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Valve:
A valve is a device that regulates the flow of a fluid (gases, fluidized solids, slurries, or
liquids) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways.
(1) Gate Valve:
A gate valve, also known as a sluice valve, is a valve that opens by lifting a round or
rectangular gate/wedge out of the path of the fluid. The distinct feature of a gate valve
is the sealing surfaces between the gate and seats are planar. The gate faces can form
a wedge shape or they can be parallel. Gate valves are sometimes used for regulating
flow, but many are not suited for that purpose, having been designed to be fully
opened or closed. When fully open, the typical gate valve has no obstruction in the
flow path, resulting in very low friction loss.
Applications:
Applications:
• Few types of irrigation sprinklers and drip irrigation emitters have small check
valves built into them to keep the lines from draining when the system is shut
off.
• Offshore Oil and Gas
• Civil Engineering
• Gas-Turbine Systems
Figure: Check
Valve
(3)Butterfly Valve:
Butterfly valves are throttling valves used to control flow through a circular disc by
turning the valve's main axis at ninety degree or right angles towards the direction of flow
in the pipe. These valves use an inflatable seat to seal with air pressure, thus requiring
less torque and a smaller actuator, resulting in lower overall valve cost.
Advantages:
A Globe valve is a type of valve used for regulating flow in a pipeline, consisting of a
movable disk-type element and a stationary ring seat in a generally spherical body.
Globe Valves are named for their spherical body shape with the two halves of the
body being separated by an internal baffle. This has an opening that forms a seat onto
which a movable plug can be screwed in to close (or shut) the valve. The plug is also
called a disc or disk.
Applications:
Globe valves are used for applications requiring throttling and frequent operation.
Nipple:
A Pipe Nipple is a short pipe (12 inches or less), with small opening which provides way
for the liquids or gases to pass through the pipe. It has a male thread on each end and is used for
extension from a fitting.
We saw different types of nipples in our fluid mechanics lab. These are:
1. Barrel nipple
2. Hexagonal nipple
Elbow:
A pipe fitting installed between two lengths of pipe or tube allowing a change of
direction, usually 90° or 45°. The ends may be machined for butt welding, threaded (usually
female), or socketed, etc. When the two ends differ in size, it is called a reducing or reducer
elbow. Most elbows are available in short radius or long radius of types.
We saw different types of elbows in our fluid mechanics lab. These are:
1. 90 degree elbow
2. 45 degree elbow
4. Equal elbow
90 degree elbow, also called "90 bends or 90 ells", are manufactured as SR (Short
Radius) elbows and LR (Long Radius) elbows.
Applications:
45 degree elbow, also called "45 bends or 45 ells" are typically made as LR (Long
Radius) elbows. Available in various sizes (in mm or inches), 45 degree pipe
elbow is available with different male to female BSP thread connections.
Applications:
Male Female connectors and elbow are put to use in a number of industries
depending on their specifications and internal and external diameter.
• Pharmaceutical fittings
• Pneumatic tube fittings
• Air brake fittings
• Gas fittings
• Refrigerant fittings
Figure: male female elbow
Equal elbows are quick-connect fittings that are extremely helpful in routing water
lines that are laid in confined areas. They are known as 'elbow fittings' because they
display an angular bent so that two pipes can be easily fixed in the same manner.
Applications:
Union Cross
We saw different types of unions in our fluid mechanics lab. These are:
2. Union joint
An opening in any fitting that matches the outside diameter of a pipe or tube, with a further
recessed through opening matching the inside diameter of the same pipe or tube.
We saw different types of unions in our fluid mechanics lab. These are:
1. Half socket
Application of male female union, union joint, half socket are quite equivalent. These are:
• Pharmaceutical fittings
• Pneumatic tube fittings
• Air brake fittings
• Gas fittings
• Refrigerant fittings
as
Male union Female Half Concentric Reducing Socket
union Soc
Reducer:
A reducer normally refers to a fitting that is used to reduce the diameter of the
suction piping to fit the pump intake. It is thus used to join two pipes of different sizes. Reducer
is available in both eccentric and concentric designs. Concentric or eccentric reducers are used to
properly reduce into and out of circulating pumps. The various advantages include keeping big
pipes and small pipes together as well as reducing noise and vibration at the same time.
Applications:
Some of the industries where they find application are oil, gas, petrochemical, onshore
and offshore sectors. They are used in both cargo transfers operations and vapor recovery
systems. Reducers for vapor recovery include a pin on one flange and vapor hole on the opposite
flange. Concentric reducer save installation space and reduce costs. Piping systems must be
anchored when using concentric reducer.
Figure: reducer
Impeller:
An impeller is a rotor inside a tube or conduit to increase the pressure and flow of a fluid.
We saw different types of unions in our fluid mechanics lab. These are:
4. Semi-open impeller
5. Closed impeller
6. Open impeller
Figure: Impeller
Reducing coupler:
Application: Used for reducing area, pressure, flow and used for connections.
Hexagonal nut:
Application: Used for joining pipes.
Figure: Hexagonal Nut
Equal Tee:
A tee is amongst the most common pipe fittings and is available with all female
thread sockets, all solvent weld sockets, or with opposed solvent weld sockets and a side outlet
with female threads. This is a T-shaped device which has three openings that act as an outlet for
the pipe.
Applications:
Figure: Tee
Centrifugal Pump:
A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to increase
the pressure of a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to move liquids through a piping
system. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated
by the impeller, flowing radially outward into a diffuser or volute chamber (casing), from where
it exits into the downstream piping system. Centrifugal pumps are used for large discharge
through smaller heads.
Figure: Centrifugal Pump
GASKET
A gasket is a mechanical seal that fills the space between two objects, generally to
prevent leakage between the two objects while under compression. Gaskets save money by
allowing "less-than-perfect" mating surfaces on machine parts which can use a gasket to fill
irregularities. Gaskets are commonly produced by cutting from sheet materials, such as gasket
paper, rubber, silicon, metal, cork, fiberglass or a plastic polymer. Gaskets for specific aplications
may contain asbestos.
It is usually desirable that the gasket be made from a material that is to some degree
yielding such that it is able to deform and tightly fills the space it is designed for, including any
slight irregularities. Many gaskets require an application of sealant directly to the gasket surface
to function properly.
Figure: Gasket