Marine and Petroleum Geology 05 "0888# 332354

Structuring of the Northern Viking Graben and the Mo re Basin^

the in~uence of basement structural grain\ and the particular
role of the Mo
re!Trondelag Fault Complex
R[H[ Gabrielsena\ \ T[ Odinsenb\ I[ Grunnaleitec
a
Geological Institute\ University of Bergen\ Alle gaten 30\ N!4996\ Bergen\ Norway
b
Statoil\ GF:PETEK!GEO\ Sandslihaugen 29\ 4919\ Sandsli\ Norway
c
Rogalandsforskning\ Pb[1492 Ullandshaug\ N!3993\ Stavanger\ Norway

Received 18 April 0887^ received in revised form 7 January 0888^ accepted 02 February 0888

Abstract

A comparison between structural histories of the Mo re Basin of the Mid Norwegian shelf and the northernmost Viking Graben
of the northern North Sea\ suggests that the basement structural grains of the two areas are not entirely similar[ However\ considerable
di}erences in timing and stretching magnitudes occur[ These di}erences are clearly seen by Permian times\ as contrasting stretching
estimates are obtained for this period[ The contrasts were even more pronounced in the TriassicCretaceous when extension was
initiated earlier and terminated later in the Mo
re Basin area than in the northern Viking Graben[ Furthermore\ relatively pronounced
late early Cretaceous and "<#Oligocene!Miocene inversion\ which a}ected the Mo re Basin\ cannot be identi_ed in the northern Viking
Graben[
Two reasons for these di}erences are proposed] _rstly\ the two basins are separated by segments of the Mo re!Tro
ndelag Fault
Complex\ and secondly\ they had di}erent positions in relation to the opening of the North Atlantic[ The Mo re!Tro
ndelag Fault
Complex has been active during changing stress conditions since the Palaeozoic\ and a correlation between dated events in the
onshore part of the fault complex correlates well with the observations made in the o}shore basins[ This emphasises the regional
signi_cance of the Mo re!Tro
ndelag Fault Complex\ and seismic activity in the area suggests that the fault complex is still active[
0888 Elsevier Science Ltd[ All rights reserved[

0[ Introduction Gjelberg\ Dreyer\ Ho ie\ Tjelland\ and Lilleng "0876# and

Although the northern branch of the Viking Graben
of the northern North Sea is connected to the More Basin
of the south!western mid Norwegian continental shelf
via the Sogn Graben "Fig[ 0#\ the two basins display
contrasting basin architectures\ structural histories and
subsidence patterns[ The basement of the two basins
probably represent distinct structural geological prov!
inces\ so that the basement beneath the Viking and Sogn
Grabens and the Mo re Basin may well be characterised
by contrasting structural grains[ It is also generally
acknowledged that these basins have di}erent positions
with respect to the North Atlantic rift system\ which
developed from the south in Cretaceous times[
Stratigraphic\ sedimentological and structural cor!
relations in the northern North Sea and the Mid Norweg!
ian Shelf have been attempted by Brekke and Riis "0876#\
 Corresponding author[
Larsen "0876#[ Also interpretations on the crustal devel!
opment "Olafsson\ Sundvor\ Eldholm + Grue\ 0881^
Grunnaleite + Gabrielsen\ 0884^ Odinsen\ Christiansson\
Gabrielsen\ Faleide + Berge\ 0888a#\ supported by com!
puter modelling "Skogseid\ Pedersen + Larsen\ 0881^
Reemst\ 0884^ Odinsen\ Reemst\ van der Beek\ Faleide +
Gabrielsen\ 0887b#\ have recently become available[
These works provide a _rmer basis for comparison of the
pre!Cretaceous development in the two areas[ This is of
great importance in comparative basin studies\ because
basement structural grain and eventual remnant heat
from earlier stages of deformation a}ect the subsidence
patterns of events to follow "Giltner\ 0876^ Gabrielsen\
F%rseth\ Steel\ Idil + Klovjan\ 0889#[
It seems reasonable to ascribe the contrasting devel!
opment in the northern North Sea as compared that of
the Mo re Basin to the in~uence of the Mo re!Trondelag
Fault Complex\ which separates the two basins "Gab!
rielsen + Ramberg 0868^ Gabrielsen\ F%rseth\ Hamar +

9153!7061:88:, ! see front matter 0888 Elsevier Science Ltd[ All rights reserved[
PII] S 9 1 5 3 ! 7 0 6 1 " 8 8 # 9 9 9 9 5 ! 8
333 R[H[ Gabrielsen et al[ : Marine and Petroleum Geolo`y 05 "0888# 332354

Fig[ 0[ Main structural elements of the northern North Sea and the mid Norwegian shelf[ Study area is indicated by box[ Abbreviations] BA\ Bergen
Archs^ ESP\ East Shetland Platform^ HSZ\ Hardangerfjorden Shear Zone^ NSD\ Nordfjord!Sogn Detachment[ G\ S and V show the approximate
positions of the Gullfaks\ Snorre and Visund Fields[

Ronnevik\ 0873^ Dore + Gage\ 0876^ Gro

nlie + Roberts\ strikes ENE!WSW\ and parallels the coastline of Norway
0878^ Dore 0880\ Blystad et al[\ 0884\ Grunnaleite + at its northeastern end[ It continues o}shore along the
Gabrielsen\ 0884^ Hurich\ 0885^ Dore\ Lundin\ Fichler southern margin of the Mo re Basin "Brekke + Riis\ 0876#
+ Olesen\ 0886#[ The Mo re!Trondelag Fault Complex and into the West Shetland Basin "Dore\ 0880^ Rattey +

R[H[ Gabrielsen et al[ : Marine and Petroleum Geolo`y 05 "0888# 332354
Fig[ 1[ Gravity map\ mid Norway[ From Dore et al[ "0886#\ Fichler et
al[ "in press#[ Reprinted with permission of the Geological Society of
London and Statoil[
Hayward\ 0882^ Dore et al[\ 0886#[ On gravimetric data
"Fig[ 1#\ the complex is marked by two zones of coast!
parallel highs separated by an elongated low "Fichler et
al[\ in press#[ The magnetic data show a clear\ but more
complex signature "Brastein\ 0886^ Dore et al[\ 0886#\
suggesting that faulting were accompanied by mineral
alteration[ Both data sets imply that the fault complex
has deep roots in the subsurface[ This is in concert with
_eld observations and geochemical evidence "Sturt\
Askvik + Sundvoll\ 0886#[
Aanstad\ Gabrielsen\ Hagevang\ Ramberg and Tor!
vanger "0870#\ Gro nlie + Roberts "0878# and Seranne
"0881# speculated that the Mo re!Trondelag Fault Com!
plex originated in the Precambrian\ and inferred it to be
"part of# a possible Caledonian suture "Torsvik et al[\
0878#[ Hurich "0885# however\ noted that the faults of
the Mo re!Trondelag Fault Complex are steeper than\ and
crosscut the late Caledonian Stadland extensional shear
zone[ It seems clear that reactivation of the on!shore part
of the Mo re!Trondelag Fault Complex took place in the
Permian\ as indicated from palaeomagnetic and isotope
datings of breccias and dykes "Priem\ Verschure\ Boelrijk
+ Hebeda\ 0857^ Torsvik et al[\ 0878^ Gro nlie + Torsvik\
0878#[ The complex was also active in the Mesozoic!
Cenozoic "Oftedahl\ 0861\ 0864^ Gro nlie + Roberts\
0878^ Gro nlie\ Harder + Roberts\ 0889^ Bering\ 0881^
Roberts\ 0887#\ and there is evidence that it is still seis!
mically active "Gabrielsen\ 0877^ Bungum\ Alsaker\
Kvamme + Hansen\ 0880#[
CMYK Page 334
)
334
1[ Structure of the northern Viking Graben and the mid
Norwegian Shelf
Recently\ the deep structures of the northern North
Sea and the Mo re Basin of the Mid Norwegian con!
tinental shelf have been re!interpreted "{Integrated Basin
Study*Dynamics of the Norwegian Margin|!project^
Nottvedt et al[\ 0888#[ For the northern North Sea the
deep seismic lines NSDP73!0 and NSDP73!1 were "post
stack# reprocessed\ and reinterpreted[ These data were
supplemented by commercial\ reprocessed high quality
re~ection seismic lines "surveys NVGT!77\ NVGTI!81
and reprocessed SG!7932^ Christiansson\ Berge + Fale!
ide\ 0888^ Odinsen et al[\ 0888a#[ Together\ these data
sets represent an excellent base for analysing the structure
of the northern Viking Graben[
Deep re~ection seismic data of similar quality were
not available for the Mo re Basin[ Instead\ a pro_le was
constructed by the use of a deep commercial re~ection
seismic line "B!0!74] Geco!NPD 0874#\ which has a cut!
o} at a depth of 00[5 sec[ TWT\ and which crosses the
Mo re Basin along 53>N[
For location of sections\ see Fig[ 2[
1[0[ Crustal architecture\ northern Viking Graben
Reinterpretation of deep re~ection seismic lines
NSDP73!0 and NSDP73!1 in the northern Viking
Graben con_rms the general outline of the crustal archi!
tecture as previously reported "Beach\ 0874\ 0875^ Beach\
Bird + Gibbs\ 0876^ Gibbs\ 0876^ Klemperer\ 0877#[
Accordingly\ an upper re~ective\ a middle transparent
and a lower re~ective crust are identi_ed[ The re~ection
Moho is seen over large parts of the study area\ and the
reprocessing allows the clari_cation of several features\
some of which were undetected previously "e[g[ detach!
ments#[ The most important of these are as follows]
1[0[0[ Top basement and the Permo!Triassic sequence
Combining the deep transects with high!quality com!
mercial re~ection seismic lines and results from detailed
gravimetric and magnetic analysis\ it has been possible
to identify the top of the crystalline basement\ and to
con_rm the presence of an up to 5 km thick Permo!
Triassic sedimentary unit[ This sequence is preserved in
half!grabens and "locally# in full grabens between the
boundary fault system of the East Shetland Platform and
the Oygarden Fault Complex "Fig[ 3a# "Christiansson
et al[\ 0888^ see also Badley\ Price\ Rambech Dahl +
Agdestein\ 0877^ Gabrielsen et al[\ 0889^ F%rseth\ Gab!
rielsen + Hurich\ 0884a^ Platt\ 0884^ F%rseth\ 0885#[
The Permo!Triassic basin was wider than its Jurassic
successor[ It was dominated by NS!trending fault sys!
tems characterised by shifting half!graben polarities
along strike of the basin[ The basin centre may have been
situated in the westernmost part of the present Horda
)
 )
335 R[H[ Gabrielsen et al[ : Marine and Petroleum Geolo`y 05 "0888# 332354

Fig[ 2[ Structural map of the northern Viking Graben\ Mo

re Basin and Vo
ring Basin[ Pro_les referred to in text are indicated[ The names of structural
elements are given in accordance with the nomenclature recommended by Blystad et al[ "0884#[

CMYK Page 335 )

 R[H[ Gabrielsen et al[ : Marine and Petroleum Geolo`y 05 "0888# 332354 336

Fig[ 3[ "a# Depth!converted cross!section "NWSE#\ northern Viking Graben[ After Odinsen et al[ "0887a#[ "b# Depth!converted cross!section\
northern North Sea "NS#[ Modi_ed from F%rseth et al[ "0884a#[ "c# Depth!converted cross!section "EW#\ Mo
re Basin[ Modi_ed from Grunnaleite
+ Reemst "in preparation#[ For locations\ see Fig[ 1[

Platform "see also Vialli\ 0877\ Gabrielsen et al[\ 0889^
F%rseth et al[\ 0884a\ F%rseth\ Knudsen\ Liljedahl\
Midbo e\ So
derstro
m\ 0886#[ F%rseth et al[ "0884a# and
F%rseth "0885# suggested that the accommodation zones
coincide with some of the major faults that were impor!
tant elements in the late Caledonian deformation "e[g[
Hardanger Shear Zone and Nordfjord!Sogn Detach!
ment^ Fig[ 3b#[ Evidence exists that these features were
also in~uenced later structuring of the northern North
Sea[
1[0[1[ Geometry of master faults
In the analysis of the reprocessed re~ection seismic
lines\ a pattern emerges where faults of di}erent sig!
ni_cance and geometry are identi_ed[ Although the mid!
dle crust is generally seismically transparent\ some of the
crustal!scale faults can be traced as continuous re~ections
from the base Cretaceous level down to the top of the
lower re~ective crust[ These faults have planar or slightly
listric geometries in their upper parts\ but become gradu!
ally less steep and seem to ~atten at depth "Fig[ 4a#\ where
they seem either to merge with\ or to cut at a small angle\
the lowermost re~ective crust[ Some of the crustal!scale
faults were active in both the Permo!Triassic and the
Jurassic extensional phases[ The most prominent faults
of this type are the Hutton Fault and the Oygarden Fault[
Detailed studies show that multiple detachments also
occur locally within the upper and middle crust "e[g[ in
the Gullfaks and Visund areas^ Fossen + Hesthammer\
0886^ Fossen\ Odinsen\ F%rseth + Gabrielsen\ 0888#[
These shallower faults generally display a more regular
shape than the crustal!scale faults\ although they are
similarly characterised by relatively planar upper\ and
curved\ lower parts[ Some of these faults may be traced
as continuous features into sub!horizontal re~ections\
which are believed to represent local ~oor faults well
337 R[H[ Gabrielsen et al[ : Marine and Petroleum Geolo`y 05 "0888# 332354

Fig[ 4[ "a# Continuous re~ection of crustal!scale fault\ Gullfaks area\ western ~ank of the Viking Graben[ Arrows mark two fault plane re~ections[
The most westerly of the faults merge with the upper part of the re~ective lower crust at approximately 7 s TWT[ "b# Typical re~ection pattern of the
lower re~ective crust in the northern North Sea[ The example is taken from the Horda Platform area[ After Odinsen et al[ "0888a#[

above the top of the basement[ In contrast to the crustal!
scale faults\ the middle crustal detachment!faults seem to
be dominantly of Jurassic age[
Listric and semi!listric faults are most commonly found
along the western margin of the Viking Graben "see also
Swallow\ 0875^ Gibbs\ 0876^ Harris + Fowler\ 0876^
Cherry\ 0882^ Platt\ 0884#[ Although indications of mid!
crustal detachments do occur along the eastern basin
margin\ the faults in this position are generally steeper
and more planar[ The lowermost parts of these structures
are usually not well displayed in the deep re~ection seis!
mic sections[ In a recent study\ the oldest "Bajocian!
Bathonian\ mainly NS!trending faults# of the Jurassic
rift system are reported to be crosscut by another set of
younger faults "Kimmeridgian!Volgian#\ and also by a
set of NE!SW!trending structures "F%rseth et al[\ 0886#[
1[0[2[ Lower crust and the re~ection Moho
In the deep re~ection seismic sections\ the lower crust
is seen as a band of varying thickness and re~ectivity[
The top of the lower crust is generally easily mappable\
and shallows from more than 19 km below the platforms
on both sides of the graben\ to 06 km below the graben
axis[ Some of the graben master faults are seen gradually
to approach and to merge with the re~ective lower crust
at these depths "Figs[ 3a and 4b#[ The re~ection Moho
shallows from 2925 km at the graben ~anks to approxi!
mately 19 km below the most strongly extended part of
the basin\ where it is clearly displayed\ either as an abrupt
cut!o} of the re~ective band\ or as a discrete re~ection[
A particular problem for correlation of the re~ection
Moho exists below the Horda Platform\ where the band
of re~ections which de_nes the lower crust further west
splits into two separate bands\ enveloping a high velocity
rock body "Fig[ 3a^ see also Christiansson et al[\ 0888#[
1[0[3[ Intra!mantle re~ections
Previously reported from the North Sea also by Klem!
perer "0877#\ these are seen to splay out from the lower
re~ective crust[ These features are dipping eastward and
away from the Viking Graben axis\ and resemble the
intra!mantle structures associated with e[g[ the Flannan
Fault "Smythe et al[\ 0871^ Brewer + Smythe\ 0875#[ The
most conspicuous intra!mantle re~ections are o}set from
the continuation of the trace of the east!dipping crustal!
scale master faults\ and they are commonly situated near
the point where the re~ection Moho dips most steeply
"Fig[ 3a#[
 R[H[ Gabrielsen et al[ : Marine and Petroleum Geolo`y 05 "0888# 332354
In summary\ these observations con_rm the overall
structure of the Jurassic Viking Graben as principally
asymmetric\ with major displacements concentrated on
relatively few crustal!scale master faults[ The re~ection
geometry is consistent with that of a complex\ delami!
nated crust "Lister\ Etheridge + Symonds\ 0875^ Coward\
0875#\ within which extension was heterogeneous\ with
an upper and middle crust characterised by simple shear\
and a lower crust dominated by bulk pure shear "Odinsen
et al[\ 0888a#[
While the structural pattern of the Permo!Triassic
di}ered from that of the Jurassic Viking Graben "wider
area of extension\ large number of halfgrabens\ larger
fault blocks\ larger graben units and shifting polarity#\
modelling suggests that the crust be delaminated during
both deformational episodes[ However\ modelling results
also suggest that the Permo!Triassic and Jurassic exten!
sional phases may have been separated by a period when
the crust was in a coupled state "ter Voorde et al[\ 0888#[
1[1[ Crustal architecture\ Mid Norwegian Continental
Shelf
Only some of the deep commercial lines from the Mo re
Basin were acquired and processed to cover the deep
crust "a few lines have cut!o} depths of 801 s TWT#\
and no data are available on intra!mantle re~ections "Fig[
3c#[ Nonetheless\ the crustal architecture of the mid
Norwegian shelf displays some general similarities to that
of the northern Viking Graben in that a highly re~ective
upper crust\ which consists of syn! and post!rift basin
sediments "Skogseid + Eldholm\ 0878#\ a transparent
middle\ and a re~ective lower crust can be identi_ed
"Grunnaleite + Gabrielsen\ 0884#[ This general archi!
tecture for the mid Norwegian margin is supported by
refraction velocity data from the Vo ring "Planke\ Skog!
seid + Eldholm\ 0880^ Skogseid + Eldholm\ 0884^ Skog!
seid et al[\ 0888# as well as from the More areas "Olafsson
et al[\ 0881^ Skogseid et al[\ 0887#[
The combined CretaceousCenozoic sedimentary
sequence is far thicker in the Mo re Basin than in the
northern North Sea basin\ re~ecting a di}erent crustal
stretching and subsidence history[ These sequences also
display a more complex structure in the Mo re Basin\
including several episodes of reactivation\ of which two
were contractional "Grunnaleite + Gabrielsen\ 0884#[
The Mo re Basin is bounded to the west by the Faeroe!
Shetland Escarpment and the Mo re Marginal High[
These units consist of partly seaward!dipping\ partly ~at!
lying lava and sills\ which were emplaced over a short
period "approximately 2 Ma# at the Palaeocene!Eocene
transition "Hinz\ Dostmann + Hanisch\ 0871^ Smythe\
Chalmers\ Skuce\ Dobinson + Mould\ 0872^ Skogseid +
Eldholm\ 0884#[ These volcanics and intrusives invaded
the Mo re Basin\ partly masking its western deeper struc!
ture in re~ection and refraction seismic data[
338
For a comparison with the northern North Sea\ the
following features of the mid Norwegian margin are of
particular importance]
1[1[0[ Top basement and basin _ll
The real depth of the large basins of the mid Norwegian
continental shelf\ which are formally de_ned at the base
Cretaceous level "Blystad et al[\ 0884#\ is not well con!
strained[ A prominent re~ection\ which is mappable over
large parts of the deep Mo re Basin\ is believed by most
authors to represent the base of the Cretaceous sequence[
This re~ection is locally seen to on!lap basement at
several of the intra!basinal structural highs\ on rotated
fault blocks "Gossa High\ Ona High and Giske High#\
and along the eastern basin margin[ The base Cretaceous
re~ection is itself o}set by large faults at the eastern and
southeastern borders of the Mo re Basin[ Here\ the Mo re!
Trondelag and Klakk Fault Complexes form a step!like
pattern down to the basin ~oor at approximately 6 km[
West of these master fault complexes and outside the
intra!basinal structural highs\ the Cretaceous sequence is
believed to rest unconformably on the Palaeozoic and:or
older Mesozoic rocks[
As the base of the Cretaceous remains undrilled both
in the Mo re and Vo ring Basins\ alternative interpret!
ations for the Cretaceous sequences exist[ The largest
uncertainty may exist west of the Fles Fault Complex
in the Voring Basin[ Here\ the pick of the base of the
Cretaceous sequence as applied in the o.cial nomencla!
ture "Blystad et al[\ 0884#\ is similar to the top Ceno!
manian as picked by some workers in the area "Skogseid
+ Eldholm 0878^ Skogseid et al[\ 0881#[ Modelling results
for the area are strongly dependent on which of these
alternatives is applied[
Due to lack of well data the age and nature of the
rocks below the unconformity at 59997999 m in the deep
basins are also poorly constrained[ It may be anticipated
that these consist of far!travelled Caledonian nappes\
possibly including reworked Proterozoic basement "Figs[
3b and c#[ These rocks are presumably overlain by early
Paleozoic to Mesozoic sediments "Hamar + Hjelle\ 0873^
Skogseid et al[\ 0881^ Blystad et al[\ 0884\ p[ 5#[ Analysis
of expanded spread pro_les and MCS!pro_les "Eldholm
+ Mutter\ 0875^ Olafsson et al[\ 0881^ Skogseid\ 0883#
suggests that {crystalline basement| is associated with a
change in velocity gradient at 5[9 km s0\ implying that
the top of the basement is found at approximately 02 km
at the transition between the Mo re and Vo ring Basins\
leaving space for several km of pre!Cretaceous sediments[
Thus\ Olafsson et al[ "0881# concluded that a total of 02
03 km of sediments covers a thinned {crystalline base!
ment| of 45 km in the extreme west\ the latter increasing
in thickness to approximately 0001 km in the eastern
part of the Mo re Basin[ Grunnaleite + Gabrielsen "0884#
suggested that an at least 02[4 km thick Palaeozoic to
Mesozoic sequence is present in the eastern part of the
349 R[H[ Gabrielsen et al[ : Marine and Petroleum Geolo`y 05 "0888# 332354
Fig[ 5[ Typical re~ection patterns and style of deformation associated
with the deep Cretaceous basins o}shore Mid Norway[ "a# Crustal!scale
master fault delineating the northern!western Vo ring Basin[ Arrows
indicate fault^ "b# re~ective lower crust beneath the same area[ Note
highly re~ective spot and associate fault plane "arrows#[ The examples
are taken from Wheeler et al[\ 0888 and are printed with permission of
Norsk Hydro ASA[
Mo re Basin[ Velocity analysis "Planke et al[\ 0880^ Skog!
seid\ personal commmunication\ 0886# indicates that this
is a minimum _gure\ and that an additional column of
02 km of "<#Palaeozoic sediments may be present[
1[1[1[ Geometry of master faults
Commercial deep re~ection seismic data suggest that a
detachment exists in the lower crust at approximately
04 km "Fig[ 5a#[ The westerly and northwesterly dipping
master faults of the western margin seem to merge into
one zone at this depth[ It has been proposed that these
faults were activated by early Triassic times "Jongepier\
Rui + Grue\ 0885#\ and reactivated in the mid Jurassic
"Graue\ 0881#[ The master ~oor fault developed during
crustal extension in the latest Jurassic and early Cre!
taceous times[ There are also indications that early Cre!
taceous*early Tertiary extension activated faults that
may be rooted in an antithetic "down!to!south!east#\ deep
~oor fault with a ramp!~at!ramp geometry "Grunnaleite
+ Gabrielsen\ 0884#[ The main direction of extension
during the JurassicCretaceous was NWSE "Graue\
0881^ Grunnaleite + Gabrielsen\ 0884^ Reemst + Cloe!
tingh\ in press#[
Folds\ inverted faults and other contractional struc!
tures\ perhaps enhanced by di}erential compaction\ are
well known from the Mo re and Voring Basins[ These
features are most common close to deep master faults\
although some are found more centrally in the basins
" for summaries and descriptions see Grunnaleite + Gab!
rielsen\ 0884^ Dore + Lundin\ 0885^ Vagnes\ Gabrielsen
+ Haremo\ 0887#[
1[1[2[ Lower crust and re~ection Moho
Although little information is available on the nature
of the lower crust of the mid Norwegian shelf\ the deep
commercial re~ection seismic lines show locally a highly
re~ective bands between 6 and 7 s "Fig[ 3c#[ Correlation
to the northernmost part of the deep re~ection seismic
line running parallel to the west coast of southern Nor!
way "Fig[ 3b# supports this conclusion[ The re~ection
Moho has been detected on expanded spread pro_les of
the More "Eldholm + Mutter\ 0875^ Olafsson et al[\ 0881\
Skogseid\ 0883#[
Recent analysis\ using ESP!velocity5[9 km:s as {top
basement| suggests a minimum {crystalline basement|
thickness of 3 km at the southern tip of the Grip High\
increasing eastwards to 0901[4 km near the Klakk Fault
Complex[ In the same analysis\ the thickness of the pre!
Cretaceous sedimentary sequence at the southern tip of
the Grip High was estimated to be approximately 5[4 km\
thinning to 19[4 km in the easternmost part of the basin[
Moho is interpreted at approximately 12 km below the
Mo re Marginal High\ shallowing to 19 km below the
Mo re Basin centre\ and deepening again to about 16 km
underneath the Tro ndelag Platform[ The transition
between continental and oceanic crust is found below the
westernmost part of the Mo re Marginal High and the
area characterised by seaward dipping re~ections[
Several velocity anomalies exist within or near the base
of the lower crust[ The most conspicuous of these are
found beneath the Mo re Marginal High and the eastern
part of the Mo re Basin "6[06[4 km s0#\ beneath the
central part of the Mo re Basin "6[1 km s0#\ and at the
transition between the Mo re Basin and Tro ndelag Plat!
form "7[4 km s0#[ The most westerly of these anomalies
most probably represent underplating "White\ 0877^
Planke et al[\ 0880^ Skogseid et al[\ 0881^ Skogseid\ 0883#[
The anomaly situated beneath the eastern basin margin
is of particular interest for comparison to the northern
North Sea\ as it could be compared with the anomaly
recently recorded beneath the eastern margin of the
Viking Graben\ tentatively suggested to represent equi!
 R[H[ Gabrielsen et al[ : Marine and Petroleum Geolo`y 05 "0888# 332354
valents to Caledonian eclogites well known from onshore
southern Norway "Christiansson et al[\ 0888#[
2[ Basement structural grain of the Northern Viking
Graben and the Mid Norwegian Continental Shelf
Based upon distribution of rocks of Grenvillian!Dals!
landian age\ Powell\ Andersen\ Drake\ Hall\ and Keppie
"0877# and Ziegler "0889# suggested that the Grenvillian!
Dalslandian orogen extends into the "present# Norwegian!
Greenland Sea[ A NS!trending fracture!and!dyke
system\ which was initiated in late Proterozoic times as a
precursor for the opening of the Iapetus Ocean\ a}ected
the entire western Baltoscandic shield "Andreasson\
0883#\ and these steep fractures may have been of par!
ticular signi_cance in its later evolution[ Similarly\ the
pattern of NS to NNWSSE and NWSE!trending "ref!
erence to present north# Proterozoic structures\ and
which are prominent in south!western Scandinavia
"Stromberg\ 0867^ Berthelsen + Marker\ 0875^ Ramberg\
Gabrielsen\ Larsen + Solli\ 0866\ Sigmond\ 0874#\ may
also have in~uenced the post!Proterozoic structuring in
the o}!shore areas[ For example\ some NWSE!trending
lineaments in the shelf area "e[g[ Bivrost and Surt Lin!
eaments and the Jan Mayen Fracture Zone^ Dore et
al[\ 0886# are parallel to some major lineaments in the
adjacent basement area on!shore "Gudbrandsdal!Varm!
land!Vastervik tectonic zone^ Stromberg 0867\ Romer +
Bax\ 0881#[
Basement has been reached in several wells in the cen!
tral and northern North Sea\ con_rming that the Cale!
donian orogenic structures are important constituents
in the basement o}shore[ Furthermore\ deep re~ection
seismic investigations onshore Norway suggest that the
entire crustal section was reworked in the Caledonian
orogeny "Mykkeltveit\ Husebye + Oftedahl\ 0879^ Hur!
ich et al[\ 0877#[
Although dominated by contractional NESW!tren!
ding structures\ the Caledonian deformation is more
complex\ and includes both NWSE "e[g[ the northern
part of the Bergen Arcs# and EW structural grains
"Chauvet + Seranne\ 0883# on the regional scale[ Thus\
structures with these trends should be expected to occur
locally on the continental shelf\ e[g[ in the northern
Viking Graben area[ Both from _eld evidence "Hossack\
0873^ Gee\ Lobkowicz + Singh\ 0883# and deep re~ection
seismic data "Hurich et al[\ 0877^ Hurich\ 0885# it is
concluded that the late Caledonian top!to!the west exten!
sion took place along reactivated Caledonian thrust
faults[ During this event\ crustal!scale structures like the
Nordfjord Sogn Detachment "Norton\ 0875\ 0876^ And!
ersen + Jamtveit\ 0889^ Andersen\ Jamtveit\ Dewey +
Swensson\ 0880#\ the Bergen Arcs "e[g[ the Fensfjorden
Fault^ Wennberg + Milnes\ 0883# and the Har!
dangerfjord Shear Zone "Fossen\ 0881# were reactivated
340
in extension[ Re~ections recorded in the middle and lower
crust on deep seismic lines from the east ~ank of the
Viking Graben have been interpreted to represent react!
ivated "<#Caledonian thrust faults "Hurich + Kris!
to}ersen\ 0877^ Klemperer + White\ 0878^ Blundell et al[\
0880^ F%rseth et al[\ 0884a#[
Deep re~ection seismic data of similar quality are not
available o}shore mid Norway[ Still\ the presence of
reactivated Caledonian structures both on the shelf "Jon!
gepier et al[\ 0885# and on!shore "Hurich\ 0885#\ the poss!
ible presence of crustal scale shear zones in the Lofoten
area "Mjelde + Sellevoll\ 0882#\ and local observations
of basement structural grain "Gabrielsen + Robinson\
0873^ Schmidt\ 0881#\ strengthen the assumption that
similar structural trends are present in the basement of
the mid Norwegian shelf[
Dewey + Bird "0869#\ Hurich et al[ "0877# and Hurich
"0885# suggested that the Hardanger shear zone "Figs[ 0
+ 3c# separates the hinterland and the foreland of the
Caledonides\ and that it may be a "Caledonian# terrane
boundary\ thus separating two areas of contrasting defor!
mation[ Other authors "Torske\ 0866^ Gorbatschev\ 0874^
Falkum\ 0874# argue that the Hardanger shear zone orig!
inated in the Proterozoic "Sveconorwegian^ 06490499
Ma#[ Both models suggest that the o}shore basement
structural grain is probably di}erent north and south of
the Hardanger shear zone[
As delineated above\ the large!scale\ deep crustal archi!
tectures of the northern Viking Graben and the Mo re
and Vo ring Basins display certain general similarities[
This includes a high velocity body on the eastern margin
of the extended areas\ which seems to be part of the lower
crust "Olafsson et al[\ 0881^ Christiansson et al[\ 0888#[
If this is a Caledonian feature\ its presence strengthens
the assumption that the crustal architecture has been
preserved throughout more than 249 Ma of prevailing
extension[
From the above\ it can be concluded that the basement
underlying the northern Viking Graben and the Mid
Norwegian shelf has as a strong Precambrian "NS to
NNWSSE and subordinate NWSE# structural grain[
This appears to be in good agreement with the major
structural trends observed o}shore and on!shore south
and central Norway "Eynon\ 0870^ Johnson + Dingwall\
0870^ Gabrielsen + Ramberg\ 0868^ Rathore + Hospers\
0875#[ Precambrian features generally seem to be the
steeper structures\ although it is notable that their present
geometries and orientation are functions of the crustal
levels[ It is reasonable to assume that such Precambrian
and Caledonian NESW!trending zones of weakness
may have had a controlling in~uence on the extension\
which was to follow[ Although this would imply that
there are few di}erences in the basal structural grains of
the mid Norwegian shelf and the northern North Sea\ it
seems clear that the NWSE!trend is playing a more
important role north of the Mo re!Trondelag Fault
Complex[
341 R[H[ Gabrielsen et al[ : Marine and Petroleum Geolo`y 05 "0888# 332354
3[ Devonian development
It is now widely accepted that the collision between
Laurentia and Baltica\ which resulted in the Caledonian
Orogeny in Ordovician!Silurian times\ was ended by
NW!directed subduction beneath the Laurentian "Gre!
enland# plate "Gri.n et al[\ 0874^ Roberts + Gee\ 0874#
and the subsequent emplacement of large!scale nappes
on the Baltoscandian platform "Bryhni + Sturt\ 0874#[
In this process\ the crustal thickness of the Baltic Shield
may have been doubled[ The collisional stage was suc!
ceeded by comprehensive top!to!the WNW to NW exten!
sional deformation\ consistent with extensive crustal
thinning and development of the Devonian basins along
the western coast of Norway "Hossack\ 0873^ McClay\
Norton\ Coney + Davis\ 0875^ Norton\ 0876^ Andersen
+ Jamtveit\ 0889^ Fossen\ 0881\ 0887^ Gee et al[\ 0883#[
The crustal thinning has been ascribed to both gravi!
tational collapse "Andersen et al[\ 0880# and early to mid
Devonian plate divergence "Fossen\ 0881\ 0882#[ What!
ever mechanism caused this deformation\ it was associ!
ated with post!Scandian crustal thinning\ probably
resulting in a crust of variable thickness[
Post!orogenic extension reactivated the structurally
complex Nordfjord!Sogn Detachment\ which probably
had acted as a thrust during Caledonian contraction
"Hossack\ 0873^ Norton\ 0876#[ Also\ major NESW!
trending large!scale extensional structures like the
L%rdal!Gjende Fault "Battey\ 0854^ Heim\ Scharer +
Milnes\ 0866^ Milnes + Koestler\ 0874# and the Har!
dangerfjord shear zone "Fossen\ 0881#\ which includes the
{Faltungsgraben| of Goldschmidt "0801#\ were activated[
These structures can be followed into the southwestern
Norwegian continental shelf\ where they seem to have
in~uenced later structuring[
Strati_ed sequences identi_ed in deep re~ection seismic
data suggest that Devonian sediments may be preserved
in the hanging walls of these faults in the substratum of
the Horda Platform[ However\ the same data\ together
with information from boreholes "Lervik\ Spencer +
Warrington\ 0878# in the o}shore continuation of the
Devonian basins of west Norway\ demonstrate that the
basins onshore were disconnected from the eventual o}!
shore Devonian basins "F%rseth et al[\ 0884a#[ It is noted
that post!orogenic extension with a deformation mode
similar to that of the west coast of south Norway is
described also for mid Norway "Devonian Ro ragen
Basin^ Gee et al[\ 0883# and for north Norway "Rykkelid
+ Andresen\ 0883#[ This suggests that this deformational
style is common for the central part of the Scandinavian
Caledonides "Hartz\ Andresen + Andersen\ 0883#[
Late! to post!orogenic collapse is also recognised in
East Greenland "Strachan\ 0883#[ This extensional event\
which occurred in the mid Devonian and ceased in Late
GivetianEarly Frasnian\ relaxed NS!trending Cale!
donian contractional faults and generated new accom!
modation structures which cut through the Devonian
sediments[ The signi_cance of strike!slip faulting in the
Devonian structural development of East Greenland is
still debated "Larsen + Bengaard\ 0880^ Hartz + Andr!
esen\ 0884#[
Although post!Scandian crustal extension seems to
have dominated the deformation in the Devonian\ poss!
ible in~uence from shear in post!Caledonian basin for!
mation should not be entirely ruled out[ Thus\ the
Devonian basin con_guration along the Mo re!Tro ndelag
Fault Complex and the Great Glen fault system are
reported to bear indications of sinistral strike!slip "And!
erson\ 0840^ Oftedahl\ 0864#[ This was also advocated
from palaeomagnetic data "Van der Voo + Scotese\
0870#[ Harland "0858#\ Harland et al[ "0863#\ Harland\
Gaskell\ Hea}ord\ Lind + Perkins "0873# and later Ziegler
"0877\ 0889# argued in favour of a plate!scale shear sys!
tem "{the Arctic!North Atlantic megashear|#\ and set this
in relation to oblique collision between Laurentia "includ!
ing Greenland# and Fennoscandia!Baltica[ This hypoth!
esis remains controversial "Irving + Strong\ 0873^
Rogers\ Marshall + Astin\ 0878# and the present authors
favour the conclusion of Dore "0880#\ who regarded
Devonian shearing in the North Atlantic as a regionally
speaking less important factor\ not related to a mega!
shear system[ From more recent studies\ it is clear that
movement along the Great Glen fault system is below the
resolution of the palaeomagnetic data "Torsvik\ Trench
+ Smethurst\ 0880#[
An interesting question is whether the patchy Devon!
ian deposits of south Norway are remnants of a larger
basin which was linked to East Greenland "Larsen +
Bengaard\ 0880# and the West Orkney and Orcadian
Basins\ where the Devonian sediments reach thickness of
several kilometres "Duindam + van Hoorn\ 0876^ Cow!
ard + En_eld\ 0876#[ The Unst Basin\ which is situated
east and northeast of the Shetlands\ and is delineated
by NESW!trending faults\ originated in the Devonian
"Johns + Andrews\ 0874#[ Also Platt "0884# reports thick
sequences of Devonian age in the East Shetland Platform[
Dore + Gage "0876# and Dore "0880# noted that
Devonian!Triassic sediments are found in the projection
of the Mo re!Trondelag Fault Complex "{Hitra Fault
Alignment|# west of the Shetlands and Orkneys[ Ziegler
"0889\ p[ 40# regarded these basin systems as products of
{{combined e}ects of gravitational forces that induced the
post!orogenic collapse [ [ [ due to sinistral movements
along the Arctic!North Atlantic mega!shear||[ Finally\
based upon _ssion track analysis\ Zeck\ Andriessen\
Hansen\ Lensen\ and Rasmussen "0877# suggested that a
Devonian foreland basin\ later eroded in the late Palaeo!
ezoic and Mesozoic\ covered much of south central Scan!
dinavia[
The Devonian basins and their upper! and lower!plate
substrates on!shore south Norway are a}ected by EW!
folds\ indicative of NS!directed shortening[ Palaeo!
 R[H[ Gabrielsen et al[ : Marine and Petroleum Geolo`y 05 "0888# 332354
magentic investigations "Torsvik et al[\ 0878\ 0880# have
shown that this deformation continued into late Devon!
ianearly Carboniferous times[ Together with the EW!
trending margins of the Devonian basins of western Nor!
way\ and which are parallel to a lineament swarm cross!
ing northern south Norway "Kj%rulf\ 0768^ Gabrielsen +
Ramberg\ 0868#\ these de_ne an EW!trending basement
grain which may be locally important[
In summary\ it seems reasonable to assume that the
substratum of the northern Viking Graben and the Mo re
Basin areas share a structural pattern of mainly NESW!
to ENEWSW!trending Caledonian contractional faults
which were reactivated in top!to!the!W! and WNW!
extension in middle Devonian[ This extension may have
been associated with the deposition of thick sedimentary
sequences\ which may be preserved in the Norwegian
shelf[ The Devonian extensional complex may have inter!
acted with a system of steeper sinistral strike!slip faults[
On the border between the northern North Sea and the
mid Norwegian shelf\ the Mo re!Trondelag Fault Com!
plex strike!slip system acted as a focus of strain\ and
exerted strong in~uence in late Devonianearliest Car!
boniferous times[ Hence\ deposits in shearbasins may be
expected in the o}shore branch of this intensely deformed
zone[ The in~uence of the Mo re!Tro
ndelag Fault Com!
plex was probably not su.cient to distort the regional
stress systems to its north and south\ which both were
mainly EW to WNWESE extensional[ An EW!grain
which is "<#superimposed on the NESW! and NS!
grains may be expected in the o}shore part both north
and south of the Mo re!Trondelag Fault Complex[
4[ Carboniferous!Triassic structuring and deposition
The Variscan Orogeny in~uenced the stress situation
in Europe in Carboniferous times\ with full!scale collision
between Africa and the Fennoscandian!Baltican shield
in late Visean "Rey\ Burg + Casey\ 0886#[ Mild extension
may have prevailed in the Norwegian!Greenland Sea in
the early Carboniferous as evidenced by continued sub!
sidence and sedimentation in central east Greenland
"Butler\ 0824\ 0848#[
Little information exists on the Carboniferous of the
northern North Sea and the Mo re Basin[ However\ Car!
boniferous sediments may be hidden within the thick pre!
Mesozoic sequences recently identi_ed in deep re~ection
seismics "Faleide et al[\ 0888# as suggested by Platt "0884#
for the East Shetland Platform[ Also\ the Westphalian of
the southern North Sea indicates low!relief syndeposi!
tional deformation "Ziegler\ 0889#[ The general plate
tectonic con_guration suggests that the tensional stress
was directed EW from Namurian times\ and that NS!
trending fault systems would expectedly have prevailed[
It is also noted that the NNESSW!trending Oslo Rift
was initiated during the late Carboniferous "Olaussen\
342
Larsen + Steel\ 0883#\ with a clear ENEWSW!extension
becoming evident during early Permian "Heeremans\
Larsen + Stel\ 0885\ 0886#[
In East Greenland rifting propagated from the north\
and the rifting reached Jameson Land in the latest Car!
boniferous[ Thus\ the youngest sediments a}ected by syn!
rift tectonism recorded are of Autunian age "c[ 179 Ma^
early Permian "Surlyk et al[\ 0875^ Stemmerik + Worsley\
0878^ Stemmerik + Hakansson\ 0880#[ The scale of the
fault blocks of East Greenland is similar to that reported
by F%rseth et al[ "0884a# for the eastern margin of the
Viking Graben " fault spacing of 0419 km\ and throws
in the order of 34 km#[ The upper Permian sequence is
related to thermal contraction in east Greenland "Surlyk
et al[\ 0875#[ The early Permian saw the southward propa!
gation of the Arctic North Atlantic rift system\ and recent
studies of re~ection seismic data in the northern North
Sea "Badley et al[\ 0877^ Lervik et al[\ 0878^ Gabrielsen
et al[\ 0889^ Marsden\ Yielding\ Roberts + Kusznir\ 0889^
Platt\ 0884^ F%rseth et al[\ 0884a^ Roberts\ Yielding\
Kusznir\ Walker + Dorn!Lopez\ 0884# con_rm the strong
e}ects of the Permian deformation[
Due to lack of data on pre!Mesozoic sediment thick!
ness\ early modellers of crustal stretching in the northern
North Sea assume that the pre!Mesozoic e}ects were
negligible[ However\ realising that Permianearly
Triassic fault throws are in the order of kilometres\ it is
obvious that such modelling attempts would yield less
realistic results[ Applying a crustal thickness of 24 km\
crustal con_guration based on re!mapping of reprocessed
and reinterpreted deep re~ection seismic data\ improved
de_nition of the top basement re~ection "controlled by
gravimetric and magnetic data#\ depth conversion based
on reinterpretation of ESP!data\ and assuming an active
stretching stage which lasted 14 ma " from 150125 Ma^
Kengurian*Anisian#\ Odinsen et al[ "0887# estimated a
mean crustal stretching factor for the Permo!Triassic
event of 0[080[16 over a 149 km wide zone in the north!
ern Viking Graben "Fig[ 6a#[ If only the inner 049 km of
the graben system is considered\ the mean Permo!Triassic
P!factor would be between 0[27 and 0[39\ which is in
agreement with those factors obtained by Roberts et al[
"0884^ P0[39 beneath the Horda Platform#[ The mod!
elling results suggest that the central 049 km were rela!
tively uniformly extended\ as also substantiated in the
distribution of the post!rift Triassic sequence\ and that
the mean crustal thinning was greater than that of the
Jurassic!Cretaceous event which followed[
In this process\ mainly faults with NS and NNESSW
trends\ shifting polarities and normal throws up to 3
4 km were active "Scott + Rosendahl\ 0878^ Gabrielsen
et al[\ 0889^ F%rseth et al[\ 0884a#[ NESW!striking faults
that were associated with the collapse of the Caledonian
mountain chain "e[g[ the Hardanger Shear Zone and
branches of the Nordfjord!Sogn Detachment# seem to
have acted as accommodation zones during Permian
343 R[H[ Gabrielsen et al[ : Marine and Petroleum Geolo`y 05 "0888# 332354

Fig[ 6[ "a# PermoTriassic stretching factors\ northern Viking Graben and the Mo
re Basin[ Data from Reemst "0884#^ Reemst + Cloetingh "in press#^
Odinsen et al[ "0888b#^ Grunnaleite + Reemst "in preparation#^ "b# Jurassic stretching factors\ northern Viking Graben and the Mo
re Basin[ Data
from Reemst "0884#^ Reemst + Cloetingh "in press#^ Odinsen et al[ "0888b#^ Grunnaleite + Reemst "in preparation#[

graben formation "F%rseth et al[\ 0884a#[ Combined with
results from strain analysis on Permian dykes in the west!
ern coast of Norway "Fossen 0887^ Valle\ 0887#\ these
results are considered to be consistent with an EW! to
ENEWSW!oriented extensional situation[
Similar modelling of the pre!Mesozoic extension in the
Mo re Basin area "Grunnaleite + Reemst\ in preparation#
reveals a more complex development of basin geometry
and stretching history than that of the northern Viking
Graben[ Although the deep structure of the Mo re Basin
is less well constrained\ Carboniferous and Permo!
Triassic EW! to NWSE!directed extension has been
proposed for the mid!Norwegian shelf "Bukovics\ Shaw\
Cartier + Ziegler\ 0873#\ probably activating the pre!
existing NESW structural grain "Schmidt\ 0881#[ Also\
"<#Rotliegendes sediments\ resting directly on Caledonian
basement\ were encountered in well 109:3!0\ which is
situated at the Margaretha Spur on the transition
between the Viking Graben and the Mo re Basin "Ziegler\
0889#[ This observation is consistent with opening of a
seaway from the Arctic Sea and the extension in East
Greenland at this time[
As noted above\ the present interpretation allows for
several kilometres!thickness of pre!Cretaceous sedi!
ments[ Recent modelling are compatible with signi_cant
Permo!Triassic crustal thinning over a wide area with a
maximum P!factor of 0[30[4 for the Mo re Basin and
the Vo ring margin "Grunnaleite + Reemst\ in prep!
aration# "Fig[ 6a#[
The mid to late Triassic was a period of relative tectonic
quiescence both in the northern North Sea and in the mid
Norwegian shelf\ and has been interpreted to represent
a period of thermal cooling[ Still there is evidence for
synsedimentary activity along some of the master faults
in the late Triassic in the northern Viking Graben "Gab!
rielsen et al[\ 0889^ Steel + Ryseth\ 0889^ F%rseth\ 0885#\
although the signi_cance of this event is not yet fully
understood[ Triassic faulting is also evident in the mid
Norwegian shelf "Gabrielsen + Robinson\ 0873#\ but in
contrast to the northern North Sea\ faulting here
 R[H[ Gabrielsen et al[ : Marine and Petroleum Geolo`y 05 "0888# 332354
occurred through the early to mid Triassic "Jongepier et
al[\ 0885#[ The destabilisation also seriously a}ected the
platform areas "e[g[ the future Halten Terrace#[
Field evidence suggests that the More!Tro
ndelag Fault
Complex was active in Carboniferous!Permian times
"Sturt + Torsvik\ 0876^ Gro nlie + Torsvik\ 0878#\ and
emplacement of ENEWSW!trending dykes suggest a
NNWSSE!oriented s2sh "Raheim\ 0863^ Sturt et al[\
0886#[
In summary\ the Norwegian shelf was a}ected by Per!
mianearly Triassic thinning of a crustal section with
variable thickness "perhaps between 2924 km#[ The
amount of extension appears to have been relatively simi!
lar in Viking Graben and Mo re and Voring Basin areas\
but observations in the onshore branch of the Mo re Tro
n!
delag Fault Complex suggest that the extensional direc!
tion "NESW to NNWSSE# was di}erent from that of
the northern North Sea "EW#[ This indicates that the
Mo re!Trondelag Fault Complex was acting as a regional
dislocation zone at this time[
5[ JurassicCretaceous extension and subsidence
The contrasting histories of the northern North Sea
and the Mid Norwegian shelf seem to magnify from the
Triassic[ With the possible exception of a period in the
late Triassic\ conditions of thermal cooling generally pre!
vailed until Bajocian times in the northern Viking Graben
"Badley\ Egeberg + Nipen\ 0873^ Badley et al[\ 0877^
Gabrielsen et al[\ 0889#[ From BajocianBathonian times
extension again increased\ causing faulting\ frag!
mentation of the basin\ and accelerating subsidence of
the basin ~oor[ It seems that a 049199 km wide area was
a}ected by the extension[
In the initial stages extension was relatively uniformly
distributed\ but at the later stages an increasing asym!
metry became evident\ and subsidence became focused in
the hanging wall of the western innermost master fault
"Fig[ 3a#[ The major fault activity was terminated by
Ryazanian times[ The asymmetry of the basin may re~ect
that top!to!the!east extensional simple shear controlled
the crustal deformation\ but more detailed investigations
suggest that local detachments and an overall ramp!~at!
ramp delamination con_guration prevailed "Fossen et
al[\ 0888^ Odinsen et al[\ 0888a^ Christiansson et al[\
0888#[ The Jurassic deformation of the northern Viking
Graben reactivated some of the older "Permian# struc!
tures "F%rseth et al[\ 0884b#\ but also created new faults
with NS and NNESSW trends[ The Sogn Graben\
which de_nes the northernmost segment of the North
Sea rift system\ represents an east!ward shift of the graben
axis as compared to that of the "Mesozoic# northern
Viking Graben[ This suggests that a transfer fault must
exist between the two grabens[
Assuming a stretching period of 13 Ma "054030 Ma#\
344
modelling based on two reinterpreted sections suggests a
mean stretching factor across the basin of approximately
0[10[2\ locally with a pronounced maximum at the west!
ern margin of the Viking Graben sensu stricto "Odinsen
et al[\ 0888b#[ It is emphasised that the maximum P!
value is not consistent in the two sections applied in the
modelling[ This observation highlights the importance of
the compartmentalisation of the Mesozoic Viking
Graben as proposed by F%rseth "0873#[
Although some faulting continued into the Cretaceous
"post!rift# period\ it was mainly associated with bulk
rotation towards the basin centre\ suggesting an associ!
ation with thermal cooling\ sediment loading and com!
paction rather than with stretching "No ttvedt\ Gabrielsen
+ Steel\ 0884#[ Still\ the fault geometries and sedimentary
patterns associated with the base Cretaceous uncon!
formity imply that this generalised picture is perhaps too
crude[ This is partly because sediment wedges typical of
syn!rift development are locally found in the Cretaceous
sequence\ and partly because signatures typical of post!
rift development are locally seen below the base of the
Cretaceous in the northernmost Viking Graben "Kyrk!
jebo et al[ in preparation#[ Such observations suggest that
the termination of the active stretching stage was not
synchronous throughout the rift system[
The Mesozoic!Cretaceous history of the Mo re Basin is
di}erent from that of the northern Viking Graben on
several points]
0[ The most intensive extension may not have taken place
until late mid Jurassic "Bajocian to Oxfordian!Kim!
meridgean times^ Graue\ 0881#[ Still\ faulting was
initiated in the early Triassic at the southeastern mar!
gin of the Mo re Basin "Jongepier et al[\ 0885#\ and in
the late Triassic at the Halten Terrace "Bukovics et
al[\ 0873^ Boen\ Eggen + Vollset\ 0873^ Gabrielsen +
Robinson\ 0873#[ Hence\ the timing of the Triassic
structural development of mid Norway seems to be
di}erent from that of the northern Viking Graben[
1[ Although NS!trending elements were important\ the
Mid Norwegian shelf was to a large extent dominated
by NESW!trending structures\ indicating that domi!
nant NWSE!extension persisted[ This is in contrast
to the more NS!trending grain of the northern North
Sea\ supporting an EW extension in that area "Rob!
erts\ Yielding + Badley\ 0889^ Brun + Tron\ 0882#[
This correlation may\ however\ be too simplistic\ not
taking the potential in~uence of the basement struc!
tural grain into consideration[ F%rseth et al[ "0886#
argue in favour of a shift of s2sh from EW to
NWSE in the early Jurassic in the Viking Graben\
whereas Dore and Gage "0876# and Ziegler "0889# pre!
ferred extension changing from EW to NWSE in a
late stage of the Jurassic development[ On the basis of
strain analysis of faults and dykes dated by radiometric
and palaeomagnetic methods\ cross!cutting relations\
345 R[H[ Gabrielsen et al[ : Marine and Petroleum Geolo`y 05 "0888# 332354
and criteria of reactivation onshore west Norway
"Fossen et al[\ 0886^ Fossen\ 0887#\ the present authors
favour the latter model[ However\ re!dating of dykes
may be necessary to test this hypothesis[
2[ The Jurassic master faults in the Mo re Basin display
northwesterly and westerly extensional dip!slip[ This
is in contrast to that of the master faults of the north!
ernmost Viking Graben and the Sogn Graben\ and
suggests that a decoupling surface must exist north of
the Sogn Graben[ The only known candidate for this
is the Mo re!Tro
ndelag Fault Complex[
3[ In the Mo re Basin\ the active stretching and sub!
sidence accelerated into the early Cretaceous\ whereas
the main fault activity generally was terminated by
Ryazanian times in the Viking Graben[ The continued
activity in the Mo re Basin was mainly expressed as
continued activity along pre!existing structures[
Accordingly\ a considerable fault!related relief was
developed in the early Cretaceous in the Mo re Basin[
This deformation was associated with continued fault!
block rotation and the initiation of large!scale anti!
thetic faults\ which were active from Ryazanian to
Albian times "Grunnaleite + Gabrielsen\ 0884#[
Recent modelling results "Grunnaleite + Reemst\ in
preparation# indicate early Cretaceous P!factors of
approximately 0[0 and 0[20[3 in the eastern and west!
ern Mo re Basin\ respectively[
4[ The Mo re Basin experienced inversion in the early
Cretaceous "Hauterivian<#^ "Grunnaleite + Gabri!
elsen\ 0884#\ the e}ect of which is seen to a certain
extent in the Sogn Graben\ but which is absent or
very moderate in the Viking Graben[ From the mid
Cretaceous\ fault activity shifted to a younger set of
faults with crosscutting relations to the older system\
perhaps implying a further change in extensional
direction towards NNWSSE[ Some of the major sub!
basins of the Mo re Basin were formed in this period[
The di}erences in distribution and intensity of defor!
mation for the northern North Sea and the Mo re Basin
and Vo ring margin for the middle Jurassicearly Cre!
taceous are illustrated in Fig[ 7[ In addition to undergoing
a longer period of extension\ the Mid Norwegian shelf
experienced a greater total amount of crustal thinning
than did the northern North Sea[ Also\ a wider crustal
section was a}ected\ so that relatively speaking\ the cru!
stal thinning was less focused in the Mo re Basin and in
the Vo ring margin than was the case in the northern
Viking Graben[ Furthermore\ the Viking Graben seems
to have been protected against the early Cretaceous inver!
sion that a}ected the Mo re Basin[
Again\ it is reasonable to ascribe these di}erences to
activity within the Mo re!Trondelag Fault Complex[
There is evidence for a right!lateral strike!slip event
associated with brecciation\ and dated to the latest Jur!
assicearliest Cretaceous by Gro nlie and Torsvik "0878#
"Fig[ 6#[ Bering "0881#\ who used fault!plane striae to
determine the deviatoric stress tensor in the Verran Fault
of the Mo re!Tro
ndelag Fault Complex\ concluded that
most of the data were indicative of a dip!slip displace!
ment\ indicating that the late Jurassicearly Cretaceous
strike!slip event was followed and perhaps preceded by
extension[
6[ Late Early Cretaceous*present evolution^
subsidence and inversion
The CretaceousCenozoic development in both the
Mo re Basin and the northern North Sea was generally
dominated by subsidence[ In contrast to the Viking
Graben\ however\ the Mo re Basin area was strongly
in~uenced by the opening of the North Atlantic\ resulting
in a much greater subsidence rate "Bo en et al[\ 0873^
Skogseid + Eldholm\ 0878^ Olafsson et al[\ 0881#[ Fur!
thermore\ inversion occurred in the Mo re Basin in late
early Cretaceous times\ whereas no signi_cant shortening
took place in the northernmost Viking Graben[ Inversion
a}ected the intrabasinal highs in the vicinity of the More!
Trondelag Fault Complex by small!scale folding\ reverse
faulting and internal block deformation "Grunnaleite +
Gabrielsen\ 0884#\ with a possible correlation to strike!
slip as proposed by Brekke and Riis "0876# and Fagerland
"0889#[
A second\ more important and long!lived inversional
event was initiated in the earliest Eocene\ and has been
a}ecting the interior of the Mo re and Vo ring basins till
Present[ This resulted in the inversion of entire basins\
growth of regular\ large!scale\ symmetrical folds and
asymmetrical folds in association with blind reverse faults
with NS to NESW strikes[ It has been proposed that
~exuring associated with di}erential subsidence caused
this deformation "Skogseid et al[\ 0881^ Stuevold\ Skog!
seid + Eldholm\ 0881^ Rossavik\ 0882#[ However\ recent
structural analysis which suggests a close spatial relation!
ship between folds\ reverse faulting and local basin inver!
sion\ makes a contractional model more viable
"Grunnaleite + Gabrielsen\ 0884^ Dore + Lundin\ 0885^
Vagnes et al[\ 0887#[
The Tertiary development in the northern Viking
Graben was dominated by an overall smooth subsidence\
but there are indications that a mild thermal event in~u!
enced the subsidence in early Tertiary[ Regionally\ this is
expressed as a long!wavelength "09990499 km# uplift
which was followed by rapid subsidence in the Eocene\
perhaps related to Iceland plume activity "White\ 0878^
Hall + White\ 0883^ Nadin + Kuznir\ 0884#[ There have
been no reports from the northern North Sea of uplift of
similar style and magnitude as that in the Mo re Basin[
The present situation in the Norwegian continental
shelf is dominated by NWSE to ENEWSW com!
pressional stresses\ perhaps associated with ridge push
and in~uenced from other far!_eld stresses "Bungum et
 R[H[ Gabrielsen et al[ : Marine and Petroleum Geolo`y 05 "0888# 332354 346

Fig[ 7[ Stress situation and estimated stretching factors\ northern Viking Graben\ Mo
re Basin and Vo
ring margin for "a# early Devonian\ "b# late
Permo!Triassic\ "c# Jurassic!early Cretaceous and "d# Tertiary[
347 R[H[ Gabrielsen et al[ : Marine and Petroleum Geolo`y 05 "0888# 332354
al[\ 0880^ Spann\ Brudy + Fuchs\ 0880^ Fejerskov\
Myrvang\ Lindholm + Bungum\ 0884^ Vagnes et al[\
0887#[ Although earthquake focal mechanisms vary con!
siderably\ certain zones of high activity can be identi_ed[
Gabrielsen "0877# and Hansen\ Bungum\ and Alsaker
"0878# commented on a concentration of earthquake
activity at the southern margin of the Mo re Basin\ and
along the coast of north!western south Norway "Ringdal\
0872#[ These observations suggest that the Mo re!Tron!
delag Fault Complex is still tectonically active\ and
analysis of earthquake focal mechanisms shows that
strike!slip and contraction "Lindholm\ Bungum\ Villagran
+ Hicks\ 0884# dominate the present activity[
Thus\ the activity within the Mo re!Trondelag Fault
Complex persisted throughout the Cretaceous!Tertiary
and into the Present\ perhaps working as a protective
zone for the northern Viking Graben against contraction[
Mineralisation in fault zones on land demonstrates that
the fault zone was a locus for hydrothermal activity[
Preliminary ~uorite _ssion!track analysis "Gro nlie et al[\
0889# indicates enhanced hydrothermal activity in the
late Cretaceous followed by rapid crustal uplift in Ter!
tiary times[
7[ Stress evolution
There are a number of indications that reactivation of
basement faults in~uenced the continued deformation of
the northern North Sea and the Mid Norwegian shelf
"see also Gabrielsen\ 0873\ 0877#[ This complicates strain!
stress inversion analysis because reactivation of basement
faults may cause perturbation of the stress _eld\ and
activate faults in the cover with orientation di}erent from
that inferred from the Andersonian fault model "Higgins
+ Harris\ 0886#[ Analysis of tensile systems\ however\
suggests that when s2 deviates more than 1929> from
being orthogonal to the strike of the older faults\ other
trends will take over\ or new fractures will be generated
"Nur\ 0870#[ Therefore\ although few such observations
are available\ "dated# dykes which can be studied in the
_eld\ are considered to be the best strain!markers for
determining palaeo!stress\ particularly where matching
corners and piercing points can be identi_ed "Fossen\
0887^ Valle\ 0887#[
The Devonian stress system in the northern North Sea
and the Mid Norwegian shelf was controlled by the late!
stage Caledonian top!to!southeast contraction and the
subsequent late:post!orogenic collapse[ For the latter
stage\ strain markers and regional evidence indicate a
top!to!the!west and top!to!the!WNW extension in cen!
tral and northern south Norway\ and sinistral shear in
the Mo re!Trondelag area "Fig[ 7a# "Seranne + Seguret\
0876^ Gro nlie + Roberts\ 0878^ Torsvik et al[\ 0878^
Fossen\ 0881^ Seranne\ 0881^ Roberts\ 0887#[ Seranne
"0881# dates the assumed sinistral deformation in the
Mo re!Trondelag Fault Complex to between mid
Devonian "maximum age# and pre mid Carboniferous
"minimum age#\ whereas Roberts "0887# restricted the
sinsitral displacement to late Silurianearly Devonian[
That the Mo re!Tro ndelag Fault Complex had a sin!
istral component at this time implies that either the Cale!
donian contractional axis was oriented NNWSSE\ or
that the sinistral shear was a _rst order!element of the
orogeny[ In either case the stress along the Mo re!Tron!
delag Fault Complex must have been transpressional[
The well!documented E!W!trending folds of western
Norway strongly suggests a stress perturbation across the
Mo re!Trondelag Fault Complex\ which would balance
the top!to!the!west "WNW# extension "Fig[ 8a#[
The Carboniferous stress situation cannot be evaluated
in any detail[ The early Carboniferous EW extension
reported from east Greenland in the early Carboniferous\
and the late Carboniferous ENEWSW!extension in the
Oslo Graben support the interpretation that southern
and mid Norway and its adjacent shelf area experienced
regional\ mainly EW! to ENEWSW!directed exten!
sion[ Based on palaeomagnetic studies on the island of
Smo la\ Sturt et al[ "0876# suggested that sinistral move!
ment along the Mo re!Tro
ndelag Fault Zone persisted
into the earliest Carboniferous[
During the Permo!Triassic the timing and inferred
extension direction in the northern Viking Graben "EW
to WNWESE# was di}erent from that in the Mo re Basin
"NWSE#\ whereas the _nite extension was approxi!
mately similar "Fig[ 7b#[ The main "deepest# detachment
of the extensional master faults of the southeastern Mo re
Basin dip to the NW and W\ which is consistent with
a bulk north!westerly to westerly extensional dip!slip[
Prominent subsidence also occurred in the o}shore hang!
ing wall of the Mo re!Trondelag Fault Complex[
Assuming a northwesterly Permian extension in the
Mo re Basin in constructing a strain vector diagram\ an
oblique transtentional dextral displacement along the
Mo re!Trondelag Fault Complex is suggested "Fig[ 8b#[
This is in accordance with _eld observations in the area]
Two of the very few dykes which are associated with the
Mo re!Trondelag Fault Complex\ the ultrabasic {Yttero y
dyke|\ and the syenitic {Tustna dyke| strike NESW to
ENEWSW "Carstens\ 0850^ Raheim\ 0863#[ Although
Devonian ages have been ascribed to the {Yttero y dyke|
"Storetvedt\ 0856#\ more recent radiometric and palaeo!
magnetic data favours late Carboniferous to late Permian
ages for both these dykes "Raheim\ 0863^ Torsvik et al[\
0878^ Sturt et al[\ 0886#[ Thus\ Roberts "0887# associated
their emplacement with a dextral strike!slip component
along the Mo re!Tro ndelag Fault Complex[ Preliminary
K:Ar!ages on microcline in veins from the Mo re!Tron!
delag Fault Complex indicate that activity along the fault
complex continued into the late Triassic "J[G[ Mitchell
personal communication in Gro nlie et al[\ 0889#[
The contrasts in structural development north and
 R[H[ Gabrielsen et al[ : Marine and Petroleum Geolo`y 05 "0888# 332354 348

Fig[ 8[ Balanced strain vectors associated with the Mo re!Tro

ndelag Fault Complex[ Length of vectors is proportional to calculated or modelled
strain as indicated by number[ MTFC\ strike of the Mo re!Trondelag Fault Complex^ E\ extensional component^ C\ contractional component[ Su.xes
on E] MB\ Mo re basin^ VG\ Viking Graben^ MTFC\ Mo re!Tro
ndelag Fault Complex[ Fat arrows indicate strain as reported from _eld studies\
except for the Tertiary\ where it is taken from o}shore data "a# Devonian] The primary compressional stress has been set towards the SSE to accord
with sinistral transpression along the fault complex[ The direction of the extensional vector is set to N179>E\ and the extensional factor P is 1[9^
"b# Permianearly Triassic[ The diagram is based on modelled extension factors[ The resultant strain along the Mo re!Trondelag Fault Complex is
dextral transtensional^ "c# Jurassicearly Cretaceous[ The resultant strain along the More!Trondelag Fault Complex is extensional with a minor
oblique "dextral# component^ "d# Tertiary[ Fault!normal inversion[

south of the Mo re!Tro

ndelag Fault Complex became
increasingly clear from Triassic times[ The contrasts
included di}erences in timing of the major events and
amount of extension[ Thus\ faulting which heralded the
Jurassicearly Cretaceous extension commenced earlier
in the Mid Norwegian margin\ where signi_cant faulting
took place from the early Triassic[ This di}erence is
underlined by that the extension lasted well into the early
Cretaceous "Graue\ 0881^ Grunnaleite + Gabrielsen\
0884# in the Mo re Basin area\ whereas active extension
ceased in Ryazanian or even Volgian times in the north!
ern North Sea "Gabrielsen et al[\ 0889^ F%rseth et al[\
0884b#[
Assuming that the extension was directly EW at the
earlier stage of development of the northern Viking
Graben\ and using northwesterly extension in the Mo re
Basin\ the resultant vector in a vector strain construction
is almost due NS "Fig[ 8c#[ This suggests an overall
extensional dip!slip with a minor oblique dextral com!
ponent along the Mo re!Tro
ndelag Fault Complex\ which
is in striking agreement with previous reports from _eld
studies in the Mo re!Tro
ndelag Fault Complex[ Also\
half!grabens\ which are remnants of a horst!and!graben!
terrain\ and which are _lled with mid Jurassic sediments\
are preserved within the More!Trondelag Fault Complex
"Manum\ 0853^ Vigran\ 0869^ Bo e + Skilbrei\ 0887#[ They
do not display signs of syn!sedimentary deformation\
and have tentatively been dated to late Jurassicearly
Cretaceous[ This age is con_rmed by palaeomagnetic
studies\ indicating that brecciation was associated with
the late Jurassic basin formation "Gro nlie + Torsvik\
0878#[ The geometries of these basins suggest that they
formed by extensional dip!slip\ although a minor dextral
strike!slip component cannot be ruled out "Bo
e + Bjerklie\
0878^ Gro nlie + Roberts\ 0878\ Bo e\ 0880^ Roberts\
0887#[
From the late Cretaceous\ the di}erences in devel!
opment of the two areas became dramatic in that the
Mo re Basin area was strongly in~uenced by the North
Atlantic break!up\ with associated elevated thermal
activity\ volcanism\ under!plating and crustal thinning[
The e}ects of these processes disappear abruptly south
359 R[H[ Gabrielsen et al[ : Marine and Petroleum Geolo`y 05 "0888# 332354
of the Mo re!Tro ndelag Fault Complex\ with the excep!
tion that there are some indications of inversion in the
Sogn Graben[ It has been proposed that the Mo re and
Voring Basins represent the northerly elongation of the
Rockall rift\ which propagated from the south in mid
Cretaceous times "Price + Rattey\ 0873^ Smythe et al[\
0872^ Hanisch\ 0873#\ and that oceanic crust paves the
~oor of the central Mo re Basin[ It appears that the More!
Trondelag Fault Complex acted as the southeastern bor!
der to the in~uence of the NWSE!directed stress system\
which supported this event[
Two distinct phases of EW to NWSE contraction
and inversion have been identi_ed and dated to late Early
Cretaceous and Tertiary "Fig[ 7 d#[ The present con!
tractional stress situation in the Mo re Basin with sH
oriented NWSE\ has lasted from the earliest Eocene
"Vagnes et al[\ 0887#[ Although some indications of inver!
sion are seen in the Sogn Graben\ the northern Viking
Graben otherwise escaped both these events\ suggesting
that the Mo re!Tro ndelag Fault Complex acted as a dis!
location zone[
A strain vector diagram for the Mo re!Trondelag Fault
Complex in the Tertiary "Fig[ 8 d# suggests that the fault
complex was subject to a fault!normal contraction from
the Tertiary to the present[ Very little information is
available on Tertiary deformation\ but Gro nlie et al[
"0889# reported late Cretaceous:early Tertiary _ssion!
track minimum cooling!ages from ~uorite[ The con!
centration of present seismic activity in and adjacent to
the Mo re!Trondelag Fault Complex supports the view
that at least some parts of the fault complex are still
active\ and that oblique shear and reverse faulting are
dominating[
In conclusion\ there is a striking coincidence between
the predicted strain along the Mo re!Trondelag Fault
Complex as resolved from analysis of strain patterns both
on the continental shelf and onshore[ It is evident that
there is a strong need for further strain analysis coupled
with absolute and relative age determinations of dykes
and fault rocks to con_rm the hypotheses advocated in
the present contribution[ Still\ the correlation demon!
strated above strongly support the interpretation of the
Mo re!Trondelag Fault Complex as a long!lived and
deep!seated zone of weakness\ which has in~uenced and
caused perturbation of the regional stress _elds of Mid
Norway during long periods of its existence[
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Roald B[ F%rseth and
Haakon Fossen for critical and useful comments on an
early version of the paper\ and Paul Reemst for sti!
mulating discussions[ Walter Wheeler reviewed a late
version of the manuscript\ and also helped to improve
the English text[ The authors would also like to acknowl!
edge the thorough reviews and useful suggestions of two
anonymous referees[ Jane Ellingsen\ Trond Olav Syg!
nabere and Walter Wheeler helped in the preparation of
some of the _gures[ Kristine Fichler and Eric Lundin
"Statoil# kindly gave permission to use Fig[ 1\ and Norsk
Hydro ASA released data reproduced in Fig[ 5[
The present work has been carried out as an extension
of the activities of the {Integrated Basin Studies*
Dynamics of the Norwegian Margin| "IBS!DNM#!
project[ Two of the authors "Grunnaleite and Odinsen#
received grants under this program\ which was supported
by the European Commission and the Norwegian
Research Council under DG XII!JOULE II "contract
no[ JOU1!CT81!9009#[ The last part of the present work
gained _nancial support from Elf Aquitaine Production[
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In situ rock stress pattern on the Norwegian continental shelf and
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Norway] implications for deformation history and fold devel!
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structural evolution of the Bergen area\ West Norway[ Norsk Geo!
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R[ H[ "0886#[ The Bjoro y Formation] a newly discovered occurrence
of Jurassic sediments in the Bergen Arc System[ Harsk Geologisk
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Detachments and low!angle faults in the northern North Sea rift
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the North Sea Rifts "pp[ 047068#[ Oxford] Clarendon Press[
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ceedings of the Norwegian Sea Symposium\ NSS:19\ Tromso  "pp[ 0
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Gabrielsen\ R[ H[\ + Robinson\ C[ "0873#[ Tectonic inhomogeneities
of the Kristiansund!Bodo  Fault Complex\ o}shore mid!Norway[ In
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Giltner\ J[ P[ "0876#[ Application of extensional models to the Northern
Viking Graben[ Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift\ 56\ 228241[
Gjelberg\ J[\ Dreyer\ T[\ Ho ie\ A[\ Tjelland\ T[\ + Lilleng\ T[ "0876#[
Late Triassic to Mid!Jurassic sandbody development on the Barents
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thermal thorium!enriched carbonate veins and breccias in the Mo re!
Trondelag Fault Zone\ central Norway[ Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift\
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Gro
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Grunnaleite I[\ Reemst P[ Modelling of the subsidence history of Mo re
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Hall\ B[ D[\ + White\ N[ J[ "0883#[ Origin of anomalous Tertiary
subsidence adjacent to North Atlantic continental margins[ Marine
+ Petroleum Geology\ 00\ 691603[
Hamar\ G[ P[\ + Hjelle\ K[ "0873#[ Tectonic framework of the Mo re
Basin and the northern North Sea[ In A[ M[ Spencer et al[ "Eds[#\
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Hanisch\ J[ "0873#[ West Spitzbergen Fold Belt and Cretaceous opening
of the Northeast Atlantic[ In A[ M[ Spencer et al[ "Eds[#\ Petroleum
Geology of the North European Margin "pp[ 076087#[ "Graham +
Trotman\ London#] Norwegian Petroleum Society[
Hansen\ R[ A[\ Bungum\ H[\ + Alsaker\ A[ "0878#[ Three recent larger
earthquakes o}shore Norway[ Terra Nova\ 0\ 173184[
Harland\ W[ B[ "0858#[ Contribution of Spitsbergen to understanding of
the tectonic evolution of the North Atlantic region[ Tulsa American
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Heeremans\ M[\ Larsen\ B[ T[\ + Stel\ H[ "0885#[ Paleostress recon!
struction from kinematic indicators in the Oslo Graben] new con!
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Heeremans\ M[\ Larsen\ B[ T[\ + Stel\ H[ "0886#[ Erratum to {Paleostress
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constraints on the mode of rifting|\ Tectonophysics\ 155\ 4468[
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Hossack\ J[ R[ "0873#[ The geometry of listric growth faults in the
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Hurich\ C[ A[ "0885#[ Kinematic evolution of the lower plate during
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Hurich\ C[ A[\ Palm\ H[\ Dyrelius\ D[\ Kristo}ersen\ Y[\ Wol}\ F[ C[\
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Norges geolgiske Underso kelse Special Publication\ 2\ 5558[
Hurich\ C[ A[\ + Kristo}ersen\ Y[ "0877#[ Deep structure of the Cale!
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seismic re~ection pro_ling[ Norges geologiske Underso kelse Special
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Unst Basin\ North Sea[ Marine and Petroleum Geology\ 1\ 250261[
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Larsen\ V[ "0876#[ Tectonic related stratigraphy in the North atlantic
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Larsen\ P!H[\ + Bengaard\ H!J[ "0880#[ Devonian basin initiation in
East Greenland] a result of sinistral wrench faulting and Caledonian
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Lervik\ K[ S[\ Spencer\ A[ M[\ + Warrington\ G[ "0878#[ Outline of the
Triassic stratigraphy and structure in the central and northern North
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Lister\ G[ S[\ Etheridge\ M[ A[\ + Symonds\ P[ A[ "0875#[ Detachment
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03\ 135149[
Lindholm\ C[ D[\ Bungum\ H[\ Villagran\ M[\ + Hicks\ E[ "0884#[
Crustal stress and tectonics in Norwegian regions determined from
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Application of a ~exural cantilever simple!shear:pure shear model
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Collapse of the Caledonian Orogen and the Old Red Sandstone[
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Nadin\ P[ A[\ + Kuznir\ N[ J[ "0884#[ Palaeocene uplift and subsidence
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Nottvedt\ A[\ Gabrielsen\ R[ H[\ + Steel\ R[ J[ "0884#[ Tec!
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01\ 770890[
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