WORLD UNIVERSITY OF BANGLADESH

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Course Name: Electronics II Lab

Experiment # 1: STUDY OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER AS A COMPARATOR

AND AMPLIFIER

OBJECTIVE:

1. To get familiarized with Operational Amplifier.

2. To study OPAMP as a comparator.

3. To study OPAMP in a closed loop system.

4. Study the inverting and non-inverting amplifiers.

EQUIPMENTS:
Bread Board 1 piece
OPAMP (741) 1 piece
Resistor (1k, 5 k,10 k) 1 piece each
Signal Generator 1 unit
Oscilloscope 1 unit
Analog Trainer Board 1 unit
Chords and wire

PREVIEW:

THEORY

The OPerational AMPlifier or OPAMP is a versatile analog Integrated Circuit (IC) that is capable of
producing a very high gain.

E-
Vo
E+

Fig: Circuit symbol

Fig: 741 IC (OPAMP) pin configuration

OPAMPs can operate in two modes:

a. Open loop connection

b. Closed loop connection
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a. Open loop connection

In open loop connection OPAMP has a very high gain (of the order of 10 5).

The output voltage can be written as, Vo = Ed x A

where Ed = E + - E - , is the differential voltage between the input terminals of the OP AMP.

As the gain is very high, the maximum output voltage is limited by the biasing voltages to +V sat and
Vsat. (Usually Vsat = Vbias - 2 V)

In this experiment we will be studying the open loop connection of a typical OPAMP

In an open loop connection, there is no feedback between the output and input terminal. The OPAMP
in this experiment will be operated as a comparator.

If the voltage of non-inverting input terminal is E+ and the voltage of the inverting input terminal is E -
, then

The output voltage, Vo = + Vsat , when E + > E -, and

= + Vsat , when E + < E -

Using this concept, we can use we can use it to detect any zero crossing voltage or to identify any
voltage level.

b. Closed Loop Configuration

The two widely used closed loop amplifier using OPAMP are:

i) Inverting Amplifier
ii) Non-Inverting Amplifier

In both the cases the closed loop gain of the amplifier is determined by the input resistance R i and the
feedback resistance Rf.

i) Inverting Amplifier: In an inverting amplifier the input is applied at the inverting input pin. The
output obtained here is inverted. The close loop gain for this type of amplifier is set by the two
resistors Ri and the feedback resistor Rf and is given by,

VO R
AV ACL f
Ei Ri

The minus sign indicates that the polarity of the output of the output is inverted with respect to Ei.
That is why, this circuit is called an inverting amplifier.

ii) Non-Inverting Amplifier: In this type of amplifier the input is applied at the non-inverting input
whereas the output is not inverted. The close loop gain for this type of amplifier is given by,

A CL 1 R f
Ri
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Since the gain is positive, so this amplifier is called non-inverting amplifier. The above equation
shows that the voltage gain of the amplifier is always greater than 1.

EXPERIMENT 1 A
(ZERO CROSSING DETECTORS)
Notes for the students: Read the theory carefully before starting the experiment. Let your setup be
checked by your lab instructor before connecting to the power supply.

Procedure:

1. Apply +12V and 12V biasing voltages to the pin7 and pin4.

2. Set the input voltage of the signal generator to triangular wave shape mode.

3. Set the voltage to 5V peak and frequency to 1 KHz.

4. Construct the circuit diagram 1 and draw the input and output wave shape.

Repeat the steps 1 to 4 for the circuit diagram 2.

(POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE VOLTAGE LEVEL DETECTOR)

Notes for the students: Read the theory carefully before starting the experiment. Let your setup be
checked by your lab instructor before connecting to the power supply.

Procedure:
1. Repeat the steps 1 to 4 of PERFORMANCE 1 for the circuit diagram 3 to circuit
diagram 5.
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EXPERIMENT 1(B)
PERFORMANCE 1

(INVERTING AMPLIFIER)
Notes for the students: Read the theory carefully before starting the experiment. Let your setup be
checked by your lab instructor before connecting to the power supply.

Procedure:
1. Measure the resistances Ri and Rf by multimeter and record their values.
2. Construct the circuit diagram 1. Apply +10V and 10V biasing voltages

Circuit diagram 1
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3. Set the input voltage Ei at 1 V peak and the frequency at 1 kHz.

4. Measure the output peak voltage and tabulate in the tables provided.
5. Now draw the input and output wave shapes. (The output should be measured across the
load resistance RL.
6. Change the Rf to 10 k and repeat steps 3 to 5.

INVERTING AMPLIFIER
RI =
Ei V0 GAIN =
Rf ACL = - Rf /Ri
(PEAK) (PEAK) V0 / Ei
1V
1V

PERFORMANCE 2
(NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER)
Notes for the students: Read the theory carefully before starting the experiment. Let your setup be
checked by your lab instructor before connecting to the power supply.

Procedure:

1. Construct the circuit diagram 2. Apply +10V and 10V biasing voltages

Circuit diagram 2

2. Set the input voltage Ei at 1 V peak and the frequency at 1 kHz.

3. Measure the output peak voltage and tabulate in the tables provided.
4. Now draw the input and output wave shapes. (The output should be measured across the load
resistance RL.
5. Change Rf to 10k and repeat steps 2 to 4.

NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER

RI =
Ei V0 GAIN =
Rf ACL = - Rf /Ri
(PEAK) (PEAK) V0 / Ei
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1V
1V

REPORT:
1. What is comparator? Write down the application of positive, negative and zero crossing detector.

2. Derive the following closed loop gain of the inverting and non-inverting amplifier of OPAMP,

A CL R f and A CL 1 R f
Ri Ri
3. What is a voltage follower? Why it is needed? Draw a typical voltage follower using OPAMP.

4. .Between the two types of amplifiers which one will you prefer and why?

5. What happens if you increase the biasing voltage to -12 and +12 V levels?