ngun nc di t vng su Nam B - Pha 3 do Lin on
Quy hoch v iu tra ti nguyn nc min Nam thi cng t nm 2006 - 2011. Vi
mc tiu iu tra iu kin a cht thy vn ngun ND, xc nh khu vc c trin
vng nhm tip tc nh gi, thm d ND phc v cho nhn dn v b i ang sinh
sng v lm vic cc vng su, vng xa, vng bin gii. n t c nhiu kt
qu quan trng, nh hon thnh vic thi cng 30 l khoan iu tra ngun ND v cc
dng cng tc k thut km theo ti 30 vng iu tra; thnh lp 30 s CTV t l
1:25.000 v cc mt ct CTV km theo ca cc vng iu tra, trn c s nh gi
ng n v c im CTV v tim nng ND. Cc kt qu tnh ton cng cho thy
tr lng khai thc tim nng ca cc l khoan trong cc vng iu tra kh ln cho
php m rng kh nng s dng nc ngm phc v pht trin KT-XH a phng.
T nm 2011 2014, Lin on Quy hoch v iu tra ti nguyn nc min
Nam thc hin D n nh gi tc ng ca bin i kh hu n ti nguyn nc
di t vng ng bng sng Cu Long, xut cc gii php ng ph. D n
tri n khai m t loa t cac m hinh CBN va m hin h ND. S dng kich ban BKH
tng lai c ta o ra b ng Simclim2013. Cac k t qua m phong cua SimClim2013
cung vi cac ban s du ng t, ia hinh, c u ta o t, d c, mc nc di t t ng

26
trn cung va t c gio c s du ng trong m hinh thuy vn Wetspass tnh ton
l ng b c p cho nc di t hi n ta i va trong tng lai. Sau s dng m hinh
dong chay nc di t b ng ph n m m GMS- Groundwater Modelling System
anh gia cac tac ng cua khai thac ti TNN di t. D n anh gia c cac tac
ng cua khai thac, BKH ti TNN di t v xut 06 nhm gii php v danh
mu c 10 d an ng ph vi BKH, nhm phc v hiu qu s pht trin bn vng KT-
XH ca vng ng bng sng Cu Long. D n nh gi tc ng ca bin i kh
hu, nc bin dng n ti nguyn nc di t vng ven bin min Trung (t
Nng n Ph Yn) v xut gii php quy hoch v bo v ti nguyn nc di
t trong bi cnh bin i kh hu, do Lin on Quy hoch v iu tra ti nguyn
nc min Trung thc hin t nm 2012 2015 nh gi c tc ng ca BKH
v nc bin dng n TNN di t trong vng nghin cu, t xut c cc
gii php quy hoch v bo v nc di t trong bi cnh BKH. Nh vy, trong
bi cnh ngun nc mt ang b khan him v nhim th gii php nc ngm c v tr
rt quan trng, nn c tp trung nghin cu gn y. c bit l vic nh gi tc ng
ca BKH n TNN ngm l mt trong s t ti c thc hin. Tuy nhin, mi quan
h gia ma nc mt nc ngm lun rt bin chng, v th nu ch dng li nh
gi mi TNN nc ngm th ch phn nh c mt phn ca TNN trn mt lnh th.
Nghin cu, nh gi v TNN cn c thc hin nhiu a phng khc,
nh n Lp bn a cht thy vn t l 1:50.000 cc tnh Ninh Thun v Bnh
Thun v D n iu tra, nh gi xc nh vng cm, vng hn ch khai thc nc
di t trong cc tng cha nc trm tch t v Neogen t Nng n Bnh
Thun do Lin on Quy hoch v iu tra ti nguyn nc min Trung thc hin
(hon thnh 2015). Kt qu nghin cu lm sng t hin trng khai thc s dng,
nhim, nhim mn ca nc di t; nghin cu b sung v nh gi tnh thm ca
t cha nc trong cc trm tch t v Neogen vng Bng Sn - Ph M -
Ph Ct, Ninh Hi - Phan Rang - Ninh Phc, Bc Bnh - Phan Thit - Hm Tn.
Chnh xc ha ranh gii, lm sng t thm thnh phn t , b dy, din tch phn b
ca cc tng cha nc; ranh gii nhim mn theo din ca cc tng cha nc ven bin.
Vn v nc cng ang c tip cn theo nhiu hng khc nhau nc ta
v c s h tr ca nhiu t chc trong v ngoi nc gip . Ngy 1/7/2016,
Ngn hng pht trin chu (ADB) t chc hi tho D n nghin cu K ton
nc cho Vit Nam (Water Accounting Vietnam). D n c Ngn hng ADB ti tr
v thc hin bi Vin Gio dc Nc Quc t (UNESCO-IHE), H Lan cng cc i

27
tc t B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn (MARD); B Ti nguyn v Mi
trng (MONRE) v Vin Quy hoch Thy li. K ton nc s gip m t cc dch
v v li ch n t vic tiu th nc. D n cng xut k ton nc cho 15
LVS chnh ti Vit Nam. B d liu ny cng c khai thc nhm nng cao hiu qu
cng tc quy hoch thy li ni ring v qun l ngun nc ni chung.
1.2.3. Vng Ty Nguyn
Ty Nguyn c cc h thng sng chnh l S San, Srpk, ng Nai, sng Ba v
mt s sng sui nh thuc LVS Thu Bn. Vi v tr ht sc quan trng c v chnh tr,
qun s v KT-XH, nhng do pht trin chm v b nh hng ca chin tranh nn nhng
nghin cu v TNN y mun v t hn so vi cc vng khc trong c nc trong mt
thi gian di, phi sau khi chin tranh kt thc v thi gian gn y mi c nhiu chng
trnh u t, nghin cu [18], [33].
C th xem cng trnh sm nht nghin cu v TNN Ty Nguyn l T bn
a cht thy vn trong tp Atlas v cc ngun TNTN, kinh t v x hi ca vng h
lu sng M Kng do LHQ xut bn nm 1968. Trn bn th hin c
cha nc ca cc thnh h t , nh gi khi qut v cht lng nc v kh nng
khai thc nc di t theo cung lng tng l khoan. Tuy nhin, do t l qu nh
(1:2.500.000) nn bn khng c nhiu ngha thc tin.
Sau ngy thng nht, cng vi nhiu ch trng, chnh sch pht trin KT-XH
Ty Nguyn, khoa hc - cng ngh, c Chng trnh iu tra tng hp v Ty
Nguyn t nm 1976 - 1980 (gi l chng trnh Ty Nguyn 1), n nhng nm
1984 - 1988 chng trnh Nghin cu xy dng c s khoa hc cho quy hoch pht
trin kinh t - x hi Ty Nguyn (gi l chng trnh Ty Nguyn 2) do Vin Khoa
hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam ch tr. Kt qu l i su phn tch, nh gi v KT-
XH, KTN v TNTN, trong TNN c ch trng nghin cu nhm cung cp cc
lun c khoa hc xy dng k hoch 5 nm (1986 - 1990) v phc v cho quy
hoch di hn pht trin KT-XH Ty Nguyn cc nm tip theo.
Tip ni nhng kt qu t c, sau hn 20 nm kt thc Chng trnh Ty
Nguyn 2, chng trnh Khoa hc v cng ngh phc v pht trin kinh t - x hi
bn vng vng Ty Nguyn giai on 2011 2015 (cn gi l chng trnh Ty
Nguyn 3) c trin khai. Chng trnh tp trung vo nhng vn cp thit nh: ti
nguyn t, TNN, ti nguyn rng v a dng sinh hc, ti nguyn khong sn, MT
thin tai v cc vn khc.
Ngoi ra cn c nhiu ti c trin khai, nh: ti cp Nh nc thuc
28
chng trnh 48C (1988), Cn bng nc lnh th Ty Nguyn, do PGS.TS. Phm
Quang Hnh, TS. Nguyn Lp Dn Vin a L thc hin. ti nh gi nh
lng c cc thnh phn cn cn nc lnh th Ty Nguyn bao gm: Nc ma,
dng chy mt, dng chy ngm, lng bc hi, lng tr m LV; ti KC-12.04
(1993), Nghin cu cn bng, bo v s dng c hiu qu ngun nc phc v pht
trin kinh t - x hi Ty Nguyn do Nguyn Sinh Huy thc hin; ti cp Nh
nc KC-08-05 (2004), Nghin cu xy dng c s khoa hc v xut gii php
bo v v s dng hp l ti nguyn nc vng Ty Nguyn, do PGS.TS on Vn
Cnh lm ch nhim, ti nh gi c tim nng ngun nc mt, nc ngm
vng Ty Nguyn v xut cc gii php s dng hp l TNN pht trin NN;
ti cp Nh nc KC-08-25 (2005) Nghin cu gii php tng th s dng hp l ti
nguyn v bo v mi trng lu vc sng Ba - sng Cn, do PGS.TSKH Nguyn
Vn C lm ch nhim. ti xy dng c gii php tng th nhm s dng hp
l ti nguyn, bo v mi trng LVS Ba, sng Kn hng ti s PTBV; ti cp
Nh nc KC.08.22 (2005), Nghin cu d bo hn hn vng Nam Trung B v Ty
Nguyn v xy dng cc gii php phng chng, do GS.TS. Nguyn Quang Kim lm
ch nhim, nghin cu hin trng hn hn, thit lp quy trnh d bo hn, c s d
liu khu vc nghin cu, lp trnh cc phn mm tnh ton ch s hn v phn mm d
bo hn kh tng v thy vn, vic d bo hn c da trn nguyn tc phn tch
mi tng quan gia cc yu t kh hu, cc hot ng Enso v cc iu kin thc t
vng nghin cu; n cp B (2008), Xy dng bn hn hn v mc thiu
nc sinh hot Nam Trung B v Ty Nguyn, do PGS.TS. Trn Thc lm ch
nhim, d n nh gi c mc hn hn v thiu nc sinh hot 4 tnh vng
Nam Trung B (Ph Yn, Khnh Ha, Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun) v 5 tnh vng Ty
Nguyn (Kon Tum, Gia Lai, k Lk, k Nng, Lm ng) p ng yu cu cp
nht, gim st, qun l v khc phc nh hng ca hn hn v thiu nc sinh hot
cho nhn dn 2 vng Nam Trung B v Ty Nguyn; ti c lp cp nh nc
(2010), Nghin cu c s khoa hc v xy dng c s khoa hc v xy dng cc gii
php lu gi nc ma vo lng t phc v chng hn v bo v ti nguyn nc di
t vng Ty Nguyn, do PGS.TS. on Vn Cnh lm ch nhim. ti xc lp
c c s khoa hc lu gi nc ma trong cc cu trc thnh to a cht, thnh to
Bazan Ty Nguyn, nhm tng cng tr lng nc di t v bo v nc di
t. Xy dng cc gii php cng ngh thu gom nc ma vo lng t.
Gn y nht c ti trng im cp Nh nc thuc Chng trnh Ty

29
Nguyn 3, m s TN3/T02 nm 2015: Nghin cu c s khoa hc cho gii php tng
th gii quyt cc mu thun li ch trong vic khai thc s dng ti nguyn nc lnh
th Ty Nguyn, do TS. Nguyn Lp Dn lm ch nhim, tc gi lun n l thnh
vin tham gia. ti phn tch nh gi v d bo c cc tc ng ca cng trnh
khai thc s dng TNN trn lnh th Ty Nguyn, phn tch, xc nh cc mu thun
trong s dng nc t xut cc gii php tng th gii quyt cc mu thun v
a ra cc m hnh s dng hiu qu TNN nhm gim thiu cc tc ng bt li (l
lt, hn hn) [33].
1.2.4. Lu vc sng Srpk
Srpk l sng ln ca Ty Nguyn, LVS bao trm 4 tnh Ty Nguyn, chy
qua vng t bazan rng ln v l vng trng cy CN ch yu v quan trng nn
c nhiu ti nghin cu v TNN lu vc.
Vi s tr gip ca Chng trnh H tr Ngnh nc (WaterSPS) b Atlas
tng hp ti nguyn nc lu vc sng Srpk c xy dng nm 2006 l cng
trnh kh y , thit lp c mt b thng tin d liu phc v QLTNN cp LVS
bng h thng bn TNN ca LVS Srpk. Mt d n rt quan trng l Quy hoch
s dng tng hp v bo v ngun nc lu vc sng Srpk v vng ph cn
(2005), do Vin Quy hoch Thy li thc hin. Trn c s nghin cu KTN, TNN,
hin trng pht trin KT-XH v nh hng pht trin KT-XH n 2010 v 2020 ca
cc a phng thuc phm vi LVS Srpk vi nhu cu v nc, D n thc hin
phn vng tnh ton CBN cho tng phm vi LV, trong c s dng m hinh MIKE
BASIN. T kt qu tnh ton, D n a ra cc xut v tp trung gii quyt nc
ti cho cy la, cy CN di ngy, mu, cp nc cho sinh hot, CN, phng trnh
gim nh thin tai l lt, khai thc ngun thy nng trn dng chnh nhm n nh v
nng cao i sng ca nhn dn trn c s s dng bn vng TNN trn LVS [109].
Nm (2008), ti cp B do trng i hc Thy Li thc hin Cp nht
nghin cu tc ng mi trng do pht trin thy in v ti trn lu vc sng S
San v Srpk n h du Campuchia. ti tin hnh nghin cu b sung tc
ng MT ca h thng cc d n thy in v ti trn sng S San v Srpk n
vng nghin cu, t xut cc bin php x l, gim thiu tc ng xu trn LV.
Nm 2011, lun n tin s ca Trn Vn T thc hin ti trng i hc
Yamanashi Nht Bn vi ti Development of' a comprehensive approach for
water resources assessment at various spatio-temporal scales. Nghin cu c tin
hnh LVS Srpk gm c Vit Nam - Campuchia. Cc ni dung nh gi ca lun

30
n hng n mc tiu chung l pht trin mt cch tip cn ton din trong GTNN
quy m khc nhau trong c khng gian v thi gian cho mc ch pht trin tt hn
v qun l TNN. ti thc hin nh gi hin trng h thng ngun nc v ch
s ngho nc cc quy m s dng khc nhau; nh gi tc ng ca vic s dng
t, bin ng che ph v BKH i vi ngun nc mt v nhu cu v nc theo
cc kch bn pht trin khc nhau; nh gi tc ng ca con ngi gy ra i vi ch
thy vn trn c s cc kch bn pht trin khc nhau; nh gi tc ng ca chnh
sch qun l nc m bo ngun nc vi cc KBBKH trong tng lai; lun n
s dng mt s phn mm nh: CROPWAT 8.0, ArcGIS10, HEC-HMS, MIKE
Basin 2009, SPI, v IHA vo thc hin nh gi. Tuy nhin, ti ch thc hin nh
gi s lng TNN mt c xem xt n s tng tc gia b mt vi nc ngm m
cha thc hin nh gi n cht lng nc mt, TNN ma, TNN nc ngm [132].
Nm 2015 lun n tin s ca Ng Th Thy Dng vi ti nh gi v d
bo xung t mi trng trong khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc mt lu vc sng
Srpk, ti tp trung nhn din v d bo cc xung t MT trong khai thc, s
dng TNN mt n nm 2020, phn tch nguyn nhn v tc ng ca xung t MT
trong khai thc, s dng TNN mt t xut cc gii php tng th gim thiu,
qun l xung t MT trong khai thc, s dng TNN mt nhm nng cao hiu qu qun
l tng hp v bo v TNN mt LVS Srpk.
* Tm li:
- c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu cc vn lin quan n TNN, LVS, thy
vn, gii quyt cc mi quan h gia TNN vi KTN, qun l, bo v v khai thc
TNN trn LVS. Nhng cng trnh nghin cu ny ng gp rt ln c v l lun v
thc tin cho cng tc nghin cu TNN ni chung v TNN trn LVS Srpk ni ring.
- Cc cng trnh nghin cu, GTNN nhn chung tp trung vo mc ch chnh:
khi phc, bo v, s dng TNN theo cc quy hoch chuyn ngnh, m t ch phc v
pht trin KT-XH bn vng theo LVS. Mt s ti ch dng li nh gi mt loi
TNN (nc ma, nc mt hoc nc ngm), hoc ch nh gi yu t v s lng;
- Hu ht cc phng php GTNN thng ch tp trung i vi tng ngun nc
ring bit, hoc kt hp nhng quy m khu vc hoc quc gia v trn c s hng nm.
Do , vic tm kim mt cch tip cn ton din GTNN trn c s xem xt cc tc
ng ca nhiu yu t cc quy m khc nhau, theo nhng giai on ca s pht trin s
gp phn qun l ngun nc tt hn.

31
 - i vi LVS Srpk, cc nghin cu nhn chung i su vo GTNN m t c
s ch trng cc mi quan h gia nhn t TN vi nhn t KT-XH n TNN trn quan
im a l tng hp, nn cha lm ni bt c vai tr ca tng nhn t c tc ng
vi nhng mc nht nh n TNN ca LVS, cha hoc t xem xt tc ng BKH
trn c s KBBKH, c d bo bin ng TNN cho nhiu din bin khc nhau xy
ra trn LV, t t c mc ch bn vng v TNN phc v cho pht trin bn
vng KT-XH. gii quyt c nhng vn trn lun n cn phi:
+ Thc hin nh gi tng hp KTN, KT-XH t xc lp cc mi quan h
gia cc nhn t trong hnh thnh v pht trin TNN;
+ GTH-TNN, d bo ngun nc v nhu cu s dng nc trn cc TLV n
2020 gn vi Quy hoch pht trin KT-XH v s tc ng ca BKH theo kch bn B2;
Trn c s khoa hc v thc tin xut cc gii php ph hp cho vn khai
thc, s dng nc bn vng t m bo cho PTBV kinh t - x hi trn cc TLV.
1.3. Tiu kt chng 1
- Trn c s la chn v khi qut mt s khi nim v TNN, LVS, PTBV lun
n nu bt c s l lun GTNN l vic xc nh s lng, cht lng, gi tr, kh nng
s dng v mc nh hng ca TNN i vi pht trin KT-XH cng nh nh hng ca
cc hot ng KT-XH n TNN; TNN c nh gi bi ba c trng c bn l lng,
cht lng, ng thi v gm hai ni dung nh gi l theo yu t v theo lnh th.
- Cc nghin cu, GTNN c tin hnh t rt sm v ch trng vo xc nh
v s lng, cht lng, phn b ngun nc phc v cho cc mc ch khc nhau v
cng QLTH-TNN v LVS. Tuy nhin, cc nghin cu cn t ch n vai tr, mc
chi phi ca cc yu t TN, KT-XH n TNN; Vn d bo TNN gn vi pht trin
KT-XH v quy hoch lnh th cn hn ch, cha s dng KBBKH d bo bin ng
ngun nc, t ch trng n vai tr ca DCTT i vi cc mi quan h s dng nc
trn LVS. Cc gii php tp trung vo hng chuyn ngnh qun l TNN m t cp n
pht trin KT-XH theo ngnh hoc theo TLV.
T kt qu tng quan t ra cho tc gi vic phi vn dng, k tha cc nghin
cu trc y vo qu trnh nghin cu ca lun n; cng nh thc hin hoc b sung cc
ni dung mi m cc nghin cu trc cha thc hin, hoc mi thc hin mt phn,
thc hin lu khng cn ph hp vi thc t

32
 Chng 2
PHN TCH CC NHN T HNH THNH V NH HNG N
TI NGUYN NC LU VC SNG SRPK
2.1. Cc nhn t t nhin
2.1.1. V tr a l v phm vi lu vc
H thng sng Srpk c din tch LV 30.100 km2, tri rng t Vit Nam sang
Campuchia. Phn LVS thuc lnh th Vit Nam n m trong pha m vi t 110 53 130 55
vi B c v 1070 30 1080 45 kinh ng, c din tch 18.264 km2 (chim 60,5%
din tch LV), tri rng trn a bn 4 tinh ca Ty Nguyn, gm: k Lk (10.482 km2),
k Nng (3.605 km2), Gia Lai (2.880 km2), Lm ng (1.297 km2). Phm vi LVS c
gii hn v pha Bc gip LVS S San, pha ng gip LVS Ba, pha Ty gip
Campuchia, pha Nam gip LVS ng Nai (xem hnh 2.1).
* nh hng ca v tr a l v phm vi LV n TNN:
- V tr a l LVS Srpk quyt nh tnh cht kh hu nhit i m gi ma
Ty Trng Sn, thuc khu vc Trung Ty Nguyn. V tr ny lm cho LVS chu nh
hng ch yu ca gi ma Ty Nam gy ma trn LV, nhng c s phn bit 2 ma
ma ma kh su sc, gy ra s phn phi rt khng u ngun nc gia hai ma;
- Vi v tr nm xa bin, kt hp vi yu t a hnh lm cho LVS t c s
iu ha m t bin, nn c m thp v lng ma t hn so vi LVS S San
pha Bc v LVS ng Nai pha Nam.
- Phm vi LVS Srpk tri di theo chiu Bc Nam, trn nhiu dng a hnh
khc nhau to ra kh nng thu nc ma ln, nhng c s phn ha a dng v
phc tp (ma vng pha Nam ni n gi ln hn pha Bc LV; Ma trn sn ni
n gi ln hn vng bnh sn nguyn, cao nguyn v vng thp).
2.1.2. a cht cu to
Trn c s nghin cu bn a cht t l 1/200.000 ca cc tnh Gia Lai, k
Lk k Nng, Lm ng, ti liu a cht [33], [53], [56], [57] v bn a cht
LV (xem hnh 2.2) cho thy: trn ton b din tch LVS Srpk c c im a cht
kh phc tp, thuc ba i kin trc chnh ca min Nam Vit Nam l i Kon Tum,
i Srpk v i Lt.
* i Kon Tum chim phn pha Bc v ng Bc ca LVS, ch yu l trm
tch bin cht - ni la phun tro Mesozoi ph chng ln cc khi st c nh
vng Mrk. Nhng thnh to c nht l ra l cc a khi vi thnh to bin cht,

33
cc thnh to siu bin cht l ra vi din nh, tha tht quan st c thng
ngun Ea rng, Ea Sp, vng Ty Cheo Reo v Mrk.
* i Srpk chim din tch nh nm pha Ty LVS, phng ng - Ty
nm ch yu trn lnh th Campuchia, phn trn lnh th Vit Nam c dng nm qua
thng lu sng Srpk. Trong phm vi ca i, phc h trm tch - ni la v phun
tro Paleozoi mun chim ch yu v mt vi mnh cn st li ra Ty k Lk. V
mt cu trc, phc h trm tch ni la v phun tro Paleozoi thng b un np mnh
to thnh nhng np un hp, dc ng, nhiu ni b v nhu mnh. Ph bt chnh hp
trn trm tch - ni la v phun tro macma axit tui Triass gia ph bin pha Bc
k Lk, pha Nam a khi Kon Tum l cc thnh h molat vn lc nguyn tui Jura
sm, gia cc h tng ray Linh, Ea Sp, La Ng vi b dy khong 500 m to ra cc
bn trng Ea Sp, Ea Hleo. Cc bn trng ny ko di theo phng Ty - Ty Bc
vi cc lp cm trn cnh rt thoi.
* i Lt c din tch khng ln, phn b mt phn tnh k Nng. Trong
i Lt, cc thnh to trm tch phun tro v xm nhp tui Jura sm - gia h tng
ray Linh, La Ng dy n 2000 m un np to ra cc mng ln, ko di t ra Ty
k Lk v pha Lm ng. Ngoi ra, i cn phn b Ty v ng Nam ca k
Nng thuc i Srpk to nn cc np li v lm xen k nhau dng ln sng kh
thoi, trung bnh 200 - 400, ko di theo phng ng - ng Bc t n Dng, Lc
Thin xung c Trng, La Ng, ng Nai.
Trn LVS Srpk c mt kh y cc phn v a tng t Arkei n T l:
phn v a tng tin Cambri, Paleozoi, Mesozoi, Cenozoi v cc thnh to macma xm
nhp Proterozoi sm cho n xm nhp Paleogen. Trong cc trm tch Neogen v lp
ph bazan tui Neogen - T c hnh thnh trong cc trng a ho chng gi
Cenozoi v trong cc bn trng l nhm quan trng nht v a cht thy vn ca LVS;
Cc thnh to lp ph bazan N2 - Q1-1 v Q1-2 tp trung Bun Ma Thut, k Nng, y
l cc thnh to cha nc ngm tim nng.
2.1.3. a cht thy vn
Da vo ngun gc thnh to a cht, cu to thch hc, mc nt n ca
cc [33], [43] v s phn b cc cu trc cha nc trn bn a cht thy vn
LVS Srpk (xem hnh 2.3) cho thy:
* Cc tng cha nc l hng
- Cc tng cha nc l hng trong trm tch Holocen (QIV): Cc thnh to cha
nc trong cc trm tch Holocen l thnh to b ri c ngun gc sng (aQIV3), sng -
34
m ly (abQIV2-3), sng - h (aQIV1-2), phn b dc theo cc sng sui ln k Krng,
Ea Hleo, Krng Kn, Krng Ana, Krng Pch, cc sui ln v vng trng gia ni.
Thnh phn trm tch ch yu l ct, bt ln st, cui si. Chiu dy thay i t
0,5 - 46 m, thng gp 3 5 m. Lu lng cc l khoan thay i t 0,05 0,33 l/sm,
thng gp < 0,2 l/sm, lu lng im l t 0,3 - 0,4 l/s, thuc loi ngho nc.
khong ha ca nc thng gp t 0,12 - 0,25 g/l, thuc loi nc nht. Loi hnh
ha hc ca nc ch yu l bircarbonat magne - natri, bircarbonat natri. V vy, tng
ny khng c kh nng cp nc tp trung. Ring ti khu vc Krng Pk - Lk, tng
cha nc ny c din phn b kh rng, kh nng cha nc trung bnh n giu, c
th cung cp nc vi quy m va.
- Cc tng cha nc trong trm tch Pleistocen (QI-III): phn b ch yu dc
theo sng Srpk v pha Ty Bc Ea Sp vi din tch khong 25 km2. Thnh phn
ch yu l ct, bt, st, cui si, chiu dy t 4 36 m, thng gp 8 - 9 m.
Mc nc thng gp su di mt t t 2,0 - 4,0 m, lu lng t 0,1 - 5,5 l/s,
thng gp 0,3 - 0,5 l/s. Tng trm tch ny thuc loi ngho nc, mt s ni c b
dy ln nn c kh nng cha nc trung bnh.
Nc y ch yu thuc loi bicarbonat natri, bicarbonat - clorur natri.
khong ha t 0,03 n 0,52 g/l, thng gp t 0,1 n 0,25 g/l, thuc nc nht.
* Cc tng cha nc khe nt
- Thnh to cha nc trong bazan Neogen - Pleistocen trung: Tng
cha nc ny c to thnh t h tng Tc Trng (B/N2-Q1tt), h tng i Nga
(B/N2n) v h tng Xun Lc (B/Q12xl), phn b trn cc vm cao nguyn bazan
vng Pleiku, Ch Ph (ng Bc LV), cao nguyn Bun Ma Thut, Ea Hleo (vng
trung tm), k Mil (Ty Nam LV), Krng Pk, c din tch khong 900 km2... Cu
trc gm phn trn l lp v phong ha t bazan, chiu dy kh ln, thay i t 30
140 m, thng gp t 80 100 m; phn di l tng bazan l hng xen cc lp c
st, bt, tuf, tro v dm kt ni la. Chiu dy thay i t vi chc mt phn ra n
250 m phn trung tm ca khi, thng gp t 80 n 120 m.
Mc nc ngm thng nm cao, cch mt t t 4 10 m (vng c C, Bu
Cn mc nc nm su di mt t thng gp t 3 - 12 m; vng Ea Hleo 5 - 10 m;
vng Bun H - Qung Nhiu: 3 - 8 m; vng Phc An: 8 - 12 m; vng Bun Ma Thut:
7 - 15 m; vng k Mil: 3 - 10 m. Mt s vng mc nc nm rt su n 74 m (Ch Ty
- c C); 80 m (Dlei Yang Ea Hleo),...), nc di t kh phong ph. Tuy nhin,
mc cha nc trong bazan ny thng khc nhau ty tng vng, khu vc giu nc
35
phn b thnh mt di ko di t Tp. Pleiku - Bun H - Tp. Bun Ma Thut, vng trng
Krng Pk Lk. Trong vng cao nguyn Bun Ma Thut l vng giu tim nng
nht, lu lng thng gp t 1,5 - 5,0 l/s. c bit c chm im l 4 (Phc An) t ti
80,62 l/s; chm im l 3 (C Tam) c lu lng QMin= 50 l/s; chm im l 9 (Bun H)
t 25,6 l/s. Tr lng ng TN 170.676 m3/ngy, tr lng tnh TN 25.109 m3 v tr
lng khai thc tim nng 20.676 m3/ngy.
Nc trong phun tro bazan c khong ha thay i t 0,1 - 0,7 g/l, thng
gp t 0,2 - 0,4 g/l, thuc loi nc nht. Nc ch yu thuc loi hnh ha hc
bircarbonat natri, bicarbonat natri - magne, bicarbonat magne - natri. Mt vi l khoan
gp nc c khong ha cao (M = 1,33 n 1,75 g/l) c xp vo nc khong.
ng thi ca nc thay i theo ma, lch pha so vi thi k ma khong
1,5 2 thng. Hng nm vo cui ma ma (thng IX, X) mc nc di t dng cao
nht, nhng vo u ma ma mc nc di t mi h thp nht (thng IV, V) ch
khng phi gia ma kh. y l l do tng thm nc dy, thm tt nn thm nhiu
v lu tr lu. Bin giao ng mc nc gia 2 ma thay i theo tng vng. Vng
Ea Hleo c bin giao ng mc nc t 0,5 - 5,7 m; vng Bun H - Qung
Nhiu: t 0,3 - 3,0 m; vng Ty bc Bun Ma Thut: t 1,2 - 6,4 m; vng k Mil: 0,8
2,4 m; vng Ch Prng (Gia Lai): t 0,5 2,0 m.
Nh vy, tng cha nc ny c din phn b rng, b dy cha nc ln, mc
cha nc kh phong ph, nc c cht lng tt. y l tng cha nc quan
trng nht i vi LVS Srpk, n c kh nng p ng yu cu cung cp nc tp
trung quy m va n ln, nht l din tch thuc cao nguyn Bun Ma Thut.
- Cc tng cha nc trong khe nt trm tch Neogen (N): thuc h tng Kon
Tum (N2kt) phn b cc thung lng sng Krng Pch, vng trng Krng Pk, vi
din tch khong 80 km2. B ph bi cc trm tch T, thnh phn gm ct, st,
cui si, st than, than nu, mc gn kt yu, chiu dy 10 50 m.
Nc trong tng cha nc Neogen thay i t 0,2 - 5,58 m, thng gp < 1,0
m, lu lng thay i t 0,88 - 3,77 l/s, t lu lng t 0,06 - 0,46 l/sm.
ng thi ca nc di t c s thay i r rt theo ma, vo u ma ma,
mc nc di t nhanh chng t ti tr s cc i, nhng ch sau ma khong
mt thng, mc nc li tr v v tr trung bnh. Nguyn nhn do tng cha nc
mng, cu to ri rc nn thm nhanh v thot nc nhanh. Dao ng mc nc gia
2 ma t 2,0 n 2,4 m.

36
 Loi hnh ha hc ca nc trong trm tch Neogen ch yu thuc loi
bicarbonat - clorur hoc bircarbonat natri - magne. khong ha ca nc thay i
t 0,08 n 0,24 g/l, thng gp <0,2 g/l, thuc loi nc nht.
Nhn chung, tng cha nc Neogen c din phn b kh ln, chiu dy ng
k, song kh nng cha nc t ngho n trung bnh, ch c kh nng cung cp nc
vi quy m khng ln.
- Tng cha nc khe nt trong trm tch Jura (J): Gm cc h tng k Bng
(J1b), La Ng (J1-2ln), ray Linh (J1l) v Ea Sp (J2es) phn b rng ri Ea Sp, Bun
n, Mrk, Krng Pk, Krng Ana, Krng Kn, C Jt, k Mil, Gia Ngha v Ch
Prng (Gia Lai)... nhng phn cn li b ph bi cc thnh to phun tro bazan tr. Thnh
phn thch hc gm ct kt thch anh ht nh, bt kt, st kt, bt kt vi. B dy ln t
500 2000 m. Mc nc tnh nm su t 2 - 5 m, lu lng thay i t 0,33 - 4,26
l/s, t lu lng thay i t 0,02 - 0,46 l/sm, h s thm t 0,059 - 3,96 m/ng.
Cc tng cha nc Jura thuc loi ngho nc nn ch c ngha vi nhu cu
cung cp nh, phn tn. Nc c khong ha thay i t 0,258 - 0,61 g/l, thng
0,3 - 0,4 g/l, pH t 6,1 - 7,7. Loi hnh ha hc ca nc ch yu l bircarbonat
natri, bircarbonat natri - magne. Khu vc Ea Sp, Bun n, C Jt, Ch Prng
nc thng c cng cao, thay i t 258 - 650 mg CaCO3/l, mt s ni khng ph
hp cho n ung.
- i cha nc trong trm tch - phun tro Trias (T2) h tng Mang Yang
(T2my): i cha nc ny bao gm cc c thnh phn ryolit, felsit, axit v lp
phong ha cui sn kt, ct kt a khong dy t 650 - 800 m. Phn b phn ra pha
Bc np li k Lin, cc khu vc ni Ch D Ray (sng Ea Hleo), ni Ch Tra
(Mrk) to thnh cc di hp ko di vi chc km, rng mt vi km, hoc to thnh
cc khi ng thc t vi km2 n gn 100 km2.
Nc trong thnh to ny ch yu tn ti trong i v phong ha trit v
ang phong ha. Tuy nhin, v phong ho c b dy khng ng k nn nc gn nh
ch tn ti trong ma ma, nn thnh to ny c kh nng cha nc rt km n
khng cha nc, v vy khng c ngha i vi cung cp nc.
- Cc th a cht cha nc km hoc khng cha nc: Bao gm cc thnh
to phun tro, trm tch phun tro h tng n Dng (Cr2d), h tng Mang Yang
(T2mg), h tng Ch Prng (P2-T1cpr), h tng k Lin (C3-P1l), thnh to trm tch
bin cht h tng Ia Ban (PPib) v macma xm nhp. Thnh phn thch hc bao gm

37
amphibolit, plagiognai amphibol, phin thch anh - mica, gnai 2 mica b migmatit
ha, lp hoa mng, cu to khi, t nt n, chiu dy v phong ha mng (thng
gp t 0,5 - 1,5 m) nn kh nng cha nc km, hoc c th cha nc song thng
cn kit v ma kh, phn cha b phong ha c cu to khi rn chc, nt n rt t,
khng c kh nng cha ncLu lng mt s mch l nc t 0,01 - 0,5 l/s,
thng gp < 0,1 l/s. Tuy nhin, ti nhng ni c cc t gy kin to, b nt n
mnh v nhng ni c v phong ha dy hn th c cha nc kh, song ch p
ng yu cu cp nc quy m nh.
* a cht LVS Srpk quyt nh n s phong ph, c im phn b v
cht lng TNN ngm:
c im a cht chi phi dng chy mt bi kh nng thm, c vai tr quyt
nh n c s lng v cht lng ca dng ngm bi kh nng lu tr nc trong
cc tng thm nc, khe nt, l hng; cht lng nc ngm b chi phi bi cc cht
ha tan t t . Vi c im cu to a cht ca LVS Srpk lm cho TNN ngm
tng i phong ph, nc di t c hnh thnh do kh nng thm t ngun nc
ma, nhng c s phn b khc nhau gia cc i kin trc:
- Cc thnh to c cu to t nt n kh nng cha nc km (i Kontum), cc
thnh to b bin cht v un np mnh tch t nc nhiu hn (i Srpk, Lt).
- Cc thnh to bazan thm tt l tng cha nc ngm quan trng nht.
- Kh nng thm nhiu ca lp ph bazan to ra s lch pha gia thi k ma
v s nng cao v ko di sau ma ca nc ngm, c im c ngha ln i vi
kh nng lu tr v p ng ngun nc.
- Cu to ch yu l bazan giu st, nhm nn mt s vng nm pha Nam,
Ty Nam LV thuc i Srpk v Lt, trn cc cao nguyn k Nng, vng ni
cao Ch Yang Sin b nhim st vi hm lng Fe > 0,3 mg/l.
2.1.4. a hnh a mo
LVS Srpk nm sn Ty ca di Trng Sn Nam, a hnh c tnh phn
bc mnh, ba pha b ni v cao nguyn cao bao bc (b phn ni cao Ch Yang Sin
nm pha ng Nam, pha ng l phn Nam di Trng Sn, pha Bc l cao nguyn
Pleiku), nhn chung c hng thp dn t ng Nam sang Ty v Ty Bc, nhng kh
phc tp. Theo kt qu nghin cu t [18], [33], [110] v bn hnh th t nhin
(xem hnh 2.4) c th chia a hnh LVS Srpk thnh cc dng c bn sau:
38
 * a hnh ni
c th quan trng nht v a hnh LV l dy ni cao Ch Yang Sin bao gm
cc dy ni cao trn 2000 m chy dc pha Nam v ng Nam LV, cao nht l nh
Ch Yang Sin 2.442 m ; tip theo l cc dy ni thp di 2000 m l b phn Trng
Sn Nam, a hnh ni thp (cao t 1.000 1.200 m) chy qua a phn huyn Krng
Bng, huyn Lk v cc cao nguyn vi cao t 300 800 m phn b pha Bc,
ng v Ty Nam, nn a hnh c hng thoi dn v pha Ty. a hnh ni y
c dc ln v chia ct mnh. Chnh a hnh che chn cc ngun m ca gi ma
Ty Nam, ng Nam, t bin ng mang vo m cn gy ra hin tng phn.
* a hnh cao nguyn
a hnh cao nguyn chim phn ln din tch LVS, gm cao nguyn Pleiku,
cao nguyn Bun Ma Thut, cao nguyn M Nng. Cc cao nguyn ny c a hnh
ln sng mm mi, dc t 30 150 vi nhng i ni st thp.
- Cao nguyn Pleiku: Nm pha Bc LVS, y l mt trong hai cao nguyn
rng nht ca Ty Nguyn. Cao nguyn c dng vm phn trung tm vi nh cao
nht l ming ni la Ch H rng (ni Hm Rng, cao 1.092 m) v nghing dn v
pha Nam xung cao 400 m, cn pha Bc v ng Bc cao 750 - 800 m. y l
ni bt ngun ca cc sng Ea Hleo.
- Cao nguyn Bun Ma Thut: Nm trung tm, y l cao nguyn c ph
ch yu bi bazan tui T. C din tch rng ln, chy t Bc xung Nam trn 90
km, t ng sang Ty khong 70 km. Gii hn pha ng l dy Ch Dju v cao
nguyn Mrk, pha Nam l vng trng Lk, pha Ty l bn bnh nguyn Ea Sp.
a hnh gn sng, t b chia ct, ch gp mt vi i st nh cc i ct kt hoc
phin Ty Nam Bun Ma Thut (Ch Ebur, Ch Bir, Ch Eru) hoc i gnai
Ch Kk. Ngoi cc i st ni trn cn c nhng nn x hoc ming ni la c.
cao trung bnh 500 m, thp dn t Bc (800 m) xung Nam (400 m) v t ng (600
m) sang Ty (300 <100 m). dc trung bnh ca a hnh < 80, l vng c a hnh kh
bng, bazan phong ha to thnh lp t mu m rt thun li cho pht trin NN.
- Cao nguyn M Nng (cn gi l cao nguyn k Nng): y l khi nng
dng vm c bazan ph, cao trung bnh 700 800 m v pha Bc, Ty v Nam thp
dn xung 400 - 500 m. B mt trung tm b chia ct thnh nhng i trn bt p,
sn ca vm nng b phn ct su ti mng gc di bazan. Sn ng ca cao
nguyn l khi ni granit Nam Lung c nh cao 1.544 m.

39
 * a hnh bn bnh nguyn
Bn bnh nguyn Ea Sp l vng t rng ln nht ca LVS Srpk, l mt
ng bng bc mn ln sng nh v cn c nhng chm ni st. Bn bnh nguyn
chy dc ven sui Ea Sp v Ea Hleo c cao trung bnh 140 300 m, thoi dn v
pha Ty. Dng a hnh ny thch hp cho trng la, hoa mu v cy CN ngn ngy.
* a hnh thung lng v ng bng
Chim din tch khng ln, bao gm cc di t ph sa bng phng dc cc
sng sui. Kiu a hnh ny tp trung cc huyn Lk, Krng Ana v Ea Sp. Trong
vng Lk - Bun Trp chy dc sng Krng Ana, t h Lk qua Bun Trit - Bun
Trp ti h lu c cao trung bnh t 410 450 m, ngun gc l thung lng bc mn
vi nhiu ni st bin thnh mt cnh ng tch t vi m ly v h Lk rng trn
800 ha c to nn do lp bazan T lp mt dng chy ca sng Krng Ana.
Bng 2.1. Din tch, cao v t l cao a hnh LVS Srpk
TT cao a hnh (m) Din tch (km2) T l (%)
1 < 200 2.276,72 12,47
2 201 400 4.660,62 25,52
3 401 600 6.046,18 33,10
4 601 800 2.779,71 15,22
5 801 1000 1.021,50 5,59
6 1001 1200 578,90 3,17
7 1201 1400 404,04 2,21
8 1401 1600 297,84 1,63
9 1601 1800 131,12 0,72
10 1801 2000 58,25 0,32
11 2001 2200 91,2 0,05
Tng 18.264 100
Ngun: [113]
Nh vy, trong phm vi LVS, vng ni cao ch chim mt din tch nh (8,1%)
nm pha Nam v ng Nam, vi cao t 1000 n trn 2200 m, trong c mt
s nh trn 2000 m, tip theo l cc dy ni thp, cc cao nguyn, bn bnh nguyn
vi cao t 200 800 m chim din tch ln nht (79,4 %) v cc vng ng bng,
thung lng, t thp trng < 200 m (12,5 %) pha Ty, dc thung lng sng. Do ,
a hnh LVS c hng thoi dn v pha Ty v hng dc chnh ca ton LVS thp
dn t ng Nam ln Ty Bc. Trong LV thng sng Srpk bt ngun t vng
ni cao Ch Yang Sin c cao 2442 m pha ng Nam v vng cao nguyn Lm
Vin c cao trn 1000 m pha Nam ri dc xung cao nguyn Bun Ma Thut
cao 500 - 600 m theo hng ng Nam sang Ty Bc; Cn LVS ca cc sng su i Ea
rng, Ea Lp, Ea Hleo bt ngun t cao nguyn Bun Ma Thut, cao nguyn Pleiku

40
c cao 500 800 m n trn 1.000 m ri dc dn xung vng cao nguyn thp 200
- 500 m v cc thung lng sng di 200 m.
Nhn tng th, a hnh LVS Srpk c dng nh Vnh tai. Trong ton b LV,
a hnh cao nguyn chim phn ln din tch, tp trung phn trung tm; a hnh ni
bao bc pha Nam, ng Nam, pha ng v cao nguyn cao Pleiku nm pha Bc.
a hnh b chia ct v phn bc mnh nhng nhn chung phn cao nht l pha ng
Nam LV (dy Ch Yang Sin) v nghing dn v pha Ty.
* a hnh, a mo LVS Srpk nh hng n lng ma, phn b ma,
thy vn v kh nng lu tr ngun nc:
- Lng ma: a hnh LV c dng Vnh tai cao 3 pha (Bc, ng, Nam).
c bit pha Nam b dy ni cao che chn mt phn gi ma Ty Nam l hng gi
chnh gy ma trn LV, pha ng l phn Nam Trng Sn nh mt bc tng thnh
ngn gi v m t bin ng thi vo. c im ny lm cho lng ma LVS nh hn
cc LVS ca Ty Nguyn, ch t khong 1.770 mm/nm (S San pha Bc: 1.925
mm/nm, ng Nai pha Nam: 1.913 mm/nm);
- Phn b ma: a hnh lm cho lng ma LV tp trung ln cc sn n
gi trn cc ni cao pha Nam, Ty Nam v vm cao nguyn Pleiku (t 1.800 trn
2.400 mm), gim dn xung cc cao nguyn thp trung tm LV (1.600 mm) v vng
thp pha ng LV (1.200 1.400 mm).
- Thy vn: Vi a hnh nh mi nh dc u v pha Campuchia to iu
kin xm thc hnh thnh nhiu dng chy, cc dng chy sng ngi u dc qua
lnh th Campuchia. c im ny lm cho kh nng tr nc trn lnh th nc ta b
hn ch, ht ma ma dng chy mt b gim st nhanh.
- Kh nng lu tr ngun nc: a hnh LVS Srpk lm ngun nc tp trung
trn a hnh dc u ri chy ra ngoi lnh th. iu l gii v sao vi lng ma
trung bnh LV khng nh (1.770 mm/nm) so vi cc khu vc khc, nhng TNN (k c
nc mt v nc di t) li hn ch, nht l vo ma kh gy kh hn thng xuyn.
Vi a hnh nh vy, LVS Srpk l mt LV kn khng c ngun nc t LV
khc chy vo nn TNN ph thuc hon ton vo ma.
2.1.5. Th nhng
Theo kt qu nghin cu [33] v bn th nhng (xem hnh 2.5) cho thy:
LVS Srpk c 8 nhm t, trong c 2 nhm t chnh l nhm t vng v t
xm bc mu (xem bng 2.2).

41
 Bng 2.2. Cc nhm t chnh trn lu vc sng Srpk
TT Loi t K hiu Din tch (ha) T l (%)
I NHM T PH SA P 96.032,1 5,30
1 t ph sa c bi chua Pbc 5.827,2 0,32
2 t ph sa khng c bi chua Pc 8.157,9 0,44
3 t ph sa gly Pg 33.606,0 1,82
4 t ph sa c tng loang l vng Pf 29.350,1 1,59
5 t ph sa ngi sui Py 19.090,9 1,03
II NHM T LY V THAN BN J 1.567,9 0,08
6 t ly J 1.567,9 0,08
III NHM T XM BC MU X; B 279.653,6 15,13
7 t xm trn ph sa c X 15.071,8 0,82
8 t bc mu trn ph sa c B 275,7 0,01
9 t xm trn macma axt v ct Xa 173.867,9 9,41
10 t xm bc mu trn macma axt v ct Ba 90.438,2 4,91
IV NHM T EN R 87.372,9 4,73
11 t en trn sn phm bi t ca bazan Rk 22.045,2 1,19
12 t nu thm trn sn phm bt v bazan Ru 65.327,7 3,54
V NHM T VNG F 1.168.579,8 64,3
13 t nu trn sn phm phong ha ca bazan Fk 540.711,4 29,26
14 t nu vng trn bazan Fu 69.805,4 3,78
15 t nu tm trn trm tch lc nguyn Fe 2.070,5 0,11
16 t vng trn st v bin cht Fs 86.183,6 4,66
17 t vng nht trn ct Fq 181.862,3 11,01
18 t nu vng trn ph sa c Fp 289,4 0,02
VI NHM T MN VNG TRN NI H 100.013,2 5,41
19 t mn vng trn macma axt Ha 89.903,0 4,86
20 t mn vng trn st v bin cht Hs 10.110,2 0,55
VII NHM T THUNG LNG D 16.574,7 0,90
21 t thung lng do sn phm dc t D 16.574,7 0,90
VIII. NHM T XI MN TR SI E 64.270,8 3,48
22 t xi mn tr si E 64.270,8 3,48
23 Sng sui 12.335,0 0,67
Tng s 1.826.400 100
Ngun: [33]
- Nhm t vng (F) c din tch ln nht, chim 64,3 % din tch TN. t
c hnh thnh trn sn phm phong ha feralit ca cc loi m khc nhau nh:
macma, bin cht, trm tch v mu cht ph sa c, ch yu phn b trn a hnh i ni
v cao nguyn c cao 900 m (xem hnh 2.5). t c hnh thnh t qu trnh phong
ha ny thng c mu vng, do tch ly xt st, nhm cao. Trong tng t mt s
loi t c nhiu kt von, ln, ong tnh cht vt l, ha hc ca tng loi t ph
thuc ch yu vo m/mu cht, a hnh, thc vt che ph v qu trnh s dng t.
Trong nhm t ny c loi t nu (Fk), nu vng (Fu) c phong ha t
42
bazan chim 33,4 % din tch, phn b trn cc cao nguyn Pleiku thuc LV Ea rng, Ea
Lp, cao nguyn Bun Ma Thut, cao nguyn M Nng, k Mil nm thng LV Ea Sp,
Srpk, LV Krng Bk, Krng Ana v k R'mang (xem hnh 2.5) c nhiu u im hn
so vi cc loi t khc. t c nhng tnh cht in hnh l mu nu , nu, tng t t
dy n rt dy, thnh phn c gii nng. Phn ng ca t chua n rt chua (pH t 3,5 -
5,0). no baz thp (phn ln < 50 %), cation kim trao i thp. Hm lng mn trong
t trung bnh v kh. P2O5 % cao nhng P2O5 d tiu ngho; K2O % v trao i trung bnh
v ngho; t c tng phong ha dy, thng t 20 - 50 m, c ni t hng trm mt.
Nhm t bazan l nhm c kh nng tr lng nc ln, vi cc lp dy t 0
50 cm c tr lng nc khong 180 mm, t 50 100 cm t khong 192 mm nc v
t 0 100 cm t ti 372 mm nc. tr m cc i cng cho thy trn loi t ny t
gi tr cao nht t 40,4 - 48,5 % trng lng t ( su t 0 20 cm t 41,1 45,0 %,
40 60 cm t 40,4 44,7 %, 80 100 cm t 43,1 46,1 % trng lng t) [71].
- Nhm t xm (X; B) c din tch ln th hai trn LVS, chim 15,13 % din
tch TN. c hnh thnh trn sn phm phong ha mu cht ph sa c hoc l tch,
macma axit, ct giu thch anh ngho kim th. Phn b a hnh i ln
sng nh, kh bng, tip gip gia vng i v ng bng, dc ph bin khong
di 80, t c mu xm, xm vng ch o. Nhm t ny c c im t ng mong, co
ln a ho c a l u, b xi mn ra tri kh mnh, c tng loang l, kt von kh ph
bin; a hnh thp ng nc, t thng b gly; y l nhm t d thot nc,
d kh hn, ngho cht dinh dng; Trn nhm t ny thng pht trin rng th
sinh, rng g na ru ng la; Phn b tp trung trn bnh sn nguyn Ea Sp thuc LV Ea
Hleo, LV Krng Ana, Krng Kn, Srpk (xem hnh 2.5).
i vi nhm t xm, vi cc lp 0 50 cm c tr lng nc khong 72
180 mm, 50 100 cm t khong 88 225 mm nc v t 0 100 cm t khong 160
390 mm nc, nhm ny cn ty loi t phn b trn loi m no. d tr m
cc i cao nht ca nhm t ny c th t t 21 - 38 % trng lng t ( su t 0
20 cm t 35 38 %, 40 60 cm t khong 36,6 %, 80 100 cm t khong 36,7
% trng lng t) [71].
* Th nhng LVS Srpk nh hng n mt v ch dng chy,
tr lng v cht lng nc ngm
Th nhng nh hng n mt dng chy, ln ca dng chy, s lch
pha dng chy, kh nng lu tr nc v cht lng nc bi tnh cht l ha ca t.
- Trong 8 nhm t ca LVS Srpk ch c nhm t vng l c ngha
43
nht, c bit l loi t bazan, bi loi t ny c din phn b rng, tng dy, c
thm cao (khong 0,25 m/ngy) [15] v kh nng tr lng nc ln. y cng l
loi t rt thun li cho trng cy CN, chnh c im ny :
+ nh hng n dng chy: Do t c kh nng thm cao kt hp vi lng
tn tht bc hi ln bi ma kh ko di, nn lm cho mt dng chy trung bnh
thp, di 0,5 km/km2, h s dng chy nm thp 0,4 - 0,45.
+ Ch dng chy: t bazan vi thm cao nh hng rt r n
dng chy mt. l ma l c s lch pha vi ma ma, l thng xut hin chm
hn ma ma t 2 - 3 thng, cng sut l cng thp hn cng sut ma, kh nng
sinh l cng thp hn so vi cc vng khc trong c nc. N cng nh hng n
TNN di t l hin tng lch pha vi lng ma, l vo thi k ma cao
im (thng VIII - IX) mc nc di t vn cn nm su, ch sau khi ma c t
1-3 thng (thng X - XII) mi dng ln mc cao nht. Cng v vy nn v ma kh
mc nc di t ch h thp su nht sau thi k lng ma cc tiu t 1 - 3 thng
(thng II - IV).
+ Vi kh nng thm nc tt ca t bazan to iu kin hnh thnh dng
ngm c tr lng ln, chim gn mt na tr lng nc ngm vng Ty Nguyn v
y l ngun nc quan trng trong ma kh ko di v gay gt nh LVS Srpk.
T kt qu nghin cu trn cng cho thy, tng quan th hin kh r l cng
xung su tr m cng tng v tr m t l thun vi hm lng st. Ngha l
t c thnh phn c gii st cao, tng t cng dy th tr lng nc trong t cng
ln. Tr lng nc tng t dy 100 cm ca t bazan ln hn nhiu so vi t
xm v trong thc t dy t xm trn LV thng mng (< 50 cm) nhng dy
t bazan su hng trm mt nn tr m ca t bazan ln gp nhiu ln.
Tuy nhin, vo ma kh tng nc ngm qu su do tng phong ha dy, mun
khai thc phi khoan ging su 40 50 m thm ch ti trn trm mt, trong khi sn
xut NN cn ngun nc mt gim chi ph li khng c do sng sui b cn kh.
- Nhm t xm tuy c nhiu hn ch hn nhm t , nhng do c din tch
tng i ln, phn b kh rng nn kh nng tr nc v cung cp nc cng c
ngha nht nh ti mt s vng v khu vc c a hnh trng thp thun li.
Nh trnh by (xem mc 2.1.2), th nhng LVS mt s vng c hm
lng st cao lm nhim st cho TNN ngm (xem hnh 3.6).

44
2.1.6. Kh hu
Kh hu l nhn t quyt nh n s hnh thnh TNN lu vc sng Srpk.
LVS Srpk nm trong i kh hu nhit i m gi ma cao nguyn [59]. Mc
d vng c bc x Mt Tri ln, nhng do chu nh hng ca a hnh v hng chn
ca di Trng Sn Nam nn kh hu c nt c sc ring, l s h thp nn nhit
theo cao v s tng phn su sc gia ma ma vi ma kh, t chu nh
hng trc tip ca bo.
2.1.6.1. Bc x Mt Tri v ch nng
- Bc x Mt Tri: LVS nm v thp, trn a hnh cao nguyn thong
ng nn hng nm nhn c lng bc x Mt Tri ln, khong t 120 - 140
kcal/cm2/nm. chnh lch tng lng bc x gia thng ln nht v thng nh nht
khng nhiu, t khong 4 - 5 kcal/cm2;
- LVS Srpk l vng nhiu nng, bnh qun khoang 2.337 gi/nm, nm c s
gi nng cao nht c th t 2.439 gi, nm thp nht cng t 2.179 gi. Thang co s
gi n ng nhi u nh t thng ri vo thang III va a t ti 260 - 300 gi/thang, trung bnh
9,8 gi/ngay. Thang co s gi n ng it nh t thng vao thang IX va chi a t khoang 105
gi/thang, trung bnh 3,5 gi/ngay [110].
Bng 2.3. S gi nng thng, nm cc trm kh tng trong vng (gi)
Thng
Tn trm Nm
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
Bun Ma Thut 256 249 276 247 223 177 183 152 150 164 173 189 2439
Bun H 232 236 260 243 230 201 200 173 159 160 163 164 2420
k Nng 264 249 261 226 195 141 146 125 126 161 198 237 2329
Mrk 143 185 248 248 236 208 219 194 169 137 102 91 2179
Lk 272 249 259 197 229 185 147 129 137 165 198 111 2277
Ea Hleo 221 261 247 236 248 216 139 128 147 164 225 146 2378
Ngun: [110]
2.1.6.2. Nhit khng kh
- LVS Srpk thuc kiu kh hu nhit i gi ma nn c nhi t dao ng trong
khong 20 - 25 0C, khng c s chnh lch ln gia ma ng v ma h, nhng c s
khc nhau gia cc vng do nh hng ca cao. Theo cao, nhi t dao ng kh
r, trn 24 25 0C vung co cao di 500 m; t 22 - 23 0C vung co cao 500
800 m; vung co cao 800 - 1100 m nhit gim xung di 22 0C. Tng ng vi s
ha th p nhi t theo cao, t ng nhi t toan nm a t 8000 - 8500 0C vung co cao
500 800 m, vung co cao 800 - 1100 m giam xu ng con 7000 8000 0C [33].
- Chnh l ch nhi t gia cac thang trong nm khng ln, dao ng t 5 - 6

45
C. Thang I la nh nh t, nhi t trung bin h khong 21 0C Bun Ma Thut 18,6 0C,
0

Bun H , 20,1 0C, k Mil, Mrk 20 0C. Thang nng nh t la thang IV, nhi t
trung bin h 26,3 0C Bun Ma Thut, 27,2 0C thung lung Krng Ana, 26 0C vung
Lk, 24,2 0C vung Bun H . Nhi t trung bnh cao nh t vao thang IV a t 33,9 0C
Bun Ma Thut, 31 0C Bun H , 32,3 0C Mrk.
- Tuy nhin, khc vi s chnh lch nhit gia cc thng th bin dao ng
nhi t ngay m li kha ln, thang I co bin ngay m c th a t 13,6 0C Bun
Ma Thut, 12,2 0C Bun H , 15,4 0C k Nng [111].
- Trong chui s liu quan trc nhiu nm trong th k XX ghi nhn: Nhi t
cao nh t tuy t i la 39,4 0C (14/IV/1937) Bun Ma Thut, 34,6 0C (15/III/1984)
Bun H , 36,6 0C (21/IV/1987) k Nng. Nhi t th p nh t tuy t i la 7,4 0C
(3/XII/1955) ta i Bun Ma Thut, 8,9 0C (9/I/1984) ta i Bun H [111].
Nhn chung, LVS Srpk c kh hu, thi tit tng i mt m v ng u, so
vi cc vng khc trong c nc, nhiu ni trong vng thun li pht trin du lch
(Pleiku, Bun Ma Thut...). c im ny cng l iu kin thun li cho thc vt
pht trin gp phn gim kh nng bc hi nc; Xem hnh 2.6 cho thy, mc d nhit
tng i ng u v co s ha th p nhi t theo cao, nhng bi n trin h nm
nhi t LVS Srpk vn th hin bi n trinh nhi t cua vung nhi t i gio mua. o
la da ng bi n trinh g m hai cc a i (mt cc i chnh vao thang IV, mt cc i ph
vo thng IX) va hai cc tiu (m t cc ti u chnh vao thang I v mt cc tiu ph vo
thng VII).
Bng 2.4. Nhit trung bin
h thng, nm LVS Srpk ( C)
0

Thang
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Nm
Trm
Bun Ma Thut 21,0 22,7 24,8 26,3 25,9 24,8 24,3 24,0 23,9 23,4 22,3 21,0 23,7
Bun H 18,6 20,3 22,5 24,2 24,2 23,3 22,4 22,5 22,4 21,6 20,3 18,8 21,8
k Mil 20,1 21,7 23,7 24,5 24,3 23,6 23,3 23,1 22,9 22,2 20,8 19,4 22,5
Lk 21,4 22,6 24,7 26,0 25,9 24,9 24,6 20,0 24,2 23,6 22,6 21,0 23,5
Mrk 20,1 21,5 23,6 25,5 26,1 26,0 25,7 25,6 24,6 23,4 22,0 20,2 23,7
k Nng 20,0 21,4 22,9 23,9 23,9 23,2 22,8 22,6 22,6 22,4 21,7 20,3 22,3
Ngun: [110]

46
 Hnh 2.6. Biu bin trnh nm ca nhit thng
2.1.6.3. Bc hi
L ng b c hi trong LVS c s khac nhau gia cc vng (xem hnh 2.7, hnh
2.8) v thi gian trong nm (xem hnh 2.9). Lng b c hi trung bnh nm cao nh t
Bun Ma Thut t 1.429 mm, Bun H 1.073 mm, k Nng 941 mm, Mrk 1.244
mm. Trung bnh lng bc hi c th t trn 80% tng lng ma nm ca LV.
Lng b c hi cao nh t vo thi ky kh nong thang III, Bun Ma Thut t
214 mm, Bun H 154 mm, k Mil 246 mm, Mrk 155 mm (thng VII). Lng
b c hi nho nh t xay ra vao cac thang IX, X, XI, y la cac thang ma ma, nhit
thp, tri y my (chi a t 53 mm vo thang IX Bun Ma Thut, 56 mm vo thang XI
Bun H , 56 mm vo thang X k Mil v 51 mm vo thang XI Mrk) [33].
Nhn chung, LVS Srpk c lng b c hi tim nng ln hn cac vung ln c n,
m c du nhi t khng khi trn vung khng cao b ng cac vung khac. Nguyn nhn
chin h l do cng bc xa M t Tri ln hn, nh t la vao thi ky ma kh, s gi
nng nhiu, m tng i cua khng khi th p va t c gio ma nh hn.
Bng 2.5. Bc hi trung bnh thang, nm (mm)
Thng
Trm I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Nm
Bun Ma Thut 171 184 214 184 118 75 71 63 53 74 96 127 1429
Bun H 86 112 154 139 120 86 76 65 58 56 56 64 1073
Mrk 74 87.4 129 133 123 136 155 153 90.4 59.1 50.8 54.1 1244
k Nng 107 113 121 114 71 53 51 45 44 53 75 95 941
Ngun: [33]

47
 Hnh 2.8. Biu bc hi ti cc trm

2.1.6.4. m khng kh
m tng i trung binh nm LVS Srpk dao ng t 82 - 85%, nhng c
s bi n i tng theo cao a hnh. Ta i Bun H ( cao 700 m) m tng i
t 85%, ta i k Nng ( cao 660 m) m tng i gim cn 83%, Bun Ma
Thut ( cao 490 m) m tng i gim cn 82%,
Tuy nhin, m tng i trong nm thay i theo ma kha ro r t. Bi n trin h
m trung vi bi n trinh ma va ng c la i vi bi n trinh nhi t (xem hnh 2.9).
Ma cng nhiu, cng ln th m cng cao, nhng vo ma kh khi nhit cng
cao th m cng thp. V vy, m tng i trung bin h thang th p nh t xy ra
vao cac thang cao im ca ma kh l thng II, III, IV v m trung bnh cao nh t
ri vao cac thang ma tp trung l thng VIII, IX, X (xem bng 2.6). Trong nm, t
thang IV sang thang V m tng r t nhanh a t t 4 - 6%, v y l thi im LVS bt
u bc vo ma ma; m cng giam nhanh t thang XII sang thang I, nh t la
nhng vung co cao th p nh Bun Ma Thut, k Nng giam 2 - 5%, nguyn nhn
do y l thi k chuyn tip t ma ma sang ma kh.
Trn LVS cng ghi nhn m c tri s th p nh t tuy t i vo ma kh ch
cn 11% vo thang III/1930 Bun Ma Thut, 14% vo ngay 16/II/1985 Bun H .
Tuy nhin, trong ma ma m th p nht cng t ti 40 - 60%.
Bng 2.6. m tng i trung bnh ti cc tra m khi t ng (%)
Thng TB
Trm
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Nm
Bun Ma Thut 77,1 73,5 70,9 72,5 80,2 85,1 86,8 88,3 88,7 86,7 84,2 82,3 81,3
Bun H 84,5 79,1 75,8 75,5 81,3 86,6 88,3 89,8 89,4 89,2 88,7 87,9 84,7
k Nng 81,4 79,2 78,1 80,1 82,8 84,3 82,8 85,1 87,2 88,0 85,9 84,3 83,3
Mrk 86,6 84,6 80,7 79,3 79,6 79,2 77,6 78,3 84,0 88,4 89,3 88,9 83,0
Lk 76,7 74,5 72,8 73,5 75,8 82,8 84,0 86,2 87,0 83,3 80,7 80,8 79,8

48
 Thng TB
Trm
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Nm
Ea Hleo 77,9 70,6 70,6 71,1 77,9 81,1 87,8 90,2 88,3 83,7 81,8 82,0 80,2
Trung bnh 80,7 76,9 74,8 75,3 79,6 83,2 84,6 86,3 87,4 86,6 85,1 84,4 82,1
Ln nht 86,6 84,6 80,7 80,1 82,8 86,6 88,3 90,2 89,4 89,2 89,3 88,9 84,7
Nh nht 76,7 70,6 70,6 71,1 75,8 79,2 77,6 78,3 84,0 83,3 80,7 80,8 79,8
Ngun: [35]

Hnh 2.9. Biu nhit , m, bc hi trm Bun Ma Thut v Bun H

2.1.6.5. Ma
Ma trn LVS Srpk c c th l s phn ha su sc theo thi gian v
khng gian (xem hnh 2.11, PLB 2.1).
* Theo thi gian
- Ma trn LV phn b theo hai ma l ma ma v ma kh r rt, t kt qu
nghin cu [33], [35] v hnh 2.10 cho thy:
+ Ma ma LVS Srpk keo dai 6 thang, bt u t thang V - X, c lng ma
1.494 mm (chim khong 80 85 % tng lng ma nm), trong lng ma 3
thng ln nht (VII, VIII, IX) khong 820 mm (chim khong 50 % tng lng ma
nm), thng IX c lng ma trung bnh ln nht l 293 mm (17 % tng lng ma
nm). Ma ma l thi k hot ng ca gio mua Ty Nam v anh hng bi s h i tu
gia tin phong ng Bc va gio mua Ty Nam vao cac thang cui ma ma (thng
VIII, IX). T thang IX - XI, gio mua Ty Nam hoa t ng ma nh kt hp vi di hi t
ni ch tuyn hoc kt hp cac hin h th nhiu ng thi ti t khac (khng kh lnh, gi
ma ng bc, front cc i) hay cac cn bao mu n anh hng ti LVS c th s gy
ra nhng tr n ma to, xy ra trn di n r ng ta o nn cac trn lu ln.
+ Ma kh LVS Srpk ko di 6 thng, bt u t thng XI IV nm sau vi
lng ma ch t khong 277 mm (chim khong 15 - 20 % tng lng ma nm).
Lng ma ma kh thng c vo thng chuyn tip gia ma ma sang ma kh
(thng XII) v ma kh sang ma ma (thng IV). Trong lng ma 3 thng lin

49
 tc nh nht (I, II, III) ch khong 38 mm (2,1% tng lng ma nm), thng c lng
ma t nht l thng I ch c X = 4,2 mm (0,2% tng lng ma nm). Vo gia ma
kh t thng I II, nhiu nm n thng III c th khng c ma, lng ma thng
<10 mm/thng v ch xy ra ma mt vi ngy trong thng c ma.
Vo ma ny, ton b LV b chi phi ch yu ca khi khng kh tn phong
ng Bc v mt phn nh hng ca khi khng kh cc i lc a, u c hng
Bc v ng Bc nn thi tit ph bin l kh m trong ton vng v ch xut hin
thi tit hi lnh, m v ma phn vo cui ma ng. Ma ln ch xut hin khi c
nhiu ng thi tit do bo b vo duyn hi Nam Trung b vt dy Trng Sn
tr thnh p thp hot ng trn LVS, hoc do gi ma ng Bc mnh hoc khng
kh lnh tng cng kt hp vi front cc i. Tuy nhin, lng ma thng khng
ng k, khng n nh, nm c nm khng.
- Bin ng ma theo nm:
Qua nghin cu chui s liu ma nhiu nm (t 1977 - 2012), cho thy l ng
ma nm bi n i gia cac nm trong vung khng ln, ph n ln cac tra m u co h s
Cv ma nm bi n i t 0,1 0,2. L ng ma nm ln nh t c th g p 1,5 - 2 l n
l ng ma nm nho nh t, s li u ma 57 nm ta i Bun Ma Thut cho thy: nm 1981
a t cao nh t 2.589 mm, it nh t ch a t 1.249 mm nm 1991. Nhng gia mua kh va
mua ma, gia cac thang trong mua li co s chnh lch nhau r t ln.
Bng 2.7. Lng ma trung bnh nm cc trm trn lu vc sng Srpk
TT Tn trm I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII C nm
1 Ch Prng 0.0 4.4 18.4 79.5 235.6 400.5 387.2 489.8 316.8 200.5 63.3 12.7 2208.7
2 Bun H 4,6 5,6 21,1 86,6 192,6 201,2 175,1 265,7 261,1 204,6 118,5 27,3 1563,9
3 Bun Ma Thut 4,5 3,0 24,5 82,9 241,5 232,0 256,6 317,2 314,8 212,2 96,2 20,9 1806,4
4 Ea Sp 0,1 1,3 22,0 72,2 192,8 223,7 222,3 271,4 259,6 182,1 62,6 4,3 1514,5
5 Krng Bng 12,4 4,9 21,0 65,0 184,3 181,7 184,0 237,5 266,9 267,2 216,0 85,2 1726,1
6 Lk 1,9 2,2 20,9 77,3 234,5 279,8 293,7 361,5 320,9 234,4 109,7 24,4 1961,4
7 k Mil 3,0 5,8 41,3 141,0 241,0 223,2 235,1 242,7 265,4 222,2 85,6 18,8 1725,2
8 c Xuyn 1,7 4,4 24,5 112,8 250,0 284,7 274,5 307,0 311,2 222,6 89,4 20,7 1903,4
TB 4.3 5,3 28,4 92,3 221,0 231,5 235,5 292,7 291,7 221,3 115,3 31,0 1770,2
T l % so vi X nm 0.2 0,3 1,6 5,2 12,5 13,1 13,3 16,5 16,5 12,5 6,5 1,7 100,0
Ngun: [33]

50
 Hnh 2.10. Biu bin ng lng ma thng ti mt s trm

* Theo khng gian

Do nh hng ca a hnh nn s phn b ma theo khng gian kh phc tp,
theo kt qu nghin cu t [18], [33], [39] v xem hnh 2.11 c th thy, ni c lng
ma ln c th gp gn 2 ln ni c lng ma nh. Ma tng d n theo cao a
hnh v tp trung sn on gio, ngc li thung lng khut gi lng ma hng nm
gim ng k. C th phn ra cc vng ma nh sau:
- Vung ma t (1.400 1.600 mm/nm) l ni khut gi nm v pha ng cao
nguyn Bun Ma Thut, thuc LVS Ea Lp, Ea Sp v vng trng thp kn gi thuc
LVS Krng Bk, Krng Pch.
- Vng ma va (1.600 1.800 mm/nm) c din tch kh ln, phn b trn cc
vng cao nguyn thp - tng i bng phng, bn bnh nguyn thuc phn gia LVS
Ea Lp, Ea Sp phn ln dng chnh LVS Srpk, sn khut gi pha Bc dy Ch
Yang Sin, mt phn cao nguyn Mrk chim phn ln LVS Krng Bng v mt
phn LVS Krng Pch.
- Vung ma kh ln (1.800 2.000 mm/nm) l nhng ni n gi ma Ty
Nam ca khu vc trn sn ni thp pha Bc dy Ch Yang Sin thuc LVS k
Phi, k RMang, k Pr; sn n gi pha Nam cao nguyn Bun Ma Thut,
thuc phn thng dng chnh LVS Srpk, Ea Tul, k Mdroh, Krng Ana; vng
n gi pha Ty v Nam sn cao nguyn Pleiku, ca LVS Ea rng, Ea Gleo;
vng nh hng qua li ca kh hu ng ty Trng Sn trn cao nguyn Mrk
thuc LV Krng Pch
- Vng ma ln (2.000 - 2.200 mm/nm), l vng sn ni cao v cao nguyn
cao n trc tip gi ma Ty Nam, thuc phn pha Bc cao nguyn k Nng, sn

51
ni pha Bc dy Ch Yang Sin, thuc LVS k RMang, k RTung, k Sol; vng
hp ven nh cao nguyn Pleiku v trn cao nguyn Mrk
- Vng ma rt ln (2.200 - > 2.400 mm/nm), phn b hp trn sn pha Nam
dy Ch Yang Sin, phn cao ca cao nguyn k Nng, ni n gi ma Ty Nam
sm v mnh v phn trung tm cao nguyn Pleiku.
2.1.6.6. Gi
* Hoan lu khi quy n: Vao mua ng, LV chu nh hng trc tip ca tn
phong ng Bc sau khi vt dy Trng Sn gy ra hiu ng phn to nn kiu thi
tit kh m, quang tnh v khng c ma, tng t kiu thi tit ca Nam B. Tuy
nhin, vo nhng t gi ma ng Bc mnh v frng cc i hot ng mnh, c
th xut hin kiu thi tit lnh m, ma phn, nhng khng duy tr lu ngy nh
hanh la gio mua Ty Nam, c ngu n gc
Min Bc. Vo ma h, kh i khng khi thinh
t Bc n Dng, trn vnh Ben Gan (Tbg) va m t ph n t Nam ban c u di
chuy n ln (Em) mang theo lng hi nc bo ha, khi b cc cao nguyn xp tng
v dy Trng Sn chn ngang gy ra ma ln trn toan LV, ng thi cng l ma
ma ca ton LVS. Trong nm LVS Srpk b chi phi bi 2 loi gi chnh:
* Gi ma h: Ma h (thng V X): Hng gio thinh
hanh trong vung co
hng Ty, Ty Nam la chu y u. Hng gio Ty thinh
hanh Bun Ma Thut chi m
t n su t 50 - 55% trong cac thang mua ha (thang VI, VII, VIII), t c gio trung bnh
chi a t di 3 m/s (xem bng 2.8).
Vo u ma h, khi kh nhit i m t Bc n Dng di chuyn ln pha
Bc, nhng do tc ng ca lc Crilis v p thp khu vc ht gi vo lnh th
nc ta i hng thnh Ty Nam, xm nhp trc tip v gy ma ln cho LV. Vo
gia v cui ma h, gi ma Ty Nam (xut pht t p cao cn ch tuyn Nam bn
cu) hot ng mnh. Khi vt qua vng bin xch o, khi kh ny tr nn nng m
hn, thng gy ma ln v ko di cho ton LVS. Hot ng ca gi Ty Nam cng
vi di hi t nhit i l nguyn nhn ch yu gy ma trn LVS.
* Gi ma ng: Ma ng (thng XI IV): Hng gio Bc v ng Bc la
chu y u vi tc gi ln hn ma h (xem bng 2.8). LVS Srpk nm pha Nam
v bn Ty dy Trng Sn nn t chu nh hng trc tip ca gi ma ng Bc
thc th, ngoi tr nhng t gi ma ng Bc c cng mnh hoc cc t xm
nhp su bi cc front cc i.

52
 Bng 2.8. Tc gi trung bnh ti cac tra m khi t ng (m/s)
Trm Thng TB
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Nm
Bun Ma Thut 5,0 4,6 3,6 2,7 1,7 2,3 1,6 1,5 1,5 2,2 3,5 4,4 2,9
Bun H 2,9 2,7 2,6 2,0 1,9 2,4 2,3 2,6 1,9 2,0 2,7 2,9 2,4
k Nng 1,8 1,4 1,1 0,9 1,1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,1 1,2 2,6 3,0 1,5
Mrk 2,1 1,9 1,9 1,7 1,7 2,4 2,4 2,6 1,5 1,2 1,8 2,0 1,9
Lk 1,2 1,0 1,2 2,5 1,0 1,0 1,3 1,2 1,2 1,5 1,3 3,2 1,5
Ea Hleo 3,7 3,1 2,4 2,3 2,3 2,7 3,7 3,8 2,5 2,8 2,8 4,7 3,1
Trung bnh 2,8 2,5 2,1 2,0 1,6 2,0 2,1 2,2 1,6 1,8 2,5 3,4 2,2
Ln nht 5,0 4,6 3,6 2,7 2,3 2,7 3,7 3,8 2,5 2,8 3,5 4,7 3,1
Nh nht 1,2 1,0 1,1 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,3 1,2 1,1 1,2 1,3 2,0 1,5
Ngun: [35]
* Bo: Do LVS c che chn ba pha Nam ng ng Bc l ni v cao
nguyn, nn khng chu nh hng trc tip ca bo t bin ng, m ch chu nh
hng khi bo b suy yu tr thnh mt vng p thp sau khi vt dy Trng Sn.
Vung chu anh hng ma nh la th ng ngu n sng Krng Ana, Krng Kn v Krng
Bng. Lng ma do bao ho c ap th p gy nn thng r t ln trn di n r ng, c th gy
ra l ln. Nh tr n ma lu do anh hng bao xy ra thang X/1992 vi lng ma ngay
ln nh t a t 140 mm Bun Ma Thut, 191 mm Krng Bng, 214 mm Ea HDing,
189,5 mm Ea Hleo... T ng lng ma 3 ngay ln nh t a t 200 400 mm. Nhng tr n
ma ln nay a gy ra lu r t ln thng ngu n sng Krng Ana, Krng Kn.
* Kh hu l nhn t quan trng nht i vi s hnh thnh v phn b
TNN lu vc sng Srpk:
- Kiu kh hu ca LVS Srpk lm cho ma c tnh c th l ch tp trung
vo 6 thng ma ma, chim trn 80 % tng lng ma nm, s phn ha ny lm cho
ma ma ma kh LV c s tng phn su sc nht Ty Nguyn.
- Cc yu t bc x Mt Tri ln, ch nng nhiu, nhit khng kh thp,
bc hi ln, m khng kh thp vo ma kh... nh hng trc tip, mnh m
nht n kh nng mt nc ca LVS Srpk.
Vi lng bc x Mt Tri ln, s gi nng nhiu, kh hu, thi tit mt m nhng
duy tr trong thi gian di lm tng qu trnh bc hi, vo ban m nhit gim thp
cng to iu kin cho bc hi nc, qu trnh ny khi c s kt hp vi gi c tnh cht
phn vo ma kh y nhanh s suy kit ngun nc, c bit l TNN mt. Thc t
ny khin cho lng bc hi LV lun t tr s cao v thng trn 80% tng lng
ma nm. Vo cc thng ma kh ma rt t, thm ch khng c ma, nhng lng bc
hi li rt ln v thng ln hn lng ma rt nhiu (xem bng 2.8). iu ny gy ra

53
tnh trng gim st m, vt ngng CBN trn LVS nn gy ra hn hn v cng l
nguyn nhn gy ra ma kh hn ko di v gay gt trn phm vi LVS Srpk.
Khi khng c ma, m mt t v khng kh c vai tr rt ln lm gim
kh hn. Tuy nhin, bin trnh m ca LV ngc li vi bin trnh nhit. Ma ma
m duy tr mc cao trn 80 % nn tha m, iu ny s gim kh nng bc hi trong
khi ngun nc ang rt phong ph nn t c ngha. Ngc li ma kh m khng
kh thp, thng di 70 %, m thp lm tng kh nng bc hi ngun nc mt
gy suy gim TNN.
2.1.7. Bin i kh hu
Ngoi s tc ng ca cc nhn t trn nh hng n TNN, gn y trn phm
vi LV chu nh hng ca BKH, l lng ma vo ma ma tng ln gy l lt,
nhng li gim st vo ma kh, kt hp vi xu hng tng ln ca nhit lm tng
kh nng bc hi gy ra hn hn nng n. S bin ng ca thi tit cng phc tp hn
khi ma ma din bin bt thng, nh n mun nhng kt thc sm lm ko di thi
gian hn, lng ma nm gim mnh, nm tng t bin. BKH cng lm cho tn sut
v cng xut hin ENSO tng ng k, gy l lt v hn hn nghim trng vo
nhng nm gn y (nm 1997-1998, 2003-2004, 2012-2013, 2015-2016).
Xu th chung ca BKH trn LVS Srpk l nhit tng v lm tng qu
trnh bc hi, lng ma tng khng nhiu, nhng phn b khng u (tng vo ma
ma, gim ma kh) nn tnh trng thiu nc s trm trng hn. S bin ng thi
gian ma, lng ma gia cc ma, cc nm cng s phc tp kh d on mt
s trm lng ma c xu th tng r rt, nhng mt s trm li c xu th gim. Ti
trm Bun n t nm 2001 - 2010, lng ma nm c xu hng gim (khong 0,6
%), trong khi lng ma ma ma c xu hng tng (khong 1,4 %) v lng ma
ma kh c xu hng gim (khong 4.8 %). Mc bin ng lng ma nm, ca ma
ma v ma kh trm Bun Ma Thut c xu hng tng r rt.
Theo nghin cu ca Ngn hng th gii (WB), Vit Nam c xem l mt
trong nhng nc s b nh hng nng do BKH ton cu. BKH s lm hn hn
xy ra hng nm hu ht cc khu vc ca c nc. Nhit trung bnh nm tng
khong 0,10C/thp k. Nhit tng v lng ma thay i s nh hng n sn xut
NN (nng sut, cht lng sn phm, pht sinh v pht trin dch bnh, mt t sn
xut do hoang mc ha, chi ph u t cho sn xut tng, li nhun gim, thay i ma
v v c cu cy trng).

54
 Nh vy, nguyn nhn chnh lm BKH Tri t l do s gia tng cc hot
ng to ra cc cht thi kh nh knh, khai thc qu mc cc b hp th v b cha
kh nh knh nh sinh khi, rng, cc h sinh thi bin, ven b v t lin khc. BKH
nh hng trc tip v gin tip n TNN. l vic lm cho ngun nc mt khan
him trong ma kh gy hn hn v qu d tha trong ma ma gy l lt; ngun
nc ngm v vy cng b suy gim do thiu ngun b sung. BKH lm mt cn bng
nc gia cc khu vc, cc nm, cc ma gy nh hng nghim trng n hot ng
sng ca con ngi v tn hi n s pht trin ca thin nhin.
2.1.8. Thy vn
H thng sng Srpk thuc phn lnh th Vit Nam gm hai LV tch bit, th
hin rt r trn bn mng li sng sui (xem hnh 2.12) l LV sng Ea rng - Ea
Hleo pha Bc v LV dng chnh Srpk pha Nam.
LV dng chnh Srpk (tn gi khc: Sng k Krng): do 2 nhnh sng
Krng Kn (sng B) v Krng Ana (sng M) hp lu ti Bun Dray (gia th trn
Bun Trp, x Ea Na huyn Krng Ana, tnh k Lk v huyn Krng N, tnh k
Nng) to thnh dng chnh Srpk chy qua Campuchia, chiu di sng 371 km [78],
chiu di trn lnh th Vit Nam tnh t ni hp lu ti bin gii Campuchia khong
125 km, dc lng sng trung bnh khong 2,3 %, lng sng rng 100 150m.
Sng Krng Kn do 2 nhnh chnh l Krng Kma v k Mang hp thnh.
Sng bt ngun t dy ni cao Ch Yang Sin pha Nam, sng chy theo hng
ng Nam Ty Bc. Ton b LVS hu ht l rng ni, thng lu hp v dc, b
rng lng sng tng dn t thng lu xung h lu [110].
Sng Krng Ana l hp lu ca 3 sng nhnh Krng Bk, Krng Pch v
Krng Bng. Sng Krng Bk bt ngun t dy ni Rng thuc cao nguyn Bun Ma
Thut, sng Krng Pch bt ngun t dy ni pha Ty tnh Khnh Ha v sng Krng
Bng bt ngun t dy ni pha ng Nam tnh k Lk.
LV sng Ea rng - Ea Hleo c 3 nhnh ln: Sng Ea Hleo bt ngun t
vng ni Ea Ban ca huyn Krng Nng, sau khi chy qua hai huyn Ea Hleo v Ea
Sp sng nhp vo dng chnh Srpk trn t Campuchia. Sng Ea Hleo c 2 nhnh
ln l Ea Hleo v Ea Sp, nhnh Ea Sp to ra vng bnh nguyn Ea Sp bng phng
v rng ln. Sng Ea rng b t ngu n t day nui Ch Pung phia ng B c cua LVS,
sng g n nh chay theo hng ng Ty ri nh p vo sng Srpk Campuchia.

55
 Bng 2.9. c trng hin
h thai h thng sng Srpk
Sng Din tch Chi u dai Chi u dai Cao bnh d c M t
lu vc sng (km) lu vc qun lu long sng li sng
(F = km2) (km) vc (m) () (Km/km2)
Srpk 2.788 125 2 0,55
Krng Ana 3.960 215 97 676 2,3 0,55
Krng Pch 690 74 53 752 5,8 0.69
Krng Bk 780 20 58 590 5,5 0,56
Krng Bng 809 73 56 950 9,2 0.5
Krng Kn 4.620 156 125 917 6,8 0,86
Ea Hleo 4.712 149 80 336 6,1 0,35
Ea Sp 994 104 62 366 6,0 0,4
Ea rng 977 78 60 391 5,9 0,44
Ngun: [110]
* nh hng ca sng ngi i vi TNN lu vc sng Srpk:
Nhn chung, LVS Srpk c mt sng ngi thp, sng nh, chia lm nhiu
nhnh v tri kh u trn ton b din tch LV. cao LV v dc lng sng thp
(xem bng 2.9), do sng chy trn b mt cao nguyn l ch yu. Ch c cc sng
Krng Bng, Krng Kn bt ngun t vng ni cao Ch Yang Sin l c cao LV v
dc lng sng ln hn. c im sng ngi LVS Srpk lm cho TNN mt phn b
kh u trn ton LV, dng chy khng qu nhanh, xit l iu kin cho qu trnh
thm pht huy, lm phong ph TNN ngm. Tuy nhin, cc ph lu sau khi chy trn
lnh th nc ta u tp trung vo mt s dng chnh nh Srpk, Ea Lp, Ea Hleo,
Ea rng ri sang Campuchia lm cho TNN mt b tht thot ra ngoi lnh th v
mt trc quan no (v sau khi chy sang Campuchia vo sng M Kng s chy
v Vit Nam h du ng bng sng Cu Long).
2.1.9. Thm thc vt
Tham thc v t va t ng tham mu c di tn rng c ngha rt ln i vi gi v
hnh thnh ngun nc, cng nh iu tit dng chy cc ngun nc ni chung, c
bit iu tit dng chy mt sn dc v lm tng dng chy kit mt cch ng k.
Tc ng ny biu th tr s moduyn dng chy kit trung bnh nhiu nm ca vng
c rng nhiu ln hn r rt vng khng c rng. V khi c ma, t di tham th m
m t l ng nc ma va c gi trong cc b r, lng nc chi cho qua trinh b c
hi v t ly t t; tham thc v t chi m t l ng nc ln trong qua trinh thoat hi nc,
phn nc cn li c lu tr trong t va giai phong t t vao dong chay ngm. V
vy, khi ni n vai tr ca thm thc vt i vi TNN chng ta ch n mt che
ph, dy tng tn, tng thm mc lin quan n tui rng v loi rng.

56
 LVS Srpk c ti nguyn rng vo loi ln nht c nc (trong k Lk c
din tch ln nht vi 608.890 ha, k Nng l 206.770 ha), nhng so vi nm 2005
c s gim st. Rng y ch yu l rng TN, rng trng ch t (xem bng 2.10). Ti
nguyn rng l mt trong nhng th mnh ca LVS Srpk, em li li ch kinh t ln
v gi vai tr bo v MT sng.
Bng 2.10. Bin ng din tch rng trn LVS Srpk (ha)
TT Loi rng Nm 2005 Nm 2010 Nm 2015
1 Rng l rng thng xanh 411.666,5 364.313,8 392.288,2
2 Rng rng l (rng Khp) 432.574,8 351.379,6 357.542,1
3 Rng tre na 73.910,1 41.840,8 37.176,9
4 Rng hn giao g tre na 57.610,6 60.848,8 63.561,6
5 Rng l kim 18.234,9 31.880,2 34.136,4
6 Rng hn giao l rng l kim 19.253,9 12.936 13.872,3
7 Rng trn ni 36,2 4,4 0.0
8 Rng trng cc loi 76.821 37.032,7 92.855,9
Tng din tch 1.020.969 888.594 991.433
T l che ph (%) 56 48,7 54,3
Ngun: [102]
Trn LV c cc loi rng ch yu l:
- Rng l rng thng xanh c din tch ln nht, pht trin ch yu trn a
hnh ni cao, tng t dy, hoc ven cc khe sui, bao gm nhiu tng tn vi nhiu
loi cy khc nhau. Thm rng ny phn b ch yu pha Nam LVS Srpk, trn cc
sn ni cao Ch Yang Sin, Trng Sn Nam, vng cao ca cao nguyn M Nng
thuc LV Krng Bng, k Krng Kn, k RMang, k Pri v mt s vng ca
LV dng chnh Srpk, Ea Sp (xem hnh 2.13).
- Rng rng l vo ma kh c din tch ln th hai, kiu rng ny pht trin
ch yu trn a hnh bng hoc i ln sng, vi dc thp, nhng khu vc t
xm, iu kin kh hu kh nng thuc bn bnh nguyn Ea Sp, vng t thp pha
Ty gip Campuchia thuc LV Ea Lp, Ea Sp, h lu Srpk (xem hnh 2.13).
- Rng tre na, rng hn giao g tre na, pht trin trn cc sn ni v cao
nguyn pha Nam LV thuc cc LV k Krng Kn, k RMang, k Pri.
- Rng trng, ch yu l thng, keo, bch n, tch...trn cc vng g i, sn
ni c t km mu m, b xi mn, phn b ri rc khp LVS. Cc LV c din tch
ln l Ea Lp, Ea Sp, Krng Pch.
Hin nay, din tch rng trn LVS Srpk c s bin ng rt ln, l s suy
gim nhanh din tch rng TN, thay vo bi t trng cy CN hoc t trng c cy
bi, c. Cht lng rng c s thay i ng k, rng giu v rng c tr lng trung

57
bnh gim mnh; rng ngho v din tch cc kiu th sinh nh rng tre na, hn giao,
trng cy bi c tng mnh. Nguyn nhn ch yu ca suy gim rng c che ph l
do chuyn i mc ch s dng rng sang mc ch khc, cng vi tnh trng xm
ln, khai thc, cht ph rng tri php din ra kh ph bin, y l nguy c ln nht
lm suy gim TNN trn LV.
* nh hng ca thm thc vt i vi TNN lu vc sng Srpk:
Nh trnh by trn, thm thc vt c vai tr ht sc quan trng i vi
TNN, c bit l i vi LVS Srpk ni c ma kh ko di v khc nghit nht Ty
Nguyn, y cng l LV u ngun, nn rng u ngun tham gia vo iu tit ngun
nc trong ma kh, gim l lt, xi mn t, gim lng dng chy mt vo ma
ma, b sung cho tr lng dng ngm. c bit nu rng pht trin trn cc cu trc
a cht thun li s to iu kin hnh thnh nhng bn cha nc ln phc v cp
nc trong cc thng ma kit.
Thm thc vt cng c li v mt kinh t rng, thy li, thy in, nhng yu
t trn nh hng n TNN trn ton LVS.
Trong cc loi rng ca LVS Srpk th rng l rng thng xanh c ngha
nht, v c din tch ln, cu trc nhiu tng tn, mt dy, b r pht trin. c im
ny lm cho rng gi m tt, hn ch dng chy mt, lu tr nc trong b r v t di
tn to iu kin pht trin dng ngm, ni c rng ny th mc kh hn gim hn.
Kiu rng rng l ngoi nhng gi tr nht nh th cng c nhng hn ch, nh
vo ma kh rng rng l ht nn khng cn kh nng che ph mt t lm cho kh
nng bc hi ln, tng l rng kh d bt la gy chy rng trn din rng. Trong thc
t nhng ni phn b kiu rng ny vn thng b hn vo ma kh.
Rng tre na hn giao tuy tng tn khng nhiu, nhng thng mc dy, r
nhiu nn c ngha trong chng xi mn, iu tit dng chy mt v ngm.
Tuy nhin, LVS Srpk cng nh nhiu LVS khc nc ta, l ni c iu
kin sng thun li hn cc vng khc. Do vy, c s tp trung ng dn c v cc
ngnh kinh t, ang phi nui sng nhiu ngi. Vic khai thc qu mc rng, t,
nc to nn nhng thay i trong cn cn nc v ko theo cc thm ha l, lt,
st l, hn hn nng n.
2.1.10. Tai bin thin nhin
L lt: Do anh hng ma lu, hang nm t thang VIII - XI mc nc sng
Krng Ana, Krng Kn dng cao va a t cao nh t vao thang IX thang X. Do khng c

58
cc cng trnh tiu ng, chng l, thm vo l yu t lch pha ma l ca sng
Krng Ana v sng Krng Kn nn hng nm trn phm vi LV c nguy c xy ra l
lt vi din tch b ngp ng ln. in hnh nm 2000 c hn 6.000 ha t canh tc b
ngp, nm 2001 hn 9.200 ha t b ngp. L lt, ng ngp hng nm gy khng t
thit hi v c ngi v ca trn LVS.
Hn hn: Biu hin ca hn hn trm trng hay khng ph thuc vo nhiu
yu t: lng ma ca nm trc nhiu hay t, ma ma nm trc kt thc sm hay
mun, ma ma nm n sm hay mun, vng nm trn sn hay thung lng, c
lng ma ln hay nh, thm thc vt tt hay xu, nhu cu s dng nc nhiu hay t,
nng lc tiC th thy do s phc tp v cc thnh phn TN v nhu cu nc
ngy ln, cng nh s suy gim lp ph rng nn nm no trn LV cng xy ra hn
hn vi cc quy m khc nhau. V vy, khc vi cc vng khc trong c nc l lt,
bo l thin tai hng u th LVS Srpk hn hn chnh l thin tai hng u.
Tuy nhin, nguy c gy hn hn nng trn phm vi LV thng c mi lin h vi
bin ng kh hu hnh tinh c tnh chu k l El Nino. Nm 1997 hin tng El Nino
xut hin gy ra hn hn cho nm 1998. Theo thng k c 7.015 ha din tch la b
hn, trong mt trng 4.124 ha; Din tch c ph b hn l 47.893 ha, trong mt
trng 11.259 ha. Nm 2012, nh hng ca El Nino mnh gy hn hn nh hng
n sn xut cui v ng Xun 2012 - 2013, u v H Thu 2013 v gy thiu nc
sinh hot. Hn hn lm cho 39.607 ha cy trng b thiu nc bao gm: 11.036 ha
la, 23.921 ha c ph, cy khc 5007 ha; trong hn nng lm mt trng 3.857 ha.
Hu ht cc h cha thy li, thy in va v ln Ty Nguyn u b thiu ht nc
nghim trng, nhiu h cha nh b cn hoc xung gn n mc nc cht khng
ti cho c v. Theo bo co ca S NN v pht trin nng thn cc tnh, tnh n gia
thng 3/2013, trn a bn cc tnh ny c gn 150 h cha nc cn kit; 23 p
dng trn sui nh khng hot ng c do sui khng cn dng chy; 46 trm bm
hot ng hn ch do mc nc sng, sui xung qu thp, lu lng dng chy nh.
Hn hn lm cho tng din tch cy trng b hn hn 25.000 ha, trong hn 7.000
ha la, hn 17.000 ha c ph. c hn 2.000 ha cy trng mt trng. Ti c Nng, 10
h cha cn kit hon ton, ton tnh c hn 2.300 ha cy trng thiu nc (810 ha la,
1.336,76 ha c ph, 158 ha hoa mu) [63], [64], [65], [66].
Nm 2015, LVS Srpk b nh hng mnh ca El Nino lm cho lng ma gim
st ln, ma ma kt thc sm v trong thi k ma kh gn nh khng c mt git ma
no. Theo kt qu o c, tng lng ma ph bin thiu ht so vi trung bnh nhiu nm

59
c th n 30 - 60%, lng dng chy trong cc sng sui thiu ht so vi trung bnh
nhiu nm 30 - 50%, mt s ni ln hn. Theo i Kh tng Thy vn ti khu vc Ty
Nguyn, Tnh n ht ngy 23/09/2015, lng ma ch t t 65 n 75% so vi trung
bnh nhiu nm. C th Tp. Pleiku 75%, Tp. Bun Ma Thut 61%. Lng nc trn cc
sng khu vc ny cng ch t t 60 - 70%. c bit, ma ma nm 2015 k Lk
lng ma thp hn cc nm, ch t 60 - 80% v phn b khng ng u, c ni ch
t trn 40% so vi cng k nm trc. Trong 770 h cha trn a bn, ch mi c 250
h tch c 60 - 80% lng nc, cn li u tch di 60% dung tch [103].
Tnh trng hn hn gy ra thit hi ln. Theo bo nhanh ca B Nng
nghip v Pht trin Nng thn ngy 27/3/2016 cho thy Hng trm h cha cc
tnh Ty Nguyn ch cn khong 30 - 40% so vi dung tch thit k, thp hn nhiu so
vi nm 2015. Ti k Lk c 115 h cn nc, d kin n cui thng 3 tng ln 250
h. k Nng c 17 h cn y, d kin tng ln hn 40 h, Kon Tum c 5 h. c
bit, cc h cha Gia Lai ch t 10 - 50%. Hin c gn 28.000 h thiu nc. Con
s ny c th tng ln gp i trong thi gian ti, nng nht l k Lk vi 25.000
h. t hn hn ny i vi Ty Nguyn ni chung v LVS Srpk ni ring c
nh gi l t hn hn lch s, thit hi nng n, nht l i vi NN (xem bng 2.11)
v gy khng hong i vi kinh t v x hi. Tnh trng ny cng nng hn v c s
tc ng trc tip v gin tip ca con ngi thng qua vic s dng nc qu nhiu,
lm suy gim rng, xy dng cc cng trnh thy li cha hp l lm tht thot ngun
nc v to ra s mu thun trong khai thc v phn b ngun nc trn ton LV.
Bng 2.11. Din tch b hn hn cc a phng LVS Srpk (n 24/3/2016)
Din tch Din tch % Din tch %
TT Tnh, huyn t nhin b hn hn b hn cao hn cao
(Km2) (Km2) (Km2)
1 Lm ng 2.131 81 3,8 1 0,05
1. am Rng 865.9 80 9,4 1 0,1
2. Lc Dng 1.265 1,0 0,1 0,0 0,0
2 k Lk 13.057 4.774 36,6 3.097 23,72
1. Tp. Bun Ma Thut 378 278 74,1 41 10,9
2. Ea Hleo 1.342 594 44,3 591 44,1
3. Ea Sp 1.767 210 12,2 1414 82,3
4. Krng Nng 611 184 31,5 14 2,4
5. Krng Bk 353 253 71,7 79 22,4
6. Bun n 1.409 720 51 622 44
7. C MGar 826 526 63,4 137 16,5
8. Ea Kar 1.040 452 43,8 52 5
9. Mrk 1.247 285 22,9 76 6,1
10. Krng Pk 6.29 313 50,4 17 2,7
11. Krng Bng 1.261 293 23,6 10 0,8
60
 Din tch Din tch % Din tch %
TT Tnh, huyn t nhin b hn hn b hn cao hn cao
(Km2) (Km2) (Km2)
12. Krng Ana 357 190 53,2 8.0 2,2
13. Lk 1.259 124 10,2 2,0 0,2
14. C Kuin 289 143 48,6 9,0 3,1
15. TX. Bun H 287 209 73,6 25 8,8
3 k Nng 4.412 1250 28,3 279 6,3
1. k Glong 1.450 271 18,9 17 1,2
2. k Mil 681 324 47,9 163 24,1
3. k RLp 659 52 7,9 0,0 0,0
4. k Song 807 209 26,9 35 4,5
5. Krng Kn 816 394 48,5 64 7,9
4 Gia Lai 4.010 1757 43,8 1755 43,8
1. Ch Prng 1.697 701 41,4 824 48,7
2. Ch Ph 719 182 25,5 510 71,3
3. Ch S 647 335 52,1 229 35,6
4. c C 721 400 55,6 162 22,5
5. Tp. Pleiku 227 139 60,7 30 13,1
Ngun: [44]
Xi mn, Trt l: LVS Srpk c hn 90% din tch t trng trt nm
trn cc sn i ni c th dc, ni y li chu tc ng ca ch ma ln tp
trung theo ma nn hin tng xi mn v ang xy ra mc bo ng lm cho
mt t b bo mn v thoi ha nhanh chng. Kt qu nghin cu ca Trung tm
nghin cu t Ty Nguyn cho thy vi dc 8 - 15 , trng trt khng c bin
php chng xi mn, lng t mt o c l 22,1 43,8 tn/ha/nm i vi t
trng cao su v 19,5 - 41,68 tn/ha/nm i vi t trng c ph.
a hnh LVS Srpk c dc khng ln, thm rng cn nhiu nn hin
tng trt l xy ra do TN trn cc sn i ni t xut hin. Tuy nhin, trn cc
dng sng khu vc h lu c c im a cht, a hnh phc tp, ph thuc vo
tng nhnh sng, on sng nn hin tng xi l b sng vn xy ra. on sng sau
p Bun Tour Shar, p thy li Krng Bk H gn y xy ra xi l, trt l b
sng, c bit l on ngay h lu p v vng h du ca sng.
* nh hng ca tai bin thin nhin i vi TNN lu vc sng Srpk:
Tai bin thin nhin nh l lt v hn hn gy ra s mu thun trong iu tit
ngun nc ca LV. L lt xy ra thng c nguyn nhn t ma to tp trung trong
thi gian ngn lm tha nc mt, ngun nc ny trn LV s nhanh chng thot ra
ngoi lnh th, trong khi qu trnh lu tr nc cn c thi gian v s phn b u trn
b mt. Hn hn l nguyn nhn lm suy gim v tht thot nc hng u trn LV do
thiu ht ma v bc thot hi nc ln.

61
 Trt l t lm bi lng lng dn, lng h, t lm mt kh nng lu thng
dng chy, d gy l lt, ng thi cng lm gim kh nng cha nc ca cc lng
h do trm tch bi lng.
2.2. Cc nhn t kinh t - x hi
Ngoi cc nhn t TN, th cc nhn t KT-XH c mt ngha ngy cng ln, c
lc, c ni cn quyt nh n s lng v cht lng TNN ca mt lnh th. Yu t
ny biu hin c hai mt tch cc v tiu cc:
- Tch cc, khi cc hot ng lm tng ngun nc hoc iu tit phn phi
dng chy theo thi gian v khng gian tr nn iu ha hn, nh vic xy dng h
cha, knh dn nc, vic trng cy CN lu nm nh cao su, c phtrn cc vng
t trng cng ging nh trng rng
- Tiu cc i vi TNN ca mt lnh th l khi hot ng sn xut s dng qu
nhiu nc lm st gim ngun nc. Sn xut NN l ngnh s dng nhiu nc nht,
ngoi ra hot ng sn xut NN cn lin quan n ph rng m rng din tch t
sn xut, t rng gy chy rng trn din rng, lm nhim ngun nc do s dng
phn bn, thuc bo v v kch thch sinh trng cy trng; Hot ng CN cng s
dng nhiu nc, nc sau khi s dng thi ra ngoi gy nhim ngun nc, c bit
l nhim cc kim loi nng; Nc sinh hot sau khi s dng u l nc b nhim
cc mc v thnh phn khc nhau; Vic xy dng cc h p lm tng din tch
mt nc nn cng tng kh nng bc hi, lm ngp v ph hy mt din tch rng rt
ln thng ngun, lm thay i hng dng chy, lm cht cc khc sng do chn
dng - chuyn nc; Theo kt qu nghin cu t [26], [27], [28], [29] cho thy:
2.2.1. Dn s, dn c v tp qun sn xut
- Dn s sinh sng trong LVS Srpk nm 2013 khong 2.729,000 ngi (k
Lk: 1.827,790 ngi; 5 huyn ca k Nng: 376,360 ngi; 2 huyn ca tnh Lm
ng: 64,150 ngi; 3 huyn v Tp. Pleiku ca tnh Gia Lai: 460.70 ngi).
T l tng dn s TN trung bnh hng nm ca cc a phng trn LVS vn
cn cao (xem bng 2.12), trn 1,54% (2013) so vi c nc (1,07 %). Nhng nm gn
y, dn s bin ng ln (xem hnh 2.14) do tng c hc, l hin tng di c t do
t cc tnh pha Bc vo LV. Theo cc kin ca cc tnh l hin tng di c t do
din bin rt phc tp, kh kim sot, c bit l dn tc HMng t cc tnh pha Bc
chim n 90% tng s dn di c t do ti y.

62
 Bng 2.12. T l tng t nhin dn s cc tnh thuc LVS Srpk (%)
TT a phng 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013
1 Gia Lai 1,97 1,84 1,73 1,65 1,45
2 k Lk 1,72 1,6 1,44 1,3 1,53
3 k Nng 2,5 1,82 1,69 1,45 1,71
4 Lm ng 1,73 1,43 1,45 1,32 1,36

Hnh 2.14. Biu t l tng t nhin dn s cc tnh LVS Srpk

- Cng ng dn c c khong 47 dn tc anh em chung sng, trong ngi

kinh chim trn 70%, cc dn tc t ngi nh , MNng, Thi, Ty, Nng, M,
Khmer, Dao, HMngchim gn 30% dn s. Mt dn s trung bnh ton LVS
khong 149 ngi/km2, nhng phn b khng u, tp trung ch yu ti cc thnh ph,
th, trung tm x v dc cc tuyn ng giao thng T 14, 26, 27, 28, chnh lch
mt gia ni cao nht v ni thp nht ln ti 54 ln (Bun Ma Thut: 914
ngi/km2, huyn Lc Dng Lm ng ch c: 17 ngi/km2). Phn ln dn c tp
trung sinh sng thnh ph nh Bun Ma Thut vi mt dn s ln ti 914
ngi/km2, Tp. Pleiku: 848 ngi/km2, th x Bun H: 362 ngi/km2, C Jt 134
ngi/km2, k Mil 143 ngi/km2, th x Gia Ngha 185 ngi/km2; cc huyn c
iu kin kh khn dn c tha tht, Ea Sp c mt dn s khong 35 ngi/km2,
Krng Kn 85 ngi/km2, Bun n 45 ngi/km2, Ch Ph 94 ngi/km2.
Trong nhng nm qua c s quan tm c bit ca ng v Nh nc, s
pht trin nhanh KT-XH v gi tr cao ca cy CN c nhiu gia nh ng bao
chuyn canh cy CN nh c ph, cao su, h tiu thc hin thm canh cy tr ng, bi t t
chc san xu t hang ha, p dng khoa hc k thuttr nn kh gi, chnh iu ny
cng thu ht s tp trung dn c ni y.
- LVS Srpk c s tp trung ca nhiu dn tc khc nhau, nhng dn tc ny
u c tp qun pht nng lm ry, mt s dn tc cn tp qun b ry sau mt s
nm canh tc khi t b xi mn, thi ha khng cn canh tc c na. V vy, h cn

63
phi tm ni canh tc mi, chnh nhu cu ny gy ra nn ph rng nghim trng m
rng din tch sn xut. Thc t th y cng l b phn thiu hiu bit v php lut, c
cuc sng khng n nh nn gy kh khn cho cng tc qun l x hi.
* nh hng ca dn s, dn c v tp qun sn xut n TNN lu vc
sng Srpk:
y l nhn t trc tip v gin tip gy suy gim c v s lng v cht lng
nc, lm tng tnh trng thiu nc ngy cng nhiu v nghim trng do nhu cu
dng nc tng cao, do hot ng sn xut tc ng vo lp ph th nhng, suy gim
ti nguyn rng v cng l i tng chu tc ng t suy gim TNN.
Vi s dn, t l tng dn s v s tp trung dn c ngy cng ng nh trnh
by trn cho thy nhu cu dng nc ngy cng tng. i km theo l cc hot ng
sn xut, dch v phc v pht trin nn yu cu cp nc s cng ln. Bn cnh ,
tp qun sn xut NN c bit l trng cy CN v cy lng thc c nhu cu nc nhiu
nh c ph, h tiu, lali thiu quy hoch nn gy tn hi ln n ngun nc. Vn
ny cng lm tn tht v thiu ht ngun nc ti mt s vng trn LV mt cch
nghim trng, mt s dng sng, sui vo ma kh b ht sch ti lm cho dng
chy b bc t. Ngoi ra tnh trng s dng thuc bo v thc vt v phn bn ha hc
thng ngun cng gy nhim dng nc ng bo ng.
2.2.2. Cc ngnh kinh t
T kt qu nghin cu [26], [27], [28], [29] cho thy sn sut cc ngnh kinh t
trn LVS Srpk:
2.2.2.1. Nng nghip
a. Trng trt
Nm 2013 t NN ca LVS c a vo s dng khong 1.026,000/
2.439,680 ha (t 42%) trong t trng cy hng nm l 336.657 ha, cy CN lu
nm 594.658 ha, la nc 120.467 ha, nui trng thy sn nc ngt trn 8.906 ha.
Trn LVS hnh thnh cc vng thm canh la nc tp trung nh vng Krng Pk,
Krng Ana, Lk, Krng Bng v Ea Sp; cc vng sn xut chuyn mn ha cao su,
c ph hnh thnh v pht trin rt nhanh.
Bng 2.13. Thc trng s dng t trn LVS Srpk nm 2013
n v: ha
Loi s
TT k Lk k Nng Gia Lai Lm ng Tng
dng t
1 t sn xut nng nghip 539.081 202.734 260.477 23.720 1.026.012
2 t lm nghip 597.146 198.109 157.412 181.745 1.134.412
3 t chuyn dng 64.237 15.236 23.467 16.482 119.422
4 t 14.776 3.071 4.609 3.599 16.055

64
 Trn LVS Srpk, sn xut NN vn l ngnh kinh t chnh, chim t l cao ti
66,15% trong c cu kinh t. Trng trt vn c xc nh l ngnh sn xut then
cht, chim t trng ln trong c cu NN (k Lk: 80,06%, k Nng: 90,36%, Gia
Lai: 89,64%). Trong sn xut lng thc ang khuyn khch chuyn i din tch la
nng sut thp, nc ti khng n nh sang trng ng, bng, ma, du tm v cy n
qu. Do c KTN thun li nn trng tp trung c nhiu loi cy trng c gi tr
hng ha nh c ph, cao su, h tiu, iu, lc, u tng, bng
* Cy lng thc
- Cy la: Nm 2013 din tch la ca LVS l 112.068 ha, trong k Lk l
tnh c din tch trng la ln nht 90.241 ha. Vng tp trung la cc huyn Ea Sp,
Krng Ana, Krng Pk, Ea Kar, C Jt, Krng Kn, k GLong, Ch Prng.
- Cy ng: Ng trng ch yu trong v h thu v cn c kh nng trng trong
v thu ng. Ngoi ra ng cn trng xen vi cc cy h u hoc trng lun canh vi
cy bng viNm 2013 din tch ng trn LVS t 144.384 ha, vi cc gi ng ng lai
va thc hi n thm canh cao nn a t nng sut bnh qun 5,3 tn/ha/nm v phn u
t 7 tn/ha/nm trong thi gian ti. Vng trng ng c quy m ln, tp trung cc
huyn Ea Kar, Krng Pk, Krng Bng, Ch Prng, Ea Hleo, Krng Nng, Krng
Kn, k Mil, k Song, C Jt.
- Cy sn: Din tch trng sn khong 31.922 ha nm 2013. Vng trng sn tp
trung cc huyn Ea Kar, Krng Bng, Mrk, Ea Hleo, Bun n, C MGar
v trn cc vng t t dc, cc chn i cc a bn khc.
- Khoai lang: Nm 2013 t din tch 8.652 ha, khoai lang ch yu thm canh, s
dng ging mi cho nng sut v sn lng cao (t trn 12,5 tn/ha nm 2013). Din tch
trng khoai lang ch yu Ea Kar, k Song, Ch Prng...
Bng 2.14. Din tch trng mt s cy lng thc v thc phm nm 2013
n v: Ha
TT Cy trng k Lk k Nng Gia Lai Lm ng Tng
1 La 90.241 11.460 16.511 2.255 120.467
2 Ng 123.044 51.220 11.333 2.690 188.287
3 Sn 29.268 16.480 15.286 580 61.614
4 Khoai lang 2.987 5.230 465 62 8.744
5 Rau, u 35.349 5.111 - 3.367 43.827
Ngun: tng hp [26], [27], [28], [29]
* Cy rau, mu: Nm 2013, din tch t khong 43.487 ha. hnh thnh
mt s vng rau, mu chuyn canh nhng vng c iu kin thun li, ven mt s

65
th, cc khu cng nghip (KCN) v khu dn c tp trung nhm p ng nhu cu tiu
th, nh Bun Ma Thut (1.726 ha), Ea Hleo (2.328 ha), Ea Sp (6.808 ha), Ea Kar
(10.884 ha), C Jt (2.264 ha), k Mil (2.529), Lc Dng (2.870 ha), Ch Ph
* Cy cng nghip ng n ngay: Cy CN ngn ngy trn LVS Srpk pht trin
kh phong ph, mt s cy c din tch trng ln v tr thnh sn phm hng ha ni
bt ca vng.
- Cy Bng vi: Ty nguyn l vung c iu kin tr ng cy bng vi tro ng i m
ca nc ta. k Lk, k Nng v Gia Lai l ba tnh c tim nng t ai rt ln,
din tch t thch hp cho pht trin bng vng ny khong 40 - 60 ngn ha. Nm
2012 din tch trn LVS t 2.366 ha, n 2013 do gi c th trng bp bnh nn
ngi trng bng gim din tch xung ch cn gn 700 ha.
- Cy ma: Ch yu pht trin theo hng thm canh, s dng ging mi cho
nng sut cao, nm 2013 t din tch 18.145 ha, ch yu tp trung k Lk.
- Cy lc: Nm 2013 c din tch 11.129 ha. Trng tp trung ch yu Ea
Hleo, C MGar, k Song
- u tng: Nm 2013 c din tch 9.065 ha, theo nhn nh k Lk c th
m rng din tch u tng ln 20.000 ha, k Nng 18.000 ha. u tng trng tp
trung cc huyn C MGar, Krng Nng, k Mil, C Jt, Krng Kn
Bng 2.15. Din tch trng mt s cy cng nghip ngn ngy nm 2013
n v: ha
TT Cy trng k Lk k Nng Gia Lai Lm ng Tng
1 Bng vi 1.006* 953* 407 **
2.366
**
2 Ma 17.566 575 4.0 18.145
**
3 Lc 7.358 3.724 47 11.129
4 u tng 3.871 5.111 **
82.5 9.065
(* nm 2012, ** khng c s liu thng k)
* Cy cng nghip dai ngay: y l cy trng th mnh, c gi tr kinh t
cng nh tnh n nh cao ca LVS Srpk, vi nhiu loi cy nh: c ph, cao su,
ch, iu, tiu, du tm... V vy, hnh thnh cc vng chuyn canh, sn xut hng
ha, to thng hiu ni ting nh c ph Bun Ma Thut, h tiu Gia Lai...
- Cy ca ph: y l vng c din tch trng cy c ph ln nht c nc, trn
cc vng t bazan mu m thuc cao nguyn Pleiku, Bun Ma Thut, k Nng.
Nm 2013 c din tch 391.600 ha, trong k Lk l tnh c din tch trng c ph
ln nht nc v LV vi trn 203.561 ha.

66
 Trong thi gian qua din tch trng cy c ph c gim do KTN mt s vng
khng thch hp v bin ng v gi c.
- Cy cao su: LVS Srpk c iu kin thun li pht trin v m rng din
tch cy cao su. Nm 2013 din tch t 121.41 ha. Trong mt thi gian di trc
din tch m rng rt nhanh, l do gi m cao su ln cao v n nh, trng cao su t
phi chm bn nhng c thu nhp hng ngy, v vy cy cao su c gi l Cy xa
i gim ngho. Vng trng cao su tp trung cc huyn Ea Hleo (14.000 ha), C
MGar (8.688 ha), Ch Prng (34.084 ha), c C (22.688 ha), Krng Kn (6.000
ha), C Jt...
- Cy iu: L cy chu hn tt, thch hp vi iu kin c ma kh ko di nh
LVS Srpk. Din tch iu nm 2013 t 36.019 ha, c trng tp trung cc huyn Ea
Hleo (6,134 ha), Ea Sp (3.194 ha), Ea Kar (3.645 ha), Krng Kn (3.709 ha), C Jt
(1.481 ha), Ia Grai (5.149 ha), c C (4000 ha), Ch Prng (1.700 ha) v mt s ni khc.
- Cy h tiu: L cy c u th pht trin ca LVS Srpk, n nm 2013
trng c 22.155 ha. Trong thi gian qua gi h tiu lin tc tng v ng mc cao,
v vy khuyn khch ngi dn trong vng m rng din tch. Cy h tiu hin
c trng nhiu cc huyn Ea Hleo (2.422 ha), Krng Nng (1.335 ha), C Kuin
(1.702 ha), k Song (3.433 ha), C Jt (1.694 ha), Ch Prng (2.406 ha), Ch Ph
(2.582 ha), Ch S (2.483 ha)
Bng 2.16. Din tch trng mt s cy cng nghip di ngy 2013
n v: ha
TT Cy trng k Lk k Nng Gia Lai Lm ng Tng
1 C ph 203.561 73.940 46.705 11.022 335.228
2 Cao su 39.985 15.035 87.590 66 142.676
3 iu 23.435 6.185 11.115 374 41.109
4 H tiu 11.082 6.776 8.291 6 26.155
5 Ch - 66 524 12 602
Ngun: tng hp [26], [27], [28], [29]
* Cy n qu: Trn LVS hin pht trin nhiu loi cy n qu lu nm nh
su ring, b, mt, cam qut, xoi, nhn, chm chm, vi... Nm 2013, c din tch
13.155 ha. Cy n qu y c th pht trin thnh sn phm hng ha, cung cp cho
vng v bn ra cc vng khc, bc u gy c s ch , v sn lng ngy cng
nhiu v cht lng ngon nh b, su ring, mt, chm chm...

67
 Bng 2.17. Din tch mt s cy n qu nm 2013
k Lk k Nng
TT Cy trng Din tch Sn lng Din tch Sn lng
(ha) (tn) (ha) (tn)
1 Cam, qut, bi 539 2.353 54 282
2 Nhn, vi 412 2.770 318 1.637
3 Xoi 667 6.741 424 2.599
4 Da 197 1910 - -
5 Su ring - - 663 6.659
6 Chui - - 475 3.534
b. Chn nui gia sc gia cm
Ngnh chn nui trn LVS Srpk trong nhng nm qua c s pht trin
tng i nhanh. Tuy nhin, xt v KTN v tim nng, th mnh th ngnh chn nui
vn pht trin cha tng xng.
LVS Srpk c din tch ng c ln khong 9.500 ha, phn b trn bnh sn
nguyn Ea Sp, vng trc ni Ea Kar, Mrk, Ch Prng, Ch Ph...ph hp vi
chn nui i gia sc nh b (tht, sa), tru, d. Vng gn thnh ph, thi xa, thi tr n
chn nui bo theo h gia in h cung c p sa, tht cho thi; Pht trin an l n va
gia c m g n vi vung san xu t lng thc tn dng ph phm NN, cng nh cung
c p thit, phn bon va ta o vi c lam cho nng dn. Chn nui gia sc - gia cm tp trung
nhiu Ch Ph, Ch Prng, Ea Sp, Ea Kar, Krng Nng, C Jt, Krng Kn... Hin
ti chn nui p ng c nhu cu v thc phm v gp phn ci thin i sng
ngi dn lao ng.
Bng 2.18. S lng v sn lng mt s vt nui trn LVS nm 2013
k Lk k Nng Gia Lai
TT Vt nui S lng Sn lng S lng Sn lng S lng Sn lng
(con) (tn) (con) (tn) (con) (tn)
1 Tru 33.754 1.640,20 6.430 315 1.895 44
2 B 165.719 7.862 11.000 901 81.595 2.873
3 Ln 731.845 94.476 102.620 8.807 121.640 8.182
4 Gia cm 8.622,754 20.215 913.770 505.639
5 D 27.430 362.000 9.129
Ngun: tng hp [26], [27], [28]
c. Nui trng thy sn
Trc y, LVS Srpk khng c nhiu iu kin pht trin thy sn. Tuy
nhin, gn y vi nhiu h cha ca cc cng trnh thy li, thy in, p dng (hn
500 h cha v p dng) nn tim nng nui trng thy sn nc ngt rt ln,
ngoi ra nhng vng rung trng km hiu qu trong trng trt chuyn i nui
trng cng gp phn thc y ngnh thy sn pht trin. Nhng h, p l ni l tng
cho nui trng cc loi c sn nh c lng, ba ba, c hi, c tm...
68
 Nm 2013, k Lk c din tch nui trng thy sn khong 7.847 ha, sn
lng khong 15.804 tn v t gi tr 702 t ng. Cc huyn thuc phm vi LVS ca
k Nng c din tch 953 ha, sn lng 2.430 tn v t gi tr 100 t ng (chim
76,07 % tng gi tr thy sn ca tnh).
2.2.2.2. Lm nghip
LVS Srpk c din tch rng ln, rng c gi tr kinh t cao. V th, ngnh lm
nghip ca vng trong thi gian qua pht trin mnh v c gi tr kinh t cao.
Bng 2.19. Sn lng, gi tr sn xut ngnh lm nghip LVS Srpk nm 2013
Yu t G TN G rng G nguyn Ci Tre na Song Gi tr
a (m3) trng liu giy (ste) (1000 my (triu ng)
phng (m3) (m3) cy) (tn)
k Lk 20.099 124.687 90.618 475.890 3.348 90 753,223
k Nng 12.894 5.026 310 67.743 49 130 62,32
Gia Lai 15.200 14.000 435.800 2.702 73 371,817
Lm ng 11.941 - - - - - 115,283
Tng 60.134 143.713 979.433 6.099 293 1.246,555
Lm nghip l ngnh sn xut c chc nng xy dng rng, qun l bo v
rng, khai thc li dng rng, ch bin lm sn v pht huy cc chc nng phng h
vn ha, x hi,... ca rng.
thc hin cc chc nng v nhim v ny, trong thi gian qua cc a
phng thnh lp cc n v qun l lm nghip, doanh nghip, cc Vn Quc
gia, Ban qun l rng phng h, rng c dng, Cng ty Lm nghip, doanh nghip
tham gia trin khai cc d n trn t lm nghip, cc cng ng, nhm h, h gia
nh tham gia qun l rng.
V nh hng qun l, n nm 2015 hon thnh vic giao ton b rng c
dng v rng phng h cho cc Ban qun l rng phng h v rng c dng qun l
theo Quy ch qun l rng phng h v rng c dng ca Th tng Chnh ph quy
nh; n nm 2020 ton b din tch rng v t lm nghip c giao cho cc t
chc, h gia nh v cng ng dn c thn thc hin bo v rng kt hp vi khai
thc rng.
Nh vy, nu thc hin tt vai tr ca ngnh lm nghip s gp phn vo bo
v, lu tr v phc hi ngun nc. Tuy nhin, trong thi gian qua do qun l yu km
lm cho ti nguyn rng y b suy gim nghim trng. V vy, cu rng v
cng l bo v ngun nc, ngy 20/6/2016 Th tng Nguyn Xun Phc
quyt nh ng ca rng Ty Nguyn.

69
2.2.2.3. Cng nghip
T trng CN trong c cu kinh t chung khng ln, dao ng t 16 - 32%.
Bng 2.20. C cu GDP theo gi tr thc t nm 2013 cc tnh thuc LVS Srpk
so vi c nc (%)
Ngnh k Lk k Nng Gia Lai Lm ng C nc
CN - Xy dng 16,15 24,7 32,04 22,6 38,3
Dch v 39,85 20,86 27,72 35,1 43,31
Nng lm - Ng nghip 44 54,44 40,24 42,3 18,39
Ngun: [26]
Bng 2.21. Gi tr sn xut cng nghip nm 2010, 2013 v mc tng trng
Gi tr sn xut
(t ng) T l tng nm 2013
TT Tnh
so vi nm 2010 (%)
2010 2013
1 k Lk 9.011 10.567 17,3
2 k Nng 3.077 3.341 8,6
3 Gia Lai 10.671 15.523 10,10
4 Lm ng (am Rng, Lc Dng) 135,26 185,9 13,74
Ngun: [26]
Hin nay, trn LV ang pht trin mt s ngnh c th mnh nh CN ch bin
lm sn (g, l , tre na), ch bin lng thc - thc phm, ch bin cc sn phm t
cy CN (c ph, cao su, ch, bng, tinh bt m, sn xut vt liu xy dng); hnh
thnh c mt s cm cng nghip (CCN) v KCN tng i tp trung nh KCN
Ha Ph thnh ph Bun Ma Thut quy m 182 ha; CCN Bun H nm trn quc l
14 quy m 80 ha; KCN Tm Thng nm dc theo QL 14 quy m 181 ha, thuc huyn
C Jt; Cc CCN cc th trn Krng Pch, Krng Ana, Lk, C MGa, Bun n,
Ea Sp, Ea Hleo, mi CCN quy m khong 10 ha. CCN Krng Bng, Krng Nng
mi cm c quy m 50 ha.
2.2.2.4. Dch v
C cu ngnh dch v n 2013 trong vng nhn chung vn cn thp (20%) so
vi trung bnh chung c nc (43,31%). Trong hai tnh c c cu thp nht l k
Nng (20,86%) v Gia Lai (27,72%).
Hin nay, trong phm vi LV ngnh dch v ang pht trin theo hng:
- y mnh khai thc tim nng du lch sinh thi v nhn vn, pht trin ngnh
du lch thnh ngnh kinh t c ng gp ng k vo tng trng kinh t ca vng.
- Pht trin a dng cc loi hnh du lch: du lch sinh thi, cnh quan, du lch
vn ha, lch s, du lch l hi

70
 - Pht trin du lch vng gn vi du lch Ty Nguyn, duyn hi min Trung,
ng Nam b v Tp. H Ch Minh
- Pht trin du lch gn vi m bo an ninh chnh tr, quc phng v trt t an
ton x hi.
- Hnh thnh cc cm, im du lch: Cm du lch Bun Ma Thut, cm du lch
Bun n v vng ph cn, cm du lch h Lk - Krng Bng.
Bng 2.22. S lt khch du lich v doanh thu du lch nm 2010 v 2013
Tnh 2010 2013
S lt khch Doanh thu S lt khch Doanh thu
(lt) (t ng) (lt) (t ng)
k Lk 460.334 199.298 661.762 310.500
k Nng 222.350 41.927 325.750 78
2.2.3. Pht trin th
LVS Srpk t c th quy m va v ln, hin ti ch c Tp. Bun Ma Thut
v Tp. Pleiku l 2 thnh ph loi I, th x Gia Ngha l th loi III, cn li l cc th
x v th trn huyn l. Tuy nhin, vi mc tng trng nhanh v KT-XH, trong thi
gian ti tc pht trin th s nhanh hn.
2.2.4. Giao thng
LVS Srpk thuc phm vi Ty Nguyn l LV min ni, nhng y l cc cao
nguyn ln sng, mm mi nn h thng giao thng kh pht trin. Mng li giao
thng trn LV ni lin vi cc tnh duyn hi Nam Trung b, Nam b, vng Bc
Ty Nguyn qua quc l: 26, 27, 14, 28, 19, 14C...
Tng chiu di quc l chy qua phm vi LV trn 534 km v ngy cng c
pht trin thm, m rng, nng cp trong ng nha c chiu di trn 432 km,
cn li ng cp phi v ri .
* nh hng ca cc ngnh kinh t i vi TNN lu vc sng Srpk:
- NN l ngnh tc ng nhiu nht n s lng v cht lng ngun nc trn
LVS Srpk, v:
y l vng c iu kin thun li cho pht trin NN nn tp trung thnh
vng NN ln, chim t trng cao trong c cu kinh t ca LV; Sn xut NN cn nhiu
nc, c bit l trng trt. Trong ngnh NN ca LVS Srpk th trng trt chim t
trng cao nht nn c nhu cu nc nhiu; C cu cy trng ca LV vi hai loi cy
trng c nhu cu nc ln l la khong 120.467 ha v c ph trn 335.000 ha. Trong
, cy c ph l cy c nhu cu nc ln vo ma kh nn mc tc ng vo
ngun nc cng ln; Tc pht trin NN nhanh hn nh hng pht trin KT-XH
71
ca cc a phng trn LV, tnh trng ny dn n s bt cp trong kh nng p ng
ngun nc, dn n nhng mu thun trong khai thc, s dng, chia s ngun nc,
lm cho TNN ang c nguy c khng hong; Hin nay, vic m rng din tch canh
ng ngha vi ph rng, tc nhn ny gy ra nhiu h ly i vi TNN.
Trong sn xut NN s dng nhiu phn bn ha hc, thuc tr su, thuc kch
thch sinh trng. Do trnh dn tr thp v s hiu bit v cc sn phm ny cn hn
ch, nn thng b lm dng trong s dng, gy d tha v pht tn vo ngun nc
lm nhim, c bit y l LV u ngun s lm cho s pht tn trn din rng nh
hng nghim trng n mi trng nc.
- Hot ng CN l hot ng s dng nc nhiu th hai sau NN. Thc t
ngnh CN trn LVS Srpk cha pht trin, nn khng phi l ngnh s dng nc
nhiu. Tuy nhin, do mt s ngnh sn xut CN y (CN khai thc khong sn, ch
bin tinh bt m) li thi ra nc b nhim nng nhng cha c x l. V vy,
kh nng ti s dng nc thp, thi ra ngoi MT d gy nhim lan truyn, lm suy
gim TNN. V tng lai, vi nhng nh hng chuyn dch c cu kinh t theo
hng Cng nghip ha, th nguy c thiu nc l hin hu.
- Ngnh dch v cn rt hn ch, nhng c th l khch du lch l i tng
dng nc nhiu hn trung bnh ca dn chng s ti, nc cung cp cho i tng
ny thng c yu cu cao c v s lng v cht lng v khng c ngt qung. V
th, y cng l mt thch thc cho TNN ca vng khi ch trng pht trin du lch
trong thi gian ti.
- th l ni tp trung ng ngi nn s dng nhiu nc cho cc hot ng,
vn ny i hi ngun cung nc ln cho mt vng khng gian nh. V vy, cn
phi khai thc trit ngun nc ti ch hoc dn nc t ni khc n; nc thi
th thng b nhim nng nhng cha c x l, chnh thc t ny khng nhng
lm suy gim ngun nc m cn gy ra nhim nc mt v c nc ngm nhng
vng quanh th ca LVS Srpk.
2.2.5. Cc cng trnh khai thc nc
2.2.5.1. Cc cng trnh cp nc
n nm 2012 LVS Srpk xy dng c 535 cng trnh thy li ln nh,
trong c 432 h cha, 80 p dng v 13 trm bm, nhng phn b khng u (xem
hnh 2.16), thm vo l a hnh phc tp nn hiu sut cng trnh cn thp so vi
nng lc ti thit k, ch t = 56 % (xem bng 2.23). Trong s s lng h cha
va v nh tng i nhiu, nhng nm gn y cc h c dung tch khong vi trm
72
nghn m3 b bi lng nhiu lm gim kh nng tch nc, mt s h bi lng ln
n ngng trn x l nh h Ea Bar (Bun n), cc h 38 Vit c (Krng Ana)
Bng 2.23. Tng hp hin trng cc cng trnh thy li trn LVS Srpk (nm 2012)

S Loi cng trnh Ft. thit k (ha) Ft. thc t (ha) % thc
TT Vng cng t/
Trm
trnh H p C.ph L.mu C.ph L.mu thit k
bm
Ea Lp Ea
1 59 52 7 4321 3182 1710 2221 52
Hleo
2 H lu Srpk 118 85 23 15313 5828 7560 1961 45
Thng Krng
3 146 134 11 1 10913 5755 7018 2847 59
Ana
Trung lu
4 186 146 28 12 14275 12237 11475 5071 62
Srpk
Thng Krng
5 26 15 11 547 1026 234 657 57
Kn
Tng 535 432 80 13 45369 28028 27997 12757 56
Ngun: [33]
Ngoi cc cng trnh thy li th ti cc th c cc nh my khai thc v cp
nc sinh hot, nh cc nha cp may nc: Tp. Bun Ma Thut co cng su t 49.000
m3/ngay m, Tp. Pleiku (Bin H) c cng sut thit k 20.000 m3/ngy m, th x Gia
Ngha c cng sut 2.400 m3/ngay m, th x Ea Hleo, th trn Bun n, mi ni 1 nh
my vi cng sut 2.500 m3/ngy m... Ngoi ra, cc th trn huyn cng c h thng
cp nc, nh nh my: huyn Krng Pk c nng lc cp 1.300 m3/ngy m, th trn
k Mm t cng sut 15.000 m3/ngy m, k Mil nng ln 6.000 m3/ngy m...
cc vng nng thn thi gian qua c s quan tm ca Nh nc, a phng
v cc t chc nc ngoi trong hot ng cung cp nc sch hp v sinh, nhng do hn
ch v ti chnh, a hnh phc tp, dn c sng ri rcV vy, hot ng ny cn nhiu
hn ch. Ph bin hin nay l ngi dn ang s du ng cac ngu n nc t tc nh gi ng
ao, gi ng khoan, b nc ma, cng trinh cp nc tp trung t chay v bm dn...
Nhng vn trn t ra i vi TNN ni y l khai thc cha hp l, cha khoa
hc, qu mc mt s vng, gy lng ph, tht thot, h thp hoc ct t dng ngm
2.2.5.3. Cc cng trnh thy in
LVS Srpk c 39 nh my thy in t nh n va v ang c xy
dng [33] vi tng cng sut lp my khong 643 MW, in nng sn xut hng
nm khong 3045 t Kwh (xem PLB 2.2) Cc cng trnh thy in y thc hin
hai chc nng chnh l pht in v cp nc.
Cc nh my thy in l nhng cng trnh khai thc v s dng nc nhiu trn
LV. V mc ch xy dng l mang li ngun in cho qu trnh Cng nghip ha hin
73
i ha ca t nc v ca cc a phng LV, iu tit dng chy, ct l, gim nh l
h du, cp nc cho ma cn, b sung nc ngm.
Tuy nhin, cc cng trnh thy in cng gy ra cc yu t tiu cc cho TNN v
MT nh: Cht dng sng thnh nhiu on, to ra nhiu khc sng cht on h
lu p; thay i ch thy vn, t ch thy vn sng ngi sang ch thy vn
h kho nc; dng chy trn cc on sng khng n nh, tht thng ngay c trong
ma cn; thay i ch khai thc s dng nc; tng tn tht do bc hi mt nc;
tng lng tn tht do thm v c th gy ra hin tng l chng ln l (l nhn to),
l bt thng do ri ro v p.
C th thy lng ma trn LV kh di do, nhng phn phi dng chy trong
nm li chnh lch rt ln v tng ng vi s phn phi ca lng ma, nn phn
thnh 2 ma l ma l v ma kit tng ng vi ma ma v ma kh. Do vic
cng c xy dng h thng h cha trn cc dng sng iu tit dng chy nhm
pht in, chng l v cp nc cho h du, duy tr mi trng sinh thi l ht sc quan
trng i vi LVS Srpk.
2.3. Tiu kt chng 2
- Do s chi phi ca v tr a l, c im a hnh v phm vi LV nn kh hu
vi lng ma trung bnh 1.770 mm l nhn t hnh thnh TNN ca LVS Srpk.
Ngoi ra, cc yu t kh hu khc (gi, nhit, bc hi, m) v cc nhn t a hnh,
a cht, th nhng v sinh vt chi phi s phn b TNN theo khng gian, theo
thi gian, cng nh kh nng lu tr v duy tr ngun nc.
- S pht trin dn c ngy cng ng, phn b khng u, sn xut NN l ch
yu vi tp qun sn xut cn lc hu lm suy gim ngun nc thng qua nhu cu
dng nc v kh nng khai thc nc; nh hng n cht lng nc bi cc hot
ng sn xut gy nhim v cn e da n ngun d tr (do suy gim din tch
rng v khai thc khng hp l).
- BKH v cc tai bin thin nhin lm bin ng lng ma, thi gian ma,
gia tng hn hn, l lt ang ngy cng phc tp v khc lit lm nh hng n TNN
ca LVS Srpk.

74
 Chng 3
NH GI TNG HP TI NGUYN NC LU VC SNG SRPK
N NM 2020 C XT N BIN I KH HU
3.1. nh gi tng hp ti nguyn nc lu vc sng Srpk
Trn c s phng php lun GTH-TNN chng 1, mc 1.1.8, nghin cu
tin hnh GTH-TNN lu vc sng Srpk.
3.1.1. nh gi ti nguyn nc ma
3.1.1.1. S liu u vo
LVS Srpk hin c 23 trm o ma v cc trm ng thi l trm kh tng -
thy vn, vi mt trung bnh khong 1 trm/ 1000 km2, nhng phn b khng ng
u, vng ni cao, rng rm hu nh khng c trm o. Hu ht cc trm ch c s
liu quan trc t nm 1976 (ring trm Bun Ma Thut c s liu t 1960) [33].
Bng 3.1. Danh sch cc trm o ma trn LVS Srpk
TT Trm Tnh Kinh V Nm c ti liu X(mm)
1 Ch Prng Gia Lai 1070 36 13o45 1978-2012
2 Ch S Gia Lai 1080 04 1342 1981-2012
3 Pleiku Gia Lai 1080 01 1358 1976-2012
4 Bun n k Lk 1070 47 1251 1976-2012
5 Bun Dray k Lk 1080 43 1217 1986-2004
6 Bun H k Lk 1080 16 1255 1977-2012
1958-1964,1966-1974,
7 Bun Ma Thut k Lk 1080 03 1241
1076-2012
8 Bun Trp k Lk 1080 02 1229 1977-1995
9 Bun Trit k Lk 1080 06 1226 1977-2001
10 Cu 14 k Lk 1070 36 1237 1977-2012
11 Cu 42 k Lk 1080 23 1246 1976-2012
12 Ea Hding k Lk 1080 07 1254 1990-2012
13 Ea Hleo k Lk 1080 12 1313 2001-2012
14 Ea Kmat k Lk 1080 08 1241 1979-2007
15 Ea Knp k Lk 1080 27 1248 1985-2008
16 Ea Sp k Lk 1070 53 1304 1979-2012
17 Giang Sn k Lk 1070 47 1251 1976-2012
18 Krng Bng k Lk 1080 32 1232 1976-2008,2010-2011
19 Lk k Lk 1080 11 1225 1976-2012
20 Mrk k Lk 1080 45 1244 1978-2012
21 k Mil k Nng 1070 39 1227 1976-2012
22 k Nng k Nng 1070 41 1200 1976-2012
23 c Xuyn k Nng 1070 59 1218 1977-2012
3.1.1.2. nh gi s lng nc ma
LVS Srpk nm ch yu v pha Ty dy Trng Sn, nn ch ma, lng
ma y va chu s chi phi ca c ch hon lu gi ma ng Nam , va chu
tc ng mnh m ca v tr a l, iu kin a hnh v kh hu Ty Trng Sn,

75
cng vi cc kiu hnh th thi tit gy ma phc tp to cho LV ngun TNN ma
kh ln. Tuy nhin, vi lng ma trung bnh nm khong 1.770 mm th LVS Srpk
c lng ma nh hn LVS S San pha Bc (1.926 mm) v LVS ng Nai (1.913
mm) pha Nam l do nm vng Trung Ty Nguyn, pha Nam c nhiu dy ni v
cao nguyn cao che chn mt phn gi Ty Nam lm gim ma, pha ng c dy
Trng Sn cn gi t bin ng thi vo nn chu h qu ca hiu ng phn.
Vi lng ma , hng nm to ra cho LVS Srpk 32,3 t m3/nm TNN
ma, nhng c s phn b rt khng ng u (xem mc 2.1.6.5). Theo khng gian
ma tp trung ti cc sn ni cao n gi v vng n gi ma Ty Nam sm, nhng
gim nhanh sn khut gi v vng thp (xem hnh 2.11); theo thi gian th trn 80
% lng ma tp trung vo ma ma. Kt qu nghin cu cng cho thy s bin ng
lng ma nm qua chui nm quan trc th hin bng h s bin i Cv v h s
khng i xng Cs (xem bng 3.2) l tng i nh, h s bin i Cv < 0,20 v h s
khng i xng Cs < 0,4.
Bng 3.2. Cc tham s thng k chui ma nm ti cc im quan trc
Trm ma S nm thng k X0 Cv Cs
c Xuyn 35 1899 0,14 0,10
Giang Sn 36 1874 0,17 0,10
Cu 14 35 1705 0,18 0,36
Bun n 36 1594 0,18 0,37
Ngun: [1]
3.1.1.3. nh gi cht lng nc ma
nh gi cht lng nc ma LVS Srpk, lun n s dng kt qu phn
tch mu nc ca ti: TN3/T02 Nghin cu c s khoa hc cho gii php tng
th gii quyt cc mu thun li ch trong vic khai thc s dng ti nguyn nc lnh
th Ty Nguyn do TS. Nguyn Lp Dn lm ch nhim, tc gi l thnh vin tham
gia. Cc kt qu phn tch mu c so snh theo Quy chun k thut Quc gia v
cht lng nc n ung QCVN 01:2009/BYT (PLB 3.2).
Bng 3.3. Kt qu o cc ch tiu ti ch mt s im ly mu 4/2013
Kt qu o cc ch tiu im ly mu
K
Nhit Ta a im
TT hiu DO dn TDS
pH mn
mu (mg/l) (mS/cm) (mg/l) X Y
(oC) (ppt)
HBng
1 R02 29,8 7,12 4,41 0,182 108,55 0,08 13o35.85 108o12.18 Ch S Gia
Lai
Ea TLing
2 R03 28,8 7,02 4,50 0,041 24,7 0,02 12o33.98 107o53.59 C Jt k
Nng

76
 Bng 3.4. Kt qu phn tch mu nc ma lu vc sng Srpk nm 2013
Ch tiu
K
TT
hiu mu Cl- NO3- SO42- HCO3- Na+ K+ NH4+ Mg2+ Ca2+ TDS
mg/l mgN/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mgN/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
1 R02 4,26 0,88 1,26 122,0 4,77 6,53 0,080 0,0 36,0 170,56
2 R03 7,1 1,56 2,43 12,2 0,659 1,09 0,162 0,6 4,0 20,98
Thnh phn ha hc nc ma ph thuc vo tp cht trong kh quyn bao gm
cc kh NO2, NH3, H2Sdo cc qu trnh phn hy mt t, Ca2+ c ngun gc t
t, SO42- c ngun gc t pht thi nhn to, Cl2, CO2, CH4 do cc nh my thi ra
Cc Sol kh c kch thc rt nh vi cc thnh phn ha hc ty theo vng cng b
cun vo nc ma. Ngoi ra nc ma cn mang theo cc cht hu c d bay hi,
cc bi thc vt. TDS nc ma LVS Srpk dao ng t 10 170 mg/l u nm
trong gii hn cho php c th s dng phc v cho n ung, sinh hot hoc ti.
Thnh phn ha hc nc ma LV ch yu l HCO3-Na, HCO3-Ca.
Qua kt qu o (bng 3.3) v phn tch (bng 3.4) cc mu nc ma trn LVS
Srpk khi so snh vi Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc n ung -
QCVN 01:2009/BYT cho thy cht lng nc ma ti nhng im ly mu trn LVS
Srpk nhn chung rt tt v n nh, cc ch tiu u thp hn gii hn cho php. Nh
vy, nc ma y c th khai thc s dng phc v cho mc ch n ung, sinh
hot hoc lu tr phc v ti cho cy trng.
3.1.2. nh gi ti nguyn nc mt
3.1.2.1. C s d liu
LVS Srpk c 16 trm quan trc thy vn, trong c 5 trm cp III ngng
quan trc trc nm 1990, 6 trm cp II ngng quan trc trc nm 2000, 5 trm cp I
quan trc c 3 yu t H, Q, t nm 1977 cho n nm 2012. Trm Cu 42 v trm
Giang Sn c s liu o H, Q (1969 1974) v (1966 1974). Ba nhnh sng Krng
Kn, Krng Ana v Srpk u c trm thy vn cp I, ring cc LVS nhnh Ea Sp,
Ea Hleo, Ea rng, Ea Khah thuc nhnh sng Ea Hleo l cha c trm thy vn.
Bng 3.5. Danh sach cac tra m thuy vn LVS Srpk
TT Tn Sng Flv (km2) Y u t quan tr c Chui s liu s du ng
1 Bun n Srpk 10.700 H, Q, 1977 - 2012
2 Cu 14 - 8.670 H, Q, 1977 - 2012
3 Bun ray - H, Q 1988 - 1998
4 Bun H Krng Bk H, Q 1977 - 1987
5 Cu 42 - 478 H, Q, 1977 - 2012
6 Krng Bng Krng Bng H, Q 1977 - 1986
7 Giang Sn Krng Ana 3.180 H, Q, 1977 - 2012

77
 TT Tn Sng Flv (km2) Y u t quan tr c Chui s liu s du ng
8 H Lk - H 1977 - 1984
9 804 - H 1977 - 1981
10 Bun Trp - H 1979 - 1981
11 Quyt Thng k Ling H, Q 1988 - 1992
12 c Xuyn Krng Kn 3080 H, Q, 1977 - 2012
13 Bun Trp 3 - H 1986 - 1988
14 Qunh Ngc - H 1987 - 1989
15 Krng Pch Krng Pch H, Q 1980 - 1985
16 on Kt Ea Knir H, Q, 1977 - 1987
(Ghi ch: H (mc nc, m), Q (lu lng, m3/s), ( c, g/m3))
3.1.2.2. nh gi s lng nc mt
a. Dng chy nm
Ch dng chy trn cc sng sui LVS Srpk chu nh hng ca ch
ma v a hnh v s tng ng vi ma ma - ma kh l ma l - ma cn.
Vi di n tich 18.264 km2, trung bin
h hang nm LVS sinh ra khong W = 14,7 x
109 m3 nc, tng ng vi moduyn dng chy nm Mo = 25,56 l/s.km2. Tuy nhin, c s
phn b theo a hnh v theo cc TLV khc nhau (xem hnh 3.1, bng 3.6) c th thy:
- Trn sng Krng Kn tinh n tra m thuy vn c Xuyn vi di n tich LV F =
3.080 km2 c lng dng chy trung bin h nhi u nm Qo = 102,8 m3/s, moduyn dng
chy nm Mo = 33.4 l/s.km2, tng lng dng chy nm a t W = 3,24 x 109 m3, chim
22 % so vi ton LV Srpk.
- Trn sng Krng Ana ti Giang Sn c din tch LV l F = 3.180 km2, lu
l ng dng chy bnh qun nhiu nm l Qo = 74,5 m3/s tng ng vi moduyn dng
chy Mo = 24,7 l/s.km2 vi t ng l ng dong chay nm a t W = 2,3.109 m3 nc, chi m
16 % so vi ton LV Srpk.
- Trn sng Krng Bk, ta i tra m thuy vn C u 42 vi di n tic h LV la 478 km2
co dng chy bnh qun nhiu nm l Qo = 8,4 m3/s tng ng vi moduyn dng chy
Mo = 17,63 l/s.km2, t ng l ng dong chay nm a t W = 0,27.109 m3, chi m 1,8 % so
vi ton LV Srpk.
- Trn dong chinh Srpk ti trm thy vn C u 14 c di n tich LV la F = 8.670
km2, tng lng dng chy hng nm t W = 7,51 x 109 m3, ng vi moduyn dong
chay trung bin h nhi u nm la Mo = 27,5 l/s.km2. Ti tra m thuy vn Bun n, c di n
tic h LV la F = 10.700 km2, dong chay trung bin h nhi u nm a t Qo = 272,8 m3/s, ng
vi moduyn dong chay trung bin h nhi u nm la Mo = 25,29 l/s.km2 vi t ng l ng
dong chay nm a t W = 8,6 x 109 m3.
78
 Bng 3.6. c trng dng chy nm ta i cac tra m thuy vn LVS Srpk
S nm thng k F Qo Mo W
Tra m
(km2) (m3/s) (l/s/km2) (109 m3)
c Xuyn 35 (1977-2012) 3.080 102.80 33.4 3.25
Giang Sn 34 (1976-2012) 3.180 74,5 24,7 2,3
C u 14 35 (1977-2012) 8.670 238,3 27,5 7,51
Bun n 34 (1976-2012) 10.700 272,8 25,3 8,6
Toan LV Srpk 18.264 465,98 25,56 14,7
Cn c vao tai li u quan tr c cua cac tra m thuy vn trn dong chin h sng
Srpk va sng nhnh Krng Ana, Krng Kn cho th y: Nm nc ln co l ng dong
chay c th g p 2 - 5 l n nm co l ng dong chay nho nh t. Nm co l ng dong chay
ln nh t co th ln g p 1,5 - 2 tri s bin h qun nhi u nm. H s bi n i dong chay
nm ta i cac tra m thuy vn trn LVS Srpk nho Cv < 0,5, h s thin lch Cs 1,2
(xem bng 3.7), h s Cv v Cs cng cho thy c s ph thuc vo moduyn v din
tch LV. F, Mo cng ln th Cv, Cs c xu hng cng b.
Bng 3.7. Cc tham s thng k dng chy nm cc trm thu vn LVS Srpk
Trm Thu vn Sng S nm thng k Mo (l/s.km2) Qo (m3/s) CV CS
35
c Xuyn Krng Kn 34,4 106 0,28 0,93
(1977-2012)
34
Giang Sn Krng Ana 24,7 73,1 0,45 1,20
(1976-2012)
35
Cu 14 Srpk 27,5 235 0,30 0,93
(1977-2012)
34
Bun n Srpk 25,3 269 0,26 0,72
(1976-2012)
Ngun: [1]
b. Dng chy l
Ch dng chy ma l trn LV bin i theo ch ma ma. Ma l
thng bt u mun hn ma ma t 2 n 3 thng. Mo
Cc hnh th thi tit gy ma l trn LVS gm: Ma l do nh hng gin tip
ca bo v p thp nhit i; Ma l do gi ma Ty Nam pha Nam di hi t nhit
i; Ma l do khng kh lnh pha Bc trn xung kt hp vi bo, p thp nhit
i trong di hi t nhit i pha Nam.
Dng chy ma l LVS Srpk thng t thng VII hoc VIII n XI hoc XII.
Moduyn dng chy l biu th rt r c trng ca phn b ma (xem hnh 3.2), trung
bnh t Mo = 41,5 l/s.km, ln nht t tr s 2,01 m/s.km2 ti trm Krng Bk. Lu
lng dng chy l rt ln, khong 756,56 m3/s, tng lng dng chy l khong 10 t
m3, chim 68,06% tng lng dng chy nm.

79
 Hng nm, trn LVS c t 4 n 6 trn l. Bin l thng t vi ba mt n
by tm mt, thm ch trn mt s sng sui nh bin l c th ln hn 10 mt. Do
c a hnh dc, ma tp trung nn l trn cc sng sui c tc dng chy l kh
ln, t 2,0 - 4,0 m/s. L ln, xung cng kh nhanh, cng sut l t t 0,20 - 0,50
m/gi i vi cc sng sui c din tch LV nh hn 1000 km2; t 0,10 0,30 m/gi
i vi cc sng ln hn; cng sut l ln ln nht c th t 1,50 1,80 m/gi.
Thi gian mi trn l ph thuc vo tnh cht ma, hnh thi LV v che ph
ca thm thc vt trn LV. Hu ht cc sng, sui nh v c thm ph km c thi
gian mt trn l ch ko di vi ba ngy. Nhng sng sui ln v nhng sng sui c
s che ch tt ca rng u ngun th thi gian trn l ko di hn, thng t 4 5
ngy n hn 10 ngy. Trong cung m t t ma sinh lu, trn sng Krng Ana lu
thng ch m hn trn sng Krng Kn 2 5 ngay (do d c long sng cua sng
Krng Ana nho hn sng Krng Kn va LV co tac du ng i u ti t t t hn). Thng
thng, nhng trn ma sinh l thng l ma ln trn din rng, a hnh li dc nn
thi gian tp trung l kh nhanh, lng dng chy ln. Thi im xut hin nh l
thng mun hn t 3 n 6 gi k t khi ma ln nht xy ra i vi cc sng sui
c din tch LV t 500 km2 tr xung v t 6 12 gi i vi cc sng c din tch
LV ln hn 500 km2. Moduyn nh l ln nht trn cc sng sui LV mc trung
bnh so vi c nc, ph bin t t 0,50 - 1,50 m3/s.km2. Trn l nm 1999 trn cc
sng k Nng v k RTih c moduyn nh l Mmax = 0,80 1,00 m3/s.km2; trn l
trn sng Krng Kn nm 2000, c Mmax = 1,40 m3/s.km2.
Bng 3.8. Cc tham s thng k Qmax ti cc trm thu vn trn sng Srpk
Trm thu vn Sng S nm Qo max CV CS
thng k (m3/s)
c Xuyn Krng Kn 32 1055 0,65 1,95
Giang Sn Krng Ana 33 538 0,80 2,00
Cu 14 Srpk 33 1116 0,80 3,20
Bun n Srpk 33 1652 0,49 1,47
Ngun: [1]
So vi cc khu vc khc ca nc ta th cng ma sinh l LVS Srpk
xp vo nhm trung bnh, ph bin t 20 30 mm/h, mt s trn ma tp trung c th
t t 50 70 mm/h. Lng ma mt ngy ln nht trn mi LVS trong mt trn l
ph bin t 50 150 mm. Tuy nhin, trong mt s nm, LV cng xut hin
nhng trn ma c lng ma c bit ln, t trn 200 mm trong vng t 6 n 24
gi. Hu ht nhng trn ma rt ln ny u sinh l ln hoc l qut, st l t v
li hu qu nghim trng. in hnh nh cc trn ma vi lng ma t 150 250

80
mm (ti Ea Hleo ln n 516 mm l xy ra nm 2007, 2012) sinh ra l ln trn LV.
Ma l chnh v trn LVS Srpk thng trng vi ma c cc nhiu ng
mnh nh bo, p thp nhit i hot ng trn bin ng hoc b vo vng b
bin t Trung Trung b n Nam Trung b, kt hp vi gi ma Ty Nam hot ng
mnh trong thi k thng VIII, thng IX v khng kh lnh tng cng trong thi k
thng X, thng XI. Phn nhiu nhng cn bo, p thp nhit i ny to nn di hi t
c trc i ngang qua Trung b. Do phn ln Ty Nguyn nm pha Nam di hi t
ny nn ma l thng xut hin. c bit nu bo hoc p thp b vo vng b
bin t Bnh nh n Nha Trang thng gy ma l ln trn LVS Srpk.
Hng nm, LVS thng b ng lt t thng IX - XI, nhng vng ngp nng l
vng Lk Bun Trp, Krng Bk h thuc h lu sng Srpk tnh k Lk, vng
Ea Sp, Ea Hleo thuc cc nhnh ph pha Ty LVS Srpk tnh k Lk.
Nhng nm gn y, chu tc ng ca BKH, bin trnh ma LVS Srpk
cng c nhng thay i nht nh. Theo , s trn ma c cng v lng ln trn
50 mm c xu th tng ln (Ti Bun Ma Thut, thi gian t 1958 1968 (10 nm) c
43 trn, nhng t 2000 2009 (10 nm) c 63 trn [35]. Kt hp vi tc ng ca suy
gim din tch rng cng nhiu hot ng KT-XH khc khin cho dng chy l trn
cc sng sui tr nn hung d hn, c mc tn ph khc lit hn.
c. Dng chy kit
LVS Srpk c ma kit ko di t thng XI, XII VII, VIII nm sau. Moduyn
dng chy kit trung bnh 14,06 l/s.km2, lu l ng trung binh 256,27 m3/s, t ng l ng
dong chay mua ki t 4,69 ty m3, chi m 31,94% t ng l ng dong chay nm. Phn b
dng chy kit c s biu th c trng v yu t a hnh, dng chy ln vng h
lu thp, vng ni ma nhiu v c thm thc vt tt; dng chy km ni ma t, a
hnh dc (xem hnh 3.3). Ti trm Bun n trn dng chnh sng Srpk moduyn
dng chy thng nh nht ch t 2,5 l/s.km2, vng ma nhiu trn sng Krng Kn ti
c Xuyn l 4,48 l/s.km2.
Trn nhanh sng Krng Ana ta i Giang Sn, mua ki t keo dai t thang I - VIII
vi lu l ng trung binh 38,71 m3/s, t ng l ng dong chay 0,81 ty m3, chi m 34,5%
t ng l ng dong chay nm. Trn nhanh sng Krng Bk quan tr c nhi u nm cho th y
mua ki t keo dai t thang XII - VIII vi lu l ng trung binh 3,59 m3/s, t ng l ng
dong chay chi m 24,76 % t ng l ng dong chay nm.

81
 Bng 3.9. c trng dng chy mua kit trung bnh nhiu nm LVS Srpk
S nm Qma kit Wma kit Mma kit % so vi
Trm thy vn
thng k (m3/s) (x 109m3) (l/s.km2) c nm
c Xuyn 35 (1977-2012) 61,31 1,29 19,91 39,55
Giang Sn 34 (1976-2012) 38,71 0,81 12,17 34,5
C u 14 35 (1977-2012) 124,97 2,29 14,41 30,35
Bun n 34 (1976-2012) 144,07 2,63 13,46 30,56
Bng 3.10. c trng dng chy trung bnh nhiu nm LVS Srpk
Dng chy Wo % theo ma Tng lng Lu lng Moduyn
theo ma (t m3) nc (t m3) dng chy (m3/s) (l/s.km2)
Dng chy l 68,06 10,00 756,56 41,50
14,70
Dng chy kit 31,94 4,69 256,27 14,06
Ngun: [33]
3.1.2.3. nh gi cht lng nc mt
Cht lng nc mt c nh gi theo Quy chun k thut quc gia
v cht lng nc mt QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT (PLB 3.4) v Quy chun nc
cho n ung QCVN 01:2009/BYT (PLB 3.2), nc cho sinh hot QCVN
02:2009/BYT (PLB 3.3) xem xt kh nng s dng cho cc mc ch khc nhau.
a. Dng chy bn ct
Kt qu nghin cu, tnh ton cho thy, trn LVS vng c lng c () nh
hn 50 g/m3 phn b cc vng ni cao thuc dy Trng Sn, vng c c ()
nh hn 100 g/m3 phn b vng cao nguyn.
Xt mi quan h cc yu t mt m vi lng c v mc xm thc b
mt cc LVS trong vng nghin cu cho thy:
- Quan h gia mt li sng (D - km/km2) v mc xm thc b mt
LVS cho thy vi din tch LV t 3000 km2 tr ln c c trng l quan h t l thun
vi lng c, khi din tch LV tng lng c tng.
Theo nghin cu trn phm vi LV thuc dng chnh Srpk c tc thm t
0,86 - 14,4 mm/h. Kh nng thm nc ca th nhng ln kt hp vi t l rng cn
nhiu lm gim moduyn nh l, cng sut l, mc tp trung dng chy l,
l nhng nguyn nhn lm cho mc xm thc b mt LV nh.
Bng 3.11. c trung bnh nhiu nm LVS Srpk (g/m3)
Trm I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII TB nm
Giang Sn 106 49,9 54,5 87,4 160,6 192 123,7 111,9 97,8 104,5 119,2 133 111,7
Cu 42 32,6 27,4 27,2 202,4 408,0 195,6 170,4 125,7 157,1 117,7 94,2 46,4 133,7
Bun n 41,1 27,8 26,4 40 130,3 122 89,9 118,8 128,5 97 77,9 60,8 80
Cu 14 40,1 33,1 31,8 31,4 70,8 95,8 87 84,7 85,6 50,1 61,8 100,4 64,4
c Xuyn 25,6 27 16,7 17,4 38,4 77,4 56,4 120,7 100,3 65,8 49,1 44,3 53,3
Qua bng s liu cho thy, lng c trung bnh nm trn LVS Srpk t
82
khong 80 - 120 g/m3. c trung bnh thng trong cc thng ma l (vo VIII, IX)
u ln hn 100 g/m3 v nh hn 50 g/m3 trong cc thng I IV; lng c biu
hin h s xm thc dao ng t 69.7 n 172.2 tn/km2.nm.
b. Cht lng nc mt
Kt qu nghin cu cht lng nc mt c th th trn bn cht lng
nc mt (xem hnh 3.4) v PLB 3.6, a im v thi gian ly mu ti PLB 3.7, 3.8, cho
thy: Nc sng Srpk thuc loi hnh bicacbonat clorua canxi magie, mang tnh kim
nh vi pH dao ng trong khong 7,26 7,62, trung bnh 7,31. Hm lng cc
nguyn t ha hc trong nc trn cc nhnh sng Srpk nhn chung thp. TDS bin i
khng u theo thi gian v khng ng nht trong khng gian, c xu hng tng dn t
thng lu v h lu. Gi tr TDS dao ng trong khong t 40 301 mg/l. Hm lng
canxi v magie kh cao, canxi c gi tr 0,4 10,02 mg/l (trung bnh l 7,24 mg/l), magie
c gi tr 0,24 12,16 mg/l (trung bnh 6,58 mg/l). cng bin i t 0,14 9,8 mgl/l,
trung bnh 6,15 mgl/l. Vo ma ma nc c cng cao hn ma kh.
Ch tiu DO ca cc mu nc thay i t 3,85 mg/l n 4,39 mg/l nm 2012
v t 4,19 mg/l n 6,84 mg/l nm 2013. Mu nc mt sui Ea Hleo (TN18) v
nc sng ti cu Srpk (TN27) u t quy chun cho ngun B2, trong khi cc mu
nc sng Krng Bk (TN20) v mu nc sng ti Bun n (TN21) c hm lng
oxy ha tan cao hn, t tiu chun ngun B1 dng cho ti tiu thy li. Cc mu
S14, S15, S17, S19 c oxy ha tan gi tr ln hn 6 mgl/l (t quy chun cho ngun
A1) nn s dng tt cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot v cc mc ch khc.
Trong s cc nguyn t th cht dinh dng, nng ion NH4+ ca cc mu
nc dao ng trong khong rng. Mu nc sui Ea Hleo (TN18), nc sng ti
Bun n (TN21) v h Lk (TN25) c ch tiu NH4+ rt cao, ln lt l 0,53 mg/l;
0,54 mg/l v 0,61 mg/l, vt gii hn ngun B1 nc phc v cho mc ch ti tiu
thy li v cc hot ng giao thng thy.
Nguyn nhn lm suy gim cht lng ngun nc sui Ea Hleo (S14) l do
c nh my sn xut bt m Thnh V nm gn , nh my bt u i vo hot ng
t nm 2006 n nay. Ngun nc thi t nh my qua h thng x l cha m bo
tiu chun, c x thng vo sui Ea Hleo gy nhim MT nc mt, e da ngun
nc sinh hot ca ngi dn.
Nc sng ti Bun n b nhim amoni vi hm lng ion NH4+ gp 5 ln
gii hn i vi ngun A1 l do cc hot ng dn sinh, c th l t cc hot ng du
lch, dch v.
Nng nitrat cng c s khc bit ln trong cc mu nc thu c trn LV,
83
thp nht ti cu Srpk t 0,34 mg/l, cao nht ti h Lk (S38) t 3,1 mg/l. Nng
nitrat trong mu nc sng Krng Bk (S18) t 2,67 mg/l, mu nc h bnh vin Ea
Kar (S19) t 2,39 mg/l cng tng i cao so vi cc khu vc khc nhng vn nm
trong gi tr gii hn ca ngun A2.
Nng st trong cc mu nc sng thay i theo tng v tr ly mu, cao nht
trong mu nc sng ti cu Giang Sn, sng Krng Ana (S39) t 1,83 mg/l, SiO2 trong
nc c ngun gc t hot ng phong ha v ra tri cc trm tch ht th giu Silic.
Cc ch tiu phn tch nng cc ion vi lng ca cc mu nc u rt thp,
hon ton t tiu chun lm ngun cung cp nc sinh hot.
Kt qu phn tch mu nc cho thy: nhn chung c cht lng tt, nhim
cc cht hu c ch c tnh cc b ti mt s vng nht nh; hm lng st trong mu
ch bng 1/10 nng gii hn; cc ion vi lng cng c nng rt thp t tiu
chun cp nc sinh hot thng qua x l.
H Lk l h nc ngt TN ln nht Ty Nguyn, y l ni du lch sinh thi
thu ht nhiu khch trong v ngoi nc, bn cnh h cn l ni sinh sng ca
nhiu loi tm, cua, c, l ngun li thy sn ln cho ngi dn trong vng. Tuy
nhin, s pht trin ca cc hot ng du lch trong khu vc ang c nh hng xu
n cht lng nc h. Kt qu phn tch mu nc cho thy COD v BOD 5 trong
nc h kh cao. Nng COD tuy vn c th s dng cho mc ch sinh hot song
gi tr xp x vi gi tr gii hn l 10 mg/l. Ch tiu BOD5 nhiu mu phn tch c kt
qu ln hn 4 mg/l nhiu ln (cc mu: S22 x Nhn C, huyn k Rlp, k
Nng; S37 am Rng Lm ng; S38 h Lk. S39 sng Krng Ana, x Ea
Trul, huyn Krng Bng) vt qu gii hn cho php ca nc sinh hot, t cho
thy c du hiu nhim cht hu c trong nc, ch tiu NH 4+ vt qu 0,6 mg/l v
ch t tiu chun ngun B2. Tng photpho c ni ln gp 6 ln gi tr gii hn ca
ngun B2 (0,5 mg/l). Tng t, hm lng st trong nc cng vt qu tiu chun
cho php (TCCP) i vi ngun B2. Nng DO thp tc ng xu n cc sinh vt thy
sinh v ng vt sng trong nc. Cc ion vi lng vn nm trong gii hn cho php.
3.1.3. nh gi ti nguyn nc di t
3.1.3.1. nh gi s lng nc
Nc di t (ND) trn LVS Srpk c biu th bng hai gi tr l tr
lng tnh TN v ng TN.

84
 a. Tr lng tnh t nhin
Ngun tr lng tnh TN LVS Srpk c hnh thnh ch yu trong cc i
nt n, hang hc ca thnh to bazan, cc thnh to lc nguyn v cc xm nhp.
i nt n v hang hc ca cc thnh to bazan c chiu dy ln nn chng c khi
lng tr lng tnh ng k, cn trong cc thnh to khc, mt phn do nghin cu
cha y , mt phn chiu dy i phong ha nt n mng, khng c kh nng tch
cha nc nn cng t c gi tr khai thc s dng. V vy, ch tnh tr lng tnh cho
cc tng cha nc trong bazan ca vng. Theo chuyn kho Nc di t khu vc
Ty Nguyn ca Cc a cht v Khong sn, xut bn nm 1999, tr lng tnh TN
ca vng nghin cu nh sau:
Bng 3.12. Tr lng tnh t nhin mt s vng nghin cu LVS Srpk
Lng nc tnh Tr lng nc tnh
Vng lnh th
(Vttn), 106m3 (Qttn), 106 m3/nm
Cao nguyn Bun Ma Thut 25.000 201,59
Cao nguyn Mrk 214 7,93
Cao nguyn k Nng 3.506 129,85
Vng trng Krng Pk Lk 202,40 7,49
ng bng bc mn Ea Sp 5.998 222,13
Ton LV 34.706 561,06
Ngun: (dn theo [33])
b. Tr lng ng t nhin
Tr lng ng t nhin LVS Srpk c tin hnh bng phng php thy
vn [18]. Do a hnh ni cao, LV c nh phn thy r rng, nn dng chy (dng mt
v dng ngm) LVS Srpk hon ton do nc ma to ra. Vo ma ma lng
ma phn ln to ra dng chy trn mt, mt phn bc hi v mt phn ngm xung
to ra dng ngm. Vo ma kh hu nh khng c ma, dng chy trn mt hon ton
c hnh thnh do dng ngm cung cp. Chnh lng dng ngm ny hnh thnh nn
phn tr lng ng TN ca ND lu vc sng Srpk (xem hnh 3.5). xc nh
lng dng ngm cn s dng nhng s o trc tip v tnh ton dng chy ma kit
l c trng cho dng ngm y.
Bng 3.13. Moduyn v lu lng dng ngm trn dng chnh sng Srpk
TT Theo v tr tnh ton
Din tch
LV (km2) Moduyn dng ngm (l/s/km2) Lu lng dng ngm (l/s)
1 2.600 2,25 5.984,3
2 4.000 2,75 11.039,4
3 1.500 3,75 5.718
4 1.100 4,25 4.875
5 960 4,75 4.584

85
 TT Theo v tr tnh ton
Din tch
LV (km ) Moduyn dng ngm (l/s/km2) Lu lng dng ngm (l/s)
2

6 410 5,75 2.384

7 2.000 3,25 6.673
8 79 6,50 513
9 205 6,25 1.370
10 680 5,25 3.611
11 5.000 2,00 9.998
Ton lu vc 18.264 56750
Ngun: [15], [16]
Tuy nhin, trn cc kiu a hnh li c s khc nhau: Cao nguyn Pleiku:
1.124.050 m3/ng; Cao nguyn Bun Ma Thut: 920.676 m3/ng; Trng Krng Pch
Lk: 257.814 m3/ng; Bn bnh nguyn Ea Sp: 1.780.000 m3/ng; Cao nguyn k
Nng: 258.671 m3/ng (dn theo [108]).
Nh vy, vi tr lng tnh TN (561,06 x 106 m3/nm) v tr lng ng TN
(2.071,09 x 106m3/nm tng ng vi 5.674.218,91 m3/ngy), hnh thnh nn tim
nng ND ca LVS Srpk kh di do.
Tuy nhin, mc nc ngm phn b su kh khai thc v ang c s suy gim
nghim trng, theo on a cht 704 ti k Lk nm 1997 tr lng nc ngm l
120,9 x 109 m3, nhng n nay ch cn khong 30 - 35%. Mt s vng nh huyn
Krng Pch, Lk, Krng Bk v vng pha ng Bun Ma Thut mc nc ngm
tim nng khng cn nhiu nh 10 nm trc. in hnh nh vng Krng Pch,
Lknm 2004 c th khai thc ti a 0,4 - 0,6 triu m3/ngy, th nay ch cn cha
y 400 nghn m3/ngy. Cn theo bo co kho st ca B Ti Nguyn v Mi trng
th mc nc ngm ti cc khu vc nh: huyn Krng Pch, Krng Bk, Lk, k
Min, k Song, C Jt, Ch S... ang ng trc tnh trng suy gim nghim trng,
gim t 3 5 m so vi trc y (dn theo [104]).
3.1.3.2. nh gi cht lng nc di t
ND LVS Srpk l mt trong nhng dng ti nguyn qu gi khng th
thiu trong qu trnh pht trin KT-XH ca vng. ND v ang c khai thc
khp ni trn ton vng, c bit nhng nm gn y, do nhu cu pht trin mnh m
din tch cy CN cng nh s bng n v dn s trong vng, vic khai thc v s dng
ND ngy cng tng. Chnh v khai thc nhiu nhng khng c quy hoch v qun l
cht ch ca cc c quan chc nng nn nhiu ni trong vng ND c biu hin suy
thoi c v s lng v cht lng.
ND c s dng vi nhiu mc ch khc nhau, mi mc ch c yu cu

86
cht lng nc khc nhau. Trong thc t hin nay ND thng n nh v cht
lng, t b nhim bn hn so vi nc mt nn thng c s dng cho mc ch
chnh l phc v n ung v sinh hot i vi nc nht, hoc phc v an dng, cha
bnh, khai thc lm ngun nng lng i vi nc khong, nc nng. Cht lng
nc s dng cho n ung sinh hot phi m bo nhng ch tiu quy nh ca Nh
nc v nhiu mt nh tnh cht vt l ( trong, mu, mi), thnh phn ha hc
trong quan tm nhiu n hm lng cc nguyn t c hi (As, Hg, Cu, Pb, Zn),
thnh phn vi khun, thnh phn cc vt cht hu c, mt s hp cht ca nit, hm lng
st, pH v TDS ha. V yu cu ny, cht lng nc ca vng nghin cu c nh
gi t theo tiu chun ca B Y t ban hnh cho nc dng n ung v sinh hot.
Trn LVS Srpk vn nhim ngun nc trc y cha c quan tm
ng mc, cc cng trnh nghin cu ch tp trung phn tch cc ion c bn trong
nc. Nhng gn y, cc ch tiu nh gi nhim bn ca ND mi bt u c ch
, do s liu phn tch cha nhiu v cha ng b, iu ny gy kh khn cho vic
nh gi nhim bn v s bin i cht lng ca ngun nc trong vng.
Tiu chun nh gi cht lng NDD c p dng theo Quy chun k thut
quc gia v cht lng nc di t - QCVN 09:2015-MT/BTNMT (xem PLB 3.5).
Nc ngm trong Quy chun ny l nc nm trong cc lp t, di mt t.
Cn c vo ti liu ca cc cng trnh nghin cu nh gi v cht lng nc
thc hin LVS Srpk (ti liu [15], [16]) v s liu phn tch thnh phn cht
lng ca cc tng cha nc [33] v bn cht lng nc di t (xem hnh 3.6)
c th thy c im ND ca LVS Srpk:
- Hm lng tng khong ha (M): Da theo tng khong ha ca nc c
th chia thnh 4 loi nc nh sau:
+ Nc siu nht: M < 0,5 g/l;
+ Nc nht: 0,5 < M < 1 g/l;
+ Nc l: 1 < M < 3 g/l;
+ Nc mn: M > 3 g/l.
T kt qu phn tch cc mu nc cho thy: tng khong ha ca ND lu
vc sng Srpk nhn chung l thp, hu ht nh hn 0.5 g/l thuc nc siu nht, mt
s ni nc thuc loi nht c tng khong ha bin i t 0.5 n nh hn 1 g/l. c
bit mt s ni nc thuc loi l vi khong ha ln hn 1 g/l, gy kh khn cho
ngi s dng nc.

87
 Vng c tng khong ha M < 1 g/l hu ht l nc trong cc tng cha nc
trm tch T khng phn chia (Q2); nc khe nt - l hng trong bazan tui Q1, v
tui N2 - Q1 v, nc trong trm tch Neogen (N). Nhn chung nc c M thay i t
0,09 n < 1 g/l thuc loi nc siu nht n nht, thng gp nc nht, y l mt
thun li ln cho khu vc trong vic s dng nc trong n ung sinh hot v sn xut
hng ngy. Nhng im c tng khong ha M > 1 g/l khng nhiu, thng xut hin
di dng im, im nc khong k Mil c tng khong ha M > 1 g/l.
Theo quy nh ca B Y t i vi nc dng n ung v sinh hot phi c
tng khong ha nh hn 1 g/l [PLB 3.2, 3.3].
- pH: ND vng nghin cu c gi tr pH bin i t 5,3 - 8,5, ph bin
nm trong TCCP (6.5 - 8.5). Tuy nhin, mt vi ni nc th hin tnh axt vi gi
tr pH < 6,5.
- Cc hp cht Nit: ND LV c hm lng NO2-, NH4+ v NO3- nh so vi
TCCP. Hm lng NO3- tnh theo Nit dao ng t 0,01 mg/l n 13,8 mg/l. Hm
lng NO2- tnh theo N dao ng trong khong ln t 0,008 mg/l n 0,001 mg/l. Hm
lng NH4+ tnh theo N dao ng t <0,001 mg/l n 0,03 mg/l. C th ni, hm
lng cc hp cht nit trong ND LVS Srpk hin cha nh hng n cht
lng ca ngun nc phc v cp nc cho n ung v sinh hot.
- Hm lng st tng (Fe): Hu ht cc mu nc ngm trong khu vc nghin
cu u c hm lng Fe thp hn TCCP, dao ng t 0,06 mg/l n 0,93 mg/l.
Nhng vng c hm lng st tng > 0,3 mg/l nm trn a bn huyn Ea Kar v
Krng Kmar vi din tch nh; ti tnh k Nng phn b trn hu ht din tch huyn
k Mil, Krng Kn v TX. Gia Ngha.
Mt s mu nc ging o khu vc Krng Bng c hm lng st ln hn
0,3 mg/l. Nh vy, hm lng Fe trong ND y hu ht c th p ng c tiu
chun nc dng trong n ung, ch tr nhng im k trn.
Vng c hm lng st tng 0,3 mg/l tha mn iu kin n ung, sinh hot
theo tiu chun ca B Y t. Trong vng nghin cu, hu ht cc mu nc u c
hm lng st < 0,3 mg/l phn b hu khp tnh k Lk, ch tr mt din tch rt
nh huyn Ea Kar v Krng Kmar v khong 1/4 din tch pha ng Nam huyn
Lc Dng tnh Lm ng.
- Cc nguyn t vi lng: Cc ion kim loi tn ti trong ND vi hm lng
thng khng ln nn c gi l cc vi nguyn t vi lng, hm lng ca chng

88
trong nc rt quan trng, nu qu nh hoc qu ln u nh hng n sc khe ca
ngi dng nc. Kt qu quan trc cc ch tiu vi lng trong ND vng nghin
cu do mng quan trc quc gia c s liu t nm 2001 - 2009 v do ti [33] thc
hin cho thy hu ht hm lng ca 13 nguyn t vi lng ph bin (Cu, Pb, Cd, As,
Mn, Ba, Zn, Cr, Se, Hg, Ni, I v F) u nm trong TCCP ca B Y t.
- Cc hp cht hu c: Trong ND, ngoi cc ion v c ho tan cn c hng
lot cc cht hu c m ngun gc ca n l do s ra tri cc cht mn trong lp th
nhng, trong nc thi CN, NN v nc thi sinh hot... Khi cht hu c tn ti
trong nc khng nhng s gy nh hng rt xu n cht lng nc, m cn l MT
thun li cho cc vi khun c hi pht trin.
biu th lng cht hu c tn ti trong ND, ngi ta s dng ch tiu nhu
cu xy ha hc (COD). y l lng xy cn thit cho qu trnh xy ha hc ht cc
cht hu c trong nc thnh CO2 v nc bng cht xy ha mnh, gi tr cho php
ca COD trong ND theo B Y t l bng 2 mg/l i vi nc n ung trc tip.
Theo cc kt qu phn tch thy: hu ht hm lng COD trong nc vng
nghin cu u nm trong TCCP, bin i t 0,6 n 11,2 mg/l. Mt s mu c hm
lng COD vt TCCP t 2 n 5 ln TCCP ca B Y t nn nhng vng ny v
ang b nhim bn bi cc hp cht hu c. iu tra thc a cho thy, hu ht cc
mu nhim bn thng rt gn ni canh tc NN, hoc gn chung tri chn nui ca
cc h gia nh. Do , nc thi t chung tri chn nui v nc ti trong NN
ngm xung lm nh hng n cht lng ca ND.
+ Vng c hm lng COD 2 mg: phn b trn phn ln din tch k Lk ch
tr huyn Ea Hleo v mt din tch nh ca Tp. Bun Ma Thut, huyn Bun n,
huyn Krng Kn, huyn Krng Kmar. k Nng trn phn ln din tch ca tnh, ch
tr mt din tch rt nh pha ng Bc ca huyn k Rung.
Nh vy, cc khu vc ND c hm lng COD vt TCCP c din tch tng
i ln. iu ny l do cc cng trnh khai thc nc c ly mu nghin cu
trong ti hu ht l ca cc h gia nh nng thn.
+ Vng c hm lng COD < 2 mg/l: phn b phn ln din tch huyn Ch
Prng, c C, Ea Hleo v mt din tch nh ca Tp. Bun Ma Thut, huyn Bun
n, Krng Kn, Krng Kmar.
- Cc vi sinh vt: Theo kt qu phn tch ca cc phng n thm d, tm kim
ND cho cc th v cm dn c trong vng cho thy, mt vi ni, ND c hm
lng cc vi sinh vt nh Coliform v Ecoli vt TCCP.
89
 Nhn chung, ND ca LVS Srpk c cht lng tt, hu khp LV u p
ng c cho n ung v sinh hot. Tuy nhin, mt s ni nc c hm lng st
cao hn TCCP, mt vi ni c biu hin nhim bn cc hp cht hu c v cc vi sinh
vt, nhng ni ny thng nh hng bi nc thi sinh hot, sn xut. Ngoi ra, do
cu trc a cht lm cho mt s ni trong vng ND c tng khong ha cao
hn TCCP, nhng ni ny thng gp nhiu kh khn trong vic dng nc.
Qua iu tra, kho st thc a cho thy: hu ht cc cng trnh khai thc ND
vng nghin cu cha c i phng h v sinh, nhiu ni cng trnh khai thc nc
nm gn khu chn nui hoc nm khu t trng gn ni thi ca nc sinh hot v
sn xut. Do , cc c quan chc nng ca a phng cn khuyn co ngi dn xy
dng i phng h ng quy nh cho cc cng trnh khai thc nc ca mnh nhm
gim thiu s xm nhp ca cc cht bn t trn mt t vo tng cha nc.
Bng 3.14. Tng hp cc loi ti nguyn nc lu vc sng Srpk
Din tch Tng lng ma trung Tng lng dng mt trung Tng lng dng
(km2) bnh nm (106m3/nm) bnh nm (106m3/nm) ngm (106m3/nm)
18.264 32.3 14.7 2.071,09
3.2. nh gi tc ng xuyn bin gii lu vc sng Srpk pha h lu
Campuchia
LVS Srpk phn thuc Vit Nam l thng du, v vy khi c cc hot ng khai
thc nc hoc iu tit dng chy s trc tip nh hng ti phn h du Campuchia.
m bo mi quan h v tnh bn vng trong khai thc v s dng nc cho pht trin
KT-XH ca 2 nc cn phi xem xt n cc yu cu ny. Kt qu nh gi cho thy:
3.2.1. Thay i ch dng chy trong sng
Vi trn 7 h cha ln ca h thng sng Srpk, cc h c Xuyn c dung
tch hu ch Whi = 463,10.106 m3, h Bun Tua Srah dung tch Whi = 504,24.106 m3,
h Ch Bng Krng dung tch Whi = 243,67.106 m3, c tc ng n dng chy ca
sng, ba h ny hot ng theo ch iu tit nhiu nm v nm (xem bng 3.15).
Tng dung tch hu ch ca 7 h Whi = 1283,45.106 m3, c tc dng c
bit l iu ho dng chy ma kit. Cc h Bun Kup, Dray HLing, Srpk 3,
Srpk 4 c dung tch kh nh, hu nh ch hot ng theo ch dng chy c
iu tit ca cc h trn. Kt qu iu tit dng chy ma l sau cng trnh c Xuyn
gim i 47 %, ma kit tng ln khong 2,8 ln. i vi h Bun Tua Srah, ma l
dng chy gim 20 %, ma kit tng 1,7 ln. i vi h Ch Png Krng, ma l
gim 3 %, ma kit tng 1,1 ln. Nh vy, sau khi iu tit 3 bc thang h cha trn

90
dng chy h du cng trnh c nhng thay i ng k, c gi tr trong iu tit l
v tng lu lng cho ma kit.
Bng 3.15. Dung tch cc h cha v h s iu tit cc h
V hu ch H s Q Tb C nm Q max Q m bo Ch
H
(106m3) iu tit m3/s m3/s m3/s iu tit
Srpk 4 25,24 0,24 -0,25 273,0 282,0 52,3 Ngy m
c Xuyn 463,10 0,7 - 0,76 38,2 93,0 26,7 Nhiu nm
Bun Tua Srah 504,24 0,4 - 0,5 102,0 235,0 55,4 Nm
Ch Png Krng 243,67 0,27 - 0,39 134,0 120,0 43,0 Nm
Bun Kup 14,98 0,20 -0,25 218,0 197,0 35,3 Ngy m
ray HLinh 1,53 0,22 - 0,25 241,0 191,0 44,7 Ngy m
Srpk 3 30,69 0,24 -0,25 250,0 257,0 48,3 Ngy m
Ngun: [33]
3.2.2. Thay i ch dng chy nm
Cc h trn cng mt dng sng nh hng ln nhau theo chiu dng chy,
theo tc ng tch lu v d nhn thy nht l iu tit ch dng chy.
- Vi dng chy n tr s trung bnh thay i nh i nhng khng ln, khi ch
c h c Xuyn Srpk 4, Qtb = 263,6 m3/s, nhng khi c h thng 7 h, Qtb =
254,1m3/s (gim 3,6 % gi tr).
- Vi dng chy l Qmax tng ln, khi ch c h c xuyn Srpk 4 vi Qmax
= 369 m3/s, nhng khi c h thng 7 h th Qmax = 553 m3/s, tng ln 1,5 ln, cho thy
kh nng c th tn dng dng chy ma l cho pht in, v ct l iu tit h cha.
- Vi dng chy kit c s tng ln. Khi ch c h c xuyn - Srpk 4 th Qmin =
71,4 m3/s, nhng khi c h thng 7 h th Qmin = 118,0 m3/s, tng 1,65 ln.
3.2.3. nh gi s dao ng mc nc gy st l b sng
Khu vc h lu sng Srpk c cu to phc tp, ph thuc vo tng nhnh
sng, on sng. V d on sng sau cng trnh thy in Bun Kup a hnh kh
dc v c nhiu thc ln (thc Gia Long, Trinh n, Krong Nur), nhng khng xi l,
trong khi on sng sau p Bun Tua Srah, Krng Bk H th a hnh t dc, kh
bng phng, cu to a cht li d b xi l.
Do cc hot ng iu tit pht in, ti v do phn ln lng bn ct trong sng
b lng ng trong cc h cha thng lu nn cc on sng h lu pha Campuchia c
lng bn ct thp. Theo nghin cu v kho st ca Peter Swift th dc h lu Srpk c
ti 29 vc nc su ng k, nh vc Anlong Srpk su 25 m, Anlong Phtel ch su
nht ti 45 m v di 500 m, cn vc su Anlong Koki su 34 m v di ti 3 km... [33].

91
 Nhng vc nc su ny s b bi lp ng k khi cc cng trnh thng lu
hot ng cng vi cc hot ng khai thc rng, pht trin nng nghip, xy dng h
tng cc s khu vc h lu.
Nh vy, vic xy dng cc h p phn thng lu Srpk c nh hng tch
cc trong iu tit l, gim nh l, tng dng chy trong ma kit cho phn h lu thuc
Campuchia, qua gp phn lm tng TNN v ci thin MT. Tuy nhin, cn ch quy
trnh v lu lng x l khng gy l bt ng v lm xi l b sng vng sau p.
3.3. D tnh ti nguyn nc lu vc sng Srpk n 2020 c xt n bin i
kh hu
3.3.1. Kch bn bin i kh hu cho lu vc sng Srpk
KBBKH nc bin dng cho Vit Nam (2012) c B Ti nguyn v Mi
trng xy dng theo 3 mc kch bn pht thi khc nhau, pht thi cao (A2), pht thi
trung bnh (B2), pht thi thp (B1) [9]. Tuy nhin, vi iu kin KT-XH ca Ty
Nguyn ni chung v LVS Srpk ni ring, mc kch bn pht thi trung bnh (B2)
c quan tm v u tin s dng. Theo KBBKH xy dng cho Ty Nguyn, vi
mc pht thi trung bnh s lm tng nhit v lng ma trung bnh nm cc ma
Xun (X), h (H), thu (T) v ng () vo cc nm cui ca mi thp k trong th k
XXI c nhng c trng ring [33].
(1). Kch bn trung bnh v nhit
Theo Kch bn B2, nhit trung bnh nm vo nm 2020 ti cc tnh Gia Lai,
k Lk tng ln 0,5 0C, k Nng v Lm ng tng 0,4 0C so vi thi k 1980 -1999.
V c bn, mc tng nhit trong giai on ny l tng i cao Lm ng, n Gia
Lai, k Lk v thp nht k Nng. So vi mc tng ca nhit trung bnh nm:
- Mc tng nhit ma ng vo nm 2020 ch sai khc vi mc tng c nm
0,1 0C. ng ch l s sai khc ny l do mc tng nhit trung bnh ma ng
thp hn mc tng nhit trung bnh nm;
- Mc tng nhit trung bnh ma xun vo nm 2020 ch sai khc 0,1 0C. Sai
khc y ph bin do mc tng nhit ma xun thp hn mc tng nhit trung
bnh nm;
- Mc tng nhit trung bnh ma h vo nm 2020 sai khc n 0,2 0C vi
mc tng c nm. Nhng sai khc y ph bin do mc tng nhit trung bnh
ma h cao hn mc tng nhit trung bnh nm, r nht Lm ng, k Nng;
- Mc tng nhit trung bnh ma thu vo nm 2020 ch sai khc 0,1 0C

92
(Thng thng mc tng ca nhit trung bnh ma thu cao hn mc tng ca nhit
trung bnh nm).
Bng 3.16. Mc tng nhit trung bnh nm vo cc ma nm 2020 so vi thi
k 1980 1999 theo kch bn pht thi trung bnh (B2), (0C)
Phm vi LV Nm 2020
thuc tnh ng Xun H Thu Trung bnh nm
Gia Lai 0,5 0,5 0,6 0,5 0,5
k Lk 0,5 0,5 0,4 0,4 0,5
k Nng 0,5 0,4 0,6 0,5 0,4
Lm ng 0,4 0,4 0,5 0,4 0,4
Nh vy, mc tng nhit ma h, ma thu cao hn ma ng v ma xun,
thp hn mc tng ca nhit trung bnh nm.
(2). Kch bn trung bnh v lng ma
So vi thi k 1980 1999, mc tng lng ma nm vo nm 2020 ch khong
0,3 0,4 % cc tnh k Lk, k Nng, Lm ng v 0,9 % Gia Lai. Nhng mc
thay i ca lng ma cc ma rt khc nhau v khc vi mc thay i ca lng ma
nm. l mc gim ca lng ma trong ma kh ni chung, bao gm ma ng (t
thng XII II) v ma xun (t thng III V) v tng trong ma ma, bao gm ma h
(t thng VI VIII) v ma thu (t thng IX XI).
Bng 3.17. Mc thay i lng ma nm vo cc ma so vi thi k 1980 1999
theo kch bn pht thi trung bnh (B2), (%)
Nm 2020
Phm vi LV thuc tnh
Nm ng Xun H Thu
Gia Lai 0,9 -2,9 -2,0 0,6 2,7
k Lk 0,5 -3,0 -1,7 0,0 2,1
k Nng 0,3 -2,6 -2,5 0,6 2,0
Lm ng 0,4 -3,8 -1,8 0,3 1,7
Nh vy, mc gim ca lng ma ma ng (t 2,6 3,8 %) nhiu hn ma
xun (t 1,7 2,5 %) v mc tng lng ma ma thu nhiu hn (t 1,7 2,7 %) ma
h (0,3 0,6 %). V khng gian, ng ch l mc gim lng ma vng cao Lm
ng nhiu hn cc ni khc v ngc li, mc tng ca lng ma Lm ng
cng t hn cc ni khc.
T KBBKH (xem bng 3.16, 3.17) c th thy: Xu hng chung l nhit v
lng ma trung bnh nm u tng trn LVS Srpk. Tuy nhin, c s mu thun nhau:
- Nhit s tng t 0,4 - 0,5 0C vo nm 2020, nhng li tng cao vo ma h
(c th t 0,6 0C Gia Lai v k Nng). Thc t ny lm cho qu trnh bc hi
nc vo ma h cng mnh lit hn, lm tng nguy c hn hn;
93
 - Lng ma c xu hng tng t 0,3 0,9 % vo nm 2020, nhng phn b
rt khng ng u. Lng ma tng vo ma ma (c th t 2,7 %) gy tha nc,
hnh thnh v pht trin l lt, xi mn t mnh, nhng ma kh lng ma li gim
(c th gim n 3,8 %), tnh trng ny cng lm tng nguy c thiu nc v gy hn
hn trn din rng khi nhit tng cao.
Theo KBBKH 2012, Ty Nguyn lng ma tng nhiu nht (16,2 %) v
lng dng chy nm tng mnh. Ngc li, vo ma kh lng ma cng c xu
hng gim i 5 %, ng ngha vi lng dng chy kit s gim.
T kt qu tham chiu gia KBBKH 2012 c s dng trong lun n vi
KBBKH 2016 cho thy kt qu c mt vi im khc bit, trong lng ma tng
nhiu hn so vi Kch bn 2012, nhit cng tng cao hn nhng khng ng k
[PLB 3.9, 3.10]. Tuy nhin, v y l mc thay i trong chu k 20 nm ti (2016
2035), mt khc trong KBBKH 2016 cng nh ghi nhn gn y cho thy cng v
sau s tng ln ca nhit cng ln, bin i lng ma do cc hin tng thi tit
cc oan cng nhiu. V vy, t nay cho n 2020 s bin ng ca nhit v lng
ma s cha n mc ln; trong lun n vn dng KBBKH trung bnh B2 nn
khong bin i cn di v cn trn ca kch bn gn hn vi KBBKH 2016,
nn lun n vn dung KBBKH 2012 vn m bo c tnh khoa hc.
3.3.2. D tnh lng nc n lu vc sng Srpk nm 2020 theo kch bn bin
i kh hu B2
Lng dng chy trn LVS c xc nh da trn s liu ma, bc hi. D
bo n 2020 vi KBBKH B2 cho thy: gi tr lng ma v bc hi trn LV c
tnh da vo s liu trung bnh nhiu nm giai on 1980 - 1999.
S liu trung bnh nhiu nm giai on 1980 - 1999 tnh ton trong m hnh
c xc nh bng phng php nm in hnh. Vi mi trm ma, da vo chui s
liu giai on 1980 - 1999 xc nh c gi tr ma thng trung bnh nhiu nm v v
biu phn phi lng ma thng thu c trong giai on ny, gi l biu phn
phi nn. V biu phn phi lng ma thng ca tng nm trong giai on 1980
1999 v so snh vi biu phn phi nn. Chn nm in hnh l nm c dng biu
phn phi tng t vi biu nn v c tng lng ma nm gn nht vi tng
lng ma trung bnh nhiu nm giai on 1980 1999, da trn c s s liu trung
bnh nhiu nm (kch bn nn) v nm in hnh ti cc trm kh tng thy vn
thc hin thu phng theo cc t l phn trm tng gim lng ma trn cc TLV do
BKH theo kch bn B2 xc nh c lng ma, bc hi (xem bng 3.18).

94
 Bng 3.18. Lng ma, bc hi trn LVS Srpk 2020 vi Kch bn B2 (mm)
Trm Bun k k Bun Ma
Thng Lk Mrk
Yu t H Nng Mil Thut
Ma 0,5 0,9 1,0 0,6 0,0 18,2
1
Bc hi 91,78 108,40 100,98 170,11 126,27 73,98
Ma 0,6 62,2 20,7 0,0 1,2 32,6
2
Bc hi 117,56 113,53 117,34 178,76 121,22 88,73
Ma 1,0 44,4 32,5 45,5 6,4 8,7
3
Bc hi 162,74 125,41 140,99 216,33 136,45 127,85
Ma 153,8 133,0 12,8 16,7 36,6 66,7
4
Bc hi 152,62 120,86 119,42 181,61 122,51 133,56
Ma 139,3 253,7 228,4 294,3 214,4 251,4
5
Bc hi 126,25 70,50 87,95 113,90 101,81 119,42
Ma 164,2 368,3 166,6 217,1 216,7 133,3
6
Bc hi 91,69 54,05 79,07 74,37 87,78 142,88
Ma 176,8 394,5 228,4 302,5 227,3 218,0
7
Bc hi 80,07 51,46 73.44 68,24 82,50 150,49
Ma 173,3 339,4 328,0 224,3 330,7 112,1
8
Bc hi 69,28 45,47 69,23 63,03 78,68 148,58
Ma 264,5 479,5 379,2 385,1 288,4 184,3
9
Bc hi 60,94 43,55 55,00 52,58 71,47 89,36
Ma 286,5 217,9 302,5 266,2 359,4 324,6
10
Bc hi 58,53 52,11 52,02 70,96 80,73 58,14
Ma 105,3 185,7 51,1 128,7 225,1 589,7
11
Bc hi 58,51 73,72 58,42 94,40 108,55 50,90
Ma 9,3 2,2 0,0 2,5 0,2 70,3
12
Bc hi 67,81 97,69 71,78 125,26 120,51 62,39
Ma 1.475,1 2.481,7 1.751,2 1.883,6 1.906,4 2009.9
Tng
Bc hi 1.137,8 956,7 1.025,6 1.409,5 1.238,5 1.246,3
Theo KBBKH B2 cho LVS Srpk, lng ma nm 2020 so vi thi k 1980
1999 c mc tng khong 0,3 0,4 %. Nh vy, tng lng ma nm s tng t
32,3 t m3/nm ln khong t 32,3 32,4 t m3/nm, mc tng ny khng ln. Tuy
nhin, ng lu l c s khc bit gia cc ma, lng ma ma ma nm 2020 tng
khong 0,2 - 0,6 %, nh vy tng lng ma ma ma tng ln khong 1.498 1.501
mm (chim khong 85,8 % lng ma nm); trong khi lng ma ma kh gim
khong 2 % tng ng lng ma ch cn 240,7 mm (tng ng khong 14,2 % lng
ma nm).
T kt qu trn cho thy, lng ma gim vo ma kh s gia tng hn hn,
trong khi lng ma vo ma ma tng s pht trin l lt v xi mn t nhiu hn.

95
 Hnh 3.7. Biu phn phi lng ma thng nm nn v nm 2020 trm Bun H

Hnh 3.8. Biu phn phi lng ma thng nm nn v nm 2020 trm Bun n

- Dng chy mt cng c s bin ng theo bin ng ma, tng dng chy vo
ma ma, nhng gim mnh vo ma kh. Nguyn nhn l do mc tng dng chy c
nm khng ln, trong khi ma kh li gim lng ma v vi s tng ln ca nhit
trung bnh nm 2020 tng ln khong 0,5 0C so vi thi k 1980 1999. Vi c im
, ngun nc n vo nm 2020 trn phm vi LV c nhiu thay i.
xc nh dng chy n trn cc TLV nm 2020 cn phi thc hin tnh
dng chy n nm 2010 trn cc TLV bng m hnh NAM tnh t ma hin trng
nm 2010 (xem bng 3.19).
Dng chy nm 2020 trn cc TLV (xem bng 3.20) c xc nh da vo m
hnh NAM tnh ton theo s liu ma thu phng do BKH theo KBBKH B2.

96
 Bng 3.19. Dng chy n nm 2010 trn cc tiu lu vc (m3/s)
LV Krng Krng k k k Krng Krng H
Ea Lp Ea Sp
Thng Bk Bng Krng Kn RMang Pri Ana Pch Srpk
1 0.501,4 30.119 9.537 9.537 6.468,2 30.119 7.382,2 12.740,2 0 0
2 0.419,5 24.852 7.983,2 7.983,2 5.747 24.852 3.270,3 10.658,2 0 0
3 0.351,1 20.537 6.686,4 6.686,4 3.902 20.537 2.716,2 8.921,3 0 0
4 0.292 16.742 5.565 5.565,4 6.465 16.742 2.259 7.419,8 3.612 0.147,2
5 0.243 14.815 5.339,2 5.526,2 8.422,1 14.815 1.879,2 6.172,2 5.007,1 2.516,2
6 4.731,2 20.924 5.052 7.354 9.393 20.924 13.353 6.396,7 42.260,2 17.394,6
7 11.814 39.212 16.163 20.729,2 28.138 39.212 24.517 32.913,1 294.879 79.356,7
8 17.356,3 60.283 25.677 37.187,3 53.518 60.283 35.921 27.113,3 439.198,1 219.296
9 29.129 87.940 35.353 56.204 78.059 87.940 57.397,1 57.398,1 287.527 289.182,4
10 30.948 124.501 30.184,1 64.199,7 80.530,1 124.501 90.499,3 68.136,5 113.435 80.332
11 70.925 304.885 39.333,2 44.134,4 71.199 304.885 239.481 49.962,2 52.156,3 15.436,4
12 24.482 104.131 23.981 33.585 45.456,2 104.131 96.121 15.648,2 10.544 7.536
Tng 191,192 848.941 210.854 298.692 397.297 848.941 574.796,3 303.479,8 1.248.62 711.050

97
 Bng 3.20. Dng chy n nm 2020 vi KBBKH B2 trn cc tiu lu vc (m3/s)
LV Krng Krng k k k Krng Krng H
Ea Lp Ea Sp
Thng Bk Bng Krng Kn RMang Pri Ana Pch Srpk
1 0.053,1 13.181 9.537 9.537 10.439,2 37.020,2 4.691,2 12.695,3 0 0
2 0.044,4 10.994,3 7.959,9 7.959,9 8.552,6 31.300,6 3.781,9 10.589,6 0 0
3 0.037 9.174,1 6.646,3 6.646,3 6.168 25.810,6 3.155,7 8.836,3 0 0
4 0.030,8 7.630 5.531,2 5.989 8.572,9 21.053 2.624,6 7.349,1 3.440,1 0
5 0.781,2 8.303 6.605,7 9.088,3 15.116,4 22.315,5 5.175,6 6.113,4 4.710,5 1.586,6
6 1.445,8 6.639,5 9.638,5 27.335 36.143,1 26.153 3.977,5 10.544,1 42.731 13.759,5
7 4.757 9.515,4 16.671,5 40.999 53.979,2 58.167,1 11.241,8 27.565,4 294.563,3 76.533
8 8.963,2 8.146,1 32.603,5 62.946,1 94.548,1 84.856,3 17.795,6 48.160,8 438.854 213.868,1
9 25.016 14.652 41.089,5 87.619,5 127.519,2 149.693 45.660,8 82.025,2 287.924 292.435,1
10 36.879 30.734 66.370,6 86.530 151.617,4 215.214 79.341,6 82.169,6 113.094 80.158,6
11 19.644 46.175,4 61.276,8 59.147 119.335 199.732,4 91.154 37.657,4 120.118 53.038,2
12 8.728,4 20.292,1 38.593,4 44.331,4 81.458 72.396,7 32.098 16.849,9 67.419,5 29.402,8
Tng 106.379,9 185.437 302.524 448.129 713.449 943.712,4 300.698,3 350.556,1 1372.852,4 760.781,8

98
 Hnh 3.9. Biu phn phi lng bc hi ti trm Bun Ma Thut, k Mil

Hnh 3.10. Biu phn phi lng bc hi ti trm Lk, Mrk, Bun H
3.4. Nhu cu s dng nc 2010 v d tnh n 2020 trn lu vc sng Srpk
3.4.1. Phn chia cc tiu lu vc sng Srpk tnh nhu cu nc
Phn chia LVS Srpk ra cc TLV tnh ton l vic cn thit u tin trong thit
lp b thng s m hnh MIKE BASIN bn cnh cc d liu u vo khc nh s liu
dng chy, s liu v nhu cu cp nc cho cc ngnh kinh t, s liu v quy trnh vn
hnh cc h cha
phn chia ra cc TLV lun n da vo v tr ca ra ca TLV l cc trm thy
vn hay im nhp lu ca cc nhnh sng, im phn lu trn mng sng, ranh gii cc
TLV c chia da vo ng phn thyTrn c s LVS Srpk c chia thnh
10 TLV (xem hnh 3.11). Tuy nhin, trc mi cng trnh v trm thy vn hiu chnh
th cc TLV li c chia nh hn m bo dng chy ti cng trnh ng vi thc t
nhng khng xt CBN ti cc cng trnh ny. V mt hnh chnh, cc TLV tnh ton
khng nm trn vn din tch trong mt a phng no m thng l din tch ca
nhiu a phng khc nhau.

99
 Bng 3.21. Cc tiu lu vc sng Srpk
Din tch
TT Tiu lu vc Phm vi Sng sui chnh
(km2)
k Krng Lc Dng, am Rng, Lk, 1.247 k RMang, k En
1
Kn Krng Bng
Krng Kn, k Glong, k 1.079 Krng Kn, k R
2 k Pri
Song, Lk, Krng Ana
Krng Kn, k Glong, Lk, 1.432 k RMang,
3 k R'Mang
am Rng k RTing, k RSol
Ch Prng, c C, Ch Ph, 2.750 Ea rng, Ea Lp
4 Ea Lp
Tp. Pleiku, Ea Sp
Ea Sp, Ea Hleo, Krng Bk, 3.257 Ea Hleo, Ea Sp
5 Ea Sp Krng Nng, C MGar, Ch
Ph Bun n, Ch Prng,
C Kuin, Bun n, Krng Ana, 4.583 Dng chnh Srpk, k
C MGa, Krng Pk, Krng S, Ea Tul, k Krng,
6 H lu Srpk
Bk, Ea Sp, Tp. Bun Ma k Na, k Mdroh
Thut, k Song
C Kuin, Lk, Krng Ana, C 1.400 Krng Ana, k Phi,
7 Krng Ana MGa, Krng Pk, Krng Bng, Ea Enun
Krng Bk, Krng Kn
Lc Dng, Lk, Ea Kar, Krng 763 sng Krng Ana, sng
8 Krng Bng Pk, Krng Bng Krng Bng v sng
Krng Pk
Krng Nng, Ea Kar, C MGar, 773 Ea Tul, Krng Bk
9 Krng Bk
Krng Pk, Krng Bk
Mrk, C Kuin, Ea Kar, 906 Krng Pch, Ea D,
10 Krng Pch
Krng Pk, Krng Bng Ea Dang
3.4.2. Nhu cu nc trn cc tiu lu vc
tnh nhu cu nc trn cc TLV Srpk, lun n s dng h thng ch tiu
nh mc dng nc c Nh nc Vit Nam ban hnh: Tiu chun Vit Nam v ch
tiu dng nc v cht lng nc (TCVN 1995); Tiu chun nh mc dng nc
trong NN v CN thc phm nm 1990; TCXDVN 33:2006.
H s ti ca h thng ly ng vi tn sut ma 85%. Dng chy n hng nm
cng ly theo cc tn sut ny. i vi nc sinh hot ly mc m bo l 95%.
3.4.2.1. Nhu cu nc cho nng nghip
a. Nhu cu nc cho trng trt
tnh ton nhu cu nc cho din tch cy trng, lun n s dng m hnh
CROPWAT ca t chc Nng lng Th gii (FAO) ra i vo nm 1992, v tn sut
ma thit k 85% theo QCVN 04-05: 2012/BNNPTNT (trang 21, tiu mc 5.3.2) [6],
TCVN 9168: 2012 (trang 2, tiu mc 4.4).

100
 * Gii thiu m hnh CROPWAT:
CROPWAT c FAO xy dng tnh ton nhu cu nc cho cy trng
(CWR) v lp k hoch ti da trn d liu c cung cp bi ngi s dng.
CROPWAT cn d liu v s bc thot hi nc Eto, chp nhn ngi s dng
hoc nhp cc gi tr ETo c o c, hoc nhp cc gi tr v nhit , m, tc
gi v s gi nng CROPWAT tnh ETo t cng thc Penman-Monteith.
D liu ma cn thit nh mt d liu u vo CROPWAT ln k hoch tnh
ton CWR. Cui cng l d liu cy trng, d liu v t (i vi la nc).
Chng trnh CROPWAT c thit lp bi 8 mun khc nhau, bao gm 5
mun d liu u vo v 3 mun tnh ton.
a. Cc mun d liu u vo ca CROPWAT:
1. Climate (kh hu)/ETo: cho cc s liu ETo o c c hoc cc d liu kh
hu tnh ton ETo theo Penman-Monteith.
2. Rain: s liu u vo v lng ma v tnh ton nh hng ca ma.
3. Crop (cy trng cn hay la nc): cho d liu u vo v cy trng v ngy
gieo trng.
4. Soil: cho s liu u vo v t.
5. Crop pattern (kiu cy trng): d liu u vo v kiu cy trng tnh ton
ngun cung cp tng hp.
b. Cc mun tnh ton:
1. CWR: tnh ton nhu cu nc cho cy trng (Crop water requirements).
2. Schedules: lp k hoch ti.
3. Scheme: tnh ton cho ngun cung cp tng hp da trn m hnh cc ging
cy trng.
Vn dng m hnh CROPWAT cho cc TLV l tnh nhu cu ti mt rung vi
cc yu t kh hu chi phi nhu cu nc trong trng trt l: ma, bc hi, m,
nhit , tc gi, bc x Mt Tri xc nh theo tng vng, tng loi cy v theo
thi gian c th ca nm. Vi nhng loi cy trng m m hnh khng d liu th
s dng nh mc dng nc chia u trong thi v gieo trng v chm sc. M hnh
ma thit k a vo chng trnh CROPWAT c tn sut 85%. S dng cc thng s
kh tng ca cc trm kh tng Bun Ma Thut, Bun H, Mark, k Nng
tnh ton.

101
 Hnh 3.12. S lm vic ca m hnh CROPWAT

Theo kt qu nghin cu, nm 2010 tng din tch cy trng trn LVS Srpk
khong 645.838 ha. Nh vy, nhu cu dng nc vi tn sut 85% khong 2.311 triu m3.
Bng 3.22. Nhu cu dng nc nm 2010 cho cc loi cy trng chnh trn cc
tiu lu vc sng Srpk ng vi tn sut ma thit k P = 85%
Din tich cy Din tich cy CN Din tich cy CN T ng nhu c u
Ti u lu v c
lng th c (ha) hang nm (ha) lu nm (ha) nc (x 106m3)
k Krng Kn 7.050 15 4.240 45,6
k Pri 21.896 671 20.167 140,5
k RMang 9.294 81 12.717 67,4
Ea Lp 19.862 947 60.865 284,8
Ea Sp 38.331 3.909 63.194 356,5
H lu Srpk 74.935 13.310 116.398 766
Krng Ana 29.502 715 25.031 222,4
Krng Bng 12.182 702 1.938 36,5
Krng Bk 22.991 1.577 38.703 240,8
Krng Pch 27.055 2.832 14.727 150,1
Tng LVS 263.098 24.759 357.980 2.310,6
Ngun: [33]

102
 Giai on t 2010 n 2020 tc tng trng trng trt trn LVS Srpk ch
yu l pht trin theo chiu su, hng thm canh, nng cao nng sut v cht lng
nng sn thay cho gia tng din tch quy m ln do cc cy trng ch lc c bn
c xc nh. Nh vy, theo Quy hoch pht trin KT-XH n nm 2020, din tch
trng trt tng khong 8,7%, tng din tch trng trt xp x t 734.000 ha, trong :
Din tch trng la xp x 100.000 ha, lua 2 vu ln khong 51.100 ha; cc cy
lng thc khc (ng, sn, khoai lang) trn 188.000 ha; rau, u thc phm khong
38.000 ha; cy c ph 183.000 ha, cy cao su khong 108.000 ha, cy h tiu khong
41.000 ha; cy bng vi khong 20.000 ha, ma khong 13.000 ha, cy lc 35.000 ha,
cy n qu khong 22.000 ha. Kt qu tnh ton nhu cu nc cho trng trt theo din
tch cy trng d kin n nm 2020 nh sau:
Bng 3.23. Nhu cu dng nc n nm 2020 cho m t s loa i cy trng chinh trn
cc tiu lu vc sng Srpk ng vi tn sut ma thit k P = 85%
Ti u lu vc Din tich cy Din tich cy Din tich cy T ng nhu c u
lng thc CN hang nm CN lu nm nc (x 106m3)
(ha) (ha) (ha)
k Krng N 7.474,15 27,63 4.445,87 45,92
k Pri 22.893,42 1.311,66 26.172,13 178,18
k Rmang 10.198,58 134,97 15.051,40 96,73
Ea Lp 20.644,64 820,70 82.298,51 362,28
Ea Sp 38.859,18 9.245,41 74.566,13 386,98
H lu Srpk 78.231,67 27.32941 134.09437 89,038
Krng Ana 31.023,99 1.236,83 24.624,61 213,57
Krng Bng 12.360,27 733,44 2.270,65 35,91
Krng Bk 25.361,99 5.871,28 36.533,27 228,49
Krng Pch 28.385,78 3.565,32 15.124,95 145,06
Tng LVS 275.433.66 50.276,65 415.181,88 2.583,49
b. Nhu cu nc cho chn nui
tnh nhu cu nc cho chn nui, lun n s dng tiu chun TCVN-1995.
Nhu cu nc cho chn nui c tnh bng nh mc nc dng cho tng loi vt
nui, trn c s s vt nui trong vng nm 2010 v d kin n 2020.
Bng 3.24. nh mc dng nc trong chn nui (TCVN-1995)
n v: l/ngy m
Nc n, Nc v Nc to Tng nhu
Vt nui
ung sinh mi trng cu nc
Tru 20 65 50 135
B 20 65 50 135
Gia sc c sng khc 10 20 20 50
Ln 10 40 10 60
Gia cm 1 2 8 11

103
 Thng k nm 2010 ton LVS Srpk c trn 996.400 con gia sc, trn 6,7 triu
con gia cm. Theo Quy hoch pht trin KT- XH n nm 2020, n gia sc trn LV
t khong 1,6 triu con, n gia cm t trn 12,6 triu con.
Theo TCVN-1995 (xem bng 3.24), nm 2010 trn ton LVS Srpk cn
khong 55,6 x 106 m3, d kin n nm 2020 cn khong 97,37 x 10 6 m3, nhng c s
khc nhau gia nhu cu ca tng TLV (xem bng 3.25).
Bng 3.25. Nhu cu nc cho chn nui trn cc TLV Srpk
n v : x 106 m3
TT Nm
2010 2020
Tiu lu vc
1 k Krng Kn 2,56 2,71
2 k Pri 1,50 4,74
3 k RMang 0,86 1,71
4 Ea Lp 4,12 5,56
5 Ea Sp 7,46 13,04
6 H lu Srpk 16,48 29,69
7 Krng Ana 7,40 13,06
8 Krng Bng 3,09 5,49
9 Krng Bk 5,52 9,70
10 Krng Pch 6,61 11,67
Ton LV 55,6 97,37
c. Nhu cu nc cho thy sn
Lun n tnh nhu cu nc cho ngnh thy sn da trn din tch mt nc nui
trng thy sn v ly nh mc 8.000 m3/ha/v (TCVN-1995).
Nm 2010, tng din tch nui trng thy sn trn LVS Srpk l 4.653 ha, theo
k hoch n nm 2020 ngoi vic tn dng mt nc cc h cha ln v din tch
nui trng thy sn nh l s c khong 8.216 ha, tp trung cc TLV: Ea Sp, Krng
Bk, Krng Pch, Krng Ana, k RMang v H lu Srpk. Nhu cu nc trn ton
LV nm 2010 l 74,45 x 106 m3 v nm 2020 s l 131,47 x 106 m3 (xem bng 3.26).
Bng 3.26. Nhu c u nc cho nui trng thy sn nm 2020 trn cc TLV Srpk
TT Din tich Nhu c u
Tiu lu vc
(ha) (106 m3)
1 k RMang 203 3,25
2 Ea Sp 2.606 41,69
3 H lu Srpk 3.331 53.3
4 Krng Ana 220 3,52
5 Krng Bk 635 10,16
6 Krng Pch 1.222 19,55
Tng LV 8.217 131,47

104
 d. Lm nghip
Theo nh hng pht trin ngnh lm nghip trn ton LVS Srpk l: y
mnh trng rng ph xanh t trng i ni trc, phn u mi nm trng c
khong 2.500 3.000 ha v khong 2 - 2,5 triu cy phn tn. D kin che ph
rng t 70 % vo nm 2020. Kt hp pht trin rng c dng, phng h vi pht
trin rng kinh t, xy dng ngnh ngh rng thnh ngnh c hiu qu cao v kinh t,
MT sinh thi.
Trong thc t, ngnh lm nghip ch s dng nc vo thi gian mi trng cn
v sau th khng cn ti. Theo kt qu kho st thc a v bo co ca cc a
phng c rng trng, th cy lm nghip hin nay ch yu l cy g keo, bch n,
tch nhng cy ny c kh nng chu hn cao, thi gian trng thng din ra u
ma ma tn dng nc ti tri. V vy, mc s dng nc rt t, nhng khu
rng khoanh nui bo v khng cn ti. Tuy nhin, theo tc gi cn thit phi lp cc
vng cha nc d phng phc v cho cng tc dp la khi c chy rng (ni dung
ny cha thy trong cc quy hoch ca cc tnh nn lun n khng xt n).
3.4.2.2. Nhu cu nc cho cng nghip
S lng nc dng cho CN gm lng nc trc tip to ra sn phm, nc
to ra MT v v sinh CN, nc pha long cht thi v nc sinh hot cho cng
nhn trong khu vc nh my.
tnh nhu cu nc cho CN trn LV, lun n p dng cch tnh nhu cu nc
theo TCXDVN/33/2006, t 22 - 45 m3/ha/ngy to ra sn phm v 200 - 400
l/ngi/ngy cho cng nhn KCN.
Vi mc tiu chuyn dch c cu trong pht trin KT-XH n 2020 i vi CN
(k Lk: t 20,5 21% nm 2010 ln 34 35 % nm 2020 [98], k Nng: t
25,04% nm 2010 ln 45,7% nm 2020 [99], Gia Lai: T 31,1% nm 2010 ln 38%
nm 2020 [100]), nn gn y cc a phng trn LV ang c s chuyn dch t NN
sang CN v dch v, vi s tng trng kh, nhp t khong 12%/nm. pht
trin CN cc a phng tp trung xy dng cc KCC, CCN v khi phc pht trin
CN a phng, tiu th CN
Tnh n 2010, trn LV c 8 KCN v CCN chnh [33] l:
- KCN Ha Ph - Tp. Bun Ma Thut, din tch quy hoch 181 ha.
- CCN Tn An 1 v 2 - Tp. Bun Ma Thut, din tch 02 CCN l 104,75 ha.
- CCN Krng Bk 1 - huyn Krng Bk, din tch quy hoch 69 ha.

105
 - CCN Ea ar - huyn Ea Kar, din tch quy hoch CCN l 51,5 ha.
- CCN Trng Thnh - huyn Ea Hleo, din tch quy hoch 50,9 ha.
- CCN Mk - huyn Mk, din tch quy hoch 70 ha.
- CCN C Kuin - huyn C Kuin, din tch quy hoch 51 ha.
- KCN Tm Thng - huyn C Jt, din tch l 181 ha.
D kin n 2020, cc KCN tip tc hon thin, thu ht u t xy dng c s
h tng, xy dng cc h thng x l nc thi, cht thi rn bo v MT. Bn cnh
vic pht trin mi huyn c 1 - 2 im CN quy m 30 - 50 ha, mt s KCN c hng
m rng din tch, nng tm cc CCN thnh cc KCN nh:
+ M rng KCN Ha Ph t quy m 181 ha ln 281 ha.
+ Nng CCN Tn An 1 v 2 thnh KCN Tn An vi quy m 155 ha.
+ Nng cp, m rng CCN Mrk thnh KCN vi quy m 180 ha.
+ Thnh lp mi KCN Ea HLeo quy m 180 ha.
Vi thc t , nhu cu nc cho CN trn LV nm 2010 v d kin n nm
2020 nh sau:
Bng 3.27. Nhu cu nc cho cng nghip trn cc TLV sng Srpk
n v: x 106 m3
TT Nm
2010 2020
Tiu lu vc
1 k Krng Kn - 0,56
2 k Pri - 0,49
3 k RMang - 0,71
4 Ea Lp 7.8 10,67
5 Ea Sp 0.6 3,39
6 H lu Srpk 6.1 12,45
7 Krng Ana - 1,25
8 Krng Bng - 0,38
9 Krng Bk 0.3 2,15
10 Krng Pch 0.2 0,9
Ton LV 15 32,95
3.4.2.3. Nhu cu nc cho sinh hot v dch v
a. Nhu cu nc cho sinh hot
tnh ton lng nc phc v cho sinh hot, lun n vn dng Tiu chun
dng nc sinh hot v cp nc, mng li ng ng v cng trnh tiu chun thit
k ca B Xy dng cho tng loi th theo TCXDVN 33:2006:

106
 Bng 3.28. Tiu chun dng nc sinh hot cho tng loi th (l/ngi/ngy)
Giai on
TT i tng dng nc v thnh phn cp nc
2010 2020
I th loi c bit, th loi I, khu du lch, ngh mt 165 200
II th loi II, th loi III 120 150
III th loi IV, th loi V; im dn c nng thn 60 100
D kin n nm 2020, LVS Srpk hnh thnh cc th sau (xem bng 3.29):
Bng 3.29. Quy m v dn s cc th trn LVS Srpk d kin n 2020
Nm 2020
TT Tn th /v hnh chnh
DS (ngi) Quy m (ha)
1 Tp Bun Ma Thut Trung tm tnh l 400.000 10.150
2 Tp. Pleiku Trung tm tnh l 250.000 12.793
3 T. x Phc An /th trc QL 26 21.500 300
4 T. x Ea Kar T/T tiu vng . Nam 25.500 160
5 T. x Bun H T/T tiu vng . Nam 19.000 300
6 T. x Bun Trp H. krng Ana 26.000 200
7 Tp. Gia Ngha Trung tm tnh l 110.000 2.840
8 T. x c Lp k Mil 50.000 618
Theo , trn LV c Tp. Bun Ma Thut v Tp. Pleiku l th loi I. Cc huyn
cn li trong vng c xp vo th loi IV, V, im dn c nng thn.
Nm 2010, dn s trn LV khong 1.910,000 ngi, theo Quy hoch pht trin
KT-XH trn LV n nm 2020, d kin c khong 2.416.989 ngi. Vi tiu chun dng
nc trn (xem bng 3.28), nm 2010 trn LVS Srpk cn 65,82 x 106 m3 nc, nm
2020 d kin cn 137,68 x 106 m3 nc. Tng nhu cu nc chia v cc TLV nh sau:
Bng 3.30. Nhu cu nc cho sinh hot trn cc tiu lu vc
n v : x 106 m3
2010 2020
Nm
Dn s Dn s Nhu cu Dn s Dn s Nhu cu
TT thnh nng thn nc thnh nng thn nc
Tiu lu
th (ngi) (x 106 m3) th (ngi) (x 106
vc
(ngi) (ngi) m3)
1 k Krng Kn 3.728 34.641 0,87 5.812 34.953 1,78
2 k Pri 8.590 68.523 1,77 14.436 84.979 3,50
3 k RMang 0 56.531 1,29 0 69.790 2,60
4 Ea Lp 25.608 160.133 5,46 42.022 159.137 15,55
5 Ea Sp 33.786 198.178 7,05 61.217 186.163 11,21
6 H lu Srpk 280.479 526.432 34,99 505.157 578.98 73,16
7 Krng Ana 17.256 186.407 4,65 31.624 174.251 9,07
8 Krng Bng 3.851 49.059 1,21 7.057 45.860 2,31
9 Krng Bk 62.641 152.608 4,99 114.799 142.656 11,46
10 Krng Pch 17.391 135.031 3,53 31.872 126.225 7,03
Ton LV 143.548 671.189 56,42 813.996 1.602,994 137,68
b. Nhu cu nc cho nganh du lch
Theo tiu chun TCXDVN 33:2006, vi i tng dng nc l cc thnh ph

107
du lch, ngh mt th tiu chun cp nc l 400 l/ngi/ngy.
Lun n p dng mc cp nc ny cho s lt khch du lch n cc trung tm
du lch ln trn LVS Srpk.
Theo nh hng pht trin du lich n nm 2020, l tng nhanh gi tr v c
cu ngnh dch v trong GDP hng nm, k Lk - 42,7 %, k Nng - 37,6 %, Gia
Lai 34 %. i vi phng hng pht trin du lch, l tip tc y mnh a dng ha
cc sn phm du lch trn c s ch trng khai thc tim nng v th mnh v TNTN
ca vng, ch trng pht trin nhng sn phm du lch mang tnh c sc, c th ca
ni rng Ty Nguyn nh:
+ Du lch sinh thi (h thng h, thc ti Ty Nguyn: H Lk, thc ry Sp,
thc By Nhnh, hang Trinh N, rng quc gia Ch Yang Sin, vn quc gia Yok
n, rng TN);
+ Du lch vui chi gii tr (Du lch vn ha, l hi, lng ngh);
+ Du lch khoa hc chuyn (rng nguyn sinh, cc hang ng bazan);
+ Hi ngh, hi tho (Tp. Bun Ma Thut, Tp. Pleiku)
Theo Quy hoa ch pht trin KT-XH, ph n u nm 2020 toan vung on khoang
2.350,000 l t khach, trong o thi gian c tru trung binh cua khach la 2 ngay m,
nn t ng nhu c u nc c n cho du lich
s tng cao vo nm 2020 (xem bng 3.31):
Bng 3.31. Nhu cu nc cho du lch trn LVS Srpk
Tng lng khch Tng nhu cu nc
Nm
(lt) (x 106m3)
Nm 2010 383.000 0,31
D kin nm 2020 2.350,000 1,88
Qua cho thy, n nm 2020 c lng khch v nhu cu nc cho ngnh du
lch u tng ln hn 6 ln so vi nm 2010. Tuy nhin, vi s suy gim ngun nc,
c bit l vo ma kh v cng ma du lch chnh ca LV nn s gy nhiu kh khn.
3.4.3. Nhu cu nc cho m bo dng chy ti thiu
Lng nc duy tr dng chy kit c tnh ton vi lu lng trung bnh nh
nht ca 5 thng ma kit ti cc im kim tra trn LVS Srpk, vi gi tr lu lng
yu cu ng vi tn sut 90% ti im kim tra Bun n v c Xuyn. Nh vy,
nhu cu nc cho m bo DCTT trn LV l 940 x 106 m3 v nhu cu ny c gi
nguyn n nm 2020.

108
 Bng 3.32. Phn phi dng chy ti thiu ti Bun n v c Xuyn
n v: m3/s
Thng Tng
I II III IV V VI
Trm (x106 m3)
Bun n 52,8 32,5 25,3 27,6 46,2 71,9 667
c Xuyn 19,8 14,1 12,7 12,3 17,7 28,0 273
3.4.4. Tng hp nhu cu nc trn lu vc sng Srpk nm 2010 v 2020
Nh vy, vi nhu cu s dng nc ca cc i tng v m bo DCTT
cn duy tr c ngun nc theo bng 3.33.
Bng 3.33. Tng hp nhu cu dng nc 2010 v 2020 trn LVS vi P = 85%
n v: x 106 m3
Ngnh Trng Chn Thy Cng Sinh Du Dong Tng
Nm trt nui sn nghip hot lch chay t i
thi u
2010 2.310,7 55,2 80,93 15,00 67,31 0,31 940 3.469,46
2020 2.583,49 97,36 131,47 32,95 137,68 1,88 940 3.924,83
T l tng nm
2020 so vi nm 112 176,4 162,4 220 205 606,4 0.0 113,1
2010 (%)

Hnh 3.13. Biu nhu cu nc nm 2010 v nm 2020

3.5. Tiu kt chng 3

- LVS Srpk c TNN kh ln, nhng do s phn b khng u c v khng
gian v thi gian, nn gy ra tnh trng thiu nc nghim trng vo ma kh v trn
mt s tiu vng ma t; Cht lng nc nhn chung tt, tuy nhin c hin tng
nhim cc b lin quan n hot ng x thi t sn xut CN, sinh hot v chn nui.
Mt s vng nhim tng st do c im a cht khu vc.
- Tc ng ca vic xy dng nhiu h p trn sng nhn chung l tch cc

109
trong vic ci thin dng chy ma cn, gim l ma ma cho h du Campuchia.
- BKH lm tng lng ma khng ng k vo ma ma, nhng gim lng
ma vo ma kh v tng qu trnh bc hi nn khng c li v TNN. Vi k hoch
pht trin KT-XH, c bit l NN lm cho nhu cu dng nc nm 2020 tng n hn
113 % so vi 2010. y l nguyn nhn chnh lm suy gim TNN gy thiu nc, hn
hn trn cc TLV n 2020 v nhng nm sau .

110
 Chng 4
CN BNG NC V CC GII PHP KHAI THC, S DNG HP L
TI NGUYN NC LU VC SNG SRPK PHC V PHT TRIN
BN VNG KINH T - X HI
4.1. Cn bng nc trn lu vc sng Srpk nm 2020 theo Quy hoch pht
trin kinh t - x hi c xt n bin i kh hu
tnh CBN trn LVS Srpk, lun n la chn m hnh MIKE BASIN ca
Vin Thy lc an Mch [123], phn mm ny c u im khng ch c kh nng gii
quyt bi ton CBN m cn c th kt ni, s dng m hnh ma dng chy MIKE
NAM nh mt m un tch hp trong m hnh. Qu trnh tnh ton c m phng
bng s (xem hnh 4.1):

Hnh 4.1. S qu trnh p dng Mike Basin tnh cn bng nc LVS Srpk

111
4.1.1. Lin kt m un MIKE NAM vo m hnh MIKE BASIN tnh ngun nc
n trn lu vc
Lng nc n trn tng LV trong m hnh MIKE BASIN c th c a
vo di cc dng khc nhau:
- M un dng chy n tng nt LV hay tim nng ca ngun nc LV c
tnh ton t cc s liu dng chy c. Vi nhng TLV khng c s liu, m un
ny s ly tng t ca cc TLV ln cn.
- Lu lng dng chy n tng nt LV c tnh ton t lng ma, bc hi
ti cc trm kh tng, thy vn trong vng. M un ma - dng chy MIKE NAM
c tch hp v lin kt trc tip vi cc TLV trong m hnh MIKE BASIN.
S dng m un ny i hi qu trnh hiu chnh, kim nh m hnh MIKE
NAM c lp vi m hnh MIKE BASIN l mt bc chun b trc cho m hnh
MIKE BASIN, nhm tm ra b thng s ph hp vi cc TLV v c th p dng cho
cc thi on khc nhau. Vic hiu chnh ny ch yu nhng TLV u ngun, ni
dng chy cha chu nh hng qu nhiu bi cc cng trnh h cha v s iu tit
ca con ngi.
4.1.1.1. Xc nh b thng s m un MIKE NAM
a. Gii thiu m hnh MIKE NAM
M hnh thu vn NAM m phng qu trnh lng ma dng chy mt xy ra
ti phm vi LVS. NAM hnh thnh nn mt phn ca m un lng ma dng chy
mt (RR) ca h thng lp m hnh sng MIKE 11. M un lng ma dng chy
mt c th c p dng c lp hoc s dng trnh by mt hoc nhiu LV tham
gia m to ra dng chy ln cn vo mt mng sng. Theo cch ny th vic thc hin
x l mt LVS nh ring l hoc x l mt LVS ln c cha nhiu LVS nh v mt
mng sng ngi phc tp trong mt khung cng vic lp m hnh u c th thc hin.
b. S liu s dng trong m hnh
M hnh thy vn MIKE NAM tnh ton dng chy t s liu ma, bc hi vi
iu kin cc d liu u vo cho m hnh gm:
- S liu kh tng: ly ti cc trm (xem bng 4.1), bao gm s liu ma v
bc hi, y l nhng s liu c vai tr lm bin u vo trong m hnh phc v cho
tnh ton ma dng chy (NAM);

112
 Bng 4.1. Danh sch cc trm s dng s liu ma, bc hi trong m hnh
Tn trm Yu t s dng Kinh V Thuc tnh
Bun H Ma, bc hi 10816 1255 k Lk
Mrk Ma, bc hi 10845 1244 k Lk
Bun Ma Thut Ma, bc hi 10803 1241 k Lk
Lk Ma, bc hi 10811 1225 k Lk
k Mil Ma, bc hi 10739 1227 k Nng
k Nng Ma, bc hi 10741 1200 k Nng
- S liu thy vn: ly ti cc trm (xem bng 4.2), l s liu lu lng ti v
tr mt ct ca ra ca LV c dng hiu chnh v kim nh m hnh ma dng
chy. Bc thi gian ca s liu lu lng ti cc v tr ny c cng di vi bc
thi gian ca s liu ma l s liu ngy.
Trong bi ton CBN lu vc sng Srpk, cc trm thy vn c trn LVS
khng cung cp s liu cho m hnh MIKE BASIN, nn thng s ca m hnh
NAM cho cc TLV s c ly tng t t cc trm c o lu lng trn LV.
Bng 4.2. Cc trm thy vn c s dng tnh ton dng chy
V tr ca ra Din tch Thuc
Ta Lu vc sng
(trm TV) (km2) tnh
1203647 B,
Cu 14 Srpk 8.670 k Lk
10705545 ,
1204624 B,
Cu 42 Krng Bk 478 k Lk
10802237
c. Hiu chnh v kim nh b thng s MIKE NAM
la chn thi k tnh ton cn tin hnh xy dng ng tn sut l thuyt
dng chy trung bnh nm vi mt trm i din vng nghin cu. Xc nh nhng
nm thuc thi k nhiu nc, t nc v nm nc trung bnh la chn v hiu
chnh m hnh thu c kt qu khch quan. Cc nm c gi tr trung bnh dng chy
nm gn nht vi gi tr dng chy ti cc tn sut chn c dng lm nm hiu
chnh v kim nh m hnh. LVS Srpk la chn s liu nm 2000 v 2002 ti trm
Cu 42, nm 1998 v 2007 ti trm Cu 14 hiu chnh v kim nh m hnh, v y
l cc trm thy vn c thi k quan trc tng i di, ngun s liu ng tin cy v
c tnh i din v khng gian cho LV.
Qu trnh hiu chnh cho LVS Srpk ti trm Cu 42 v Cu 14 thu c kt
qu tng i ph hp vi dng chy thc t. Chnh lch tng lng gia m phng
v thc t u nh hn 8%, kt qu c a ra trong bng 4.4, ch s Nash nh gi
sai s thu c t 80,2% n 82,1% trm Cu 42 v t 80,1% n 94,5% trm
thy vn Cu 14.

113
 Bng 4.3. B thng s ma dng chy hiu chnh cc trm thy vn
Ch s
Umax Lmax CQOF CKIF CK1,2 TOF TIF TG CKBF
Thng s Trm
Cu 42 19,2 297 0,21 712 12,9 0,282 0,967 0,293 3971
Cu 14 19,7 290 0,475 852 28,3 0,771 0,953 0,175 3792
Bng 4.4. Kt qu nh gi qu trnh hiu chnh, kim nh ti cc trm
Qu trnh hiu chnh Qu trnh kim nh
Thng s
Cu 42 Cu 14 Cu 42 Cu 14
Thi on m phng 2000 1998 2002 2007
Ch s Nash 80,2% 80,1% 82,1% 94,5%
Chnh lch tng lng 1,1% 1,4% 7,9% 0,8%
Wobs (106m3) 718 427 481 983
Wsim (106m3) 710 421 519 975
Nh vy, cc thng s chnh ca m hnh ma - dng chy MIKE NAM cho
cc TLV u ngun khng ch bi cc trm thy vn c hiu chnh v kim nh
li tnh chnh xc theo cc thi on hay cc nm khc nhau. Kt qu ny c p
dng cho cc TLV ln cn vi gi thit l iu kin a hnh, a cht th nhng
trong cng mt LVS l gn ging nhau. T c th a ra lng dng chy mt trn
ton LV t s liu ma trn LV .
4.1.1.2. Cc thng s c thit lp trong m hnh MIKE BASIN
a. Gii thiu m hnh MIKE BASIN
tnh ton CBN cho cc TLV sng Srpk, lun n s dng m hnh MIKE
BASIN [123].
M hnh MIKE BASIN l mt cng c cn bng gia nhu cu v nc v nc
c sn theo cch ti u nht gip cho cng tc quy hoch tng hp LVS v qun l
TNN. M hnh do Vin Thy lc an Mch (DHI) xy dng, y l mt m hnh ton
hc th hin mt LVS bao gm cu hnh ca cc sng chnh v cc sng nhnh, cc
yu t thy vn ca LV theo khng gian v theo thi gian, cc cng trnh, h thng s
dng nc hin ti v tng lai v cc phng n s dng nc khc nhau. M hnh
ny ang c nhiu nc trn th gii v cc t chc quc t s dng.
MIKE BASIN c xy dng theo kiu m hnh mng li, trong sng v
cc nhnh hp lu chnh c biu din bng mt mng li bao gm cc nhnh v
cc nt. Cc nhnh c th hin bng cc on sng ring bit, cc nt th hin cc
tiu hp lu hoc v tr m ti cc hot ng lin quan n pht trin ngun nc c
th din ra nh im ca dng chy hi quy t cc khu ti, hoc l im hp lu gia
hai hoc nhiu sng, sui hoc ti cc v tr quan trng cn c kt qu ca m hnh
(xem hnh 4.2).

114
 Hnh 4.2. S m phng h thng sng trong MIKE BASIN

C th dng MIKE BASIN tm cc gi tr in hnh i vi s lng v cht

lng nc trong h thng bin i chm. u im ca MIKE BASIN l cho php
vch ra nhiu kch bn khc nhau. Sai s do nhiu gii php tnh to ra khng ng k
khi bc thi gian ca qa trnh khng nh hn thi gian m phng.
M hnh MIKE BASIN thc hin c vic nh gi ngun nc ca LV, nh
hng ca cc h thng ly nc hin trng v nh gi tc ng ca cc cng trnh,
cng nh ca cc khu ti ln ngun nc cho cc phng n v cc giai on pht
trin thy li trong tng lai.
M hnh cho php xut ra kt qu a dng v nhiu yu t, tuy nhin vi yu
cu ca lun n, bo co ch s dng mt s dng kt qu hiu chnh v kt qu
phn tch, nh gi:
- Lng nc cp cho ti, cc h dng nc v lng nc cn thiu.
- Lng nc cn thiu ti cc im nhu cu DCTT.
- Dng chy n ti cc trm thy vn hiu chnh m hnh.
- ng qu trnh mc nc trong lng h hiu chnh m hnh.
- Mc m bo cp nc (s ngy trong nm c m bo nc).
b. Thng s v cng trnh h cha
LVS Srpk c tim nng thy li, thy in ln nn h thng h cha trn LV
pht trin mnh. Khi tnh CBN trn nhng TLV tng i ln, lun n ch la chn
nhng cng trnh h thy in ln a vo m hnh, trong cc quy trnh vn hnh,
yu cu x h lu ti thiu, cc c tnh lng h, mc nc v cao trnh ca h l nhng

115
thng s c s h cha trong m hnh c th c vn hnh theo thi gian tng ng
vi thc t, khng xt n tc ng ca cc h cha thy li, h thng bm tiu.
Trn LVS Srpk c 4 h cha ln c s dng l h thy in Bun Tua
Srah, h Bun Kup, h Srpk 3, h Srpk 4 vi tng cng sut 666 MW, in
lng trung bnh nm 3213,76 triu Kwh.
Bng 4.5. Cc h cha thy in a vo m hnh trn LVS Srpk
TT Tn a im xy dng MN MNC Cao Cng in Dung tch
cng DBT (m) trnh sut lng TB ton b
trnh (m) nh (MW) nm (V.106m3)
(m) (TrKwh)
Huyn Krng Kn
Bun
tnh k Nng v
1 Tua 487,5 465 492,3 86 358,6 786,9
huyn Lk tnh k
Srah
Lk,
Tp. Bun Ma
Thut, huyn
Bun Krng Ana, tnh
2 412 409 415,5 280 1.458,6 63,24
Kup k Lk v huyn
Krng Kn, tnh
k Nng
Huyn Bun n,
Srpk tnh k Lk v
3 272 268 277,5 220 1.060,2 218,99
3 huyn C Jt, tnh
k Nng
X Ea Wel v x
Tn Ha, huyn
Srpk Bun n, tnh k
4 207 204 211 80 336,36 25,94
4 Lk v x Ea P,
huyn C Jt, tnh
k Nng
Tng 666 3.213,76 1.095,07
c. Thng s tng qut lu vc
- V tr cc h cha ln, thy in, trm thy vn (xem bng 4.5)
- Phn chia cc TLV (mc 3.4.1)
- Din tch cc TLV (mc 3.4.1)
- H s nc hi quy: c ly l 0,2 i vi cc nt ngi dng nc, ring
cc nt nhu cu nc MT l 1.
d. Thng s nhnh sng, h
- Thng s din ton MUSKINGUM hoc b cha tuyn tnh.
- Thi gian tr, h s thm v bc hi trn cc nhnh sng: h s thm, bc hi
thay i theo thi gian v theo cc LV khc nhau, thi gian tr thay i theo cc nhnh
sng khc nhau.

116
 e. Thng s i vi cc h dng nc
- V tr ly nc: c th l nt trn sng, c th l h cha.
- Khu s dng nc thuc cc nhu cu thy sn, MT, sinh hot, trng trt, chn
nui, du lch, CN.
- Nhu cu dng nc: c tnh ton v trnh by trn (xem bng 3.33).
- V tr dng chy hi quy: c xc nh mt cch tng i l 1 nt trn sng
ngay sau nt cp nc.
- Nt kim tra dng chy trn sng: trm thy vn c Xuyn, Giang Sn, Cu
14, Bun n. Nt kim tra DCTT xt ti trm c Xuyn, trm Bun n.

Hnh 4.3. S tnh cn bng nc LVS sng Srpk [33]

117
4.1.2. Tnh cn bng nc trn lu vc sng Srpk
4.1.2.1. Theo thc t nm 2010
a. Cc thit lp m hnh ng vi nm 2010
Tin hnh hiu chnh dng chy n cc trm thy vn c Xuyn, Giang Sn,
Cu 14, Bun n, ring trm Krng Bk c hiu chnh bng m hnh MIKE
NAM do din tch khng ch nh v dng chy cha chu nh hng qu nhiu bi
cc nhu cu dng nc v cc cng trnh iu tit. Kt qu thu c tng i tt vi
ch s Nash t 78,8% ti trm c Xuyn, 80,8% ti trm Bun n, 80,58% ti trm
Cu 14 v 85,81% ti trm Giang Sn.
Vi kt qu ny, m hnh c th p dng tnh ton CBN trn LV theo nhiu
kch bn khc nhau nh: ng vi cc tn sut dng chy n l 10%, 50%, 90% hay
tnh ton d bo CBN c xt n BKH.

Hnh 4.4. Kt qu hiu chnh ng qu trnh lu lng thc o v tnh ton ti

trm c Xuyn, vi ch s Nash t 78,8%

Hnh 4.5. Kt qu hiu chnh ng qu trnh lu lng thc o v tnh ton ti

trm Giang Sn, vi ch s Nash 85,81%
118
Hnh 4.6. Kt qu hiu chnh ng qu trnh lu lng thc o v tnh ton ti
trm Cu 14, vi ch s Nash 80,58%

Hnh 4.7. Kt qu hiu chnh ng qu trnh lu lng thc o v tnh ton ti

trm Bun n, vi ch s Nash 80,8%
b. Kt qu CBN trn cc TLV sng Srpk nm 2010
Kt qu tnh ton CBN (xem bng 4.6, 4.7, hnh 4.8) cho thy: Vo nm 2010
c 8 TLV thiu nc cho trng trt, chn nui, thy sn, CN. Thi gian thiu nc tp
trung vo ma kh t thng I V v thiu nhiu nht t I III, c 2 TLV thiu nc
c trong ma ma, thng VI, VII, IX; trong 8 TLV c TLV Krng Bk thiu nc cho
chn nui, thy sn t thng III V v thng XII ; TLV Krng Pch thiu nc cho CN
vo cc thng III VI v thng XII, nhng mc thiu khng ln nn mc m bo cao;
Ti nt kim tra DCTT Bun n thiu nc t thng I - VII, thiu nhiu nht
vo thng I, V, VI; ti c Xuyn thiu nc t thng I - VII, thiu nhiu nht thng VI.
Tng lng nc thiu ht l 1.442,96 x 106 m3, trong thiu nc cho NN
918.21 x 106 m3 chim 63,6% tng lng nc thiu. Nc thiu tp trung trn cc
TLV c din tch trng trt ln, c bit l c ph nh TLV H lu Srpk, Krng
Bk, Ea Lp, Ea Sp.

119
 Bng 4.6. Lng nc thiu theo ngnh, theo thng nm 2010 trn cc TLV v nt kim tra DCTT
ng vi tn sut ma thit k P = 85%
n v: (x 106 m3)
Krng Krng k H lu c Bun
TLV Krng Bk Krng Pch Ea Lp Ea Sp
Ana Bng RMang Srpk Xuyn n
Ngnh Trng Chn Thy Trng Cng Trng Trng Trng Trng Trng Trng DC ti DC ti
Thng trt nui sn trt nghip trt trt trt trt trt trt thiu thiu
1 73.12 0.00 0.19 27.01 0.00 0.06 0.12 0.00 58.50 75.62 66.14 5.23 112.86
2 60.80 0.00 0.37 22.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 55.93 64.77 59.11 1.30 60.62
3 67.98 0.02 0.55 26.64 0.02 1.74 0.01 1.41 65.56 76.02 73.45 0.68 47.39
4 7.64 0.15 0.54 8.36 0.15 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.16 0.49 0.01 6.09 7.44
5 4.45 0.28 0.56 4.56 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.90 27.26 93.91
6 0.03 0.19 0.29 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.02 0.00 1.89 0.00 0.00 48.67 109.37
7 2.73 0.00 0.00 0.91 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 4.86 0.00 1.28 2.56
8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
9 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
12 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Tng 216.82 0.64 2.51 89.81 0.64 1.80 0.28 1.41 182.03 221.75 72.55 90.52 434.16

120
 T kt qu chy m hnh (xem bng 4.6) cho thy tnh trng, mc thiu
nc trn cc TLV Srpk (xem bng 4.7):
Bng 4.7. L ng nc thi u trn cac TLV sng Srpk nm 2010 ng vi tn
sut ma thit k P = 85%
T ng l ng Mc am bao
TT Ti u lu vc Nganh thi u Thang thi u thi u ca nm so vi nhu cu
(x 106m3) (%)
1 k RMang Trng trt III 1,41 92
2 Ea Lp Trng trt I IV, VI 182,03 73
3 Ea Sp Trng trt I IV, VII 221,75 72
H lu I III, V
4 Trng trt 201,17 73
Srpk
5 Krng Ana Trng trt I, III 1,80 95
I, III, IV, VI, VII,
6 Krng Bng Trng trt 0,28 81
IX, XI, XII
Trng trt I VII, IX, XI, XII 216,82 45
7 Krng Bk Chn nui III VI, XII 0,64 70
Thy sn I VI 2,51 54
Trng trt I - V, VII, IX, XII 89,81 45
8 Krng Pch
Cng nghip III VI, XII 0,07 70,1
Nt kim tra DCTT
1 c Xuyn DCTT I VII 90,52 76
2 Bun n DCTT I VII 434,16 53
Toan LVS Srpk 1.442,97
Bng 4.8. Tng hp lng nc thiu ht 2010 trn LVS Srpk ng vi tn sut
ma thit k P = 85%
Lng nc Trng trt DC ti thiu Ngnh khc Tng
Lng nc (x 106 m3) 915.07 524.68 3,22 1.442,97
4.1.2.2. Cn bng nc lu vc sng Srpk nm 2020 c xt n bin i kh hu
a. Cc thit lp m hnh tng ng vi nm 2020
- S liu v nhu cu nc cc ngnh: c tnh ton theo cc tiu chun dng
nc ng vi thi im nm 2020 theo Quy hoch pht trin KT-XH cc huyn, th
x, thnh ph trn LVS Srpk.
- Cc thng s vn hnh h cha, cng trnh thy in: c gi nguyn nh
phng n m phng nm 2010 do theo quy hoch pht trin thy li, thy in
trn LV n nm 2020 khng c cng trnh ln no c xy dng, ch yu cc h
cha nh, cc p dng c cng sut pht in vi MW.
- Cc iu kin ban u, cc thng s trong m hnh ma - dng chy MIKE
NAM gi nguyn nh phng n c hiu chnh trong m hnh nm 2010.

121
 - Cc iu kin mt m: thi gian chy truyn, h s tht thot do thm, do gi
c gi nh phng n nm 2010.
- S liu dng chy n nm 2020 c xc nh thng qua s liu ma, bc
hi theo kch bn pht thi trung bnh B2.
b. Kt qu tnh ton CBN nm 2020 c xt n BKH
Kt qu tnh ton CBN lu vc sng Srpk (xem bng 4.9, 4.10, hnh 4.9) vi
tn sut 85% cho thy:
- Thi gian thiu nc tp trung vo cc thng ma kh, nhng ko di sang
c ma ma l thng V, VI, VII, c bit thiu nghim trng t thng I III; TLV
Krng Bk, Krng Pch cn thiu nc vo c thng trng im ma ma VII, VIII,
IX v ma kh n sm (thng XI trn TLV Krng Pch);
- Khng gia tng cc TLV thiu nc nhng gia tng cc ngnh thiu nc
(thiu cho sinh hot);
- Lng nc thiu tng ln nhiu (tng ln 202,5 x 106 m3 so vi 2010), c
bit l ngnh trng trt vi lng thiu 1.142,5 x 106 m3 (chim 69,5% nm 2020 so
vi 63,6% nm 2010);
- Nc m bo cho DCTT thiu 490,43 x 106 m3, chim 29,8% tng lng
nc thiu;
- Hai TLV Krng Bk v Krng Pch mc m bo cho trng trt gim xung,
thm ch ch t 38%, c bit pht sinh thiu nc cho sinh hot
- Ti nt kim tra DCTT Bun n, thiu nc t thng I - VI, thiu nhiu nht
vo thng I, V, VI; ti c Xuyn thiu nc t thng I - VI, thiu nhiu nht thng IV,
V, VI.

122
 Bng 4.9. Lng nc thiu theo ngnh v theo thng 2020 trn cc TLV v nt kim tra DCTT c xt n BKH
vi kch bn B2 ng vi tn sut ma thit k P = 85%
n v: (x 106 m3)
Krng Krng k Ea Ea H lu c Bun
TLV Krng Bk Krng Pch
Ana Bng RMang Lp Sp Srpk Xuyn n
Ngnh Trng Chn Thy Cng sinh Trng sinh Chn Trng Trng Trng Trng Trng Trng DC ti DC ti
Thng trt nui sn nghip hot trt hot nui trt trt trt trt trt trt thiu thiu
1 68.03 0.82 0.86 0.18 0.83 31.83 0.01 0.01 0.21 0.12 5.78 84.25 86.23 98.16 5.95 111.79
2 57.38 0.77 0.80 0.17 0.80 21.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.34 82.16 74.51 86.86 1.20 63.21
3 62.17 0.82 0.86 0.18 0.87 25.25 0.00 0.00 0.54 0.01 9.67 91.40 84.04 102.77 0.67 47.75
4 8.52 0.80 0.83 0.18 0.86 9.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.37 2.38 2.61 12.55 20.86
5 4.63 0.33 0.53 0.09 0.25 2.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.70 8.86 17.82 98.29
6 0.03 0.25 0.32 0.06 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 2.76 0.00 0.00 8.42 101.72
7 8.32 0.03 0.07 0.01 0.01 7.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 5.57 0.00 0.00 0.00
8 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
9 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
12 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Tng 209.25 3.83 4.26 0.88 3.75 97.81 0.01 0.01 0.75 0.27 20.79 260.94 253.43 171.59 46.60 443.62

123
 T kt qu chy m hnh (xem bng 4.9) cho thy tnh trng, mc thiu
nc trn cc TLV Srpk (xem bng 4.10):
Bng 4.10. Lng nc thiu v mc m bo trn cc TLVS Srpk nm 2020
ng vi tn sut ma thit k P = 85% c xt n BKH B2
T ng l ng Mc am bao
TT Ti u lu vc Nganh thi u Thang thi u thi u ca nm so vi nhu cu
(x 106m3) (%)
1 k RMang Trng trt I III 20,79 92
2 Ea Lp Trng trt I IV, VI 260,94 72
3 Ea Sp Trng trt I IV, VII 253,43 58
4 H lu Srpk Trng trt IV 299,26 72,6
5 Krng Ana Trng trt I, III 0,75 95,9
I, III, IV, VI, VII,
6 Krng Bng Trng trt 0,27 80,8
IX, XI, XII
Trng trt I IX, XI, XII 209,25 38
Chn nui I VIII, XII 3,83 47
7 Krng Bk Thy sn I VII 4,26 56
Cng nghip I VIII, XII 0,88 47
Sinh hot I VII, XII 3,75 53
Trng trt I V, VII, IX, XII 97,81 44
8 Krng Pch Sinh hot I, XII 0,01 95,6
Chn nui I, XII 0,01 95,6
Nt kim tra DCTT
1 c Xuyn DCTT I VI 46,60 77
2 Bun n DCTT I VI 443,83 52
Toan LVS Srpk 1.645,47
Ngun: [33]
T kt qu CBN (xem bng 4.7, 4.10) cho thy s tng ln s lng nc thiu
ca cc ngnh v ca nm d bo so vi nm nn (xem bng 4.11):
Bng 4.11. Lng nc thiu 2020 so vi 2010 trn LVS Srpk ng vi
tn sut ma thit k P = 85%
n v : (x 106 m3)
Ngnh Trng Chn Thy Cng Sinh Dong chay Tng
Nm trt nui sn nghip hot t i thi u
2010 915.07 0.64 2.51 0.64 0.00 524.68 1.443,54
2020 1142.49 3.84 4.26 0.88 5.64 490.23 1.647,34
T l
123 600 170 137.5 560 - 07 114,1
tng (%)
Nh vy, n nm 2020 lng nc thiu tng ln 114,1 %, ch yu thiu cho
lnh vc trng trt, trn cc TLV c din tch trng trt ln. Bn cnh , nhu cu

124
nc cho CN v sinh hot c nguy c thiu ht Krng Bk v Krng Pch. Nc
cho DCTT thiu nhiu: c Xuyn l 46,60 x 106 m3, Bun n 443,83 x 106 m3.
4.2. Cc gii php khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc lu vc sng Srpk
T kt qu nghin cu KTN, KT-XH, s nh hng ca BKH n TNN v
mc tiu khai thc s dng TNN hiu qu, hp l, bn vng, p ng nhu cu nc
cho pht trin KT-XH trong hin ti, n 2020 v nhng nm tip theo c xt n bin
ng v nhit v lng ma do tc ng ca BKH, cho thy cn phi c nhng
gii php ph hp, cp bch v lu di i vi cc i tng dng nc.
4.2.1. C s xut
4.2.1.1. C s php l
Lun n xut cc gii php khai thc, s dng TNN lu vc sng Srpk
phc v pht trin KT-XH theo hng bn vng trn c s tun th cc vn bn:
- Chin lc Quc gia v ti nguyn nc n nm 2020 theo Quyt nh s
81/2006/Q-TTg, ngy 14/4/2006 ca Th Tng chnh ph.
- Chng trnh Mc tiu quc gia ng ph vi bin i kh hu Ph duyt
theo Quyt nh 158/2008/Q-TTg ca Th Tng Chnh ph.
- Qun l lu vc sng theo Ngh nh 120/2008/N-CP ca Chnh ph.
- Lut Ti nguyn nc theo Lut s 17/2012/QH13 ca Quc hi ban hnh
ngy 21/6/2012.
- Quy trnh vn hnh lin h cha trn lu vc sng Srpk gm cc h
cha Bun Tua Srah, Bun Kup, Srpk 3, Srpk 4 v Srpk 4A theo Quyt nh
S: 1201/Q-TTg ca Th Tng chnh ph ngy 23/7/2014.
4.2.1.2. C s khoa hc v thc tin
T kt qu nghin cu, nh gi, CBN trn LVS Srpk cho thy:
- LVS Srpk c TNN kh phong ph nhng hng nm vn b hn hn;
- Tc ng ca BKH ngy cng ln v gy hu qu nghim trng;
- Mc thiu nc n 2020 s trm trng hn nu khng c cc gii php ph hp.
- Thc tin cho thy i vi LVS Srpk hn hn l nguy c v nguyn nhn
chnh gy thit hi ln hng nm. y l vng sn xut NN nn nc s quyt nh
n kh nng sn xut, nng sut, cht lng, gi tr ca sn phm v li nhun thu
c, t nh hng n s pht trin bn vng KT-XH. V vy, nu TNN khng
bn vng (p ng nhu cu sn xut v sinh hot) th s khng m bo s bn
vng i vi pht trin KT-XH.

125
 Nh vy, khai thc, s dng bn vng TNN va l tin , va l iu kin
PTBV kinh t x hi LVS Srpk.
4.2.2. Gii php khai thc s dng hp l, bo v v pht trin ti nguyn nc lu
vc sng Srpk bn vng
Trn c s k hoch pht trin KT-XH n nm 2020, kt qu CBN trn cc
TLV, tnh trng cc cng trnh thy li v nhu cu cp nc [4], [5], [19], cho thy:
ch c khai thc, s dng hiu qu, bn vng TNN hin c mi m bo nc cho
pht trin bn vng KT-XH v ng ph vi BKH n giai on 2020 v nhng nm
sau trn LVS Srpk. t c mc ch ny cn thc hin ng b cc gii
php phi cng trnh v cng trnh, nhng gii php xut sau y hng n s dng
bn vng TNN t PTBV v kinh t, x hi v bo v MT.
4.2.2.1. Gii php chung cho ton lu vc sng Srpk
a. Gii php iu chnh li quy hoch lnh th:
Theo chng ti, gii php phi cng trnh quan trng bc nht i vi LVS
Srpk l thc hin iu chnh li quy hoch lnh th, v:
- Tc pht trin qu nhanh v dn s v s dng t trong NN. Theo
quy hoch n 2020 dn s trn ton LV 2,416 triu ngi, nhng 2013 dn s tng
ln 2,712 triu ngi (tng 112,2 %); D kin din tch t NN nm 2020 l 734.000
ha, thc t nm 2013 a vo sn xut 1.026,000 ha (tng 140 %). c bit l s
tng nhanh t bin ca din tch 2 loi cy trng s dng nhiu nc l cy la
120.500 ha nm 2013 so vi 100.000 ha nm 2020 theo d kin (tng 120,5 %); c ph
391.600 ha nm 2013 so vi 183.000 ha d kin nm 2020 (tng 214 %). Chnh s
pht trin qu nhanh so vi quy hoch lm tng t bin nhu cu dng nc, quy
hoch thy li khng theo kp nn dn n thiu nc l iu tt nhin.
- S phn b khng u dn c v cc KCN; vn ph rng v tp trung
t NN thng ngun. Dn c trn LVS Srpk phn b rt khng u, c th chnh
lch n 54 ln. Nhng khu vc thnh th tp trung rt ng, mt dn s t 700 n
trn 900 ngi/ km2 Tp. Pleiku, Tp. Bun Ma Thut v mt s th x trong vng,
nhng nhiu vng li rt tha tht, nh Bun n 45 ngi/ km2, Lc Dng 17 ngi/
km2...Cc khu vc tp trung ng dn cng l cc TTCN, KCN, CCN. Thc trng ny
lm cho kh nng cung cp nc kh khn, phi khai thc trit c nc mt v nc
ngm mi p ng . Tuy nhin, vo nhng nm hn hn nc mt kh kit, nc
ngm gim st h thp buc cc nh my cung cp nc phi ct nc lun phin,
ging o khng c nc nh hng nghim trng n i sng v sn xut.
126
 Do thnh phn dn tc phc tp, nhiu dn di c t do, tp qun pht nng
lm ry kh kim sot lm cho din tch rng y lin tc b suy gim. Nhng
khu vc ny thng nm su trong rng, xa ng giao thng, ch yu l vng thng
ngun. V vy, vic m rng din tch t NN y em n nhiu h ly cho ngun
nc nh: gim din tch rng, tng nhu cu s dng nc, gy xi mn t, nhim
lan truyn do s dng thuc bo v thc vt trong sn xut.
- Cha c s phi hp gia cc a phng khi s dng chung ngun
nc: LVS Srpk tri rng trn a bn 4 tnh Gia Lai, k Lk, k Nng v Lm
ng. LV chung ny phn chia ra 10 TLV, mi TLV c xem l mt th tng hp
lnh th pht sinh ngun nc, nhng cng khng khp kn trong mt n v hnh
chnh m nm trn nhiu n v hnh chnh khc nhau, v tr v din tch ca mi n
v hnh chnh nm trong TLV cng khc nhau. V s pht trin ca a phng nn
mi n v hnh chnh li xy dng nh hng pht trin KT-XH khc nhau, thc
trng ny pht sinh rt nhiu vn trong khai thc, s dng, chia s ngun nc.
V vy, tha mn nhu cu s dng nc ngy cng cao, nu khng c quy
hoch khai thc, s dng hp l, th c th dn n vic khai thc qu tr lng cho
php ca cc ngun nc, s dng khng hiu qu, s dng nhiu hnh thc v
phng php khai thc bt hp l s lm suy thoi TNN c v tr lng v cht lng.
Chnh v vy, cc quy hoch bo v TNN nhm tm ra bin php gim thiu bt hp l
cho tng khu vc v lnh vc cn c tin hnh sm.
Ni dung ca quy hoch khai thc, s dng ngun nc chnh l cn c vo cc
thng tin, d liu v ngun nc, ngha s dng ca chng, KTN v pht trin KT-
XH ca tng vng phn chia lnh th thnh cc vng c kh nng khai thc v s
dng cc ngun nc vi mc thun li v kh khn khc nhau. Trn c s c
im ca mi vng c phn chia xut cc loi hnh khai thc ph hp, cng nh
d kin tr lng khai thc ca cc ngun nc ti cc vng . i vi ngun nc,
quy hoch nhm t n nhng mc tiu l:
+ Phn vng c kh nng khai thc s dng ngun nc vi mc thun li,
kh khn khc nhau nh hng cho cng tc lp k hoch, quy hoch tng th
pht trin KT-XH ca tng vng trn LV;
+ Phn vng quy hoch khai thc s dng ngun nc, phc v cho cng tc t
chc QLTNN, ng dng cng ngh khai thc v s dng hp l, hiu qu cc ngun
nc m bo s PTBV;
+ nh hng vic lp k hoch di hn v cung cp nc sch cho cc nhu
127
cu ph hp vi KTN ca TNN v xu th pht trin KT-XH ca tng vng trn LV.
* T nhng l do v mc tiu trn c th thy vic iu chnh li quy hoch
lnh th i vi LVS Srpk cn thc hin l:
- iu chnh quy hoch dn c hp l: Gim t l gia tng dn s, c bit l
gia tng c gii ph hp vi Quy hoch pht trin KT-XH t ra n 2020; phn
b li dn c gia cc vng (vng thnh th v nng thn), gia cc TLV, nht l cc
TLV thiu nc trm trng nhng li c mt dn s ng c nh Krng Bk
371/ngi/km2, Krng Pch 471/ngi/km2.
- iu chnh li quy hoch t ai: a din tch t NN v mc 734.000 ha
theo nh Quy hoch n nm 2020, hoc c th gim bt, trong ch gim din tch
t trng c ph xung cn 180.000 ha, la nc cn khong 70.000 l ph hp; Tng
din tch t trng cy hoa mu, cy cng nghip hng nm nhu cu t nc nh bng vi,
iu...cy n qu v trng rng.
- Quy hoch lnh th theo hng qun l theo TLV: y l yu cu cp thit
trong vic nh ra hng pht trin KT-XH ph hp vi kh nng cung cp nc ca
tng TLV sng Srpk.
- Thnh lp t chc nh ban qun l hoc y ban, y hi ca LVS Srpk:
LVS Srpk rng, tri ra trn nhiu a phng khc nhau, v vy cn c mt t chc
chung chu trch nhim iu hnh cc hot ng c s phi hp hiu qu gia
thng trung h du v gia cc TLV trong vic khai thc, s dng, chia s ngun
nc. Trong ban qun l s theo di, iu hnh vic thc hin Quy trnh vn hnh
lin h cha trn lu vc sng Srpk, theo Quyt nh s 1202/Q-TTg ca Th
Tng chnh ph m bo qun l, bo v, khai thc tng hp TNN lu vc, cng nh
m bo s chia s ngun nc gia cc h, cc a phng v gia Vit Nam v
Campuchia (xem PLH 4.11, 4.12).

b. Gii php lu tr, pht trin ngun nc

Vi lng nc khong 17 t m3/nm, trong khi nhu cu dng nc n 2020

theo tnh ton khong 3.924,83 t m3 mi ch chim 23,1 % lng nc ca LVS
Srpk. Nh vy, LVS Srpk khng phi l LV thiu nc. Tuy nhin, do s phn b
khng u v thi gian v khng gian nn hn hn thng xuyn xy ra hng nm vo
ma kh v trn nhiu vng ca LVS. Nguyn nhn hn hn, thiu nc trn LVS cn
do cha s dng hiu qu ngun nc c c nh nc ma, nc mt v nc
ngm; cha c gii php lu gi ngun nc ma ma phn phi li trong ma kh v

128
gia cc vng. T thc trng trn v cc bo co [4], [5], [6], [19] v kt qu nghin
cu [33], trong thi gian ti LVS Srpk cn phi:
- Nng cp, sa cha cc cng trnh thy li c trn cc tiu lu vc:
LVS Srpk hin c trn 535 cc cng trnh thy li, thit k ti cho 45.369
ha c ph v 28.028 ha la mu, nhng thc t ti c cho 27.997 ha c ph v
12.757 ha la mu, ch t 56 % theo thit k. Ngoi ra cn c hng chc h cha ca
cc nh my thy in va v nh, trong ng ch c 7 h cha c dung tch trn
mt triu m3 ca cc nh my thy in Bun Tua Srah, Bun Kup, ray HLing,
Srpk 3, Srpk 4, Srpk 4A cng gp phn vo ti cho nhiu din tch ca nhiu
a phng khc nhau trong LVS Srpk.
Tuy nhin, vi din tch gn 400.000 ha c ph, trn 120.000 ha la pht trin
t trong nhng nm qua th dung tch thit k mi ch p ng c mt phn (c ph
1/10, la 1/4), hiu qu ti ch t 56 % nn khng p ng c nhu cu ti ca
vng, nguyn nhn l do nhiu cng trnh xung cp, dung tch thit k nh. V vy,
cn nh gi li hiu qu ca cc cng trnh thc hin nng cp, sa cha, thit k
li hoc xy mi nhm p ng c mc tiu cng trnh.
- Thu tr nc ma, nc mt, b sung nc ngm bng cc cng trnh
Nh trnh by trn, LVS Srpk khng phi thiu nc, nhng do phn b
tp trung qu nhiu vo ma l (80 85 %), kt hp vi a hnh nghing dc v pha
Campuchia nn ngun nc thot nhanh ra ngoi lnh th. V vy, cn lu tr li
ngun nc bng nhiu hnh thc cung cp cho ma kh. l thc hin nghin
cu, nh gi iu kin a hnh, kh hu, thy vn ca tng phm vi LV c c s xy
dng cc cng trnh ph hp thu tr nc ma, nc l v nc ca cc dng chy nh...
bng cc h, ao, p dng, h cha nc. Cc cng trnh ny c th do a phng, nhm
h gia nh c li ch t mt ngun nc hoc do tng gia nh xy dng cung cp
nc ti ti ch.
+ Thu tr nc bng cch to thnh TLV c dng hnh thoi c p bng
cc b t nh v b tr mt vng thm v tr gc thp nht ca LV. Nc ma c
thu trong phm vi LV v tr vo vng thm (xem PLH 4.1).
Vi phng php ny, cy trng c trng gia vng thm. K thut ny c
p dng khi trng cc loi cy n qu c tn nh nh cam, qut, mc ca nhng vng
thiu ht m. Ngoi vic thu tr nc ma cho cy trng, k thut ny cn c tc
dng chng xi mn t kh hiu qu v d thc hin.

129
 + Thu tr nc ma trn khu rung: s dng nc ma p ng nhu cu
dng nc ngay trn ng rung v b cp nc ngm trong ma ma, bng cch thu
tr nc ma ngay trn rung bng h thng mng, h. Mc tiu ca h thng
mng c thit k c th gi li mt phn nc ma p ng nhu cu nc sau
ma v tng c lng nc b sung cho ngun nc ngm.
Thit k gia cc hng c ph o mng su (xem PLH 4.2), khi ma xung
nc s lu tr li, to iu kin cho qu trnh thm b sung nc ngm. Sau khi ma
kt thc, ngun nc ny cung cp m cho cy thm mt thi gian. C th kt hp o
mng v o h su lu tr nc c nhiu hn, lu hn.
+ Thu tr nc ma trn t dc: Trn cc sui vng t dc c th xy dng
cc p dng kin c bng b tng hoc xp r thp c th thu tr nc ma, vi
mc tiu lm chm li dng chy v tr li mt phn dng chy to thnh nhng h
p nh, ao tr nc (xem PLH 4.3). Bin php ny c th m bo nc ti cho mt
din tch rung tng i ln, ngoi ra n cn tng thm b sung cho nc ngm. C
th thu tr nc ma bng ao, h lt tm nha hoc b tng ngay gia cnh ng (xem
PLH 4.4, 4.5, 4.6); hoc bin php nng lm kt hp (xem PLH 4.7).
4.2.2.2. Gii php i vi cc ngnh kinh t
a. i vi ngnh nng nghip
Trong cc ngnh kinh t hin c trn LVS Srpk, th ngnh NN l ngnh s
dng nhiu nc nht v tc ng c trc tip v gin tip n TNN lm suy gim c
v s lng v cht lng.
Do KTN thun li v thc trng pht trin kinh t va LV, trong thi gian ti
NN vn l ngnh kinh t chnh ca vng. pht huy th mnh ca LV v NN mt
cch lu di, bn vng i hi phi p ng ngun nc cho sn xut. Trong ,
trc ht l cho ngnh trng trt, do ngnh ny chim t trng ln nht (trn 80 %
GDP ca ngnh NN). V vy, cn phi thc hin:
- Chuyn i ton din c cu nng nghip:
Theo nh hng n nm 2020, trn LVS Srpk c bn c nn NN hng ha
quy m ln, tp trung, c sc cnh tranh cao, hiu qu v bn vng gn vi CN ch
bin, ng thi ng dng cng ngh cao, cng ngh sinh hc vo sn xut nng - lm
nghip nhm nng cao nng sut, cht lng sn phm; xy dng thng hiu mt s
sn phm c li th so snh ca vng nh c ph, cao su, ca cao, h tiu...khi thc hin

130
c nhng ni dung ny s lm cho gi tr sn xut NN ca vng tng ln, nhu cu v
m rng din tch t gim xung, nh vy s s dng t nc hn, hiu qu hn;
Ch gim t trng ngnh trng trt, tng t trng ngnh chn nui, trong
ch trng pht trin chn nui ln, tp trung, chn nui i gia sc (b, tru, d...);
Pht huy c hiu qu tim nng mt nc, nht l mt nc cc h cha ln (h thy
in, thy li...) pht trin thy sn.
- Chuyn i c cu cy trng: Chuyn i c cu cy trng hp l l mt gii
php khoa hc mang li hiu qu kinh t r rng.
+ Chuyn i sang c cu cy trng c gi tr kinh t cao, chu hn, loi b nhng
cy c nhu cu nc nhiu, nht l vo ma kh sang cc cy trng cn.
cung cp nc ti v hn ch nhng thit hi do hn hn gy ra i vi sn
xut nng nghip i hi phi quy hoch, chuyn i c cu cy trng hp l, b tr c cu
cy trng cho ph hp vi KTN, kh nng cung cp nc ti, kim sot c din tch
cc loi cy trng, ng thi a cc loi ging mi c kh nng chu hn cao
+ i vi din tch trng la: Cn r sot li ton b din tch xc nh r ni no,
din tch bao nhiu m bo c nc th gieo cy la. Ni no khng hon ton ch
ng ngun nc ti cn chuyn loi t ny sang gieo trng ng, lc, u . Nn s
dng ging la ngn ngy tit kim s ln ti v d iu chnh ma v, ging chu hn;
+ i vi cy c ph: Gim din tch cy c ph c hiu qu thp, thiu iu
kin ti, hoc nm nhng ni khng thun li cho ti (xa ngun nc, u ngun,
a hnh phc tp).
Nhng din tch c ph ny, cn chuyn i sang cc cy trng khc c kh
nng chu hn cao, hoc cn t nc nh cao su, iu, bng vihoc c th trng
rng sn xut, ti sinh rng Cn y mnh ti canh c ph v s dng cc ging
c th nghim cho hiu qu cao nh TR4, TR5, TR9, TR10, TR11, TR12 nng
sut va cao li chng chu c vi kh hn.
- C cu li ma v: Xc nh nhu cu nc ca cy trng vo tng giai on
sinh trng khc nhau trong v gieo trng, t c cu li ma v hp l tn dng
nc ma, m ca t.
Thc tin u t cho thy li cc vng su, vng xa trn LVS cn hn ch, kh
nhiu din tch t NN vn ch da vo ma v ch canh tc c mt v. tn dng ti
a ngun nc ma, m ca t sau ma, cn xc nh r thi gian gieo trng vi thi
gian ma. Vic c cu li ma v hp l ph hp vi dp ra hoa, kt tri ca cy l bin
php tit kim nc ban u trong sn xut, bo m c hiu qu sn xut.

131
 - Nng nghip thng minh: Cn sm p dng Nng nghip thng minh vi kh
hu (Smart-Climate griculture SCG):
l bao gm mt lot cc gii php khoa hc cng ngh ng b - c gi. Mc
tiu ca SCG l: Ch ng n trnh, phng chng cc tc ng nh hng tiu cc; ch
ng tng cng sc khng ca cy trng, vt nui, thy sn trc cc bin i bt li
ca thin nhin; C c cc bin php qun l, x l hu hiu, gim nh tc ng ca
thin tai, bo m nng nghip PTBV theo nh hng pht trin NN n 2015 - 2020
ca cc tnh thuc phm vi LVS.
- p dng cng ngh ti tit kim, gi m cho t: i vi cy trng cn c
th p dng cc cng ngh ti tit kim, nh ti phun ma, ti nh git, ti
ngm, ti theo rnh, ti trn. Tuy nhin, cn p dng cc phng php ti tit
kim nc nh:
+ Ti phun ma (xem PLH 4.8): l s dng my bm nc ct p cao km
theo ng dn v mi phun to ma. y l phng php ti hin i c tc dng
nhiu mt c v to m cho t v lm mt cho cy, kch thch sinh trng cho cy,
khng lm dp l (tt cho cy rau mu) v c bit c th tit kim c 30 - 50%
khi lng nc so vi phng php ti trn theo rnh.
+ Ti nh git (xem PLH 4.9): l cng ngh ti ph hp cho cy trng cn
ca LV nh cy c ph, ch, bng, ma...bi nc ti c cp trc tip cho cy
trng, khng b tht thot do bc hi v thm su, c th bn phn trc tip theo nc,
gi c m ng u. Ti nh git rt c u im i vi NN ca vng, v cy
c ph, h tiu thng c trng theo hng rt ngay thng thun li cho dn ng, din
tch canh tc thng trn cc sn dc gip cho qu trnh t chy ca nc mt cch
TN m khng cn phi bm p lc. Ngoi ra, i vi cc loi cy n qu ca vng
nh: b, su ring, chm chm, nhn lng, vi, xoi, i khng ht, cam snh... c th
p dng bin php ti gc kiu n , l bin php cp nc cho cy thng qua cc
thng c c l t trong vng r cy.
- Gi m cho t: Che ph t bng rm r, c kh v bo i vi cy trng lu
nm nh c ph, ch, cy n qu... c tc dng chng hn v b sung lng mn lm xp
t, tt cy. i vi cy c ph nn trng thm cc cy chn gi xung quanh vn, trng
cy che bng mt gim bc hi, gi m vo ma kh.
- B sung nc nhn to cho nc di t: Nghin cu, thit k v xy cc
ro cn, cc h cha m lm tng thi gian ngm, ngun nc ngm, t b
sung ngun nc ngm cho t.

132
 - Qun l v nng cao che ph rng u ngun: Din tch rng trn LVS
Srpk nhn chung cn ln to ra t l che ph >54,3% (2015), y l ngun sinh thy
quan trng vo ma kh, nhng ang b suy gim v cht lng.
Theo quy nh chuyn i c cu sn xut Nng lm nghip, thy sn ca vng
n nm 2020 cn ch trng trng rng tp trung, kt hp khoanh nui, ti sinh rng
TN, m bo n nm 2020 che ph ca rng t 61,27 %, trong rng sn xut
54,94 %, rng phng h 29,36 % v rng c dng 15,7% [33].
Mun qun l bo v v pht trin rng bn vng trn LVS Srpk gi t,
gi nc cn thc hin tt 5 gii php ch yu sau:
+ Tng cng qun l nh nc v lm nghip ti a phng; qun l lm
trng quc doanh v cng ty lm nghip; qun l khai thc rng, qun l cc
c s ch bin g v nghin cu chnh sch khi phc, pht trin lm nghip.
+ Dng cc d n chuyn i rng TN sang mc ch phi lm nghip, nht l
cc khu rng c dng, rng phng h.
- Thc hin Chi tr dch v mi trng rng: rng y c gi tr cao v
nhiu mt nh nc cho sinh hot, pht in, NN, CN, du lch nghin cu. V vy, cc
ngnh s dng dch v mi trng rng nh khai thc nc, t chc du lch nghin
cu, tham quan rng phi tr ph c ngun ti chnh cho ti u t bo v, trng
li rng v chm sc rng.
b. i vi ngnh cng nghip
Ngnh CN trn LVS Srpk hin ti cn rt mng, ch yu l s ch c ph
(thc t khu s ch khng cn nc v ch yu l bc v v sy) v mt s KCN v
CCN nh. V vy, nhu cu nc cho CN cn rt t 15 x 106 m3 (2010), nhng n 2020
s tng ln 32.95 x 106 m3; kt qu CBN n nm 2020 cng cho thy ch trn TLV
Krng Bk thiu nc cho CN vi lng thiu khng ng k, khong 0,88 x 10 6 m3.
Tuy nhin, m bo PTBV cng nghip ca LV v c th c s tng tc pht trin
CN trong thi gian ti, thc tin hot ng CN nu khng kim sot s gy b nhim
trn din rng nh hng n TNN. V vy, cn thc hin cc gii php c bn:
- u tin pht trin ngnh CN ch bin nng, lm sn, hng vo ch bin cc
sn phm c li th v nguyn liu nh ch bin c ph, cao su, bng.
- Trong xy dng mi cc nh my, u tin s dng my mc mi, hin i,
tiu hao t nhin liu, ch trng cng ngh tit kim nc, c kh nng s dng quay
vng ngun nc, t lm nhim nc;

133
 - Trong sn xut, p dng chng trnh kim sot lng nc cung cp ti ngun
trong qu trnh sn xut, va tit kim c lng nc sch cung cp u vo va gim
thiu c lng nc thi ra gy nhim. X l nc thi t tiu chun ti s dng.
- Hin ti trn phm vi LVS Srpk c 03 nh my tinh bt sn ang hot ng
huyn Ea Kar, Krng Bng tnh k Lk v k Song ca tnh k Nng. Theo quy
hoch n 2020 s c 5 nh my c tnh k Lk a vo xy dng mi c tng
cng sut gn 76.000 tn sn phm/nm. Trn tiu LV Ea Lp s xy dng nh my
tinh bt sn Ch Prng c cng sut 70 tn/ngy. Qu trnh i kho st thc a cho
thy, y l nhng nh my s dng nhiu nc, gy nhim khng kh v ngun
nc rt nng (mu nc TN18 ti sui Ea Hleo gn nh my bt m Thnh V c
nng ion NH4+ l 0,53 mg/L, vt gii hn ngun B1 nc ti).
V vy, khng nn xy dng, m rng thm cc nh my sn xut tinh bt sn,
khng t nh my gn khu dn c, bn sng sui, ni u ngun, ni hp lu
trnh lm nhim lan truyn ngun nc.
- KCN, CCN tp trung trn LV cn xy dng cc nh my x l nc thi, khai
thc ngun nc ring khng tranh ginh vi ngun nc sinh hot; Khng xy dng
cc KCN, nh my phn thng ngun, ni u ngun nc lm nhim lan truyn.
c. i vi ngnh dch v
Nc s dng trong ngnh lu tr chim mt lu lng rt ln so vi nc s
dng cho sinh hot ti cc h gia nh. Theo Vin nghin cu k thut ngnh khch sn
ca Australian (AIHE - Australian Institute of Hotel Engineers) c lng, thng
thng mt phng khch sn s dng khong 750 lt/ ngy. Cn theo Tiu chun Vit
Nam, TCVN 33:2006 th tiu chun s dng nc cho khch lu tr trong cc khch
sn t 400 lt/ ngi/ ngy. Nh trnh by trong mc 2.2.2.4, ngnh du lch dch
v ca LVS Srpk pht trin cn thp, nhng theo nh hng pht trin n 2020
ngnh ny s tng trng mnh (xem bng 3.31). V vy, va thu ht khch du lch,
va m bo kh nng cp nc n nh v bo v TNN, th tit kim nc trong
ngnh lu tr s gp phn ln trong vic bo v ngun nc v MT.
c th a ra nhng phng n tit kim nc thch hp, c s lu tr cn
nm r hot ng no ca c s chim t trng s dng nc nhiu nht c th lp
trnh t u tin gii quyt; s dng h thng cp nc tit kim, hiu qu trong cc
phng khch sn; yu cu du khch c nhng hnh ng thit thc trong s dng tit
kim nc, ti tit kim i vi bn hoa cy cnh

134
 d. Thc hin nhiu gii php ng b
S khng c gii php no l ton nng v ph hp vi mi luc, mi ni. V
vy, ty theo tnh hnh, iu kin c th thc hin cc gii php c vn dng
thnh cng nh: Qun tr TNN; QLTNN theo phng thc tng hp, s dng a mc
tiu v phi gn vi cc TNTN khc; tng cng vai tr ca cng ng; tng cng
h p tac qu c t ; qun l theo nhu cu dng nc; quy nh th t u tin v chia s
ngun nc khi xy ra hn; phi hp gia ngnh thy in v cc a phng di
p; thc hin GTNN.
4.2.2.3. Gii php cho tng tiu lu vc
TLV k Krng Kn: Nm v pha Nam ng Nam LVS Srpk, thuc
vng ni cao Ch Yang Sin, c a hnh cao, dc, him tr, l ni bt ngun ca sng
k RMang. TLV l khu vc n gi ma Ty Nam v ng Nam kh mnh nn c
lng ma ln, dng chy mt v dng ngm phong ph. Th nhng ch yu l t
vng v mt t t ph sa ven sng sui. y l khu vc thuc vn quc gia v
khu bo tn nn c lp ph thc vt tt vi ch yu l rng l rng thng xanh, nn
rng y l ngun d tr nc khng nhng cho TLV m cn cho phn h lu, rng
cn c gi tr cao trong nghin cu v bo tn a dng sinh hc. TLV c a hnh him
tr nn dn c t, mt trung bnh thp (xem bng 4.12, 4.13). Nh vy, TLV khng c
th mnh v trng trt, nhng c th mnh v lm nghip, ngun nc; kt qu CBN cho
thy, nm 2010 v n 2020 trn TLV cha xy ra thiu nc. Tuy nhin, pht huy th
mnh ca TLV v bo v TNN u ngun cn phi:
- Khng tp trung pht trin NN, trong NN ch pht trin NN thng minh,
NN sch tng gi tr sn xut nhng khng tng nhu cu t trng;
- Pht trin li th v rng bng cc m hnh kinh t rng, p dng chi tr dch
v MT rng, pht trin CN ch bin lm sn; Bo v nghim ngt din tch rng hin
c, trng b sung rng vo vng b trng.
- Thu tr nc ma, nc mt v b sung nc ngm bng cch xy dng thm
h cha ln kt hp vi thy in, va tch tr nc vo ma ma va pht trin
CN nng lng sch, tham gia iu tit vo ma kh cho vng h lu.
- Khai thc ngun nc ngm phc v sinh hot v sn xut ti ch gim khai
thc nc mt, iu ny s gip dng chy mt v h lu phong ph hn.
- Tuyt i khng thc hin cc hot ng sn xut c th gy nhim ngun
nc u ngun, v s gy ra nhim lan truyn nh hng n ton b vng rng ln

135
 h lu thuc cc TLV k Pri, Krng Ana, H lu Srpk.
- Hn ch tng dn s v dn di c t do n TLV.
TLV k Pri: Nm phn trung v h lu ca sng Krng Kn, mt ph
lu chnh ca sng Srpk v ni bt ngun ca dng k R, l phn pha Bc cao
nguyn M Nng nn c a hnh kh cao t 700 800 m, iu kin a hnh lm
cho vng c lng ma kh ln nn dng chy mt phong ph, th nhng ch yu l
t bazan c tng phong ha dy v t ph sa ven sng. TLV c din tch rng cn
nhiu vi ch yu l rng l rng thng xanh, dn c ng, mt kh ln (xem
bng 4.12, 4.13). Nh vy, TLV c th mnh v NN, ngun nc, rng. Theo kt qu
CBN nm 2010 v n 2020 trn TLV cha xy ra thiu nc, tuy nhin vi k hoch
tng din tch t NN ln hn 8.000 ha vo nm 2020 v nguy c suy gim din tch
rng nn kh nng thiu nc c th xy ra vo thi gian sau . V vy, m bo
TNN trn TLV c s dng hp l, bn vng v chia s vi h lu cn phi:
- Pht trin li th v NN nhng khng tng thm din tch t trng m khai
thc hiu qu nng cao gi tr din tch a vo s dng trn vng t bazan, t
ph sa; Ch chuyn i sang cc cy trng th mnh trn a hnh cao nguyn cao
mt m, quy hoch li t sn xut.
- Duy tr trng thi rng v chuyn i cc vng sn xut khng hiu qu sang
trng rng, pht trin th mnh v kinh t rng.
- CN ch n CN mi, hin i, t tiu hao v lm bn ngun nc, pht huy
c th mnh ca TLV nh CN ch bin nng lm nghip.
- Xy dng thm h cha tr nc cho ma kh v iu tit v h lu. Nng
cp, sa cha cc cng trnh thy li hin c m bo mc ti theo thit k, nh: Nng
cp h k Mhang, m bo ti 255 ha bao gm la v c ph; Xy dng h k
rk, cng trnh thit k ti cho 750 ha trong 600 ha c ph v 150 ha mu.
TLV k R'Mang: Nm v pha Nam LVS Srpk, l ni bt ngun ca cc
sng k RMang, k RTing, k RSol. a hnh vi nhiu i ni v cao nguyn
kh cao, l vng trc tip n gi ma Ty Nam nn c lng ma ln. TLV c din
tch t bazan ln, rng cn nhiu, dn c t v tha tht (xem bng 4.12, 4.13). Nh
vy, TLV rt c th mnh v trng cc cy CN trn vng t bazan, kinh t rng v
ngun nc. Tuy nhin, do s pht nhanh ca ngnh NN lm cho TLV xy ra thiu
nc t 2010 vi lng thiu khng ln v ch xy ra vo thng III, nn mc m bo
so vi nhu cu cn cao (xem bng 4.7). Theo kt qu CBN nm 2020 cho thy vi vic
m rng din tch trng trt v nh hng ca BKH th mc thiu nc tng ln
136
nhiu v ko di trong nhiu thng ma kh (xem bng 4.7, 4.10). m bo ngun
nc cho TLV v lm ngun d tr nc cho cc TLV h lu cn phi:
- Tp trung sn xut NN trn din tch t s dng t 2010, khng tng thm din
tch nh Quy hoch. C k hoch gim bt din tch cy c ph thay th cy trng khc.
- Khi phc v nng cao cht lng cc p thy li c tng kh nng
ti thc t theo thit k;
- Xy dng thm h cha ln d tr nc ma phc v ti ch v iu tit cho
vng h lu thuc TLV Krng Ana v H lu Srpk vo ma kh, nh: Nng cp
p dng k Tng, m bo ti 200 ha bao gm la v c ph.
- Bo v din tch rng hin c v nng cao cht lng rng (v TLV c iu
kin pht trin rng l rng thng xanh).
- p dng cc m hnh thu tr nc to thnh cc TLV c dng hnh thoi, thu
tr nc ma trn t dc.
TLV Ea Lp: Nm pha Bc LV Srpk, y l ni bt ngun v chy qua
ca cc sng v nhnh sng Ea rng, Ea Lp. a hnh cao v pha ng Bc thuc
cao nguyn Pleiku (cao 700 n trn 1000 m) v thp dn xung pha Nam, Ty Nam
ri nghing hn sang pha Ty (pha Campuchia) c cao thp ch gn 100 m, kh
hu kh mt m. Th nhng c nhiu loi t, nhng nhiu nht l t bazan trn
cao nguyn Pleiku, t ph sa ven sng sui v t xm thuc vng thp pha Ty.
y l ni c lng ma ln, dng chy mt v dng chy ngm phong ph, kh hu
mt m. TLV c s tp trung dn c ng, mt kh cao (xem bng 4.12, 4.13) l
ni rt thun li cho cc hot ng KT-XH, c bit l sn xut NN. Chnh v vy,
trong thi gian qua xy ra thiu nc cho trng trt v n nm 2020 mc thiu s
cn tng ln nhiu hn v ko di trong nhiu thng ma kh (nm 2010 TLV thiu
nc ng th t th n 2020 ng th hai trong cc TLV sng Srpk thiu nc).
m bo nc cho pht trin KT-XH n 2020 v nhng nm sau cn phi:
- Gim bt din tch cy c ph, tng din tch cy h tiu v cao su trn vng
t xm rng ln.
V TLV l a bn thun li trng h tiu v cao su. Hin ti y l TLV c
din tch nhiu nht (h tiu: 4.275 ha, cao su: 28.000 ha), hai loi cy ny c nhu cu
ti t, hiu qu kinh t cao v n nh. Cy cao su khi trng thnh khng cn phi
ti m cn c ngha nh trng rng;
- Thc hin r sot, sa cha m bo c nng lc thit k ca cc cng
trnh thy li c;

137
 - Xc nh cc vng c dng ngm tp trung, khai thc phc v nc sinh hot
kt hp vi ti. V vng cao nguyn Pleiku c tr lng nc ng TN ln
1.124,050 m3/ngy [108], ln nht trong cc TLV Srpk.
- Cn khoanh nui bo v rng trn cao nguyn Pleiku v tng thm din tch
rng trng h tr iu tit cho h lu. Ngoi ra, TLV cn c din tch rng Khp
rt ln (87.900 ha), nhng phn b tp trung vng thp h lu ca Ea rng, Ea Lp
v vng gip ranh vi Campuchia nn t c gi tr iu tit.
- p dng m hnh thu tr nc ma trn khu rung, thc hin ti phun ma,
ti nh git, gi m cho t.
- Pht trin nui trng thy sn trn cc h cha kt hp pht trin du lch sinh
thi. Do TLV c nhiu h cha, kh hu mt m, cnh quan TN p.
TLV Ea Sp: Nm pha Nam TLV Ea Lp, ni bt ngun sng Ea Hleo, Ea
Sp. a hnh ch yu l bn bnh nguyn thp pha Ty (cao t 140 300 m) v b
phn cao nguyn Bun Ma Thut pha ng (t 300 800 m). Do nh hng ca
a hnh nn lng ma thp. TLV c din tch t bazan kh ln, t xm, t kh
hn trn bn bnh nguyn Ea Sp nhiu v t ph sa ven sng sui. Din tch rng
nhiu, nhng ch yu l rng khp tp trung pha Ty trn bn bnh nguyn Ea Sp.
Dn c kh t, mt tha (xem bng 4.12, 4.13). TLV c th mnh trong NN, l
trng cy CN lu nm trn vng t bazan, cy CN ngn ngy trn vng t xm.
Theo kt qu CBN cho thy, TLV thiu nc trm trng vo ma kh v n 2020
lng thiu tng ln 114,3 % so vi 2010 khi din tch trng trt tng ln v s suy
gim din tch rng ngy cng ln. V vy, m bo mc thiu nc khng tng
cao vo 2020 v tng bc gim, cn phi:
- Khng tng thm din tch trng trt so vi 2010. Tp trung khai thc th
mnh v ti nguyn t bazan hin c.
- Tp trung chuyn i sang cy trng cn, cy CN ngn ngy trn vng bn bnh
nguyn Ea Sp; ch chuyn i ma v ph hp tn dng ti TN.
- Bo v v chm sc din tch rng hin c;
- Tng cng hiu qu ca cc cng trnh thy li c, xy dng thm h
cha, kt hp tht trin nui trng thy sn trn cc h cha.
Trn LV hin c hai cng trnh thu li ln l h Ea Sp H (5,55 triu m3)
v h Ea Sp Thng (146 triu m3);
- Khai thc li th nc ngm phc v cho sinh hot v ti trn nhng vng
thy li kh khn.

138
 - p dng m hnh thu tr nc ma trn khu rung; ti phun ma, ti nh
git v gi m cho t.
TLV H lu Srpk: l phn h lu ca dng chnh Srpk, c a hnh kh
bng phng v thp, vi cao t 60 400 m nn c lng ma thp. Th nhng
gm t bazan trn cao nguyn Bun Ma Thut, cao nguyn M Nng, t ph sa
v m ly ven sng sui. Dn s ng nhng mt thp v phn b rt khng u
(xem bng 4.12, 4.13). TLV c th mnh trong NN c bit l trng cy CN trn din
tch t bazan rng ln v t ph sa mu m ven sng Srpk. Mc d y l TLV
h lu dng chnh Srpk, nhng kt qu CBN nm 2010 v 2020 cho thy y l TLV
c mc thiu nc ln v ko di (xem bng 4.7, 4.10) v vy cn thc hin:
- iu chnh Quy hoch t NN ph hp vi li th v th nhng nhng m
bo cn bng ngun nc v kh nng ti ca cc cng trnh thy li;
- Sa cha, xy mi v khai thc c hiu qu cc cng trnh thy li, phi hp
lu tr iu tit nc gia cc h thy in v thy li. C th; Nng cp h Ea Lang
2 m bo ti cho 350 ha; Nng cp h Ea Khm 1 m bo ti cho 300 ha thuc
a bn x C Dli Mnng, huyn C MGar, tnh k Lk; Xy dng h Ea Mdroh 1,
thit k ti 740 ha, gm 420 ha cy c ph v 320 ha mu; Xy dng h thn k
Siat nm thng ngun nhnh sui k Siat, rng 9,2 km2 thuc huyn k Mil, thit
k ti cho 350 ha c ph v 150 ha mu.
- Chm sc v bo v rng, bo v nghim ngt Vn Quc gia Yok n kt
hp vi pht trin du lch l hi, du lch v ngun, du lch sinh thi v nghin cu TN;
- m bo s phi hp trong vn hnh lin h cha, x nc xung h lu
Campuchia vi mc DCTT vo ma cn.
- p dng m hnh thu tr nc ma trn khu rung, thc hin ti phun ma,
ti nh git, gi m cho t.
- Pht trin nui trng thy sn trn cc h cha kt hp vi du lch sinh thi.

139
 Bng 4.12. Tng hp cc yu t t nhin lin quan n TNN trn cc tiu lu vc sng Srpk
TT Cc yu t Th nhng chnh (ha) Rng Lng ma trung Moduynh dng
t vng t bazan t ph t xm (ha) bnh (mm) chy nm (l/s/km2)
Tiu lu vc (Fa, Fd, Fs) (Fk, Fu) sa (P) (X, Xa)
1 k Krng Kn 92.360 - 1.740 926 114.900 1600 - > 2400 30 - >50
2 k Pri 76.080 10.535 8.440 1.840 81.900 1600 - 2000 30 - 40
3 k R'Mang 103.600 30.500 832 - 125.200 1600-2400 30 - 40
4 Ea Lp 40.720 109.371 10.700 13.700 127.400 1200-2000 <20 - 20
5 Ea Sp 62.065 65.180 10.340 83.730 173.600 <1200-1200 <20
6 H lu Srpk 84.700 178.200 6.520 27.530 201.630 <1200-1200 20 - 30
7 Krng Ana 54.660 33.082 20.560 3.450 47000 1200-1600 20
8 Krng Bng 44.000 - 2.680 2.000 56.400 <1200-1600 <20 - 20
9 Krng Bk 280 60.130 5.100 3.130 310 <1200-1200 <20
10 Krng Pch 55.554 5.465 10.760 13.620 33.100 <1200-1200 20
Bng 4.13. Tng hp cc yu t KT-XH lin quan n khai thc v s dng nc trn cc TLV Srpk
Din tch trng trt Hin trng cc cng trnh xy dng
Cc yu t Dn s (2013)
(ha)
TT H p Trm bm Ti thit Ti thc
Tiu lu vc Dn s Mt dn s (ci) (ci) (ci) k (ha) t/thit k (%)
2010 2020
(ngi) (ngi/km2)
1 k Krng Kn 21.154 17 11.305 11.948 1 - - 240 57
2 k Pri 134.628 125 42.734 50.377 5 2 1 1.472 57
3 k R'Mang 90.770 63 22.100 25.385 1 10 - 1.647 57
4 Ea Lp 460.751 168 81.674 103.765 24 6 - 29.676 52
5 Ea Sp 191.354 59 105.434 122.670 28 2 - 16.120 52
6 H lu Srpk 772.774 169 204.643 239.655 60 8 7 29.280 45
7 Krng Ana 252.341 180 55.248 56.886 10 6 19 7.780 59
8 Krng Bng 91.760 120 14.822 15.364 3 3 1 5.035 59
9 Krng Bk 286.905 371 63.271 67.766 13 2 - 25.380 59
10 Krng Pch 426.604 471 44.614 47.076 9 1 - 17.016 59

140
 TLV Krng Ana: l khu vc chy qua ca sng Krng Ana, k Phi. TLV
c b phn ni cao nm pha Nam v ng Nam, gia l vng thp trng to thnh
h TN ln Ty Nguyn l h Lk, vng thun li n gi nn c lng ma ln. Th
nhng vi hai loi t chnh l t vng trn ni v t ph sa vng trng Lk v
ven sng. Dn c kh ng (xem bng 4.12, 4.13). Kt qu CBN (xem bng 4.7, 4.10)
cho thy mc thiu nc khng nhiu, mc m bo v ngun nc cao. V vy,
lng nc thiu khng tng ln v n nh sau nm 2020 cn phi:
- Nng cp v sa cha li cc cng trnh thy li hin c m bo ti hiu
qu theo thit k m khng cn xy dng thm; Nng cp h Bun Trit m bo ti
cho 2.100 ha; Nng cp cm thy li Ea Tul 1, sau khi nng cp cng trnh s m bo
ti cho 500 ha; Nng cp h Ea Hnin II m bo ti cho 750 ha; Xy dng h
Bun Dng, cng trnh thit k ti cho 900 ha, trong la 2 v l 400 ha, 100 ha
cy c ph v 400 ha mu: Xy dng trm bm Ea Rbin 1 phc v ti cho 440 ha
mu v la 2 v thuc x Ea Rbin, huyn Lk, tnh k Lk.
- Gim bt din tch cy c ph, cy la, nhng tng din tch cy n qu nh
mt, su ring, b, chm chm. Trong NN cn c cu li ma v thch hp hn;
- Phi hp vi TLV Krng Bng, Krng Pch trong iu tit ngun nc v c
trch nhim chia s ngun nc vi TLV H lu Srpk.
TLV Krng Bng: y l ni bt ngun v chy qua ca sng Krng Ana,
sng Krng Bng v sng Krng Pc, chy theo hng ng Nam - Ty Bc. TLV c
phm vi gm phn pha Bc ca dy Ch Yang Sin, sn pha Ty ca Trng Sn
Nam nn a hnh kh cao, a hnh ni to thnh vng cung ln bao ba pha (pha
Bc, ng, Nam), li nm kh su trong lc a nn c lng ma t, th nhng ph
bin l t trn ni b xi mn ra tri mnh, t xm; dn c khng nhiu (xem
bng 4.12, 4.13). T kt qu nghin cu trn cho thy: iu kin a hnh, th nhng
v ngun nc ca TLV khng thun li cho trng trt, nhng c th mnh v lm
nghip. Theo kt qu CBN cho thy lng nc thiu khng nhiu, nhng ko di
nhiu thng k c trong ma ma. V vy, pht huy li th ca TLV cn phi:
- Qun l v nng cao che ph rng u ngun, tp trung pht trin kinh t
lm nghip (trng, khai thc, ch bin sn phm lm nghip);
- Gi nguyn din tch trng cy lng thc nh hin ti (2010), pht trin chn
nui gia sc trn cc vng i trc ni;
- Xy thm h cha thu tr nc ma, ci thin dng ngm; Tng hiu qu
ti theo thit k ca cc cng trnh thy li hin c.
141
 - Thu tr nc ma cc h gia nh bng h ao, b ln cung cp nc cho
sinh hot v chn nui;
- Trong sn xut NN, ch chuyn i c cu cy trng, ma v, p dng ti
phun ma, ti nh git;
- B sung nc nhn to cho nc di t bng m hnh ro cn, h cha
m, p nh trn cc sui u ngun.
TLV Krng Bk: Nm v pha ng LV, ni c dng sng Krng Bk
chy qua. y l TLV b bao bc bi vng ni thp pha Bc, cao nguyn Bun Ma
Thut pha Ty nn c hng thp dn t pha Bc, Ty Bc xung pha Nam v ng
Nam, pha Nam c dy ni Ch Yang Sin n ng lm cho TLV tr thnh vng trng
Krng Bk, kh kn gi nn lng ma rt thp. Th nhng ch yu l t bazan
thuc cao nguyn Bun Ma Thut, t ph sa v t xm, ngun nc ngm ngho
nn. TLV c th x Bun H sm ut nn c s tp trung dn c ng (xem bng 4.12,
4.13). y l TLV rt c th mnh trng cy CN, ni bt l c ph, nhng ngun
nc ngho hn ch th mnh ny. Theo kt qu CBN nm 2010 th y l TLV
thiu nc trm trng nht cho NN v n 2020 cn xut hin thiu nc i c vi sinh
hot v CN, vi lng thiu n 222 triu m3. Thiu nc nhiu l do vng c din tch
t bazan nhiu lm cho din tch trng trt ln, a hnh kh bng phng, giao thng
thun li tp trung ng dn c to nn mt ln, trong khi din tch rng t gp
phn lm tng mc hn hn trn TLV. V vy, trong thi gian ti cn thc hin:
- C cu li ngnh NN theo hng gim trng trt, tng chn nui. Trc mt
n 2020 l khng tng thm khong 6.000 ha t trng trt nh k hoch gim p
lc ln ngun nc;
- Chuyn i c cu cy trng, ch gim din tch c ph, tng din tch trng
bng vi, cy CN ngn ngy khc; c cu li ma v hp l hn tn dng ngun
nc ma;
- Gim gia tng dn s v phn b li dn c;
- p dng cc gii php lu tr nc ma bng b ti gia nh phc v mt
phn nc cho sinh hot; thu tr trn ng rung, ti tit kim, ti nh git, ko di
thi gian m v gi m cho t.

142
 - Xy dng thm h cha ln (hin ti c h cha nc Krng Bk H c
dung tch cha gn 110 triu m3, nng lc ti 11.400 ha cy trng cc loi, cung cp
nc sinh hot cho 72.000 h dn); Xy dng h Ea Por, thit k ti cho 450 ha c
ph v 25 ha la 2 v; Nng cp, sa cha cc cng trnh hin c t c nh
mc ti theo thit k.
- Khi hn hn xy ra phi u tin hng u nc cho sinh hot v th t u tin
nc, khng gy ra cc nguy c nh hng n an ninh ngun nc cho sinh hot.
- CN la chn ngnh phc v ch bin nng sn ca a phng, ngnh s dng
t nc, tit kim nc, c th s dng nc hi quy.
TLV Krng Pch: Nm pha ng LVS Srpk, l ni bt ngun ca sng
Krng Pch, Ea D, Ea Dang. a hnh ch yu l b phn i ni thp thuc phn
Nam Trng Sn, c hng nghing dn sang pha Ty, vi c im nn TLV rt
kn gi lm cho lng ma thp, ph bin di 1.200 mm. Th nhng ch yu l t
trn ni, t ph sa, t xm. TLV c dn c ng, mt ln (xem bng 4.12,
4.13), vi KTN lm cho TLV t thun li trong trng trt. Theo kt qu CBN
(xem bng 4.7, 4.10) th TLV thiu nc trm trng i vi tt c cc ngnh v c sinh
hot, lng thiu ln nhng mc m bo so vi nhu cu rt thp. V vy, m bo
nc cho pht trin bn vng KT-XH trn TLV cn phi:
- p dng cc gii php nh TLV Krng Bk;
- Cng c li cc h cha nc m bo t ti theo thit k, ch trng bo
dng cc h cha nc ln (h Krng Pch Thng cp nc ti t chy 14.900 ha
t NN, cp nc sinh hot cho 72.916 ngi v chn nui); Xy dng h Ea Knuch,
cng trnh thit k ti cho 750 ha bao gm la, c ph v mu; pht huy ht nng lc
thit k ca cc cng trnh thy li;
- Quy hoch li dn c, KCN ni gn h cha, c ngun nc ngm, gn ng
giao thng c th cung cp nc thun li trong ma kh hoc hn hn xy ra.
- Trn cc vng i ni thp tn dng cc ng c TN phc v chn nui gia
sc ln. Cc vng i ni trc, dc t chc trng li rng v pht trin cc m hnh
nng lm.
4.3. Tiu kt chng 4
- Kt qu CBN cho thy c 8/10 TLV thiu nc cho sn xut v sinh hot tp
trung vo ma kh, mc m bo cho NN ngy cng thp, thi gian v lng nc

143
thiu nm 2020 tng ln so vi 2010, thiu nc xut hin trong c ma ma, c bit
c 2 TLV thiu nc i vi sinh hot, cn cc ngnh kinh t khc ch p ng c
mt thi gian hoc mt phn.
- m bo nc cho pht trin KT-XH bn vng phi m bo khai thc
v s dng TNN bn vng n 2020 v nhng nm sau . Do vy, trn bnh din
chung cn phi p dng ng thi nhiu gii php phi cng trnh v cng trnh, trong
ch iu chnh quy hoch lnh th, phn b li dn c, sn xut ph hp vi kh nng
p ng ngun nc trong bi cnh BKH. i vi tng TLV, ch pht huy th
mnh ca TLV trn c s p ng ngun nc, thc hin cc gii php c th, kh thi.

144
 KT LUN V KIN NGH
1. Kt lun
a. Kt qu t c
- Lun n vn dng phng php GTH-TNN vo nghin cu c th LVS
Srpk. y l LV c tnh c th v TN nh: Dng sng chy trn nn t bazan
c tng phong ha dy, din tch ln thuc 3 cao nguyn khc nhau; phn b nhiu kiu
rng, c bit l kiu rng Khp; c u th v sn xut NN nht l trng cy CN, c v tr
chin lc v KT-XH v an ninh quc phng.
- Kt qu nghin cu nh gi, lm r vai tr ca cc yu t TN v KT-XH
nh hng n s lng v cht lng cc ngun nc LVS Srpk;
- nh gi c tim nng v d bo ngun nc, nhu cu s dng nc theo
cc TLV sng Srpk n nm 2020 c xt n BKH.
- Lun n phn chia LVS Srpk ra 10 TLV, p dng m hnh MIKE
BASIN tnh CBN. Qua cho thy, hng nm LVS Srpk c khong 17 t m3 nc,
vi nh hng pht trin KT-XH n 2020 th nhu cu nc cn khong 3.924,8 triu
m3, ch chim khong 23 % tng lng nc ca LV. Nh vy, LVS Srpk khng
phi l LV thiu nc, nhng do s phn ha su sc gia ma ma v ma kh v s
gia tng nhu cu dng nc ti cho trng trt (ch yu cho c ph v la) ngy cng
nhiu vo thi im ma kh, thm vo l cc cng trnh thy li cn t, km hiu
qu kt hp vi tc ng ca BKH lm cho 8/10 TLV xy ra thiu nc, t dn
n hn hn ngy cng nghim trng hn;
- Trn c s khoa hc , xut cc gii php s dng hp l v bo v
TNN phc v cho pht trin bn vng KT-XH n nm 2020 v nhng nm tip theo
trn LVS Srpk.
b. Hn ch
- LVS Srpk c din tch rng, tri ra trn a bn 4 tnh Ty Nguyn, c
KTN phc tp nn hn ch trong thu thp s liu. Mi tnh li c nhng nh hng
pht trin KT-XH khc nhau nn kh c th tm ra ting ni chung cho ton LV.
- Cc gii php xut ch yu da vo kt qu nghin cu, phn tch v quan
st thc a ca chng ti m cha c iu kin p dng th nghim, nn mi ch
mang tnh nh hng.

145
2. Kin ngh
- i vi s dng TNN trn LVS Srpk cn c s phi hp mt cch cht ch
gia cc phm vi LV (thng, trung, h), gia cc TLV. LVS Srpk nm trn a bn
ca 4 tnh, v vy cn thnh lp mt y ban LVS nhm phi hp, iu phi trong khai
thc, s dng TNN hp l.
- Kt qu nghin cu ca lun n da trn c s khoa hc v vn dng cc m
hnh ton ph hp, kt hp vi iu tra thc t, s dng v cp nht nhiu s liu lin
quan ng tin cy, t ch r nguyn nhn v hu qu ca vic thiu nc trn
phm vi LV. Do vy, y l mt ti liu c tnh hu dng cao, nhng gii php t ra
cho vn TNN trn LV cn c cc chnh quyn a phng quan tm, trin khai
vn dng c th i ph vi s suy gim TNN, BKH, t lm cho TNN bn
vng s m bo nc cho pht trin KT-XH bn vng trn LVS Srpk n 2020 v
giai on tip theo.

146
 DANH MC CC CNG TRNH CNG B
1. Phan Thi L, Nguyn Lp Dn, Lng Th Vn (2012), Vn s dng hp l ti
nguyn nc i vi pht trin nng nghip lu vc sng Srpk, Hi ngh Khoa hc a
l ton quc ln th VI, NXB Khoa hc TN v Cng ngh, tr 301 3018, Hu - 9/2012.
2. Nguyn Th Mai, Ng L Long, Nguyn Lp Dn, Phan Thi L (2012), ng dng
m hnh NAM khi phc s liu dng chy lu vc sng Srpk, Hi ngh Khoa hc a
l ton quc ln th VI, NXB Khoa hc TN v Cng ngh, tr 377 383, Hu - 9/2012.
3. Ng L Long, Nguyn Th Mai, Nguyn Lp Dn, Phan Thi L (2012), ng dng
m hnh HECRESSIM m phng vn hnh h thng lin h cha lu vc Srpk trong
ma cn, Hi ngh Khoa hc a l ton quc ln th VI, NXB Khoa hc TN v Cng
ngh, tr 1011 1018, Hu - 9/2012.
4. Nguyn Lp Dn, V Th Thu Lan, Phan Thi L, L Minh Nguyt (2012),
Nghin cu c s khoa hc cho gii php tng th gii quyt cc mu thun li ch trong
vic khai thc s dng ti nguyn nc phc v pht trin kinh t - x hi lnh th Ty
Nguyn, Hi ngh Khoa hc a l ton quc ln th VI, NXB Khoa hc TN v Cng
ngh, tr 225 234, Hu - 9/2012.
5. Nguyn Lp Dn, V Th Thu Lan, Phan Thi L (2013), C s khoa hc cho gii
php gii quyt cc mu thun li ch trong khai thc s dng ti nguyn nc phc v
pht trin kinh t - x hi lnh th Ty Nguyn, Tp ch KHCN Vit Nam - s 8, tr 50 56.
6. Phm Th Hng, Ng L Long, Phan Thi L, Trnh Vn Tng (2013), Nghin
cu ng dng m hnh SWAT nh gi nh hng ca thay i thm ph rng n dng
chy trn lu vc sng Srpk, Hi ngh Khoa hc a l ton quc ln th VII, NXB i
hc Thi Nguyn, tr 165 171, Thi Nguyn.
7. Phan Thi L, Nguyn Lp Dn (2014), xut mt s gii php khai thc, s
dng hp l ti nguyn nc lu vc sng Srpk, Hi ngh Khoa hc a l ton quc
ln th VIII, NXB Khoa hc TN v Cng ngh, tr 525 533, TP. H Ch Minh.
8. Phan Thi L, Nguyn Hong Sn (2014), Phn b ti nguyn nc ma trn cc
lu vc sng Ty Nguyn, Tuyn tp cc cng trnh khoa hc Hi ngh khoa hc a l -
Qun l ti nguyn, trng i hc Khoa hc TN - HQG HN, tr 123 - 132.
9. Bi Anh Tun, Hong Thanh Sn, Nguyn Minh Thnh, Phan Thi L, (2016), nh
gi nguy c lm suy gim ngun nc lu vc sng Srpk (phn thuc lnh th vit nam),
Tp ch Ti nguyn nc S 1, Hi Thy li Vit Nam, tr 75 82, thng 1/2016.
10. Phan Thi L (2016), nh gi nguy c gia tng hn hn trn lu vc sng
Srpk, Hi ngh Khoa hc a l ton quc ln th IX, NXB Khoa hc TN v Cng
ngh, tr 590 598, TP. Quy Nhn, Bnh nh.

147
 TI LIU THAM KHO
A. Ti liu ting Vit:
1. Ng L An, Ng L Long (2011), Nghin cu cc c trng kh tng, thu vn
lm c s cho bi ton iu hnh h thng lin h cha trn lu vc sng
Srpk, Tp ch KHKT Thy li v Mi trng, S 32, Tr 11-19.
2. B K hoch v u t, (2009), Bo co tng hp Quy hoch tng th pht trin
kinh t - x hi vng Ty Nguyn n nm 2020, H Ni.
3. B Khoa hc Cng ngh Mi trng (2001), Bo co tng kt ti KHCN
07- 05, Nghin cu nh gi bin ng mi trng do thc hin quy hoch pht
trin kinh t - x hi v khai thc, s dng hp l TNTN Ty Nguyn giai on
1996 2010, H Ni,
4. B Nng nghip v pht trin Nng thn (2007), Bo co tng hp d n quy
hoch thy li va v nh tnh Gia Lai, Lm ng.
5. B Nng nghip v pht trin Nng thn (2008), Bo co tng hp d n R
sot quy hoch thy li tnh k Nng.
6. B Nng nghip v pht trin Nng thn (2012), Quy chun k thut quc gia
Cng trnh thy li - Cc quy nh ch yu v thit k, QCVN 04-05:
2012/BNNPTNT, H Ni.
7. B Ti nguyn v Mi trng (2006), Chin lc quc gia v ti nguyn nc
n nm 2020, Nxb Vn ha Thng tin, H Ni.
8. B Ti nguyn v Mi trng (2008), S: 16/2008/Q-BTNMT (ngy 31/12/2008),
Quyt nh Ban hnh Quy chun k thut quc gia v mi trng, H Ni.
9. B Ti nguyn v Mi trng (2012), Kch bn bin i kh hu, nc bin dng
cho Vit Nam, Nxb Ti nguyn - Mi trng v Bn Vit Nam, H Ni.
10. B Ti nguyn v Mi trng (2013), Quy nh k thut quan trc ti nguyn
nc di t, Thng t s 19/2013/TT-BTNMT ngy 18/07/2013, H Ni.
11. B Ti nguyn Mi trng (2015), Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng
nc mt, QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT, H Ni.
12. B Xy dng, Vin Quy hoch th - Nng thn (1999), D n quy hoch tng
th cp nc sinh hot nng thn vng Ty Nguyn, Bo co tm tt, H Ni.
13. B Y T (2009), Quy chun k thut Quc gia v cht lng nc sinh hot QCVN
02/2009 BYT, Thng t s 05/2009/TT BYT. H Ni, ngy 17 thng 6 nm 2009.

148
14. B Y T (2009), Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc n ung QCVN 01:2009
BYT, S: 04/2009/TT-BYT. H Ni, ngy 17 thng 6 nm 2009.
15. on Vn Cnh (2005), Nghin cu xy dng c s khoa hc v xut cc gii
php bo v v s dng hp l ti nguyn nc vng Ty Nguyn, Bo co tng
kt ti cp Nh nc KC.08.05.
16. on Vn Cnh (2010), Nghin cu c s khoa hc v xy dng c s khoa hc
v xy dng cc gii php lu gi nc ma vo lng t phc v chng hn v
bo v ti nguyn nc di t vng Ty Nguyn, Trng i hc M a cht.
17. V Minh Ct, Bi Cng Quang (2002), Thy vn nc di t, Nxb Xy dng,
H Ni.
18. Quang Cn (1995), Bo co kt qu xy dng mng quan trc ng thi
nc di t vng Ty Nguyn (1990 - 1995), Cc a cht v Khong sn Vit
Nam, H Ni.
19. Chi cc Thy li k Lk (2012), Hin trng cc cng trnh thy li tnh k
Lk. Bun Ma Thut.
20. Nguyn Vn Chin (1985), Ty Nguyn cc iu kin t nhin v TNTN, Nxb
KHKT, H Ni.
21. Chnh ph (2004), nh hng chin lc pht trin bn vng Vit Nam
(Chng trnh Ngh s 21 ca Vit Nam), H Ni.
22. Chnh Ph (2008), Ngh nh 120/2008/N-CP v Qun l lu vc sng, H Ni.
23. Chnh Ph (2008), Ngh nh 112/2008/N-CP, V qun l, bo v, khai thc
tng hp ti nguyn v mi trng cc h cha thu in, thu li.
24. Vente Chow, David Maidment v Lary W. Mays. ngi dch: Hu Thnh -
Vn Ton (1994), Thy vn ng dng. Nxb Gio dc.
25. Cc qun l ti nguyn nc (21/04/2015), Qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc
v chnh sch bo v ngun nc quc gia, B ti nguyn&MT.
26. Cc Thng k tnh k Lk (5/2014), Nin gim thng k 2013. k Lk.
27. Cc Thng k tnh k Nng (5/2014), Nin gim thng k 2013. k Nng
28. Cc Thng k tnh Gia Lai (5/2014), Nin gim thng k 2013. Gia Lai
29. Cc Thng k tnh Lm ng (6/2014), Nin gim thng k 2013. Lm ng.

149
30. Nguyn Vn C (2005), Nghin cu gii php tng th s dng hp l ti
nguyn v bo v mi trng LV sng Ba, sng Kn, Bo co tng kt ti KC-
08-25, Bo co tng kt ti cp Nh nc, Vin a L.
31. Nguyn Lp Dn (1987), Mt s vn nc Ty Nguyn, Tp ch khoa hc
v Tri t, (s 3/1987).
32. Nguyn Lp Dn (2012), Chuyn M hnh qun l, s dng ti nguyn nc
vng Thanh Ngh - Tnh, Vin a L, H Ni.
33. Nguyn Lp Dn (2015), Bo co tng kt ti KHCN cp Nh nc (M TN3/T02)
Nghin cu c s khoa hc cho gii php tng th gii quyt cc mu thun li ch
trong vic khai thc s dng ti nguyn nc lnh th Ty Nguyn, H Ni.
34. Ng Th Thy Dng (2015), nh gi v d bo xung t mi trng trong
khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc mt lu vc sng Srpk, Lun n tin s,
trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin, H Ni.
35. i kh tng thy vn khu vc Ty Nguyn (2016), S liu thng k v s liu
d bo, Tp. Pleiku.
36. on iu tra Quy hoch ti nguyn nc 704 (2010), Bo co khoa hc ti
nh gi hin trng cht lng nc di t, xut bin php khc phc v
bo v ti nguyn nc di t phc v nc sinh hot trn a bn tnh k
Lk, Bun Ma Thut.
37. Fridland V.M (1973), t v v phong ha nhit i m, Nxb KHKT, H Ni.
38. Phm Quang Hnh (1975), Thy vn i cng (nc t lin), NXB KH&KT,
H Ni.
39. Phm Quang Hnh & Nguyn Lp Dn (1988), Cn bng nc lnh th Ty Nguyn,
Bo co tng kt ti thuc chng trnh 48C, Chng trnh Ty Nguyn II.
40. Trn Ngc Hin (2006), iu tra b sung quy hoch chuyn i c cu sn xut
nng lm nghip, thy sn vng Ty Nguyn n nm 2010 v nh hng n
nm 2020. Vin Quy hoch v Thit k NN.
41. Bi Hiu, Lng Vn Ho (2000), K thut ti cho mt s cy lng thc v
hoa mu, Nxb NN, H Ni.
42. L Vn Hp (2010), Qun l ti nguyn nc ca cng ha php, B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng.

150
43. Nguyn Thng Hng (1998), Ti nguyn nc di t Ty Nguyn, chng
trnh KC 48C - 03- 01- 02, H Ni.
44. Bi Quang Huy, Trn Trung Kin v nnk (2016), Bo co k thut ng dng t
liu nh v tinh a thi gian nh gi nhanh mc kh hn khu vc Ty
Nguyn v cc tnh Nam Trung b. Vin Cng ngh v tr (STL) v Trung tm
Phng trnh v Gim nh thin tai (DMC), H Ni, 3/2016.
45. Nguyn Sinh Huy (1995), Nghin cu cn bng, bo v s dng c hiu qu
ngun nc phc v pht trin kinh t - x hi Ty Nguyn, Bo co tng kt
ti KC.12.04.
46. T nh Huyn (1996), Nghin cu nh gi ti nguyn nc phc v pht trin
kinh t - x hi vng ng Bc, Lun n ph tin s khoa hc a l a cht,
Vin a l.
47. Nguyn Hu Khi Nguyn Vn Tun (2001), a l thy vn, Nxb HQG H Ni.
48. L Vn Khoa (ch bin) (2001), Khoa hc mi trng, NXB GD.
49. Nguyn Quang Kim (2005), Nghin cu d bo hn hn vng Nam Trung B v
Ty Nguyn v xy dng cc gii php phng chng, ti cp Nh
ncKC.08.22, H Ni
50. Tin Lanh (2010), Qun l tng hp lu vc v s dng hp l ti nguyn nc
h thng sng ng Nai, Bo co tng kt ti cp nh nc, KC-08-18/06-10.
51. V T Lp (2004), a l t nhin Vit Nam, NXB HSP, H Ni.
52. Lin on a cht thy vn - CCT Min Trung (2003), nh gi cn bng
nc v nh hng s dng, bo v ti nguyn nc trn a bn tnh Gia Lai.
53. Lin on a cht Ty Nguyn (2010), Bn a cht Gia Lai, k Lk - k
Nng, Lm ng, T l 1/200.000.
54. Lin Hip Quc (1992), Cng c khung v Bin i kh hu (UNFCCC), New York.
55. Lin Hip Quc (1992), Chng trnh Ngh s 21, Rio de Janeiro - Brazin.
56. ng c Long (2001), Bo co kt qu iu tra ngun nc di t vng ni
Trung b v Ty Nguyn, Fa II, Cc a cht v Khong sn Vit Nam, H Ni.
57. Phan Vn Mnh (2011), nh gi nh hng ca cc h cha ln xy dng trn
vng t bazan n ti nguyn nc ngm trn a bn tnh k Lk, Bo co
tng kt ti KC02.2009.

151
58. Nguyn Kim Ngc (2003). a cht thy vn v ti nguyn nc ngm lnh th
Vit Nam.Nxb Giao thng vn ti. H Ni
59. Nguyn c Ng (1985), Kh hu Ty Nguyn trong cc iu kin t nhin v
ti nguyn thin nhin, NXB KHKT, H Ni.
60. Trn An Phong (1994), Quy hoch tng th kinh t x hi vng Ty Nguyn v
duyn hi Nam Trung b, Bo co khoa hc, H Ni.
61. Quc Hi nc CHXHCNVN Lut s 17/2012/QH13, Lut Ti nguyn nc, H Ni.
62. Quc Hi nc CHXHCNVN Lut s 55/2014/QH13, Lut Bo v mi trng,
H Ni.
63. S TN&MT tnh k Lk (2010), Bo co hin trng mi trng tnh k Lk
giai on 2006 - 2010, k Lk.
64. S TN&MT tnh k Nng (2009), Bo co hin trng mi trng tnh k
Nng t 2004 - 2009, k Nng.
65. S TN&MT tnh Gia Lai (2011), Bo co hin trng mi trng tnh Gia Lai,
Gia Lai.
66. S TN&MT tnh Lm ng (2010), Bo co hin trng mi trng tnh Lm
ng giai on 2006-2010, Lm ng.
67. Nguyn Hong Sn (2010), Nghin cu, nh gi tng hp ti nguyn nc phc
v pht trin bn vng lu vc sng Hng, Lun n tin s a l hc, Vin a l.
68. Nguyn Thanh Sn (2010), nh gi ti nguyn nc Vit Nam, NXBGD Vit Nam.
69. Hn Ngc Ti (2014), Mt s kinh nghim trn th gii v qun l mi trng
v ti nguyn nc lu vc sng, Tp ch Mi trng, s 12/2014.
70. Phng Tm (2015), Bi hc bo v mi trng sng Rhine thnh cng nh sc
mnh hp tc xuyn bin gii, Tp ch Th gii mi trng.
71. Trn Kng Tu (Ch bin) (1986), Th nhng hc (tp I v II), Nxb i hc v
Trung hc Chuyn nghip.
72. Nguyn Bch Thng (2005), Quan trc quc gia ng thi nc di t giai
on 2001-2005 tp 3 vng Ty Nguyn, Lin on CTV - CCT Min Trung
73. Nguyn Vn Thng, Phm Th Ngc Lan (2007), Qun l tng hp lu vc sng,
Gio trnh, Trng i hc Thy Li, Nxb NN.
74. Nguyn Vn Thng (2014), Qun l nc theo lu vc sng - mt vn cp
thit hin nay, Trng H Thy Li.

152
75. Xun Thng (20/5/2013), Cn kit ti nguyn nc e da ngun sng ton
cu, Bo Dn Vit.
76. Th Tng Chnh ph (2005), Quyt nh s: 328/2005/Q-TTg ngy 12/12/2005,
Ph duyt K hoch quc gia kim sot nhim mi trng n nm 2010.
77. Th Tng Chnh ph (2006), Quyt nh S: 81/2006/Q TTg (ngy 14/4/2006),
Ph duyt chin lc quc gia v ti nguyn nc n nm 2020, H Ni.
78. Th Tng Chnh ph (2010), Quyt nh S: 1989/Q - TTg (ngy 1/11/2010),
V vic ban hnh danh mc lu vc sng lin tnh, H Ni.
79. Th Tng Chnh ph (2011), Quyt nh S: 624/Q-TTg (ngy 26/4/2011), V
vic Quy trnh vn hnh lin h cha cc h: Bun Tua Srah, Bun Kup,
Srpk 3 v Srpk 4 trong ma l hng nm. H Ni.
80. Th Tng Chnh ph (2012), Quyt nh S: 432/Q-TTg (ngy 12/4/2012), Ph
duyt Chin lc Pht trin bn vng Vit Nam giai on 2011 2020, H Ni.
81. Th Tng Chnh ph (2012), Quyt nh S: 936/Q-TTg (ngy 18/7/2012),
Ph duyt quy hoch tng th pht trin kinh t-x hi vng Ty Nguyn n
2020, H Ni.
82. Th Tng Chnh ph (2014), Quyt nh S: 1201/Q - TTg (ngy 23/7/2014), V
vic ban hnh Quy trnh vn hnh lin h cha trn lu vc sng Srpk, H Ni.
83. Trn Thc (2008), Xy dng bn hn hn v mc thiu nc sinh hot
Nam Trung B v Ty Nguyn, Bo co tng kt ti cp B.
84. T chc hp tc quc t Nht Bn JICA (2003), Nghin cu v pht trin v
qun l ti nguyn nc ton quc ti Nc CHXHCN Vit Nam. Bo co lu tr
B Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn, H Ni.
85. Phm Ngc Ton Phan Tt c (1978), Kh hu Vit Nam, Nxb KHKT, H Ni.
86. Tng cc TCL - B Khoa hc Cng Ngh v Mi trng (1995), Tiu chun
Vit Nam - Cht lng nc, H Ni.
87. Tng cc Kh tng thu vn (1987), c trng hnh thi mng li sng sui
lnh th Vit Nam, Nxb KHKT, H Ni.
88. Tng cc Thy li (2012), Kt qu iu tra hin trng thy li n nm 2011 khu
vc Ty Nguyn, Bo co iu tra c bn nm 2012.
89. Tng cc thng k Vit Nam (2013), Din tch, dn s v mt dn s 2013
phn theo a phng, H Ni.
153
90. Nguyn Diu Trinh (2012), Nghin cu, nh gi ti nguyn nc vng sinh
thi c th Bnh Tr - Thin phc v khai thc s dng hp l, Lun n tin
s, Vin a l.
91. Nguyn Quang Trung (2004), Nghin cu m hnh qun l tng hp ti nguyn v
mi trng lu vc sng , Bo co tng kt ti cp Nh nc, KC08-04/10.
92. Ng Tun T v nnk (1998), Chuyn kho nc di t Ty Nguyn, Cc a
cht v Khong sn Vit Nam, H Ni.
93. Ng Tun T (2010), nh gi hin trng cht lng nc di t xut bin
php khc phc v bo v ti nguyn nc di t phc v nc sinh hot trn
a bn tnh k Lk, Bo co tng kt ti KC.02.2008, S khoa hc v cng
ngh tnh k Lk.
94. Ng nh Tun (1995), Nghin cu cn bng, bo v s dng c hiu qu ngun
nc phc v pht trin KT-XH Ty Nguyn, Bo co tng kt ti KC.12.04.
95. Ng nh Tun (1999), Qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc, Trng H Thy
Li, H Ni.
96. V Vn Tun (1993), nh gi ti nguyn nc phc v cho pht trin lu bn:
Nguyn l v cc ni dung ch yu, Hi tho ti KT 02-10, H Ni.
97. y ban Lin chnh ph v Bin i Kh hu (IPCC) (2013), Bo co nh gi ln
th 5 v bin i kh hu ton cu (AR5).
98. UBND tnh k Lk (2007), Bo co tng hp Quy hoch tng th pht trin
KT-XH tnh k Lk n nm 2020.
99. UBNN tnh k Nng (2011), Bo co tng hp r sot, iu chnh, b sung
Quy hoch tng th pht trin KT-XH tnh k Nng n nm 2020.
100. UBND tnh Gia Lai (2010), Bo co tng hp Quy hoch tng th pht trin
KT-XH tnh Gia Lai n nm 2020.
101. UBNN tnh Lm ng (2007), Quy hoch tng th pht trin KT-XH tnh Lm
ng n nm 2020.
102. Vin iu tra Quy hoch rng (2005, 2010, 2015), Bn rng Vit Nam (bn
s), H Ni.
103. Vin Khoa hc K thut Nng Lm Ty Nguyn, Cng ty CP Truyn thng
Nng nghip a phng tin, Chng trnh iMetos Vit Nam (1/2016), Ti liu

154
 Hi tho: Hi tho Truyn thng nng nghip thng minh vi Bin i kh hu v
Pht trin nng nghip Ty Nguyn bn vng, Tp. Bun Ma Thut.
104. Vin Khoa hc thy li Vit Nam (2011), nh gi hin trng, hiu qu cc h
thng thy li tnh Lm ng, Bo co kt qu iu tra d n: Tng iu tra nh
gi hin trng, hiu qu cc h thng thy li ton quc, H Ni.
105. Vin Khoa hc thy li Vit Nam (2011), nh gi hin trng, hiu qu cc h
thng thy li tnh Gia Lai, Bo co kt qu iu tra d n: Tng iu tra nh
gi hin trng, hiu qu cc h thng thy li ton quc, H Ni.
106. Vin Khoa hc Thy li Vit Nam (2011), nh gi hin trng, hiu qu cc
h thng thy li tnh k Nng, Bo co kt qu iu tra d n: Tng iu tra
nh gi hin trng, hiu qu cc h thng thy li ton quc, H Ni.
107. Vin Qun l nc quc t (IWMI) (2013), ng Nam , nhu cu lng thc
v in ngy cng tng u t quy m ln lm thay i s dng t Ti tiu
km hiu qu Bin ng ngun nc Qun l bn vng cc h sinh thi Bin i
kh hu, Nghin cu ca IWMI.
108. Vin Quy hoch thy li (2005), Kh tng thy vn lu vc sng Srpk, Bo
co chuyn ti: Quy hoch s dng tng hp v bo v ngun nc lu vc
Srpk, H Ni.
109. Vin Quy hoch thy li (2005), Quy hoch s dng tng hp v bo v ngun
nc lu vc Srpk. H Ni.
110. Vin Quy hoch thy li (2007), Bo co phn vng qun l tng hp ti
nguyn nc vng Ty Nguyn, H Ni.
111. Vin Quy hoch thy li (2010), Quy hoch pht trin thy li tnh k Lk
giai on 2009 - 2015 v nh hng n nm 2020, H Ni.
112. Vin Quy hoch thy li Min Nam (2011), Nghin cu nh gi nh hng
ca cc h cha ln (xy dng trn vng t bazan) n ti nguyn nc ngm
trn a bn tnh k Lk.
113. Vit Nam- an Mch (2006), Alat ti nguyn nc tng hp lu vc sng Srpk,
D n Qun l Tng hp Ti nguyn nc lu vc sng Srpk thuc Chng trnh
H tr Ngnh nc (WaterSPS).
114. Trn Thanh Xun (2011), Tc ng ca Bin i kh hu n Ti nguyn nc
Vit Nam, Nxb Khoa hc k thut, H Ni.

155
 115. Trn Thanh Xun (2012), Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam v qun l, Nxb Khoa hc
t nhin v cng ngh, H Ni.
116. Mr. Jean - Franois donzier (2013), Nhng bi hc v cng tc qun l lu
vc sng Php, DWRM t ng h p.
B. Ti liu ting Anh:
117. ADB (2013), Asian Water Development Outlook 2013. Measuring Water
Security in Asia and the Pacific, Manila.
118. APWELL (Editor) (2003), Project Judicious management of groundwater
through participatory hydrological monitoring, A manual, Andhra Pradesh, India.
119. Auckland Regional Council (2008), A best use solution for New Zealands
water, New Zealand.
120. Bruce Mitchell, PhD (2010), Resource and Environmental Management in
Canada: Addressing Conflict and Uncertainty, Oxford University Press; 4
Edition (May 9, 2010).
121. Committee on Assessment of Water Resources Research, Water Science and
Technology Board, Division on Earth and Life Studies (2004), Confronting the
Nation's Water Problems: The Role of Research, National Research Council,
Washington, D.C (www.nap.edu).
122. Committee on Western Water Management (1992), Water Transfers in the West
Efficiency, Equity, and the Environment, National Research Council,
Washington, D.C.
123. DHI, 2011, MIKE Basin: Manual. Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI Water
Environment Health), Denmark.
124. Global Water Partnership Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) (2000),
Integrated Water Resources Management, TAC Background papers no. 4.
125. Global Water Partnership (Editor) (2010), Day 4 Water Resources
Assessment. Introduction, Jubeiha.
126. FAO; GEF; IAH; IHP; World Bank (2012), Trends in groundwater pollution:
loss of groundwater quality and related aquifers services, FAO.
127. Inforesources focus (Editor) (2003), Integrated Water Resources Management
(IWRM): A way to sustainability, SSWM.
128. Jean Burton (2003), Integrated water resources management on a basin leve,
training manual; 2003, Printed in Canada.
156
129. OECD (2010), Sustainable Management of Water Resources in Agriculture.
130. Sadoff, C; Muller, M. (2009), Water Management, Water Security and Climate
Change Adaptation: Early Impacts and Essential Responses, Global Water
Partnership Technical Committee (TEC), Stockholm.
131. Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation - SDC (Editor) (2005), Water
2015: Policy Principles and Strategic Guidelines for Integrated Water Resource
Management IWRM, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, SDC.
132. Tran Van Ty (2011), Development of a comprehensive approach for water
resources assessment at various spatio-temporal scales, A dissertation submitted
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
in Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan.
133. UN Water (Editor) (2013), Water Scarcity Factsheet, United Nations Water.
134. UNESCO (Editor); WMO (Editor) (1997), Water Resources Assessment.
Handbook for Review of National Capabilities, Geneva and Paris.
135. United nations economic commission for europe organisation for economic co-
operation and development
136. United Nations Environment Programme (2012), Status Report on The
Application of Integrated Approaches to Water Resources Management, UNEP.
137. Water Assembly (Editor) (2006), Water Resources Assessment for the Planning
Region. Middle Rio Grande Regional Water Plan, Albuquerque.

157
PHN PH LC

158
 PH LC BNG
Bng 2.1. Lng ma trung bnh ti cc trm kh tng trn LVS Srpk
Ma Ma
TT Tn trm Tnh I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII C nm ma kh
(V-X) (XI-IV)
1 Ch Prng Gia Lai 0.0 4.4 18.4 79.5 235.6 400.5 387.2 489.8 316.8 200.5 63.3 12.7 2208.7 2030,4 178,3
2 Bun n k Lk 1,5 2,3 27,7 93,6 236,2 242,0 235,4 259,4 278,7 204,1 79,6 10,4 1670,9 1455,9 215.1
3 Bun ray k Lk 1,8 1,9 24,7 77,8 231,5 238,3 212,3 265,5 269,5 224,1 82,5 27,6 1657,3 1441,1 216.2
4 Bun H k Lk 4,6 5,6 21,1 86,6 192,6 201,2 175,1 265,7 261,1 204,6 118,5 27,3 1563,9 1300,3 263.7
5 Bun Ma Thut k Lk 4,5 3,0 24,5 82,9 241,5 232,0 256,6 317,2 314,8 212,2 96,2 20,9 1806,4 1574,3 232.1
6 Bun Trp k Lk 0,2 7,1 19,5 77,6 212,2 238,5 223,3 276,6 253,3 211,8 59,3 11,8 1591,1 1415,6 175.5
7 Bun Trit k Lk 1,5 4,0 28,0 97,9 222,4 255,5 226,9 283,3 273,6 214,4 103,8 23,8 1735,0 1476,0 258.9
8 Cu 14 k Lk 2,8 2,8 26,0 90,7 253,1 231,7 224,7 272,0 297,1 207,7 81,0 13,9 1703,4 1486,3 217.2
9 Cu 42 (Krng Bk) k Lk 7,2 4,3 29,5 82,4 177,0 143,3 142,6 186,6 228,0 211,2 174,1 54,0 1440,2 1088,6 351.5
10 Ea Hding k Lk 2,4 4,5 23,1 71,7 247,6 248,1 261,1 365,6 326,2 202,8 105,6 15,2 1873,9 1651,4 222.5
11 Ea Hleo k Lk 4,3 0,3 18,6 114,2 203,0 201,8 320,3 394,3 380,3 185,2 132,5 13,3 1968,0 1684,7 283.3
12 Ea Kmat k Lk 3,3 4,0 34,6 83,6 242,2 290,4 230,0 360,8 301,8 234,4 106,5 23,9 1915,7 1659,6 256.0
13 Ea Knop k Lk 8,1 3,2 18,0 53,5 156,0 125,1 109,8 135,5 215,4 283,4 285,6 135,2 1528,7 1025,2 503.5
14 Ea Suop k Lk 0,1 1,3 22,0 72,2 192,8 223,7 222,3 271,4 259,6 182,1 62,6 4,3 1514,5 1351,9 162.6
15 Giang Sn k Lk 4,5 4,0 18,9 98,8 218,0 237,1 250,9 304,8 303,2 233,7 127,6 39,3 1840,9 1547,8 293.1
16 Krng Bng k Lk 12,4 4,9 21,0 65,0 184,3 181,7 184,0 237,5 266,9 267,2 216,0 85,2 1726,1 1321,5 404.5
17 Lk k Lk 1,9 2,2 20,9 77,3 234,5 279,8 293,7 361,5 320,9 234,4 109,7 24,4 1961,4 1724,8 236.5
18 k Mil k Nng 3,0 5,8 41,3 141,0 241,0 223,2 235,1 242,7 265,4 222,2 85,6 18,8 1725,2 1429,6 295.6
19 k Nng k Nng 15,4 35,3 95,4 173,4 262,7 320,6 395,7 454,6 415,2 247,2 74,8 18,2 2508,5 2096,1 412.4
20 c Xuyn k Nng 1,7 4,4 24,5 112,8 250,0 284,7 274,5 307,0 311,2 222,6 89,4 20,7 1903,4 1649,9 253.6
TB 4.3 5,3 28,4 92,3 221,0 231,5 235,5 292,7 291,7 221,3 115,3 31,0 1770,2 1493,7 276,5
T l % so vi X nm 0.2 0,3 1,6 5,2 12,5 13,1 13,3 16,5 16,5 12,5 6,5 1,7 100,0 84,4 15,6
Ngun: [39]

A
 Bng 2.2. H thng cc nh my thy in trn LVS Srpk
Vtb Vc Vhi
TT Cng trnh thy in Nlm MW Ghi ch
(km2) 106 m3 106 m3 106 m3
1 c Xuyn 77,34 1810 1325,74 484,29 100 Cha duyt
2 Bun Tua Srah 37,1 786,9 264,2 522,6 86 vn hnh 2009
3 Bun Kup 5,57 63,19 48,49 14,7 280 Vn hnh 2008
4 ray Ling 1 (Php) 0,48 Vn hnh 2006
5 ray Ling 2 (Vit c) 12 Vn hnh
6 Srpk 3 17,68 218,99 156,13 62,85 220 Vn hnh 2010
7 Srpk 4 3,16 25,94 17,5 8,44 80 Vn hnh 2010
8 Ea Krng Kmar 0,125 0,386 0,119 0,266 12 DKXD 2010
9 Ea rng 2 0,56 3,28 0,56 2,8 6,4 Vn hnh 2009
10 Bun Bra 10 Vn hnh 2012
11 Ea Sp 3 2,99 5 Vn hnh 2011
12 Ea Ktour 0,137 9,3 Vn hnh 2012
13 Ea Tul 4 6,0 Vn hnh
14 ray H'ling 3 2,9 6,00 Vn hnh
15 Ea Kha 3,00 DKXD 2010
16 Ea Puich 1 0,45 6,60 Vn hnh 2013
17 Ea Tul 5 4,50 Vn hnh 2012
18 Krng Bk 3 4,00 DKXD 2015
19 Ea Wy 4,00 DKXD 2015
20 Ea H'leo 0,3 Vn hnh
21 Ea Hiao 4 3,60 DKXD 2015
22 C Mt 5,00 DKXD 2015
23 Ea Kar 0,004 3,00 Vn hnh 2011
24 Bun R Chai 1 4,00 DKXD 2015
25 Bun R Chai 2 8,00 DKXD 2015
26 Ha Ph 20,00 Vn hnh 2013
27 Srpk 4A 1,68 64,0 Vn hnh 2013
28 Ha Xun 6,0 DKXD 2012
29 Srpk 7 24,0 DKXD 2015
30 k Mm 2 4,0 DKXD 2015
31 k Pri 10,2 DKXD 2015
32 Ch Png Krng 8,0 DKXD 2015
33 k Klau 4 3,50 DKXD 2015
34 k Sor 3 4,00 DKXD 2015
35 Krng Tin 2 5,00 Vn hnh
36 Ea Suop Thng 146,9 17
37 k Kao 2 1,2 Vn hnh 2012
38 k Kao 3 1,8 Vn hnh 2012
39 Ea Sol 2 1,7 Vn hnh 2012

B
 Bng 3.1. Lng ma ng vi Kch bn nn (mm)
Trm Bun H Bun n Cu 42 c Xuyn Giang Sn k Nng k Mil Bun Ma Thut Lk Mrk Ea Ch Ea Sp
(1988) (1992) (1984) (1984) (1988) (1984) (1983) (1980) (1988) (1980) Hleo Prng (2005)
Thng (2005) (1982)
1 0.5 5.1 7.0 0.0 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.0 18.8 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.2 63.9 21.3 0.0 1.2 33.6 0.00 0.00 0.00
3 1.0 0.9 1.2 47.9 0.0 45.5 33.1 46.3 6.5 8.8 0.00 12.10 0.00
4 156.5 26.7 65.4 117.7 77.4 136.4 13.0 17.0 37.2 67.9 72.20 21.90 100.60
5 141.7 162.3 238.1 267.6 91.5 260.2 232.4 299.4 218.1 255.7 255.70 246.20 249.20
6 164.2 305.5 103.6 355.6 264.8 366.1 166.6 217.1 216.7 133.3 184.80 335.50 211.50
7 176.8 232.4 159.6 259.1 356.6 392.1 228.4 302.5 227.3 218.0 278.20 698.00 306.40
8 173.3 287.8 167.1 323.8 270.4 337.4 328.0 224.3 330.7 112.1 416.40 695.60 319.70
9 259.1 245.8 239.5 278.4 365.7 470.1 371.4 377.2 282.5 180.5 414.50 334.70 385.30
10 280.6 287.8 200.1 227.9 342.0 213.6 296.3 260.7 352.0 317.9 136.80 65.40 63.60
11 103.1 0.0 181.9 72.3 146.8 182.1 50.0 126.1 220.5 577.6 71.00 182.10 21.70
12 9.6 0.0 16.6 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 2.6 0.2 72.5 48.60 2.30 17.20
Tng 1467 1554.7 1380.1 1950.5 1916.2 2470.6 1741.5 1873.8 1892.9 1996.7 1878.20 2593.80 1675.20

C
 Bng 3.2. Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc n ung - QCVN
01:2009/BYT

Gii Mc
hn ti
STT Tn ch tiu n v Phng php th
a cho gim
php st
I. Ch tiu cm quan v thnh phn v c
TCVN 6185 - 1996
1 Mu sc (*) TCU 15 (ISO 7887 - 1985) hoc A
SMEWW 2120
Khng Cm quan, hoc
2 Mi v (*) - c mi, SMEWW 2150 B v A
v l 2160 B
TCVN 6184 - 1996
3 c (*) NTU 2 (ISO 7027 - 1990) A
hoc SMEWW 2130 B
Trong
TCVN 6492:1999 hoc
4 pH (*) - khong A
SMEWW 4500 - H+
6,5-8,5
cng, tnh theo TCVN 6224 - 1996 hoc
5 mg/l 300 A
CaCO3 (*) SMEWW 2340 C
Tng cht rn ho tan
6 mg/l 1000 SMEWW 2540 C B
(TDS) (*)
TCVN 6657 : 2000 (ISO
7 Hm lng Nhm (*) mg/l 0,2 B
12020 :1997)
SMEWW 4500 - NH3 C
8 Hm lng Amoni (*) mg/l 3 hoc SMEWW 4500 - B
NH3 D
9 Hm lng Antimon mg/l 0,005 US EPA 200.7 C
Hm lng Asen tng TCVN 6626:2000 hoc
10 mg/l 0,01 B
s SMEWW 3500 - As B
11 Hm lng Bari mg/l 0,7 US EPA 200.7 C
Hm lng Bo tnh TCVN 6635: 2000 (ISO
12 chung cho c Borat v mg/l 0,3 9390: 1990) hoc C
Axit boric SMEWW 3500 B
TCVN6197 - 1996
13 Hm lng Cadimi mg/l 0,003 (ISO 5961 - 1994) hoc C
SMEWW 3500 Cd
TCVN6194 - 1996
250
14 Hm lng Clorua (*) mg/l (ISO 9297 - 1989) hoc A
300(**)
SMEWW 4500 - Cl- D
TCVN 6222 - 1996
Hm lng Crom tng
15 mg/l 0,05 (ISO 9174 - 1990) hoc C
s
SMEWW 3500 - Cr -
TCVN 6193 - 1996 (ISO
Hm lng ng tng
16 mg/l 1 8288 - 1986) hoc C
s (*)
SMEWW 3500 - Cu
TCVN 6181 - 1996
17 Hm lng Xianua mg/l 0,07 C
(ISO 6703/1 - 1984) hoc

D
 SMEWW 4500 - CN-
TCVN 6195 - 1996
18 Hm lng Florua mg/l 1,5 (ISO10359 - 1 - 1992) B
hoc SMEWW 4500 - F-
Hm lng Hydro
19 mg/l 0,05 SMEWW 4500 - S2- B
sunfur (*)
TCVN 6177 - 1996 (ISO
Hm lng St tng s
20 mg/l 0,3 6332-1988) hoc A
(Fe2+ + Fe3+) (*)
SMEWW 3500 - Fe
TCVN 6193 - 1996 (ISO
21 Hm lng Ch mg/l 0,01 8286 - 1986) B
SMEWW 3500 - Pb A
Hm lng Mangan TCVN 6002 - 1995
22 mg/l 0,3 A
tng s (ISO 6333 - 1986)
TCVN 5991-
Hm lng Thu ngn
23 mg/l 0,001 1995 (ISO5666/1-1983 - B
tng s
ISO 5666/3 -1983)
24 Hm lng Molybden mg/l 0,07 US EPA 200.7 C
TCVN 6180-
25 Hm lng Niken mg/l 0,02 1996 (ISO8288 -1986) C
SMEWW 3500 - Ni
TCVN 6180 - 1996
26 Hm lng Nitrat mg/l 50 A
(ISO 7890 -1988)
TCVN 6178 - 1996 (ISO
27 Hm lng Nitrit mg/l 3 A
6777-1984)
TCVN 6183-1996 (ISO
28 Hm lng Selen mg/l 0,01 C
9964-1-1993)
TCVN 6196 - 1996 (ISO
29 Hm lng Natri mg/l 200 B
9964/1 - 1993)
Hm lng Sunpht TCVN 6200 - 1996
30 mg/l 250 A
(*) (ISO9280 - 1990)
TCVN 6193-
31 Hm lng Km (*) mg/l 3 C
1996 (ISO8288- 1989)
TCVN6186:1996 hoc
32 Ch s Pecmanganat mg/l 2 A
ISO 8467:1993 (E)
II. Hm lng ca cc cht hu c
a. Nhm Alkan clo ho
33 Cacbontetraclorua mg/l 2 US EPA 524.2 C
34 Diclorometan mg/l 20 US EPA 524.2 C
35 1,2 Dicloroetan mg/l 30 US EPA 524.2 C
36 1,1,1 - Tricloroetan mg/l 2000 US EPA 524.2 C
37 Vinyl clorua mg/l 5 US EPA 524.2 C
38 1,2 Dicloroeten mg/l 50 US EPA 524.2 C
39 Tricloroeten mg/l 70 US EPA 524.2 C
40 Tetracloroeten mg/l 40 US EPA 524.2 C
b. Hydrocacbua Thm
Phenol v dn xut
41 mg/l 1 SMEWW 6420 B B
ca Phenol
42 Benzen mg/l 10 US EPA 524.2 B
43 Toluen mg/l 700 US EPA 524.2 C

E
44 Xylen mg/l 500 US EPA 524.2 C
45 Etylbenzen mg/l 300 US EPA 524.2 C
46 Styren mg/l 20 US EPA 524.2 C
47 Benzo(a)pyren mg/l 0,7 US EPA 524.2 B
c. Nhm Benzen Clo ho
48 Monoclorobenzen mg/l 300 US EPA 524.2 B
49 1,2 - Diclorobenzen mg/l 1000 US EPA 524.2 C
50 1,4 - Diclorobenzen mg/l 300 US EPA 524.2 C
51 Triclorobenzen mg/l 20 US EPA 524.2 C
d. Nhm cc cht hu c phc tp
52 Di (2 - etylhexyl) US EPA 525.2
mg/l 80 C
adipate
53 Di (2 - etylhexyl) US EPA 525.2
mg/l 8 C
phtalat
54 Acrylamide mg/l 0,5 US EPA 8032A C
55 Epiclohydrin mg/l 0,4 US EPA 8260A C
56 Hexacloro butadien mg/l 0,6 US EPA 524.2 C
III. Ho cht bo v thc vt
57 Alachlor mg/l 20 US EPA 525.2 C
58 Aldicarb mg/l 10 US EPA 531.2 C
59 Aldrin/Dieldrin mg/l 0,03 US EPA 525.2 C
60 Atrazine mg/l 2 US EPA 525.2 C
61 Bentazone mg/l 30 US EPA 515.4 C
62 Carbofuran mg/l 5 US EPA 531.2 C
63 Clodane mg/l 0,2 US EPA 525.2 C
64 Clorotoluron mg/l 30 US EPA 525.2 C
SMEWW 6410B, hoc
65 DDT mg/l 2 C
SMEWW 6630 C
66 1,2 - Dibromo - 3
mg/l 1 US EPA 524.2 C
Cloropropan
67 2,4 - D mg/l 30 US EPA 515.4 C
68 1,2 - Dicloropropan mg/l 20 US EPA 524.2 C
69 1,3 - Dichloropropen mg/l 20 US EPA 524.2 C
70 Heptaclo v heptaclo SMEWW 6440C
mg/l 0,03 C
epoxit
71 Hexaclorobenzen mg/l 1 US EPA 8270 - D C
72 Isoproturon mg/l 9 US EPA 525.2 C
73 Lindane mg/l 2 US EPA 8270 - D C
74 MCPA mg/l 2 US EPA 555 C
75 Methoxychlor mg/l 20 US EPA 525.2 C
76 Methachlor mg/l 10 US EPA 524.2 C
77 Molinate mg/l 6 US EPA 525.2 C
US EPA 507, US EPA
78 Pendimetalin mg/l 20 C
8091
79 Pentaclorophenol mg/l 9 US EPA 525.2 C
80 Permethrin mg/l 20 US EPA 1699 C
81 Propanil mg/l 20 US EPA 532 C
82 Simazine mg/l 20 US EPA 525.2 C
83 Trifuralin mg/l 20 US EPA 525.2 C

F
84 2,4 DB mg/l 90 US EPA 515.4 C
85 Dichloprop mg/l 100 US EPA 515.4 C
86 Fenoprop mg/l 9 US EPA 515.4 C
87 Mecoprop mg/l 10 US EPA 555 C
88 2,4,5 - T mg/l 9 US EPA 555 C
IV. Ho cht kh trng v sn phm ph
89 Monocloramin mg/l 3 SMEWW 4500 - Cl G B
Trong
SMEWW 4500Cl hoc
90 Clo d mg/l khong A
US EPA 300.1
0,3 - 0,5
91 Bromat mg/l 25 US EPA 300.1 C
SMEWW 4500 Cl hoc
92 Clorit mg/l 200 C
US EPA 300.1
SMEWW 6200 hoc US
93 2,4,6 Triclorophenol mg/l 200 C
EPA 8270 - D
SMEWW 6252 hoc US
94 Focmaldehyt mg/l 900 C
EPA 556
SMEWW 6200 hoc US
95 Bromofoc mg/l 100 C
EPA 524.2
SMEWW 6200 hoc US
96 Dibromoclorometan mg/l 100 C
EPA 524.2
SMEWW 6200 hoc US
97 Bromodiclorometan mg/l 60 C
EPA 524.2
98 Clorofoc mg/l 200 SMEWW 6200 C
SMEWW 6251 hoc US
99 Axit dicloroaxetic mg/l 50 C
EPA 552.2
SMEWW 6251 hoc US
100 Axit tricloroaxetic mg/l 100 C
EPA 552.2
Cloral hydrat SMEWW 6252 hoc US
101 mg/l 10 C
(tricloroaxetaldehyt) EPA 8260 - B
SMEWW 6251 hoc US
102 Dicloroaxetonitril mg/l 90 C
EPA 551.1
SMEWW 6251 hoc US
103 Dibromoaxetonitril mg/l 100 C
EPA 551.1
SMEWW 6251 hoc US
104 Tricloroaxetonitril mg/l 1 C
EPA 551.1
Xyano clorit (tnh theo SMEWW 4500J
105 mg/l 70 C
CN-)
V. Mc nhim x
106 Tng hot a pCi/l 3 SMEWW 7110 B B
107 Tng hot b pCi/l 30 SMEWW 7110 B B
VI. Vi sinh vt
TCVN 6187-1,2 :1996
Vi
108 Coliform tng s 0 (ISO 9308- 1,2 - 1990) A
khun/100ml
hoc SMEWW 9222
TCVN6187-1,2: 1996
E. coli hoc Coliform Vi
109 0 (ISO 9308-1,2 - 1990) A
chu nhit khun/100ml
hoc SMEWW 9222
Ghi ch:

G
 - (*) L ch tiu cm quan.
- (**) p dng i vi vng ven bin v hi o.
- Hai cht Nitrit v Nitrat u c kh nng to methaemoglobin. Do vy, trong
trng hp hai cht ny ng thi c mt trong nc n ung th t l nng (C) ca
mi cht so vi gii hn ti a (GHT) ca chng khng c ln hn 1 v c tnh
theo cng thc sau:
Cnitrat/GHT nitrat + Cnitrit/GHTnitrit < 1
Bng 3.3. Gii hn cc ch tiu cht lng nc sinh hot QCVN 02:2009/BYT

TT Tn ch tiu n v Gii hn Phng php Mc gim

tnh ti a cho php th st
I II
1 Mu sc (*) TCU 15 15 TCVN 6185 - A
1996
(ISO 7887 -
1985) hoc
SMEWW 2120
2 Mi v (*) - Khng c Khng c Cm quan, hoc A
mi v l mi v l SMEWW 2150
B v 2160 B
3 c (*) NTU 5 5 TCVN 6184 - A
1996
(ISO 7027 -
1990)
hoc SMEWW
2130 B
4 Clo d mg/l Trong - SMEWW A
khong 0,3- 4500Cl hoc US
0,5 EPA 300.1
5 pH (*) - Trong Trong TCVN A
khong 6,0 - khong 6492:1999 hoc
8,5 6,0 - 8,5 SMEWW 4500
- H+
6 Hm lng mg/l 3 3 SMEWW 4500 A
Amoni (*) - NH3 C hoc
SMEWW 4500
- NH3 D
7 Hm lng St mg/l 0,5 0,5 TCVN 6177 - B
tng s (Fe2+ 1996 (ISO 6332
+ Fe3+) (*) - 1988) hoc
SMEWW 3500
- Fe
8 Ch s mg/l 4 4 TCVN A
Pecmanganat 6186:1996 hoc
ISO 8467:1993
(E)
9 cng tnh mg/l 350 - TCVN 6224 - B
theo 1996 hoc
CaCO3(*) SMEWW 2340
C
10 Hm lng mg/l 300 - TCVN6194 - A

H
 Clorua (*) 1996
(ISO 9297 -
1989) hoc
SMEWW 4500
- Cl- D
11 Hm lng mg/l 1.5 - TCVN 6195 - B
Florua 1996
(ISO10359 - 1 -
1992) hoc
SMEWW 4500
- F-
12 Hm lng mg/l 0,01 0,05 TCVN B
Asen tng s 6626:2000 hoc
SMEWW 3500
- As B
13 Coliform tng Vi khun/ 50 150 TCVN 6187 - A
s 100ml 1,2:1996
(ISO 9308 - 1,2
- 1990) hoc
SMEWW 9222
14 E. coli hoc Vi khun/ 0 20 TCVN6187 - A
Coliform chu 100ml 1,2:1996
nhit (ISO 9308 - 1,2
- 1990) hoc
SMEWW 9222
Ghi ch:
- (*) L ch tiu cm quan.
- Gii hn ti a cho php I: p dng i vi cc c s cung cp nc.
- Gii hn ti a cho php II: p dng i vi cc hnh thc khai thc nc ca
c nhn, h gia nh (cc hnh thc cp nc bng ng ng ch qua x l n gin
nh ging khoan, ging o, b ma, mng ln, ng ng t chy).
Bng 3.4. Gi tr gii hn cc thng s cht lng nc mt, QCVN 08-
MT:2015/BTNMT

Gi tr gii hn
TT Thng s n v A B
A1 A2 B1 B2
1 pH 6-8,5 6-8,5 5,5-9 5,5-9
2 BOD5 (20C) mg/l 4 6 15 25
3 COD mg/l 10 15 30 50
4 xy ha tan (DO) mg/l 6 5 4 2
5 Tng cht rn l lng (TSS) mg/l 20 30 50 100
6 Amoni (NH4+ tnh theo N) mg/l 0,3 0,3 0,9 0,9
7 Clorua (Cl-) mg/l 250 350 350 -
8 Florua (F-) mg/l 1 1,5 1,5 2
9 Nitrit (NO-2 tnh theo N) mg/l 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05
10 Nitrat (NO-3 tnh theo N) mg/l 2 5 10 15
11 Phosphat (PO43- tnh theo P) mg/l 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,5
12 Xyanua (CN-) mg/l 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05
13 Asen (As) mg/l 0,01 0,02 0,05 0,1

I
 14 Cadimi (Cd) mg/l 0,005 0,005 0,01 0,01
15 Ch (Pb) mg/l 0,02 0,02 0,05 0,05
16 Crom VI (Cr6+) mg/l 0,01 0,02 0,04 0,05
17 Tng Crom mg/l 0,05 0,1 0,5 1
18 ng (Cu) mg/l 0,1 0,2 0,5 1
19 Km (Zn) mg/l 0,5 1,0 1,5 2
20 Niken (Ni) mg/l 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1
21 Mangan (Mn) mg/l 0,1 0,2 0,5 1
22 Thy ngn (Hg) mg/l 0,001 0,001 0,001 0,002
23 St (Fe) mg/l 0,5 1 1,5 2
24 Cht hot ng b mt mg/l 0,1 0,2 0,4 0,5
25 Aldrin g/l 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1
26 Benzene hexachloride (BHC) g/l 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02
27 Dieldrin g/l 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1
Tng Dichloro diphenyl
28 g/l 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0
trichloroethane (DDTS)
29 Heptachlor & Heptachlorepoxide g/l 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2
30 Tng Phenol mg/l 0,005 0,005 0,01 0,02
31 Tng du, m (oils & grease) mg/l 0,3 0,5 1 1
Tng cc bon hu c
32 mg/l 4 - - -
(Total Organic Carbon, TOC)
33 Tng hot phng x Bq/I 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1
34 Tng hot phng x Bq/I 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0
MPN hoc
35 Coliform 2500 5000 7500 10000
CFU /100 ml
MPN hoc
36 E.coli 20 50 100 200
CFU /100 ml
Ghi ch: Vic phn hng A1, A2, B1, B2 i vi cc ngun nc mt nhm
nh gi v kim sot cht lng nc, phc v cho cc mc ch s dng nc khc
nhau, c sp xp theo mc cht lng gim dn.
A1 - S dng cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot (sau khi p dng x l thng
thng), bo tn ng thc vt thy sinh v cc mc ch khc nh loi A2, B1 v B2.
A2 - Dng cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot nhng phi p dng cng ngh x
l ph hp hoc cc mc ch s dng nh loi B1 v B2.
B1 - Dng cho mc ch ti tiu, thy li hoc cc mc ch s dng khc c
yu cu cht lng nc tng t hoc cc mc ch s dng nh loi B2.
B2 - Giao thng thy v cc mc ch khc vi yu cu nc cht lng thp.
Bng 3.5. Gi tr gii hn ca cc thng s cht lng nc di t, QCVN
09:2015-MT/BTNMT

TT Thng s n v Gi tr gii hn
1 pH - 5,5 - 8,5
2 Ch s pemanganat mg/l 4
3 Tng cht rn ha tan (TDS) mg/l 1500
4 cng tng s (tnh theo CaCO3) mg/l 500

J
 5 Amni (NH4+ tnh theo N) mg/l 1
6 Nitrit (NO-2 tnh theo N) mg/l 1
7 Nitrat (NO-3 tnh theo N) mg/l 15
8 Clorua (Cl-) mg/l 250
9 Florua (F-) mg/l 1
10 Sulfat (SO42-) mg/l 400
11 Xyanua (CN-) mg/l 0,01
12 Asen (As) mg/l 0,05
13 Cadimi (Cd) mg/l 0,005
14 Ch (Pb) mg/l 0,01
15 Crom VI (Cr6+) mg/l 0,05
16 ng (Cu) mg/l 1
17 Km (Zn) mg/l 3
18 Niken (Ni) mg/l 0,02
19 Mangan (Mn) mg/l 0,5
20 Thy ngn (Hg) mg/l 0,001
21 St (Fe) mg/l 5
22 Selen (Se) mg/l 0,01
23 Aldrin g/I 0,1
24 Benzene hexachloride (BHC) g/l 0,02
25 Dieldrin g/l 0,1
26 Tng Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDTs) g/I 1
27 Heptachlor & Heptachlorepoxide g/l 0,2
28 Tng Phenol mg/l 0,001
29 Tng hot phng x Bq/I 0,1
30 Tng hot phng x Bq/I 1
MPN hoc
31 Coliform 3
CFU/100 ml
MPN hoc
32 E.Coli Khng pht hin thy
CFU/100 ml

Bng 3. 6. Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc LVS Srpk

Ch tiu phn tch

K
Nm hiu pH COD BOD5 DO NO3 -
NH4+ PO43- Cu Fe Hg Mn Pb
mu (-) mgO2/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L
TN 18 7,31 4,9 1,6 3,87 0,56 0,53 0,06 0,002 0,075 <0,0002 0,002 <0,001
TN 20 7,62 3,8 1,5 4,39 0,80 0,03 0,03 0,001 0,115 <0,0002 0,001 <0,001
2012 TN 21 7,31 0,9 <1,0 4,30 0,84 0,54 0,02 0,002 0,090 <0,0002 0,001 <0,001
TN 23 7,26 6,2 3,2 3,86 0,08 0,03 0,01 0,002 0,060 <0,0002 0,006 <0,001
TN 25 6,74 9,5 4,9 3,78 0,48 0,61 3,30 0,004 3,040 <0,0002 0,013 0,003
TN 27 7,32 3,0 1,2 3,85 0,34 0,03 0,04 0,002 0,235 0,0002 0,002 <0,001
S42 6,7 12 7 4,6 0,89 0,07 0,251 0,004 0,03 0,0004 0,045 0,0019
S11 6,92 8 6 4,7 1,10 0,07 0,006 0,002 0,06 0,0006 0,041 <0,001
S12 7,13 7,8 4 5,3 0,45 0,08 0,018 0,003 0,01 0,0004 0,009 <0,001
2013 S13 7,1 7 3 4,19 0,38 0,05 0,012 0,003 0,01 0,0002 0,023 <0,001
S14 7,1 5,6 3 6,6 2,41 0,06 0,552 0,002 0,37 0,0001 0,059 <0,001
S15 7,21 6 3 6,29 1,02 0,09 0,018 0,000 0,11 0,0003 0,005 <0,001
S16 7,04 4,8 2 5,74 0,98 0,08 0,043 0,008 0,12 0,0002 0,008 0,0035

K
 Ch tiu phn tch
K
Nm hiu pH COD BOD5 DO NO3- NH4+ PO43- Cu Fe Hg Mn Pb
mu (-) mgO2/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L
S17 7,08 10 4 6,46 0,66 0,05 0,006 0,003 0,01 0,0004 0,005 0,0014
S18 7,12 9 6 5,7 2,67 0,04 0,104 0,007 0,11 0,0007 0,238 0,0025
S19 7,18 4,1 2 6,93 2,39 0,03 0,049 0,005 0,01 0,0003 0,066 0,0031
S38 7,12 18 13 5,71 3,10 0,22 0,453 0,011 4,09 0,0005 0,288 0,015
S20 7,14 9 5 5,98 0,68 0,10 0,031 0,001 0,08 0,0005 0,015 <0,001
S37 7,12 16 13 6,84 1,40 0,09 0,037 0,006 0,80 0,0005 0,107 0,0033
S39 6,92 15 9 4,7 1,35 0,14 0,251 0,009 1,83 0,0007 0,320 0,0032
S21 7,13 2,4 1 5,3 0,71 0,06 0,018 0,002 0,36 0,0005 0,005 0,001
S22 7,1 12 8 4,19 1,88 0,05 0,006 0,002 0,17 0,0002 0,027 0,0012
Bng 3.7. V tr ly mu nc mt LVS Srpk t 24/02/2012 - 20/03/2012
K hiu Ta
TT Loi Mu a im
mu Kinh V
1 Sui Cu 110 (ranh gii k Lk Gia Lai)
TN18 108.09 13.4097
Ea HLeo
2 Nc sng Krng Bk Th x Bun H, k Lk TN20 108.282 12.9135
3 Nc sui Bun n, huyn Bun n, k Lk TN21 108.122 12.8416
4 Nc h Bun Jong p Ea Tul, huyn C MGar, k Lk TN23 108.073 12.8049
5 Nc h H Lk, huyn Lk, tnh k Lk TN25 107.928 12.6142
6 Nc sng Klong Bna Cu Giang Sn, huyn Lk TN26 107.644 11.977
7 Nc sng Cu Srpk k Lk TN27 107.876 11.5354
Bng 3.8. V tr ly mu nc t thng 4/2013

Ta
TT K hiu mu Ghi ch
X Y
1 S11 13o44.647 107o51.056 Sg Ea rng Gia Lai
2 S12 13o34.971 108o15.399 Lng h Ayun h
3 S13 13o34.576 108o15.119 Sau p Ayun h
4 S14 13o24.532 108o05.491 Sng Ea HLeo
5 S15 12o54.739 108o17.017 Sg Ea Krng Bk - Bun H
6 S16 12o36.783 107o55.809 Cu trn sng Srpk
7 S17 12o31.817 107o55.467 H Thy in Bun Kup
8 S18 12o46.303 108o22.545 Cu trn sng Krng Bk
9 S19 12o48.537 108o31.472 H Bnh Vin EaKa k Lk
10 S20 12o19.643 107o56.590 Sng Krng N
11 S21 12o16.890 108o02.786 Lng h Bun Tua Srah
12 S22 11o59.69 107o38.388 H k Tit
13 S37 12o10.915 108o08.249 am Rng
14 S38 12o24.022 108o11.024 H Lk
15 S39 12o30.593 108o11.004 Cu Giang Sn Sg Krng Ana

L
Bng 3.9. Bin i ca nhit trung bnh (oC) thi k 2016 2035 so vi thi k
c s (1986 2005) theo kch bn RCP4.5

Tnh ng Xun H Thu Trung bnh nm

0,8 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7
Gia Lai
(0,41,3) (0,31,2) (0,31,2) (0,31,1) (0,41,1)
0,8 0,7 0,7 0,6 0,7
k Lk
(0,41,2) (0,31,2) (0,41,2) (0,41,2) (0,41,2)
0,8 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7
k Nng
(0,41,3) (0,41,2) (0,41,2) (0,41,1) (0,41,2)
0,8 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7
Lm ng
(0,41,3) (0,41,1) (0,41,1) (0,41,1) (0,41,2)

Bng 3.10. Bin i ca lng ma (%) thi k 2016 2035 so vi thi k c s

(1986 2005) theo kch bn RCP4.5

Tnh ng Xun H Thu Trung bnh nm

- 8,1 10,3 0,7 15,2 8,3
Gia Lai
(-33,6 17,5 (2,717,6 (-4,66,1) (7,222,8) (3,412,5)
3,2 4,5 1,3 10,2 6,5
k Lk
(-19,4 23,7) (-3,612,8) (-6,49,1) (3,316,7) (2,210,9)
13,4 13,5 4,9 2,9 6,5
k Nng
(-10,236,3) (6,718,8) (-0,310,1) (-1,97,7) (3,79,3)
32,5 3,1 3,8 0,0 3,9
Lm ng
(-4,669,7) (-1,68,2) (-0,27,7) (-6,26,3) (1,06,8)
Ngun: B Ti nguyn v Mi trng (2016), Kch bn bin i kh hu, nc
bin dng cho Vit Nam, Nxb Ti nguyn - Mi trng v Bn Vit Nam, H
Ni.

M
 PH LC HNH

Hnh 4.1. S h thng tr nc tiu lu vc dng hnh thoi

Hnh 4.2. Thu tr nc ma trn ng bng mng v h thu

Hnh 4. 3. p b tng, p r tr nc ma trn sui dc

N
 Hnh 4. 4. S thu tr nc ma bng ao

Hnh 4.5. Thu tr nc ma bng ao lt tm nha HDPE

Hnh 4.6. Thu tr nc ma bng ao xy xi mng-t

O
Hnh 4.7. Mt ct dc h thng thu tr nc v cy trng nng lm kt hp

Hnh 4. 8. Ti phun ma cp ht mn cho rau mu

Hnh 4. 9. Ti nh git cho cy c ph Ty Nguyn

P
 Hnh 4.10. Sng Srpk qua Bun n khi cha b thy in Srpk 4A dn dng

Hnh 4.11. Sng Srpk qua Bun n khi b thy in Srpk 4A dn dng
(Ngun: Bnh nh, bo in t k Lk)

Hnh 4.12. Thc By Nhnh trn dng Srpk ti huyn Bun n b cn kh do thy
in Srpk 4A dn dng 2/2014 (Ngun: Bnh nh, bo in t k Lk)

Q
 NH THC A

Hnh 1. Bm nc ti chng hn cho c ph trn vng u ngun sng Ea Hleo vo

thng 3/2012 (nh: tc gi)

Hnh 2. Tc gi ly mu nc trn sng Ia rng, huyn c C, Gia Lai vo

thng 3/2012 (nh: L c Hnh)

R
Hnh 3. Tc gi cng PGS.TS. Ng L Long ti h Bun Joong, x Ea Kpal, huyn C
Mgar tnh K Lk, thng 3/2012 (nh: Hong Thanh Sn)

Hnh 4. H thng mng ti t chy ly nc t h Bun Joong ti huyn C Mgar

thng 3/2012 (nh: tc gi)

S
Hnh 5. on thc a ti TN3/T02 ly mu nc h Lk, thng 3/2012
(nh: tc gi)

Hnh 6. on thc a ti TN3/T02 nghin cu dng chy ti cu Srpk,

thng 3/2012 (nh: tc gi)

T
Hnh 7. on thc a ti TN3/T02 thu thp mu nc ngm ti th trn Kin c,
huyn k Rlp, k Nng thng 3/2012 (nh: tc gi)

Hnh 8. Tc gi ly mu nc ti th x Gia Ngha phc v cho ti TN3/T02, thng

3/2012 (nh: L c Hnh)