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MANUAL
FOR
B & K.PRECISION
MODEL 1535A
35 MHz,TRIGGERED SWEEP
DUAL.TRACE OSCILLOSCOPE
WITH BUILT.INSIGNALDELAYLINE
FEATURES 4
SPECIFICATIONS 6
OPERATINGINSTRUCTIONS
Initial StartingProcedure 12
Single-TraceWaveformObservation ......12
CalibratedVoltageMeasurement 14
DifferentialVoltageMeasurement l5
CalibratedTime Measurement 16
ExternalHorizontalInput (X-Y Operation).. . . 17
Z-AxisInput 17
Dual-TraceWaveformObservation 17
DUAL.TRACE APPLICATIONS
Introduction l9
FrequencyDividerWaveforms . . . l9
Divide-by-8Circuit Waveforms . . . l9
PropagationTime Measurement 20
Digital Circuit Time Measurements 20
Distortion Measurement 22
GatedRingingCircuit 23
Delay Line Tests 23
StereoAmplifier Servicing 24
ImprovingRatio of Desired-to-Undesired
Signals 24
Amplifier PhaseShift Measurements 25
SINGLE.TRACEAPPLICATIONS
Introduction.. ..25
S i g n a l - T r a c i n g a n d P e a k - t o - P e a k V o l t a g e R e.a. .d i n g s ..25
CB RADIOAPPLICATIONS
Introduction
TransmitterModulation 26
Other CB Measurements 26
27
PHASEMEASUREMENT 27
FREQUENCY
MEASUREMENT 29
SQUAREWAVETESTINGOF AMPUFIERS
Introduction . . 29
TestingProcedure 30
Analyzing the Waveforms 30
PAGE
CIRCUIT
DESCzuPTION
General ...34
VerticalPreamplifiers ...34
Delay Line ...34
Mode Logrc ...34
VerticalAmplifier ...34
TriggerCircuit ...34
HorizontalSweep ...36
Blankingand IntensityControl ...36
PowerSupplies ...36
High-VoltageSupply ...36
CALIBRATION AND MAINTENANCE
Line VoltageSelection
HousingRemoval
GraticuleRemoval
CRT Rotation Adjustment
BalanceAdjustments
Vertical Gain Adjustment
HorizontalTiming Adjustment . . .
WARRANTYSERVICEINSTRUCTIONS
LIMITEDONE.YEARWARRANTY
INTRODUCTION
The B & K-PrecisionModel 1474 TriggeredSweep as a singletrace.The built-in signaldelay line insuresthat
Dual-Traceoscilloscopeis a laboratoryqualitfrprofessional the leadingedgesof fast rise-time.short-durationpulsesare
instrument for obseiving and measuiing waveforms in alwaysvisible.
electronic circuits. Duallertical inputs ire provided for
simultaneousviewing of-two waveforms.Low-frequency, The dual-tracefeature, together with the 30 MHz
low repetition-ratewaveformsare chopped at a :do tHz bandwidth,wide l?ng9of sweepspeeds.
t^1tr^,roprovide for simultaneousviewiir!. Alternate sweep and high sensitivity
provided,make this the idealoscilloscope
for ibroad tunge
ol tlr.
i1o inpurs permitssimulraneousviewing of high- of applications,including troubleshodtingand repairiig
sp"g9-high repetition-ratewaveforms.ln additioi. the sum electronic equipment, researchand deielopmeni, and
or clrtterenceof the two input waveformscan be displayed l aboratoryi nstructi on.
FEATURES
NOT[.S
SPECIFICATIONS
VERTICALAMPLIFIERS
(CHA andCH B) X-Y Operation W i th S W E E PTIM E/ CM swit ch
DeflectionFactor i n C H B posi ti on. t he CH A
5 m V/c m to 5 V/c m ,! 37o,i n l 0 i nput becomesthe Y input ( ver -
ranges,each providing for fine
ti cal ) and the C H B input be-
a d j u s tm e n t.
comesthe X i nput ( hor izont al) .
Frequency The C H B posi t ioncont r ol be-
Response DC:DCto 30 MHz(- 3 dB).
comes the horizontal position
A C : l 0 H z t o 3 0 M H zC 3 d B ) . control .
Risetime I I .7 nanoseconds
or less. SWEEPCIRCUITS(Commonto CH A and CH B)
Overshoot 3% or less. SweepSystem Tri ggered and a ut om at ic. I n
Input Resistance automatic mode, sweep is ob-
I megohm, !27o. tai nedw i thout i np ut signal.
Input Capacity 22 pF (t3 pF). SweepTime 0.2 sS E C /cm to 0. 5 SEC/ cm
(t37o), in 20 ranges,in l-2-s
Tilt Lessthan 5%. sequence. Each overlapping
range provides for fine adjust-
Max. Input Voltage 100 V (DC + AC peak)or 600 V ment.
p-p.
SweepMagnification Obtained by enlargingthe above
OperatingModes ChannelA only. sweep 5 times (!57o) from
C h a n n eBl o n l y . center. Maximum sweep speed
becomes 40 nS E C/ cnr .
Dual trace;automaticallychop-
-l
ped at all sweep times of Linearity 3% or better.
mSicm and slower: alternate
trace automaticallyselectedfor TRIGGERINC
all fastersweeptimes.
Add (single-trace
algebraicsum Source C H A . C H B , E X T and ANt DET.
of ChannelsA and B). During single trace operation.
CH A and CH B are triggered
ChopFrequency 200kHz(t2Wo). automati cal l yby t he oper at ing
modes.
Channel
Separation Betterthan70 dB @ I kHz.
The A M D E T pro videsan int er .
Signal Delay F i x e d ,l 2 n SE Cm i n i mumvi si bl e nalsynchroni zation of t he am pli-
delay. tude ntodul ated w aveswit h t heir
carrier frequency range fronr 3
CH B Polarity Normal or inverted. When in- M H zt o 3 0 M H z .
verted,providesCH A minusCH
B presentation,when in the Method N OR M. A U TO: w h ent he AUTO
ADD mode.
LE V E L button i s in t he AUTO
Non-Distorted mode, the sweep triggersauto-
More than 4 cm at 30 MHz;
Maximum mati cal l yat the aver age levelof
more than 8 cm at | 0 MHz.
Amplitude the di spl ayed w avef or nr .
FrequencyResponse C oupl i ng A C , D C , L F R E J .a n d H F R E J .
DC: DC to 2MHz(-3 dB).
AC : l 0 H z to 2 M H z ( _3 dB ). A C : 20 H z-30MH z.
NOTES
Minimum Sync Voltage
CAL IB RA T I O N
VOLTAGE
Amp l i tu d e :.5 V p -p ,l l V o .
F r e q u e n c yl:k H z , t 3 % .
INTEN S I T Y
MODULATION
In p u t V olt age Mi n i mu m: 5 V p -p (T T L com-
patible).
Ma x i mu m:5 0 V .
In p u t lm pedanc e l O k o h ms .
Bandwidth DC-5MHz.
POWER
R EQ UI RE M E NT S
fnput ll7l234 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 25
w a tts . (3 -w i re l i n e c o rd , C S A -
approved for oscilloscopes.)
MISCELLANEOUS
Scale Variableillumination.
PROBES
Mo delNo. P R -3 6(tw o re q u i re d ).
Attenuation C o n r b i n a t i o ln0 : I a n d d i r e c t .
l r r p u tl n r p e d a n c e s l 0 : | = l 0 m e g o h m sl .8 p F .
D i re c t= I n re g o h m.1 2 0 p F.
Co n nec t or BNCmale
Tip hook-ontip.
Spring-loaded
CONTROLS.INDICATORSAND FACILITIES
OPERATOR'S
120 19 I
l0
31 39 40 32 33 34 3s 36 37 38
-le -'.
-
ru
t,ut
1 0 :1 PROBE COMPENSATION
ADJUSTMENT
A T T E N UA T I O N
cLP-r8rtP
7
tr ,f
F 2.RorArErB."
-t
CLP.I8TIP
3 . P u s HB A c KT o G E T H E R f> -
--
ll
OPERATINGINSTRUCTIONS
WARNING
12. Readjust position controls (8), (27) and (17) if
necessary,to center the traces. a. If the equipment under test is a trans-
' formerlessAC powereditem, use an isolation
13. Check for proper adjustmentof ASTIG control (28), transformer to prevent dangerouselectrical
CH A and CH B ATTEN BAL controls (41) and (40), shock.
and CH A and CH B DC BAL controls(a2) and (39) as
described in the MAINTENANCE AND CALIBRA- b. The peak-to-peak voltage at the point of
TION portion of this manual. These adjustments measurementshouldnot exceed600 volts.
require checkingonly periodically.
5. Set CH B VOLTS/CM switch (20) and the VARIABLE
The oscilloscope is now ready for making waveform control (21) to a position that gives2 to 6 cm (two to
measurements. six large squareson the scale)vertical deflection.The
t2
display on the screenwill probablybe unsynchronized. NOTE
ThA remaining steps are concerned with adjusting When usingvery fast sweePspeedat low repetition
synchronizationand sweep speed,which presentsa rates, the operator may wish to oPeratewith the
siable display showing the desirednumber of wave- ihtensity control toward maximum. Under these
"pip" may appear at the
forms. Any signal thot producesat least I cm verticol conditions, a retrace
deflection develops sufficient trigger signal to syn' extreme left of the trace.This doesnot in any way
chronizethe sweep. affect the oscilloscopeoperation and may be
disregarded.
6 . S e t S O L T R CsEw i t c h( 1 4 ) t o t h e C [ ] A o r C H B p o s i -
ti o r t . Dur ings ingl etra c eo p e ra ti o n th . e T ri g g e rS i gnal
se lec t ing wlt et lt erC H A s i g n a o l r C [' l B i s d e p e n ded on 12. After obtainingthe desirednumberof waveforms,asin
Mo deS wit c lr .T he n i t i s n o t n e c e s s a r!' to a d j u s tSource step (l l), it is sometimesdesirableto make a final
S w i t c h( 1 4 ) r o C H A ( o r C H B ) s i g n aal t t h eC H A ( o r adjlstment of the TRIGGERING LEVEL control (9).
('l t B ) pos it ion. M o s t u ' a v e fo rn tss h o u l d b e v i ew ed Ttie (- ) direction selectsthe most negativepoint on the
u sir r gint er nals y nc . Wl te l ra n e x te rn a ls y n c s o u rcei s *uueiotm at which sweeptriggeringwill occur and the
re q uir ed.t he S O LIR C Es u i tc h s h o u l db e p l a c e di n the' (+) direction selectsthe most positive point on the
EX T pgs it igt t :a c a b l e s h tl trl db e c o ttn e c te dfro nr tfte wiveform at which sweep triggeringwill occur' The
E X T 1 - R l ( ij a c k ( l 3 ) t o t h e e x l e r n asl ) ' n cs o u r c e-. control may be adjustedto start the sweep'onany
Wl ren an ir it er r r a sl v n c h ro n i z a ti tl ins re q u i re dfor an desiredportion of the waveform.
a r n p l i t u d em o d u l a t e dw a v e .s e t S O U R C Es w i t c h( 1 4 )
t o t h e A M D E T p o s i t i o n .T h e a n l p l i t u d en r o d u l a t e d 13. For a close-upview of a portionof the waveform,puU
w av esol' f r equer r c3y 'l r{ H zto 3 0 M H z w i l l b e i n te rnal l l ' outward on the
sy' nc hr oniz ed aut o n ta ti c a l l y .C H A i s p ro v i d e drvi th expands the sweepby a factor of five (5X magnifica'
f s y nc lrr oniz _at i osno u rc eti tr d u a l c Sa n n e l' l e a sure- ti";i and displays only the center-portion of the
nlen t . tt"..p. To view a portion to the left of center,turn the
<> POSITION control clockwise,and to view portions
7 . Se t S LO P Es wit c h(1 0 ) to th e (+ 1p o s i ti o ni f th e sw eep to the right of center, turn the control counter-
i s to be t r igger edb y a p o s i ti v e ' g o i nwga v e .o r th e (-) clockwise.-Pushinward on the control to return the
position if ihe sweepis to be triS,Eered by.a negative- sweepto the normal,non'magnifledcondition.
going wave. If the type of waveformis unknown, the
(+) positionmay be used.
on
8 . If the wav ef or mis s y m rn e tri c aaln d s w e e ptri g g e r i ng NOTES
the averagepoint of the waveformis accepllable, leave
AU T O LE V E L pu s h b u tto n(l l ) i n th e AU T O p o si ti on
and skip step(9). However.to-triggerthe sweepon a
specific' potiion ol the waveform, push the AUTO
LEVEL pushbutton ( I I ) again to releaseit to the
N O RM pos it ion.
9 . Ad jus r T RI G G E R IN GL EV EL c o n tro l (9 ) to o b t ai n a
sync hr oniz ed dis p l a yw i th o u tj i tte r' A s a s ta rti n gpoi nt,
tire control may-bepushedin and rotatedto any point
tSat will produte a iweep, which is usuallysomewhere
in the .intet portion bf its range. The trace will
disappearif there is inadequatesignalto trigger the
t*e.p, such as when measuringDC or extremelylow
a m plit udewav efo rm sIf . n o s w e e p -c .a n ^ boeb t ai ned'
p u li t he c ont r ol o u t (PU L L AU T O ) fo r a u tomati c
trigger ing.
1 0 . Set CO LP LI NG sw i tc h (l l ) to th e A C p o s i ti onfor
tri gger ings ignalso f -1 0H z . to 3 0 MH z , o r to th e D C
puiitiutl for triggeringsignalsof DC to 30 MHz' lf the
i rigger ings ignll- c o n ta i n n s o i s eo r i s a c o n tp l e xw ave-
fo r nr nude up of h i g h a n dl o w fre q u e n c yc o mp onents'
th e LF RE J ec t a n d H F R E J e c t p o s i ti o n sm ay be
h clpf ul in elinr in a ti n g j i tte r l ' ro m th e d i s p .l a yT' he LF
RE J ec r pos it ion a tte n u a l e sr!g g e 1 s i g n a l sb e l ow l 0
kt lz lus if ul t o e l i n i l n a te6 0 H z h u m ). a n d th e IIF
RE J eeltpos r t iona tte n u a tet'sg g e r s i g n a l s ,a b o 30 ve kH z
h i g h i re q u e n c ln' o i s e ).
(us ef ult t - cr linr in a re
I l . S e t S W E , E PT I M E / C M s w i t c h ( 5 ) a n d V A R I A B L E
cc lnt r ol ( 6) f or th e d e s i re dn u n rb e r o f w a v e ftl rms.
Theseconlrolsntal' be sel for viewingonly a ptlrtion of
a wavcl'orm. bui thc trace bectlmes progressivelY'
tlintmer as a smaller portion is displayed'This is
becausethe sweep speed increasesbut the sweep
re pet it ionr at edo e sn o t c h a n g e '
l3
CALIBRATED VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT (See Fig. a)
?. k s ur e t he C H B v e rri c a VA
l R T A BL Ec o ntrol (21) i s 5. C al cul atethe vol tagereadi ngas fol l ow s :M ult iply t he
set fully clockwiseto the CAL position. vertical dellection(in cm) by the VOLTS/CM iontrol
(20) setting(see.example in Fig. 4). Don't forger rhat
3. Set CH B VOLTS/CM switch (20) for the maximum thq vgltaee re.adingdisplayedbn the oscilloriop. is
vertical deflection. possible without exceeding the
gnl y l /l Oth the actual vol tagebei ng me asur edwhen
limits of the verricalsiale. the probe i s set for l 0:l attenuai i o n.The act ual
voltageis displayedwhen the probe is set for DIRect
4. Read the amount of verticaldeflection (in cm) from
measurernent.
the scale.The CH B POSITION control'(17) may be
readjustedto shift the referencepoint foi eaiier scale 6. Calibration accuracy of this oscilloscopemay be
reading_if_desired.
when measuringa DC voltage,adjust occasionally checkedby observingthe 0.5 volt peik-to_
t he CH B P O S IT IO Nc o n tro l (tZ ) to a cJnveni ent peak squarewave signalavailableat the CnL ttUz
referencewith the CH B DC-GND-ACswitch (19) in
_rL 0.5 V p-pjack(7).Thiscalibraredsourceshouldread
the_GND position, then note the amount the irace is exactly 0.5 volt peak-to-peak.
deflected*hT the switchis-placedin the DC position. If a need for recalibra-
ti on i s i ndi cated. see the MA IN TE NANCE AND
The trace deflectsupward for a positivevoltageinput C A LIB R A TION secti onof the manualt or com plet e
and downwardfor a negativevoltige input. procedures.
D P O S | T t O NC O N T R O LA 0 J U S T E DS O
T H A T T O PO F W A V E F O R MC R O S S E S
C E N T E RV E R T I C A LS C A L E
M A R K E RF O R A C C U R A C YA N D
E A S EO F R E A O I N G .
4.2 cm
P O S I T I O NC O N T R O LA D J U S T E DS O
THAT BOTTOMOF WAVEFORM
A L I G N SE X A C T L YW I T H A
HORZ I O N T A LR E F E RE N C EL I N E .
VOLTS/CM
set to 20 mV
101
P R O E EA T T E N U A T I O N
EXAMPLE:
=
V E R T I C A LD E F L E C T I O N 4.2cm
VOLTAGE/cm= 2OmV
84 mV
P R O B EA T T E N U A T I O N= 1 0
P E A K T O P E A KW A V E F O R M= 84OmV or 0.84V
l4
DIFFERENTIAL VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT(SeeFig. 5) tio-ning controls and calculate the peak-to-peak
voltate as described in the CALIBMTED VOL-
This oscilloscopemay be used to observewaveforms TAGE MEASUREMENT procedure.
and measurevoltagesbetween two points in a circuit,
n e i th erof whic h is ci rc u i t g ro u n d .S u c hm e a s u re ments as 6. If a-DC voltage,or the DC componentof the waveform
th e i npur sr o a dif f er e n ri aal ry p l i fi e r.th e o u rp u to f a phase is of interest,usethe following procedure:
sp l i tter or pus h- pu l l a rn p l i fi e r, th e a m o u n t o f i i gnal
developedacrossa single section of voltage divider-or a. Set CH A DC-GND-AC switch (25) to the DC
a tte n u at orand
. m any o th e rs ,re q u i reth i s te c h n i q u e . position.
l . {t ju1! c ont r ols a s p re v i o u s- l yd e s c ri b e du n d INITIA L b. Position the CH A VOLTS/CM switch (23) to keep
ST A RT I NGP RO C ED U R E. the trace within the limits of the vertical scale.Uie
the CH A POSITION control (27) to align the
l . Connec ta pr obe c a b l e to b o th th e C H A a n d C H B trace with one of the lines on the scale for
I N P U Tj a c k s( 1 6 ) a n d( I 8 y . reference.
f O iI Cmoor ol
to 6 cm vertical heighr with the CH A VARIABLE
co nt r ol( 24) s et r o C A L .
d. lf t he Chann e lA a n d C h a n n e B
l i n p u tsa re l 80o
out .of phase, such as the output of a push-pull EXAIIPLE:
VERTICALOEFLECTTON. 6cm
amplifier, ser rhe MODE switch (22) to itre IOO VOLTAGE/cm - 2O mV
positionand the CH B POLARITY pushbuttonto l20 mV
PROSE ATTENUATTON - 20
the INV position to measure the- full peak-to- ( 2 P R O E E Se 1 ( } t l
peak waveform.Set the CH B POLARITy switch PEAK TO PEAK WAVEFORM - 2t@ mv ot 2.1Y
to the NORM positionto measureany imbalance
between[r.lyo poins of measurement. Readjust
the VOLTS/CU switches(20) and (23) as required
to obtain as large a waveformas possiblewiihout Fig 5. Typical differential voltagemeasurement.
exceedingthe limits of the vertical scale, but
alwayskeep the CH A and CH B switchesset to
the samesensitivity
r5
c. Set CH B VOLTS/CM switch (20) to the same CALIBRATED TIME MEASUREMENT(SeeFig. 6)
sensitivityas the CH A VOLTS/CM switch.
P ul sew i dth, w aveformperi ods,ci rcuit delaysand all
d. S et t h e MOD E s w i tc h (2 2 ) to th e AD D posi ti on. other rvaveformtime durations are easily and accurltely
CH B D C -G N D -A Cs w i tc h (l e ) to th e GN D posi . measuredon this oscilloscope.Calibratedtime measure-
tion and adjust out any error that may be nrents l'ronr .5 second per centimeterdown to 40 n:rno-
introducedby the ChannelB positioningcontrol secondsper centi rneterare possi bl e.A t l ow sweepspeeds,
as follows: Alternatelyset the CH B POLARITY the entirewaveformis not visibleat one time However.the
switch to the NORM and INV positions,adjusting bright spot can be seenmovingfrom left to right acrossthe
the CH B POSITION control until the trace screen,which makesthe beginningand endingpoints of the
position does not shift as the switch position measurement easyto spot.
changes.Rememberthat this step is not necessary
if the DC componentof the signalis not measured l. Adjust controls as previouslydescribedfor a stable
(switchesl9 and 25 in the AC position). displayof the desiredwaveform.
e. Return CH B DC-GND-ACswitch (19) to the DC 2. k sure the sweeptime VARIABLE control (6) is fully
position. clockwiseto the CAL position.
f. Momentarily return the MODE switch (22) to the 3. Set the SWEEPTIME/CM control (5) for the largest
CH A position and note the trace position for possible display of the waveform segment to be
reference.You may readjustit with the ChannelA measured, usuallyone cycle.
vertical positioningcontrol, but not the ChannelB
control. Place the MODE switch in the ADD 4. If necessary,readjustthe TRIGGEzuNG LEVEL con-
position and the CH B POLARITY switch in the trol (9) for the most stabledisplay.
ItW. position. The amount of displacementof the
trace from the ChannelA referencerepresentsthe 5. Read the amount of the horizontal deflection (in cm)
voltage differential between the two points of between the points of measurement. The
measurement. POSITION control (8) may be readjustedto align one
HORIZONTAL
O EF L E C T I O N
6.35
cm VARIABLE
set ro CAL.
o S W E E PT I M E / C M
set to 10rrSEC.
o
P O S I T I O NC O N T R O L A O J U S T E DS O T H A T
L E A O I N G E D G EO F W A V E F O R MA L I G N S
W I T H A V E R T I C A L R E F E R E N C EL I N E .
e D
E D G E M A Y N O T B E V I S I B L EO N V E R Y
F A S T P U L S E S ;l N T H I S C A S EA L I G N
W H E R E V E RW A V E F O R MB E G I N S . o c SLOPE set ro o
(to start sweepon
C H B P O S I T I O NC O N T R O L A D J U S T E DS O
THAT TRAI LING EDGEOF WAVEFORM
co = r o negativ{oan9edge}
o
C R O S S E SH O R I Z O N T A L S C A L E M A R K E R
or o'
F O R A C C U R A C YA N O E A S E O F R E A O I N G . CHB
XAIIPLE:
H O R I Z O N T A L D E F L E C T I O N= 6.3s
S W E E PT I M E / C M = t O p S E C
T I M E O U R A T I O N= 63.5F SEC
l o r P E R I O D )O F W A V E F O R M
_ 1
=#
FREouENc"
0000635 sEc D I S P L A YS H O W ST Y P ] C A LT E L E V I S I O N
R E C E I V E RW A V E F O R MA T G R I D O F
1 5 , 7 5 0H z H O R IZ O N T A L O U T P U TT U 8 E .
l6
o f t hc t neas ure n ' repnoti n tsw i th a v e rti c a sl c a lemarker
f or eas ierr eadin g . NOTE
Do NOT use the PULL 5X MAG control during
(r. ( ' alc uht c t lr c t i rn e d u ra ti o na s fo l l o w s : M u l ti pl y the X-Y operation. Use the CH B VARIABLE and
h or iz . ont al def le c ti o n(i n c n r)b y th e S WE EPT IME /C M VOLTS/CM controlsto adjusthorizontalgain.
s w i t c h( 5 ) s e t t i n g( s e ee x a m p l ei n F i g . 5 ) . R e m e m b e r ,
w hen t lr e 5X nt a g n i fi c a ti oins u s e d .th e re s u l tmusl be 5. All sync controlsare disconnected
and haveno effect.
d iv idedby 5 t o o b ta i nth e a c tu a lti rn ed u ra ti o n.
c. S et t he S L O P E s w i tc h (1 0 ) to th e (+ ) or (-)
positionfor the properpolarity for the syncsignal.
t7
')
Connec t o s c i l l o s c o p pe ro b e c a b l e sto b o th tl re C H A W A R N IN G
a n d C H B l \ ? L r T j a c k s( 1 6 ) a n d( l 8 ) . a. l l ' t h c c q u i p n r e nut r t d e rt c s t i s a t r a n s f o r m c r -
l essA C uni t. use al t i sol ati ontra nslbnnert o
3 . I t t he r e c o mn re n d c dB & K-h e c i s i o n Morl el P R -i tr preventdurgcrouscl ectri cl l shtl ck.
o s c i l l o s c o pper o b e sr r e u s c d .l 0 : l a t t e n u a t i o n
should b. The peak-to-peakvol tage i l t the point ol'
be us ede \c e p t i o r w a v e l ' o n nosf 5 0 n rV peak-to-peak nreasurenl ent shoul dnot exceed60 0 volt s.
or les s .F o r th e l o w e ra m p l i tu d ew a v e fo r rns the D l R ect
pos it ion s h o u l d b e u s e d .S e e F i g . 3 t-o rchangi ngthe tt. S c-tthe V OLTS IC Mcontrol s(23) and ( 20) or Channel
pr obe f r o m l 0 :l to D IR o r v i c e v e r sa.W henever A and B to a posi ti onthat gi vc' sI to 3 cm ver t ical
pos s ible.u s e th e h i g h rmp e d a n c el .o w c apaci tyl 0:l deflection.The displayson the screenwill probablybe
positionto minirnizecircuit loading. unsynchroni zed. Tl te remai ni ngsteps.alt houghsim ilar
to those outlined for single-trace operation,describe
4 . Set MODE switch (21) to the DUAL position. Two the procedurefor obtainingstable,synchronizeddis-
tracesshouldappearon the screen. pl ays.
7 . Connect thg ground clips of the probesto the chassis 10. Set the SLOPE switch (10) to the (+; position if the
ground of the equipmentunder test. Connectthe tips sweepis to be triggeredby a positive'goingwave.or to
of the probes to points in the circuit where the the (-) position if the sweepis to be triggeredby a
waveformsare to be measured.lt is preferredthat the negative-goingwave.
signal to which the waveformwill be synchronizedbe
appliedto the ChannelA input.
CHANNEL A c
WAVEFORM
o ; ell
ff
CHANNEL 8
oo
WAVEFORM
o
a"o
or o'
A. REFERENCE FROUENCY P U L S ET R A I N
( I O O OP U L S E SP E RS E C O N O }
WAVEFOBM WAVEFORM
A B
HEIGHT HEIGHT
WAVEFORM
DUAL B
a"t
B . O I V I D E . B Y - T W O O U , T P U TS Y N C H R O N I Z E D T O
LEAOING EOGE OF REFERENCEPULSE
WAVEFORM
l*ro A
.
."t l
C . D I V I D E . B Y - T W O O U T P U TS Y N C H R O N I Z ETOO
T R A I L I N GE D G EO F R E F E R E N C P EU L S E
l8
I I . lf sweeptriggeringon the averagelevel of the wave' 18. The ChannelA and ChannelB waveformdisplayscan
in
by placingtle M-OD-P.switch
be addedalgebraically
fornr is acceptable,leaveAUTO LEVEL pushbutton
( l l ) i n t h e A U T O p o s i t i o na n ds k i ps t e pl 2 ' H o w e v e r , rhe ADD p6sition,
anO ftrd CH B POLARITYswitch is
to trigger the sweep on a specific portion of the in the NO^RMposition,or algebraically with
_subtracted
wav ef or m pus , l tth e AU T O L EV EL p u s h b u tton,rel eas- the CH B POLARITYswitchin the IIW position.
i ng it t o t he NO R M p o s i ti o n .
DU AL-TRACE APPLICATION S
l ). A djus t T RI G G Ez u N GL EV EL c o n tro l (9 ) to obtai n a
s t able.s y nc hr o n i z e ds w e e p .A s a s ta rti n gp oi nt, the INTRODUCTION
' p u s h e di n a n d ro ta te dto a n y p oi nt that
c ont r olnr aybe
will pr oduc ea s w e e p ,w h i c h i s u s u a l l ys o m e w here in
The n-rostobvious and yet the most useful feature of
t he c ent erpor ti o no f i ts ra n g eT. h e tra c ew i l l d i sappear the dual-traceoscilloscopeii that it has the capability for
if t her eis inad e q u a te s i g n a lto tri g g e rth e s w e ep,such viewingsimultaneouslytwo waveformsthat are frequency'
as when nt easu ri negx tre me l yl o w a mp l i tu d es i gnal s- If or that have a common synchronizing^
or-phaie-related,
no s weepc an b e o b ta i n e d p . u l l o u t th e c o n trol(P U LL u"fiu#, suchasin digitalcircuitry.Simultaneous viewingof
A UT O ) f or auto m a ti ctri g g e ri n g . ...uui. and effect" iaveforms is an invaluableaid to the
circuit designeror the repairman.Several. applic3'
p-ossible.
1 3 . S et CO UP LI N Gs w i tc h( l 2 ) to th e A C p o s i ti onfor A C tions of ttie dual-tracebscilloscope will be reviewed in
s m 3 0 H z to 3 0 MH z.and to
c ouplingof s y n c s i g n a l fro detail to familiarizethe user further in the basic operation
the DC position for DC couplingof sync signalsfrom of this oscilloscoPe.
DC to 30 MHz. If the syncsignalcontainsnoiseor is a
cornplex waveform ntade up of high and low fre- FREQUENCY DIVIDER WAVEFORMS
quenc iest,he L F R E J e c ta n d H F R E J e c tp o s i t i onsmay
be helpful in e[minating jitter from the display.The Fig. 8 illustrates the waveforms involved in a basic
LF REJ position attenuatessync signalcomponents divide-5y-two circuit. Fig. A indicates the reference or
below l0 k Hz . a n d th e H F R E J p o s i ti o na t tenuates ;clock"'pulse train. Fig. F and Fig. C indicate.the.possible
syncsignalcomponentsabove30 kHz. outputs of tnr divide-by-twocircultry. Fig. 8 alsoindicates
the'settings of specific oscilloscopecontrols tor ueung
1 4 . S et S W E E P T IME /C M s w i tc h (5 ) a n d VA R IA B LE these*.uJformr.in addition to thesebasiccontrol settinp,
control (6) for the desired nutnber of waveforms. ihe TzuGGERING LEVEL control, as well as the Channel
Thesecontrolsmay be set for viewingonly a portion of A and channel B vertical position controlsshouldbe set as
a wavefotm, but the trace beconles progressively ieouireOto producesuitabiedisplays.In the drawingof Fig.
dimnterasa smallerportion is displayed. 8,'the *aueform levelsof 2 cm are indicated.If the exact
noltug. anplitudes of the channel A and channel B
15. After obtainingthe desirednumberof waveformsasin *uurior*s arc desired, the Channel A and Channel B
step 14, it is sometimesdesirableto make a final VARIABLE controls must be placedin the cAL position.
adjustmentof the TRIGGERING LEVEL control (9). The Channel B waveform may be either that indicated in
The (- ) directionof rotation selectsthe most negative Fie. 8B or 8C. ln Fig. 8C the divide-by-two output
point on the sync waveformat which sweeptriggering wiveform is shown for the casewhere the output circuitry
will occur and the (+) direction selectsthe most reiponds to a negative-going_ waveform. In this case,the
positive point on the sync wavefornt at which sqeep to the.leadingedge
't6. waveformL shifted with re-spect
ouiput
triggeringwill occur. The control may be adjustedto oi reference frequency puls-e by a time interval
staii the sweep on any desired portion of the sync correspondingto the Pulsewidth.
waveform.
DIVI DE.BY.8 CIRCIJIT WAVEFORMS
16. The observedwaveformsof ChannelsA and B can be
expandedby a factor of 5 by pulling outward on the Fig. g indicates waveform relationshipsfor a basic
<> POSITION control (8). This control can then be are_
divide-Ey+ight circuit. The basic oscilloscoPe^settings
rotatedclockwiseor counterclockwise to view the left
identicaltoihose usedin Fig. 8. The referencefrequencyof
and right extremesof the waveformdisplaysasdesired. fig. 9A is supplied to the- Channel A -input,. and the
Pushinward on the control to return the sweepto the oiloe-uyeight'output is applicedto the channel B input.
normal,non-magnille d condition.
Fie. B indiiates tie ideal-iime relationshipbetween the
iniut pulsesand the outPut Pulse.
17. Calibratedvoltagemeasurements, calibratedtime meas'
urementsand operationwith Z-axisinput are identical In an application where the logic circuitry is operating
to thosepreviouslydescribedfor single'traceoperation. at or near iiJ maximum designfrequency,the accumulated
Either the ChannelA or ChannelB verticaladjustment rise time effectsof the conseiutivestagesproducea built'in
controls can be used as requiredin conjunctionwith time propagation delay which .q p. significant in.a critical
the horizontalsweepcontrols to obtain the required circuii .tid-rutt be compensatedfor. Fig. 9C-indicatesthe
amplitudeor time intervalmeasurements. This can be
possible tim: delay wliiclr may be. introduced into a
done either by usingthe dual displayfacilitiessuch as it.qurn.y divider circuit. By u^e of the dual-traceoscillo-
the DUAL position of the MODE switch or by t.op. the input and output waveformscan be supe-rimposed
operation,usingthe CH A or
revertingto single-trace to determinl the exact amount of propagationdelay that
CH B positionsof the MODE switch. occurs.
l9
orecisemeasurementcan be obtained if the Tp portion of
irr.-*r"rroim is expandedhorizontally.This riray be done
;; pr[i;t ihe PULL 5x MAG control' lt also mav be
porribt. io nirr" the desiredportion of the waveformat a
iastersweePsPeed.
ri()rtt (r t\r!!a rr.- | r@ i'r!'l t{r r'<5'O i
rttattr<f
DIGITAL CIRCTJITTIME RELATIONSHIPS
/ - - - \
/
*l Fto /
I \
CHB
_Il I
I
I
I
1 I
I
'.tr' /
/
I \ \- ---
I
't
ADD CH 8
POLARITY NORMAL I
. t t ' - - 1
- - -
- t /
,/ \
I /
EXPANO THIS PORTION /
FO MORE PRECISE -(
.I{iASUREMENT - \
T|ME \- - _.
to t. I
f f
I
V/- I
A DDCHB I /
IN V
P O LA R IT Y I
/
---/ \ - -
time measurement.
Fig. 10. UsingADD andCH B POLARITYcontrolsfor propagation
20
ln the family of time-related waveforms shown in Fig. source becausethey do not contain a triggering pulse at the
12, waveformNo.8 or No. l0 is an excellentsync source start of the frame. It would not be necessaryto view the
for viewing all of the waveforms;there is but one triggering entire waveforms as shown in Fig. 12 in all cases.In fact,
pulse per frame. For convenience,external sync using there are many times when a closer examination of a
waveform No.8 or No. l0 as the sync source may be portion of the waveforms would be appropriate. In such
desirable.With externalsync, any of the waveformsmay be cases,it is recommended that the sync remain unchanged
displayed without readjustment of the sync controls. while the sweep speed or 5X magnification be used to
WaveformsNo. 4 thru No. 7 should not be usedas the sync expandthe waveformdisplay.
-'l
cooEo
Fuiclror{ r .-- l L r i c o r l v c l
0/rrA [ ou?trrr
rt i P u lI I I xo.r
(l-rrrsr "lttr,- | t o+l
I PLrrfn
:_:_)
| | I
r3
tul
ortr firllt
5 lrl I t!,
llPt,t
I
l0
f.t[ ,rsYt afSlt
2l
DTSTORTIONMEAStJR"EMENT 3. Set CHA and CH B DC-CND-ACswitchesto AC.
2. ConnectChannelA probeto the input of the amplilier 8 . N ow sc' tthe MOD E sw i tch to the A D D posit ionand
and ChannelB p ro b e to th e o u tp u t o f th e a mpl i ti er.l t the CH B POLARITY switch to the INV position(if
is preferableif the two signalsare not inverted in one wavelbrmis alreadyinvertedin relationshipto tlre
relationshipto each other. but invertedsignalscan be other, usethe NORM position).Adjust the fine vertical
used. sensi ti vi ty(C H B V A R IA B LE ) sl i ghtl y for t he nr ini-
3latt
a OOlJtllCl
(
ttetle
3 crcx
{ oere sELEcr'^'
$ nul
lo
tio rrarc itsfl
l1 ru(trrrCxEn
orrtn l
t_
t2
tllt
I
r
tnIYfI OUTruT
l3 I
t_
aoonEss -----J FurrcltoN i I
22
mum remainingwaveform.Any waveformthat remains
equalsdistortion;if the two waveformsare exactlythe
sanrcamplitude and tlrere is no distortion, the wave-
fornrs will cancel and there will be only a straight
horizontalline rernainingon the screen.
DISTORTION o
/^'
e \\rut
--,'
o o {-
oo f-
1 . S E T U P O S C IL L O S C O P EA S S H O W N .
2. A D J U S T A A N D B P O S I T I O N C O N T R O L S
T O S U P E R I M P O S EW A V E F O R M S D I R E C T L
OVER EACH OTHER.
AC I DUAL
3. S E T M O D E S W I T C H T O A D D . P U S H
C H B P O L A R I T Y S W I T C HT O I N V ( U S E
NORM IF WAVEFORMB IS INVERTED ADJUSTSO THAT BOTH
W I T H R E S P E C TT O W A V E F O R M A I WAVEFORMA SRETHESAME
ANY WAVEFORM THAT REMAINS AMPLITUDE.
EOUALS DISTORTION.
23
inv-estiFted. In addition to determining delay time, the
-Une STEREOAMPUFIER SERVICING
pulse- {i"tortion inherent in the delay cin be deter-
ryned by examinationof the delayedpulse
't observedon rhe Another convenientuse for dualchannel oscilloscopes
ctrannel B waveform display. nig. 5 demonstatesthe is in troubleshootingstereoamplifiers.If identicalchannel
typicd oscilloscopesettingpas well-asthe basictest circuit. amplifiersare usedand the output of one is weak,distorted
Typical input and output waveforms are shown on the or otherwise abnormd, the dual trace oscilloscopecan be
oscilloscopedisplay. Any pulsestretchingand ripple can be efficiently used to localize the defective state.'with an
observedand evduated. The resultsof mbdifving the input identicalsignalapplied ro the inputs of both amplifiers,a
and output terminations can be observeddireittyl side-by-sidecomparisonof both units carr be made by
proge^ssivelysampling i<ientical signal points in both
amplifiers.when the defectiveor malfunctioningstagehas
been located, the effects of whatevertroubleshootin-g and
repair methodsare employedcan be observedand analyzed
o
immediately.
o IMPROVING THE RATIO OF
o o o DESIRE T}TG I.JNDESIR.E
D SIGNA I,s
oo In some applications,the desiredsignalmay be riding
on a large undesiredsignalcomponent such as 60 Hz. It ii
pos-sibleto minimize or for praclical purposeseliminate the
undesired component.
Iig. 16 indiiatei the oscilloscope
c-ontrol settings for such an application. The waveform
display of channel A indicates the desired signal and the
dotted line indicatesthe averageamplitude vaiation corre-
spondingto an undersired6O Hz component.The Channel
B $ispfaVindicates a 60 Hz waveform of equal amplitude
and identical phase to the average of the Channel I
ULTRASO'{ IC
OLAY LIN waveflorm.With the MODE switch set to ADD, and the CH
l5r SECI
B POLARITY switch set to INV, and by adjustingthe CH B
sqtP?s
lr SCPULSrllDTX
vertical attenuator controls, the 60 Hz component of the
Charurel
| $grt.l can be cancelledby the Chinnel B input
and the desiredwaveformcan be observedwithout the'60
Hz component.
Fig. 15. Delayline measurements.
I m S/cm
ADJUSTFOR ONE
COMPLETE CYCLE
AT 60 Hz.
CHA AUTO
S L O P E+
60 Hz
24
AMPLIFIER PHASE SHIFT MEASI,JREMEMTS SIN GLE.TRACE APPLICATIONS
A D J U S TA S R E O U I R E D
FOR COMPLETECYCLE
o lN 8 cm.
o
o
. . , ! i I - - - - J
oo
CHANNEL A
CHANNEL B
AUDIO
AMPLIFIER
OUTPUT
25
peak voltage measurements.The schematic diagram or TRANSMITTER MODULATION
accompanyingservicedata on the equipmentbeingserviced
usually includes waveform pictures. These waveform T h e l n o s t r e l i a b l en r c t h o d o l ' c h e c k i n g t r a n s r r r i t t e r
p i ctur gsinc lude t he re q u i re ds w e e pti m e a n d th c normal rnodul ati oni s w i th :.rn osci l l oseope. Fi g. l 8 shows t he
peak-to-peakvoltage. Compare the peak-to-peakvoltagc typi cal mcthod ol ' measurenl ent and i nterpretat ionof t lr e
readingpon the oscilloscopewith those shown on the rnodul ati onenvcl opel i rr A M C B transl tti tters. M ost t r ans-
waveform pictures. Any abnormal readings should be cel vcrs i ncl udc sonre type ol - protecttotl against over -
foUowed by additional readingsin the suspectedcircuits nrodul ati t-rn. w hi cl rhasno el ' l ' cctunti l ntodul a t ionexcecds
u n til t he t r oubleis i s o l a te dto a s s ma l la n a re aa s possi bl e. at l cast75' i . thcn progressrvr'conl l v' prcsses any incr case in
The proceduresfor making peak-to-peakvoltagemeasure- audi oanrphtudc.The el ' fecti veness of thi s corup r essr on- t ype
ments are given earlier in the CALIBRATED VOLTAGE c i r c u i t a n d t l t e ' d e g r e eo l - r r ' s u l t a n td i s t t l r t i t l nc a n b e
MEASUREMENT paragraph. rrreasured on the osci l l oscopc.
F i g . l 9 s h o w sh o w t o c h e c kS S B r n o d u l a t i o nA. p p l y
CB RA D IO AP PL IC AT ION S tw o si mul taneous. equal -ampl i tude audi o si gna lslbr m odu-
l ati on.sucl ras 500 H z.and 1400 H z. The audi os ignalsm ust
INTRODUCTION be freeI' ronrdi storti on.noi seand transi ents. The t wo audio
si gnal sshoul dnot havea di rect harmoni crel ationship such
1474 oscilloscopeis particularly well suited for 27 as 500 H z and 1500 H t. The modul ati on envelope
MHz CitizensBand transceiverdevelopmentlaboratories. resenrbl es the 100?ZA M modul ati onenvel ope, exceptt he
manufacturing,testing and analyzing facilities.and well. ampl i tudeof the enti re w aveformvari esw i th the st r engt h
equippedserviceshops.Its 30 MHz bandwidth is required o[ the audio signal. When peak SSB power output is
for thorough waveform analysisof either AM or AM/SSB " fl at tops," t hat is, t he
reached,the modul ati onenvel ope
CB transceiver. Direct signalmeasurement in practicallyall instantaneous RF peaksreachthe saturation,evenwith less
RF, lF, and audio circuitsof both transmitterand receiver than peak audio signalapplied.This over-rnodulated condi-
is possible, as well as accurate timing measurementsin ti on resul tsi n di storti on.
switching circuits. The l0:l ,attenuation setting of the
probe should be used for all RF and IF circuit measure- OTHER CB II{EASI,JREMENTS
rnents.The high impedance(10 megohms)of the probe
should not affect normal circuit operation,exceptin highly Some of the additional applicationsfor this oscillo-
sensitivecircuits. scopein transceivers
follow:
O* MOOULATION
--T
I
50% MOOULATTON t t
I AIVI DET
Tq,% MOOULATION
_i
ru
ovERMoDULArroN
W PROBE TO TRANSMITTER
OUTPUT
MICROPHONE ANTENNA
A JACK JACK
. B =7
MOoULATION
?s
o Transmittercarriersignalanalysis.
qpbe. Most of the checksand measurements describedfor
. RF and.lF gain measurements cB transceivers
are applicableto ;th.; ;t;;;f
(dual-tracedisplay d;unica-
preferred). tionsequipment.
o Audio distortion measurements
(duar-trace
dispray PHASEMEASUREMENT
preferred).
o Audio frequencyresponse Phase measurementsmay be made with an oscilro-
check.
scope. Typical applications are in circuits oesimeo
produce a specifiCphaseshift, .nd ,,,,e.rurr;.r,t to
. filter, notch filter,.low-pass ;f pf,*,
P3ndpa-ss or high_pass shift distortion in iudio .riridl^ or other audio net-
filter frequency responsecheck, lnciuding 'due
SSB works. Dstortion to non-linearamplificationis also
suppressed carrier firter (sweepgeneratornrethod displayedin the oscilloscopewaveform.
preferred).
r synthesizer anarysisand troubreshooting. A sine waveinput is appliedto the audiocircuit
;r_rc,uit being
Dual-trace dlr_plqy preierred for digt.l phase_ tested.The same.sinewaveinput is appriedto ihe verticar
lockedloop (pLLi tyie synthesizer. input of the osciiloscope,anb the output of the
tested
circuit is applied to the horizontarinput .irtnr or.iiiorropr.
o Noiseblankercircuit anarysis and troubreshooting. difference
betweenthe two signats
o S ignalatte n u a ti o n n te a s u re me n $ . lT':ry,1:.1
can :_f,ph.se
be calculatedfrom the resultingwaveform.
r lsolatingsourcesof noise,ripple,or transients. To
o n*r^ phase measurements,use the following
procedure
Signaltracing. (Referto Fig. 20):
N O R M A LM O D U L A T T O N
{ A M P L I T U D ED E P E N D E N T
U P O NA U D I O L E V E L }
e
o
:o
o o o h
co -t- oT
OVERMODULATTON
@@+o+@ o r+ AM DET
PROBETO TRANSMITTER
OUTPUT
MICROPHONE ANTENNA
JACK JACK
\
tl
l -
I
E O U A LA MP L I T U O E F R O M
E O T HA U DI O G E N E R A T O R
{ M E A S U RW
E ITH SCOPE}
27
AUOIO
SIGNAL
GENERATOR
(t
CHA
VERTICAL HORIZONTAL
stzE slzE
AUDIO
NETWORK
B E I N GT E S T E D
28
SQUARE WAVE TESTING OF AMPLIFIERS
INTRODUCTION
2. Connectthe verticalinput probe(CH A INPUT)to the The need for squarewaveevaluation becomesapparent
unknownfrequency. if we realize that some audio amplifiers will be required
during normal use to pas simultaneously a large number of
3. Adjust the Channel A and B size controls for a different frequencies. With a square wave, we have a
sizeof display.
easy-to-read
cortvenient, controlled signal with which we can evaluate the input and
output quality of a signal of many frequencies (the
4. The resultingpattern,calleda Lissajous
pattern,shows harmonics of the square wave) which is what the amplifier
the ratio betweenthe two frequencies.
SeeFig. 23. sees when amplifying complex waveforms of musical
instruments or voices. ,
-rrr/0o$,
srE l : l
end of the amplifier bandpassis reached.
29
A D J U S TS W E E PS P E E O
F O R 1 C Y C L ED I S P L A Y .
S O U A R EW A V E
GENERATOR
o o cHB
I
I
I
V E R TGA IN
A D JU S T
FOR CONVENIENT
VIEWING HEIGHT.
L_I INPUT
A M P L I FEI R
CIRCUIT
B E I N GT E S T E D
OUTPUT
l. Connect the output of the square wave generator to The short rise time which occurs at the beginning of
the input of the amplifier being tested. the half+ycle is created by the in-phase sum of all the
nredium ind high frequenCy sine wave components. The
2. Connect the cH B test probe of the oscilloscopeto the sarne holds truE for itre rlpid drop at the end of the
output of the amplifier being tested. half-cycle from maximum amplitude to- zero amplitude at
the fgO. or halfcycle point.-alone Therefore, a theoretical
reduction in ampliiude of the high frequency
3. If the DC component of the circuit b.!Lg tested is components shouid produce a rounding of F9-tqEtt
sufficiently lovi to allow both the AC and DC .ornirr at all four points of one squarewavecycle (SeeFig.
component to be viewed, use the P9 po,iUon of the 2s).
AC-GNDDC switch. However,the AC position may be
used without affecting the results except at very low
frequencies(below l0 Hz).
Distortion can be classifiedinto three distinct categories:
4. Adjust the vertical gain controls for a convenient
viewing height. -- The first is frequency distortion and refers to the
l.
in.ng. from nothal implitude 9f q cgmponent of a
io*ft.* waveform. In other words, the introduction in
5. Adjust the sweeptilrB controls for one cycle of square
wave displaY on the screen- .n .roprner circuit of resonant networks or selective
filters ireated by combination of reactive_ components
will create pea1oor dips in an otherwise flat frequency
6. For a close'up view of a portion of the squarewave'
use the 5X magnification. resPons8curve.
30
Fig. 25. Squarewave responsewith high-frequency
loss.
Fig. 26. Responsecurve of amplifier with poor low
2. The second is nonlinear distortion and refers to a and high ends.
change in waveshapeproduced by application of the
waveshape to nonJinearcomponentsor elementssuch
as vacuum tubes,an iron core transformer,and in an _ No*, the region between 100 Hz and 4000 Hz in Fig.
extreme case,a deliberatenon-linearcircuit such as a 26 shows a rise from poor low-frequency responseto a
clippernetwork. flattening out from beyond 1000 and 4000 Hz. Therefore,
we can expect that the higherfrequencycomponentsin the
3. The third is delay or phase distortion. which is 100 Hz squarewave will be relativelynormal in amplitude
distortion producedby a shift in phasebetweenone or and phasebut that the lower frequencycomponentsin this
more componentsof a complexwaveform. -same-square wave will be strongly modified by the poor
low-frequencyresponseof this amplifier.SeeFig. 27A.-
In actual practice,a reductionin amplitudeof a square
wave component (sinusoidalharmonic)is usuallycausedby
a frequency-selectivenetwork which includes capacity,
inductanceor both. The presenceof the C or L introducesa
differen-cein phase angle between components, creating
phase distortion or delay distortion. Therefore, in square
wave testing of practical circuitry, we will usually findthat
the distorted square wave includes a combination of
amplitudeand phasedistortion clues.
3l
Fi g.30 i ndi cates thc ti l t i n squarew avesha pepr oduced
by a 10" phaseshi ft of a l ow -frequency el ementin a leading
di recti on. Fi g. 3l i ndi catesa l 0o phaseshi it in a low-
frequencycomponenti n a l aggi ngdi recti on.The t ilt s ar e
opposite in the two casesbecauseof the differencein
polarity of the phaseangle in the two casesas can be
checkedthroughalgebraicadditionof components.
Ftt OUT-OF.PHASE
Fig. 32 indicateslow-frequencycomponentswhich
havebeen reducedin amplitudeand shiftedin phase.It will
be noted that these examplesof low-frequencydistortion
are characterizedby changein shapegf the flat top portion
Ft3 d)T trPHA{ of the squarewave.
(LEAD)
Ffl O.JTtr PHASE
32
Fig. 33 indicateshigh frequencyboost in an amplifier level value of low frequency voltage, suppliesthe energy for
accompaniedby a lightly damped "shock" transient.The oscillation in the resonant network. If this network in the
sinusoidaltype of diminishingoscillationalong the top of amplifier is reasonablyheavily damped, then a single cycle
the square wave indicates a transient oscillation in a transient oscillation may be produced as indicated in Fig.
relatively high "Q" network in the amplifier circuit. ln this 34.
case, the sudden transition in the squarewave potential Fig. 35 summarizes the preceding explanations and
from a sharply rising,relativelyhigh frequencyvoltage,to a servesas a handy reference.
Fig. 33. Effect of high-frequencyboost and poor Fig. 34. Effect of high-frequency boost and good
damping. damping.
A. Frequency distortion. (amplitude B. low frequency boost (occentu- High frequency lors-No phcrc
reduction ol low frequencT com- oted lundomentsl). shilt.
ponent). No phcse shilt.
D. low lrequency phose shilt. E. Low lrequency loss ond pbose High lrequenca loss ond lor ltt
shilt. guency phcse shilt.
G. High lrequency loss cnd pbcse H. Domped oscillotlon- low trequenca phcrc rhilt (troct
shilt. thiclend by hurn.voltogc).
33
1474CIRCUITDESCRIPTION
Refer to the block diagramof the oscilloscope,
Fig. 36, 160 nanoseconds belore it reachesthe input stageof the
for a circuit breakdown.Referto the schematicdiagramfor main vertical amplifier. The purposeof this delay is to
circuit details. enablethe sweepto be triggeredbefore verticaldeflection
begins,which allowsone to seethe leadingPortionof very
fastrise-timesisnals.
GENERAL
Bisically, the oscilloscopeconsists of two identical MODE LOCIC
verticalpreamplifiers,eachhavingits own input attenuator.
The outputs of the vertical preamplillersare switchedvia The mode of operati on(C H A , C H B . DUAL, ADD) ,
the vertical switch matrix into the delay line driver. The S106, is controlled by lCl03, lCl04, and diodes
ty pe of s wit c hi n g ,i .e ., C H A, C H B , D U A L , o r A D D , i s , e l C l 0 4 Q o u t p u ti s
D l 0 l - D 1 0 8 . U h e n C H A i s s e l e c t e dt h
deterrninedby the mode of operationlogic section. hi gh and the Q l ow , w hi ch reverse bi asesD l 0l and Dl04,
al l ow i ngthe C H A si gnali nto the del ay l i ne dr iver .Dl07
The delay line driver feeds into the delay line, which and Dl08 are forward-biased, preventingthe CH B signal
delaysthe vertical preamplifiersignalsapproximately160 from reachingthe delay line driver. For CH B mode, the
nanoseconds before they reachthe main verticalamplifier. reverseis true.
The main vertical amplifier drives the vertical deflection
platesof the cRT. For DUAL mode, both channelsare displayed as
follows: Below a sweepspeedof 0.5 mSEC/cm,the ICl04
The horizontal deflectionplatesof the CRT are in turn output switchesat a 200 KHZ rate, thus choppingthe A
driven by the horizontal amplifier. The input to the and B vertical signalsfor simultaneousdisplay.The chop-
horizontal amplifier comes from calibrated sweep speed ping signalthat switchesICl04 comes from an oscillator
circuits or from Channel B, via the Channel B trigger formed by two gatesfrom ICl. For sweepspeedsgreater
amplifier, when X-Y operationis selected. than or equal to 0.5 mSEC/cm,the ICl04 output switches
state after every sweep,thereforealternatingthe A and B
The power supply voltagesare fully regulated,and a verticalsignalsfor display.
DC-to-DC converterprovidesa regulated4 KV accelerating
potential to the CRT. When ADD mode is selected,the signalsfrom both
channelsare added algebraicallyand then applied to the
delay line driver. ln this mode both the Q and Q outputsof
VERTICAL PREAMPUFIERS l C l 04 must be hi gh, w hi ch i s done by setti n gbot h t heset
ChannelA and ChannelB preamplifierscontainidenti- and resetlinesof lC 104 low.
cal circuitry and circuit operation is the same for both.
ChannelA is describedbelow.
34
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35
high-gain differential amp, and when the ratio of the and the optimum value for each sweep speed is auto-
triggeringsignalat pin 2 to DC levelat pin I becomesgreat maticallyset by the SWEEPTIME/CM control.
enough, the ICs output turns on emitter follower Qt S
yhose ou-tputgoes to two gatesfrom lC I that act as logic During XY operation, set by the SWEEPTIME/CM
level buffers.The output from one of thesegatesinitiatei a switch, the CH B trigger amplifier output is fed to the
sweepcyclevia sweepcontrol flip-flop IC I . hori zontalampl i f' i ervi a Ql 9 and Ql 8. l n this m ode, t he
CH B signal controls the horizontal position of the CRT
If the AUTO LEVEL control is in the AUTO posirion, trace.
the out put of Q l 2 i s A C -c o u p l e dto p e a k d e t ectordi odes
Dl3 and Dl4. The filteredpeakgoesto Ql4 which setsthe
D C lev elf or t he l o w e r i n p u t o f IC 5 . T h e o u tp ut of Ql 2 i s
a ls onow A C- c o u p l e dto Q l 3 , w h i c h d ri v e sth e upperi nput BLANKING AND INTENSITY CONTROL
of IC5. This meansthat op amp IC5 will initiatl a rrigger
signal to Ql5 wheneverthe instantaneous voltageof-the The DC voltage on the intensity grid (pin 4 of the
triggering^waveform is a fixed percenrageof the peak CRT) setsthe intensityof the oscilloscope trace.A square
voltageof this samewaveform.Becauseof the AC-coupling wave signalis pulled off the secondaryof the high-voltage
in this triggering mode, any steady-stateDC levels the oscillator transformerT30l and amplified by Q302. The
triggeringwaveformmight be riding on are ignored. peak-to-peaklimits of this squarewaveare determinedby
D306, D307, D309, and the intensityand blankingcontrol
When turned cn by Sl, the PULL AUTO TzuGGER- ci rcui tryQ303, Q304,Q305,and Q313.The squar ewaveis
ING circuit (this is not the AUTO LEVEL circuit above), AC-coupledinto peakdetectordiodesD304 and D305. The
using transistorsQ4, Q5 and Q6, will givea triggerpulseto negativepeak of the squarewavesetsthe DC voltageon the
the reset line of IC2, after a fixed time delay-if no vertical intensity grid. The more negativethis voltagegoes,the less
trigger signalshave arrived from Ql5 during that time. lf the i ntensi ty.l ntensi ty A dj ., V R 302, setst he m axim um
vertical trigger signals remain absent, the sweep will intensity of the trace. The front panel INTENSITY
automaticallybe fired after.eachsweepby IC3, at the end control VR20l adjusts the trace intensity during normal
of the sweepholdoff period. operationby controlling Q303.
HORIZONTAL SWEEP The blanking pulse, which turns the trace intensity
down during its return to the left-hand side of the CRT
When a trigger pulse is receivedat the clock inpur or after each sweep,and which keepsthe trace off prior to the
the reset input of IC2, the Q output (pin 8) goeslow. This beginningof a sweep,is generatedby IC4. Blanking pulses
allows the horizontal ramp integrator to begin the sweep. during the chopping mode of dual-trace operation also
The integator consistsof Ql0, Ql I and the precision come from lC4. The chopping oscillator is madeup of two
sweep timing resistorsand capacitors.The sweepspeedis gatesfrom lC4.
determinedby the RC time constantof the timing resistors
and capacitorsset by the SWEEPTIME/CM control, 52. Intensity modulation,or the Z-axissignal,is provided
by Q306, which DCcouples the Z-axis input jack to the
The output of the integrator,a decreasinglinear ramp, intensitycontrol circuit.
is fed through transistorsQ8 and Q9, and then to the
horizontal amplifier section, Ql7-Q24, which drives the FOWERSIJPPUES
horizontal deflection plates. Another output of the sweep
integrator, giving an increasinglinear ramp, is fed to the +5 Votr Supply.
thresholdinput of sweepholdoff timer IC3 (pin 6). When One output of the l4V secondary of the power
the decreasingramp voltage has swept the scope trace to transformeris rectifiedby diodebridgeD3l9 and regulated
the right-hand limit of the sweep cycle on the CRT, the by Q307,Q308,Q314 thru Q316.
correspondingincreasingramp voltagereachesthe threshold
setting of IC3. This causesthe output of IC3 (pin 3) to go -8 Volt Supply.
low, which sets the Q output of the sweepcontrol flip- . The other output of the l4V secondaryis alsorectified
flop, IC2, high. A high at the Q output turns on transistor by diode bridge D3l9 and regulatedto -8V by lC30la and
Q7, which dischargesthe integrating capacitor and resets Q:og.
the sweep back to the left-hand sweep limit. Simul-
taneously with the Q output going high, the Q output of +120Vott Suppty.
ICZ goes low, which sends a high out of the blanking The l20V secondary of the power transformer is
control gate (lCl pin ll). This turns the trace intensity rectified by diode bridge D320 and is regulatedby zener
down, so you cannot seeit being resetto the left sideof the d i o d eD 3 1 8 .
CRT.
+ 107V ottS uppty.
The sweepholdoff time delay capacitor connected to T h e l l O V s u p p l v i s r e g u l a t e dd o w n r o + 1 0 7 V b v
IC3 pin 2 is dischargingthrough R24 into IC3 pin 7, which l C 3 0 lb a n d Q 3I 0 .
went low when thresholdwas reachedat IC3 pin 6. When
the holdoff time delay cap has dischargedro lessthan 1.6 IIIG H.VOLTAGE SI.JPPLY
volts, the timer output, IC3 pin 3, is triggeredhigh. This
arms lC2 for the next triggerpulse,comingeither from the Q30l and the pri maryof T30l form the oscillat orof a
clock line input or from the reset input when Q6 of the DC-to-DCconverterfor the high-voltagesupply.Regulation
AUTO TRIGGERING circuit is turned on. Along with pin i s achi evedby feedbacktransi stors
Q3l 2 a nd Q 3 | I . The
3, pin 7 of lC3 also goeshigh and allows the holdoff time secondaryvoltagesof T30l are rectified and llltered to
delay capacitorto chargeup again.The length of the sweep provide the voltages for the CRT focus grid, anode.
boldoff is determined by the capacitor tied to IC3 pin 2, cathode.and heater.
36
1474 CALIBRATION AND MAINTENANCE
2. Grasp cover and rotate to align horizontaltrace with 3. {djus1^VRl5 on Horizontal Ampiifier Sweep Board
(Fig. 39) for I pulseeverycm.
horizontalgraticuleline.
37
f-'l F-a
L-J I.-J
VRl06 VR108
V R I O l - C HA V A R I .A T T D C B A L
V R l O 3 . C HA S T E PA T T D C B A L
Q vRrrz VR1O6.CB H V A R I .A T T D C 8 A L
VR1O8.CH B S T E PA T T D C B A L
TCrOT VR113.CH A D C T R I G .L E V E LA D J .
V R l O s . C HA D I S P L A YC E N T E RA O J .
O O rcro6 V R I I O . C HB G A I N A O J .
TCl12 V R l l I . C H8 H O R I Z O N T A L G A I NA D J .
O Orctto VR112.CH B D I S P L A YC E N T E RA D J .
VR113.CH A D CT R I G G E R I N G L E V E LA D J .
O Orcroe vRttl T C I O l . C HA 1 / I OR A N G ES O U A R EW A V EA D J .
TCt09 T C l O 2 . C HA I / I O R A N G EI N P U TC A P A C I T YA D J .
O Qvnrro T C l O 3 . C HA 1 / I O OR A N G ES O U A R EW A V E A O J .
VRI l3 T C I O 4 . C HA I / 1 O OR A N G EI N P U TC A P A C I T YA D J .
o T C I O s . C HA T / I M O R A N G ES O U A R EW A V E A O J .
T C l O 6 . C HB I / 1 0 R A N G ES O U A R EW A V E A D J .
TCl02 TCIOT.CH B 1 / I O R A N G EI N P U TC A P A C I T YA D J .
o O rctot T C l O 8 . C HB 1 / 1 O O R A N G ES O U A R EW A V E A D J .
T C I O g . C H8 I / I O O R A N G EI N P U TC A P A C I T YA D J .
TCl11 T C l I O . C HB 1 / I O O O R A N G ES O U A R EW A V E A D J .
Q rcr os T C l 1 1 . C HA 1 / 1 O OR OA N G EI N P U TC A P A C I T YA D J .
T C I l 2 . C H B 1 / l O O OR A N G EI N P U TC A P A C I T YA D J .
o
TCr04
O rcros TC113
o T C I I 3 . C H A H I G H F R E O U E N C YR E S P O N SA ED J .
O vRlos F O I LS I O EV I E W
VRl03
r -'t
L-J
VR101
o TC4O3
QvnaOS
o vR403
Q vnrcr
Q rcaor
O vR402
O ttlot o rc4o4
VR4O4 \,'
F O I LS I D EV I E W
V R 4 O 1_ V E R T I C A LG A I N A D J .
V R 4 O 2_ C R T C E N T E RA D J .
T C 4 O I- H I G H F R E O U E N C YR E S P O N SAED J , ( 1 I
T C 4 O 2- H I G H F R E O U E N C YR E S P O N SAED J . ( 2 }
T C 4 O 3- M I D F R E O U E N C Y R E S P O N SAED J .
T C 4 O 4_ H I G H F R E O U E N C Y
R E S P O N SAED J .
vR4o3- Arcx FREouENcy RESpoNSE ADJ
V R 4 O 4_ M I O F R E O U E N C YR E S P O N SAED J .
_
V R 4 O 5 H I G HF R E O U E N C Y R E S P O N SAED J .
Fig. 3E. Calibration locations, main vertical amplifier board.
38
V R l _ C A L . ( 0 . 5 V P . P IV O L T A G EA D J .
V R 2 - C A L . O V L E V E LF R E O U E N C Y ADJ.
V R 3 - C A L . O . s VL E V E L F R E O U E N C YA D J .
- y
V R s H I G H S P E E DS W E E Pl O . 2 S E C )T I M I N G A D J .
V R 6 - S W E E PL E N G T HA D J .
VR7 _ TRIGGERING S L O P EB A L A N C EA D J .( 1 }
O vnts V R g _ A U T O L E V E LA D J .
V R I O _ M A G C E N T E RA D J .
V R 1 1- D C T R I G G E R I N G L E V E LA D J .
v R 7o V R I 2 - C H B ( H O R I Z O N T A LPI O S I T I O N ADJ.
Qvnta V R 1 3 - H O R I Z O N T A LP O S I T I O N C E N T E RA D J .
VRl 1 V R l 4 _ M A GG A I N A D J .
vReo o o O Ovnrg V R 1 5_ T I M I N GA D J .
VRlO V R 12 T C I - H I G HS P E E OS W E E P( 1 p S E C' 5 0 p S E C )T I M I N GA D J .
T C 2 - H I G HS P E E DS W E E P( 0 . 5s S E c l T I M I N GA D J .
V R 1 6_ T R I G G E R I N G S L O P EB A L A N C EA D J . ( 2 }
F O I LS I D EV I E W
C)vR3o4
o vR303
VERTICAL
PRE.AMPLIFIER
BOARD O vR3o2
O rcgot
O vngot
F O I LS I D EV I E W
V R 3 O I _ P A T T E R ND I S T O R T I O NC O M P E N S A T I O N
V R 3 O 2- I N T E N S I T YA D J .
v R 3 0 3 - - 1 . 9k v A D J .
V R 3 O 4- + 1 0 7 V A D J .
T C 3 O I- g L A N K I N G P U L S EC O M P E N S A T I O N
39
WARRANTY SERYICE INSTRUCTIONS
(For U.S.A. and its OverseasTerritories)
B & K-Precision,FactoryServiceDepartment
MaxtecInternationalCorp.
6470WestCortland Street
Chicago,Illinois 60635
Tel:(312)889-1448
40