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Fluid Mechanics
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Hydraulics & HydrologY
Water Treatment
lrrigation Water ManaEernc nt
Heat Transfer
Thermodynamics
Fi re Testing Technoltqlr
Refrigeration & Air Conditi*ninqtr

lnternal Combustion Engin :s
jt4 echan isms, Statics & StrL{'.:tui'es
Unit Operations
Chenrical Engineering
D rocess Control Technolog'
Food TechnologY
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armfield
Saturation Pressure
lnstruction Manual
TH3
rssuE 16
August 2015
PC-0055444
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Armfield Ltd lnstruction Manual TH3
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lntroduction tl
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This manual contains instructions for the correct use and maintenance of the TH3 ]
manufactured by Armfield Limited.
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The information contained in this manual is intended for the user who is required to read it
carefully and to ensure that he has fully understood it before operating the machine.
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The user manual must be available for ready consultation at all times. 3
If the manual is lost or damaged contact the manufacturer for a replacement copy.
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WARNING - The manufacturer is not liable for consequences resulting from an |}
improper use of
reading of it.
the machine due to the user's failure to read this manual or incomplete
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The manual is an integral part of each piece of equipment and consequently must be kept (-
throughout the entire service life of the machine and accompany it at all times, even if
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transferred to another user.
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This manual contains instructions required for the safety, receiving, installation, storage, g
correct operation and maintenance of the TH3. s
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W*O**ING - Armfield Limited reserves the right to modify the specifications referred to
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in this manual or the characteristics of each machine. Some of the illustrations in this manual
may include parts that are slightly different to those mounted on your machine.
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WARNING - All practical work areas and laboratories should be covered by local ]
regulations which must be followed at all times J
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2 EC Conformty ]
Each machine is accompanied by an EC Declaration

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of Conformity signed by the
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representative of Armfield Limited.
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The declaration of conformity states the model and serial number. F
The equipment has been constructed in compliance with the essential health and safety
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requirements laid down in the following applicable directives:
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2006/95/EC The Low Voltage Directive
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200411)B|EC The Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive {r
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200614218C The Machinery Directive
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PC-0055444 lssue 16August2015
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'*t^') I rA
instru:tion Manual
TH3
Tne following harmonised standards were also consulted

for the design and construction of
tre equipment:
3S EN 61010-1:201O Safety requirements for electrical equipment for
measurement, control, and laboratory use
B-q EN 61000-6-1:2007 Electromagnetic compatibrity (EMc). Generic standards.

lmmunity for residentiar, commerciar and right-industriar
environments
BS EN 61000-6-3:2001 Electromagnetic compatibirity (EMC)^ Generic standards.

Emission standard for residentiar, commerciar and right-
industrial environments
$*A*NING - This declaration is only valid if the Equipment is installed, used and
maintained in-compliance with the above mentioned directives and instructions
and with the
instructions and equipment described in this manual.
PC-0055444
lssue 'l 6 August 201S
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Armfield Ltd ,+
Instruction Manual
TH3
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Table of Contents
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1 lntroduction..
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2 EC Conformity
J Disclaimer J
4
5
Copyright and trademarks
Symbols
',....'.7
F?
6 Safety
6.1 Failure to comply with safety standards 5
9? Start up, operation and maitenance
6.3 lntended conditions of use
..........". B
................ B
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6.4 safety guidelines rerating to maintenance, inspection and assembry work.............. .....^........ g ?
I Arbitrary
I6.6 production and transformation of spare purtr.. 9 5
chemical safety........
6.7 Control of Hazardous Substances..............
................9
.................... 10 t|
6.8 Water Borne Hazards
6'9 Hovcold surfaces'...
..... 10
...................1Z
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'1
Houcold Liquids
I 19 Leakage hazardous ftuids
1 Protectiveofclothing......
.....................12
......... 13
......... 3
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6.1 3 Machine maintenance.....................
.................................. .. .... r s
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.......14 l|
7
B
GeneralOverview
Equipment Diagrams l6 F
9 Certificate of Conformity...... ar!
10 Description.........
,......21
10.1 Overview
.
11 lnstallation..... !
Advisory....
11.1
Electrcal Supply
11.2 23
...23
11.3 I nstalling the Software........................
11 4 lnstalling the Equipment... ... ....
1 1.5 Commissioning ..................
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11.6 Electrical Wiring Diagram 24
..................... 26
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12 Operation
27
12.1 Operating the Software
12.2 Operating the Equipment
13 Equipment Specifications
27
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13.1 USB Channel Numbers C
13.2 Environmental Conditions 29
.............30
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14 Routine Maintenance
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1 Responsibitiry.
4
1.1 ............
14.2 General.....
15 Laboratory Teaching Exercises
15.1 lndex to Exercises. r
15.2 Nomenclature
15.3 Data Sheet 1
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15.4 Data Sheet 2 35
15.5 Data Sheet 3
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15.6 Data Sheet 4

i5.7 Data Sheet 5 39
'15.8 Data Sheet 6
15.9 Data Sheet 7
44
to Exercise A - Characteristic behaviour of a two phase fluid....
17 Exercise B - Principles of saturation pressure measurement. ......48
r8 Exercise C - Concept of a saturation line 52
19 Exercise D - Steam tables ...56
20 Exercise E - Use of the steady flow energy equation
.................... 61
t Contact Details for Further lnformation ...
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3 Disclaimer 3.
This document and all the information contained within it are proprietary to Armfield Limited.
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This document must not be used for any purpose other than that for which it is supplied and %
its contents must not be reproduced, modified, adapted, published, translated or disclosed to
any third party, in whole or in part, without the prior written permission of Armfield Limited.
et

Shouid you have any queries or comments, please contact the Armfield Customer Support
helpdesk (Monday to Thursday: 0830 - 1730 and Friday: 0830 - 1300 UK time). Contact
details are as follows:
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4 Copyright and trademarks i4
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Copyright @ 2015 Armfield Limited. All rights reserved.
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Any technical documentation made available by Armfield Limited is the copyright work of {lqt
Armfield Limited and wholly owned by Armfield Limited.

Brands and product names mentioned in this manual may be trademarks or registered e
trademarks of their respective companies and are hereby acknowledged.
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Armfield Ltd Instruciion Manual TH3
5 Sym bols
Ao"reral warning indicatin,l the potential risk of personal injury
Aornner warning A Caution: Explosion Risk
A=,".rricar hazard A Cold Burn hazard
An,nn vortage hazard A Caution: Flammable
A*o,r,ing parts hrzard A Caution: Biohazard
A"ru'on: corrosive materiar
@o" not remove safety guards from @o. not repair or oit machine whitst in
rotating parts motion
srn,, symbot draws your attention to the W*" rprotective groves

information
Ef*"", eye protection w Wear ear protection
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WYY"rt safety shoes w Wear breathing protection
PC-0055444
6 Safety
6.1 Failure to comply with safety standards

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K-w Falure to comply with the safety standards described in this manual and those relating
to common sense can cause danger to people and the envronment and damage the
Equipment.
Specifically, such non-observance can cause:
. inability of machine and/or plant to perform key functions;
. damage to the machne and /or plant ;
. electrical, mechanical and/or chemical danger to persons;
. environmental danger due to leakage of hazardous substances.
Failure to observe and comply with these safety standards will invalidate the warranty.
Keep these instructions and all related documents together, ensure that they are legible and
easily accessible to all employees.
@o" not remove any safety equipment before operating the Equipment or during its
operation. Make sure that there is no evident danger before powering up the
Equipment. The
system must be inspected regularly to check for damage and to ensure
that all safety
devices are in good working order.
A,n" Equipment contains moving parts. Do not insert limbs or materials

other than the
processing material while the Equipment is functioning. ln
the event of malfunction, danger
or lack of appropriate safety systems, shut down the Equipment immediately
and inform the
qualified personnel.
6.2 Start up, operation and maintenance

The customer is required to verify the suitability of the Equipment
for his specic needs, to
provide the necessary processing data for a correct
selection of the Equipment type and the
accessories needed to guarantee the safety of the Equipment.
lf the user notices that any
accessories he considers useful or essential are missing in the
order confirmation, it is the
customer's responsibility to contact the manufacturer and request that
the accessory or
accessories be applied to the Equipment.
PC-0055444
A"-:ield LtC lnstruction Manual TH3
t@A*n,," the Equipment is being used the safety devices provded must be
present and correctly installed. Do not carry out any operation on the safety devices while
the Equipment is operating.
6.3 lntended conditions of use
The TH3 Saturation Pressure Apparatus is designed to allow students to study the
relaonship between the Pressure and the Temperature of saturated steam. Demineralised
or Distilled water, free from impurities, is used for the measurements. By the nature of the
demonstration, the equipment operates at high temperature and high pressure. A
transparent protective guard is fitted to the equipment to prevent inadvertent contact with the
high temperature components and to protect the operator in the event of a leak of steam.
However, cution must be exercised when using the equipment because of the potential
hazards.
The Equipment must always observe the operating limitations for which it was
constructed and those stated in the order confirmation: observe the temperature, pressure,
capacity, viscosity and speed limits. Unless othenvise stated in the order, the Equipment
must not be used in environments subject to the formation of potentially explosive
alnrospheres.
6.4 Safety guidelines relating to maintenance, inspection and assembly

work
Arn" user must ensure that all maintenance, inspection and assembly operations
related to the Equipment are carried out by qualified technicians.
Technicians must carefully read this instruction manual before acting on the Equipment.
only authorised and trained personnel are permitted to wor,k on the Equipment.
6.5 Arbitrary production and transformation of spare parts
Aan"nges or modifications to the machine, within the limits that do not go beyond
extraordinary maintenance, are only permitted if agreed on beforehand with the
manufacturer.
Only original spare parts or pn:rts spec;fically declared as compatible by Armfield Limited
must be used for regular mainten trce cperations.
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These parts have been designed specifically for the system. There is no guarantee that non- t
original parts can withstand the loads, and function correctly and safely.
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The use of non-original parts voids the warranty. i

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6.6 Chemical Safety J
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The unit is designed to use clean water (Demineralised or Distilled for accurate results
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and to avoid scale build up due to impurities) during normal operation, but cleaning should q
be carried out regularly as described in the maintenance section of this manual which may c
involve the use of detergents/chemicals. ln addition, under certain conditions causing algal
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growth, it may be necessary to use disinfectants or biocides to avoid the possibility of water-
borne infections as described above.
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6.7 Control of Hazardous Substances
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ffi The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations
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The COSHH regulations impose a duty on employers to protect employees and others from
substances used at work which may be hazardous to health. tt
COSHH covers substances that are hazardous to health. Substances can take many forms
and include:
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chemicals
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o products containing chemicals
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fumes
dusts
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vapours c
mists
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nanotechnology e
gases and asphyxiating gases and I
biological agents (germs). lf the packaging has any of the hazard symbols then it s
classed as a hazardous substance.
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germs that cause diseases such as leptospirosis or legionnaires disease and germs
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used in laboratories
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lnsrr!ction Manual TH3
Armfield Ltd
The regulations require you to make an assessment of all operations which are liable to
exposiany person io these hazards. You are also required to introduce suitable procedures
for handling these substances and keep appropriate records.
Since the equipment supplied by Armfield Limited may involve the use of substances which
can be hazardous (for example, cleaning fluids used for maintenance or chemicals used for
particular demonstrations) it is essentialit'r"t tn" responsible person in authority implements
the COSHH regulations or local equivalent.
Safety data sheets
The regulations also ensure that the relevant Health and Safety Data Sheets must be
available for all hazardous substances used in the laboratory.
products you use may be 'dangerous for supply'. lf so, they will have a label that has one or
more hazrd symbols. These pioducts include common substances in everyday use such as
paint, bleach, olvent or fillers. When a product is 'dangerous for supply', by law, the supplier
must provide you with a safety data sheet.
Note: medicines, pesticides and cosmetic products have different legislation and don't have
a safety data sheet. Ask the supplier how the product can be used safely.
Any person using a hazardous substance must be informed of the following:
. Physical data about the substance.
. Any hazard from fire or explosion.
. Any hazard to health.
r Appropriate First Aid treatment.
o Any hazard from reaction with other substances.
. How to clean/dispose of spillage.
. Appropriate protective measures.
. Appropriate storage and handling.
Although these regulations may not be applicable in your country, it is strongly

recommended that a similar approach is adopted for the protection of the users operating
the equipment. Local regulations must also be considered.
More information can be found on http://www. hse.qov. uk/coshh/index.htm
AOnU such chemicals used must be stored, handled, prepared and used in accordance
with the manufacturer's instructions and with all applicable local regulations. Protective
clothing (e.g. gloves, eye protection) should be worn when appropriate, and users should be
supplied with any relevant safety information (e.9. the correct procedure in the event of
contact with skin or eyes, the correct procedure in the event of a spill, etc.)..
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Armfield Ltd lnstruction Manual TH3 F G
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6.8 Water Borne Hazards fIt
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equipment described in this instruction manual involves the use of water/fluid,
which under certain conditions can create a health hazard due to infection by harmful micro- ?
organisms.
For example, the microscopic bacterium called Legionella pneumophila will feed on any
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scale, rust, algae or sludge in water and will breed rapidly if the temperature of water is ;
between 20 and 45'C. Any water containing this bacterium which is sprayed or splashed
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creating air-borne droplets can produce a form of pneumonia called Legionnaires Disease
which is potentially fatal.
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Legionella is not the only harmful micro-organism which can infect water, but it serves as a
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useful example of the need for cleanliness. C
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Under the COSHH regulations, the following precautions must be observed:
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. Any water/fluid contained within the product must not be allowed to stagnate, i.e. the
water must be changed regularly.
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. Any rust, sludge, scale or algae on which micro-organisms can feed must be U
removed regularly, i.e. the equipment must be cleaned regularly.
. Where practicable the water/fluid should be maintained at a temperature below 20"C C
or the water should be disinfected. ln the TH3 this will not be practicable but the high t
temperatures involved will kill any micro-organisms. However, the equipment should ts
be drained after use and filled with fresh water for each run.
. After use the water system should be filled and run with water containing a mild E
disinfectant such as 'Milton'to kill any micro-organisms or algal growth then flushed tl
with clean water and left empty. F
. A scheme should be prepared for preventing or controlling the risk incorporating all of C
the actions listed above.
Further details on preventing infection are contained in the publication "The Control of
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Legionellosis including Legionnaires Disease" - Health and Safety Series booklet HS (G) 70.

6.9 HoUCold Surfaces
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AAThis unit contains components that that operate with a maximum temperature
of 170'C and minimum temperature of 5'C. tC
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Do not touch any surfaces close to 'Hot Surfaces' warning labels, any of the interconnecting
tubing or components whilst the equipment is in use or returning to a safe temperature. G
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Armfield Ltd Instruction Manual TH3
6.10 HoUCold Liquids
A,aThis unit is designed to operate with a maximum tiquid temperature of 170.C

and minimum liquid temperature of 5"C.
There is also a potential risk of scalding from hot liquids or vapours (e.g. steam).
Before disconnecting any of the pipes or tubing:
. Siop the liquid pump.
. Leave time for the equipment to return to room temperature.
. Check that the iemperature of the Equipment and liquid is at a safe level
Do not touch any surfaces close to 'Hot Surfaces' warning labels, any of the interconnecting
tubing or components whilst the equipment is in use or returning to a afe temperature.
lmporiant: Allow the apparatus to cool to room temperature before attempting to draln
the water.
6.11 Leakage of hazardous fluids
AAS@lf the Equipment is used to pump/operate with hazardous riquids

[toxic. conosive, flammable, etc.), the volumes of fluid that leak through the seals must be
collected and disposed of without endangering human health or the environment
and in
arcordance to local legislation.
The pressurised steam created inside the equipment is extremely dangerous,

especially if
discharged into the atmosphere. The equipment must be allowed to
cool and the pressure
reduce to zero (indicated on the Bourdon gauge) before opening any
of the cocks on the
equipment.
6.1 2 Protectve clothing
Wear appropriate protective clothing to protect body parts.
Safety gloves
Wear suitable gloves to protect your hands from various types of possibre
hazards:
mechanical, electrical, chemical and high/low temperatures.
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W",ornnn It:
Wear appropriate clothing to protect your body from chemical hazards. G
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Wear safety footwear to protect your feet from falling objects. 3
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Wfy" Protection
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Wear suitable eye protection to protect your eyes from various types of possible hazards: j
mechanical debris, chemicals and hot water/steam.

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Ear Protection f
Wear suitable ear protection to protect your ears from excessive noise.
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Breathing Protection 3
Wear suitable breathing protection to protect your respiratory system from fumes. e
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6.1 3 Machine :naintenance C
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A,AA
applicable). Even
Do not disassemble the Equipment before emptying the contents/fluids (if
if the tubes are all empty, some liquid could remain in the unit. The fluid(s)
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can be hazardous to human health and the environment, and can be very hot/cold. g
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When heated, the equipment will contain pressurised steam that is extremely dangerous if
discharged into the atmosphere. Before opening any of the cocks on the equipment ensure
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that the pressure inside the equipment has returned to atmospheric pressure, indicated on C
the Bourdon gauge. Even after reducing the pressure to zero, the water may be scalding hot

so extreme caution must be taken when draining the equipment. ?
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Ao,, maintenance work must be carried out with the machine isolated from the power g
supply. a
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AABefore beginning maintenance on the Equipment remember to isolate the power C
supply. All the devices must be secured against automatic or accidental restart. (Where I
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possible turn the main switch to OFF and disconnect the mains lead from the electrical F
supply). ln particular situations where you need to run the Equipment while servicing at least a
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Armfield Ltd l-s:r-ucticn Manual TH3
2 persons must be present so that in the event of danger one person will be able to
disconnect the power supply or raise the alarm. Once maintenance has been completed
remember to restore the safety devices and check that they are in good working order.
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WTo give increased operator protection, the unit incorporates a Residual Current Device
(RCD), alternatively called an Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker, as an integral part of this
equipment. lf through misuse or accident the equipment becomes electrically compromised,
the RCD will switch off the electrical supply and reduce the severity of any electric shock
received by an operator to a level which, under normal circumstances, will not cause injury
to that person.
AAtAt least once each month, check that the RCD is operating correcfly by pressing
the TEST button' The circuit breaker MUST trip when the button is pressed. Failure to trip
means that the operator is not protected and the equipment must be checked and repaired
by a competent electrician before it is used.
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7 General Overview C
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The TH range is designed to introduce the fundamental principles of thermodynamics to the
student. The range of equipment starts at basic concepts such as temperature and pressure
measurement and leads on to introducing the relationships between these fundamentals, the
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first and second law of thermodynamics, the principles of reversibility, entropy, enthalpy etc.
The equipment allows the student to gain a true understanding of these principles. The small
scale of ihe equipment allows the relvant teaching exercises to be carried out in a relatively
short period of time,
This instruction manual describes the operation of the TH3 'saturation Pressure' apparatus
that has been designed by Armfield to introduce students to the concept of saturation
pressure and how different techniques can be employed to measure this variable.
The electrical output from the sensors are available as a voltage signal for direct connection
to a pC via an optional interface device (a PC interface and Windows based Educational
Software is available to support the TH3 Saturation Pressure apparatus).
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Armfield Ltd lnstructon Manual
TH3
Equipment Diagrams
Figure 1: Top View of TH3 Saturation pressure Apparatus
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Figure 2: Side View of TH3 Saturation pressure Apparatus
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An-nfield Ltd lnsiruction Manual TH3
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Figure 3: Front and Rear View of Electrical Console for TH3 Saturation pressure
Apparatus
PC-oa55444 19 lssue 16 August 2015

TH3
9 Certificate of Gonformity
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PRESSURE EQUIPMENT REGULATIONS
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CERTIFICATE OF CONFORMITY t
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Supplier:
Product
Armfield Limited
code: TH3-A/B/G (saturation pressure Apparatus)

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Declaration: tI
we certify that the boiler vessel and pipework installed on the above
Armfield product has
been designed, manufactured and hydraulically pressure
iested in accordance with the E
Pressure Equipment Regulations 1999 (statutory lnstrumnts, g9g
I No 2oo1) category 1 .
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The boiler vessel has been crassified category I as foilows:
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Type of equipment: d
Steam Generator
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Volume of vessel:
Maximum allowable pressure:

2.4 litres tfr
B bar gauge
Classification chart:
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19.2 (<50) Gt
Conformity assessment module: A ril
The detailed design of the pressure vessel is in I
accordance with 85550 0:1gg7 (British
standard specification for unfired fusion werded pressure
vessers).
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The following information is duplicated on a plate
attached to the boiler vessel:
Manufactured by:
See plate on equipment q
Armfield index no:
See plate on equipment n
Maximum working pressure (pS):
B bar gauge 4_t
Maximum working temperature (Tmax): lf"
180"C
Hydraulic test pressure:
12 bar gauge q I
Date of manufacture: _+
See plate on equipment
For and on behalf of Armfield Ltd. gt
E E Sansom
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Technical Director Date:
14 June 2004 -r
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Armfield Ltd Ins:ruction Manual
TH3
10 Description
where necessary, refer to the drawings in Equipment Diagrams section B.
10.1 Overview
The equipment is a bench top unit designed to introduce students to the characteristics of
saturated water vapour, ie. how the temperature of water behaves at its boiling point with
variation in the absolute pressure.
The equipment consists. of.a rectangular pipe loop incorporating a boiler (2) in one vertical
limb. Pure water in the boiler s heated to its boiling point using a pair of'crtridge heaters
(11) that are located near the bottom. A sight glass (10) on theiront of the boiler
allows the
internal processes to be observed, namely boiling patterns at the surface of the water while
heating or reducing the
.system pressure and cessation of boiling/condensation during
cooling' Thesight glass also allows the water level in the boiler to be monitored. Saturate
steam leaving the top th." boiler passes around the pipe loop before condensing and
returning to the base of-91
the boiler for re-heating. The operaiing range of the boiler an loop
is 0 to 7 bar gauge.
The top limb of the pipe loop incorporates a PRT iemperature sensor (3) and an electronic
pressure sensor (9) to measure the properties of the saturated steam. titting point
(38) on
the top limb allows the loop to be filled with pure water and allows all air to uJvented
safely
before sealing the loop for pressurised measurements using the filling valve (4).
vapour oftake. with

.isolating valve (6), allows steam from within the loop to be passed
th:ct-qh a Throttling Calorimeter (7), the purpose of which is to demonstrate how the dryness
ii'acron of the saturated steam in the loop can be determined.
The steam expands.to atmospheric pressure as it passes along a labyrinth (13)

and a
second PRT temperature sensor (14) installed inside the calorimetr is usd
to measure the
temperature of the steam after it has expanded to atmospheric pressure. A
container (15)
below the calorimeter collects condensing vapour and allows it to be
drained safely from the
apparatus.
ln normal use the power control on the electrical console is adjusted to produce
the required
rate of climb in steam temperature for saturation pressure measurements
or to produce a
steady stream of steam to the Throttling Calorimeter at the required system pressure.
The apparatus is designed for safe operation with the following safety features.
A pressure relief valve (5) is incorporated at the ouflet from the boiler. The relief valve
is
designed to operate if the pressure rises above the above B bar working pr"rrur"
in the
boiler' The outletfrom the relief valve is vented through a pipe (41) into th
container below
the calorimeter to prevent injury to the operator.
The apparatus is pressure tested prior to despatch.
A Bourdon gauge (B), marked with the maximum working pressure, gives an approximate
indication of the steam pressure in the loop and r"mins operational when power
is
disconnected from the electrical console.
The boiler and pipe loop are mounted in a supporl frame (1) that incorporates clear plastic
shields (12) at the front and the back to provide protection against inadvertent contact with
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the exposed hot
(!r
equipment is in use..surfaces
on the apparatus. These shields must be fitted when
the A
'f+
AII power supplies, signal conditioning circuitry etc
console (20) with appropriate current protection
protection' The electrical console is designed
are contained in a simple electrical
devices and an RCD (21) for operator
w
top.
to st-J"ngsioe the pipe loop on the bench rel,l
All circuits insde the console are protected against

,#
?
breakers as follows:
excessive current by mniature circuit
coNT (22) this breaker protects the power supply and

+
#
HEAT (23) this breaker protects the heaters inside
circuits inside the console.
q
the boirer.
olP (24) this breaker protects the electrical output
markedourpur (35) at the rear of
ry
the console' The socket is used to power the IFD *
Readings fom the
interface used for data logging.
displayed on a common digital meter (26) on the
F
-ts
I
console' A selector "un:?r..gl9

switch (27) and al co.rresponding signs are
(28) for connection to a PC uiing an optional puruliuii"nt"rruce connected to an
etectrical
l/o port q
package' Alternatively, the signals can
required.
'be with educational software
conected to a user supplied chart recorder if
EF
Before use' the boiler vessel and pipe loop
distilled) via the filling point on the'top oi
operating the equipment, it is essentiai to
must be filled with pure water (demineralised or
tne pipe i""o t" obtain accurate resutts when
boil ttrewater'troroughty before closing the filling
T
q
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:::Hi", if:lf irgffi:,.:{o|':L"il",n"
svstem Furr detairs are siven in com-missionin!
t+'
Note: An accurate Barometer (not supplied)
pressure.
will be required to determine the absolute ry
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PC-0055444
22
lssue 16 August 20.15 E
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Amfield Ltd lnstruction Manual TH3
11 lnstallation
11.1 Advisory
3efore operating the equipment, it must be unpacked, assembled and installed

described
ln ihe steps that follow. Safe use of the equipment depends on followingasthe correct
rnstallation procedure.
'.f,'hene necessary, refer

to the drawings in Equipment Diagrams section B.
11.2 Electrical Supply
Refer to Figure 3 in Equipment Diagrams section B.
lnitially fill with pure water (3 litres) and replenish as consumed.
Before connecting the TH3 to the mains electrical supply

ensure that the apparatus has
been assembled as described in the Assembly section of'ths
instruction manual.
Before connecting the appropriate erectricar suppry
check the foilowing:
Ensure that the mains on/off switch (30) on the front
position.
of the console is in the oFF
Electrical Supply for Version TH3-A

The equipment requires connection to a single phase,
fused electrical supply. The standard
eiectrical supply for this equipment is 22012[ov,'boHz.
Check that the voltage and frequency
of the electrical supply agree with the label attached
tothe supply cable on the equipment.
Connection should be made as follows:
GREENA/ELLOW EARTH
BROWN LrvE (HoT)
BLUE - NEUTRAL
Fuse rating - 5AMP
Electrical Supply for Version TH3-B
The equipment requires connection to a single phase,
fused electrical supply. The standard
electrical supply for this equipment is 120V, 60H2.
ceckiat the voltage and frequency of
the electrical supply agree with the label attached
to the iupply vqvtu
cable vrr
on the
LrrE equipment.
connection should be made as foilows: .
GREENA/ELLOW - EARTH
BROWN - LtvE (HOT)
BLUE - NEUTRAL
Fuse rating - 10 AMP
PC-0055444
23 lssue 16 August 2015
,E
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Electrical Supply for Version TH3-G
The equipment requires connecton to a single phase, fused electrical supply. The standard
.-#
electrical supply for this equipment is 220-240Y, 60H2. Check that the voltage and frequency -tF
f5F
of the electrical supply agree with the label attached to the supply cable on the equipment.
Connection should be made as follows: d
GREENA/ELLOW - EARTH
:#
qt
-
BROWN
BLUE -
LrvE (HOT)
NEUTRAL
ry
*
Fuse rating - 5AMP
v
*

{ 1.3 lnstalling the Software

*
tp
Please refJr to the software installation instructions supplied on the Armsoft CD ROM or
data stick. qr

e
11.4 lnstalling the Equipment
Remove the TH3 apparatus and console (20) from the box, and remove all packaging, taking
?
ry
care not to discard any components.
Place the TH3 apparatus on a solid work surface away from flammable substances, with the
Bourdon pressure gauge dial (B) facing towards the operator. Place the console to the right
FF
of the apparatus. Ee
Plug the mains cable (29) into the socket marked INPUT (25) on the rear of the console, and
F
connect to the mains electrical supply. Do not switch on the mains supply at this stage.
Plug the heater cables (19) into the HEATER sockets (31) on the rear of the console.
7
gF
Plug the pressure transducer cable (18) into the PRESSURE socket (32) on the rear of the
console. }F
.F
Plug the cable from the platinum resistance thermometer T1 (16) into the PT100(1) socket
on the rear of the console (34).
crf

Plug the cable from the platinum resistance thermometerT2 (17) into the PT100(2) socket

on the rear of the console (33). F?
Attach a length of tubing/place a cup (not provided) beneath thecontainer(15), to catch any
water dripping from it.
#
-al

rry
1 1.5 Commissioning
g
The following procedure should be followed to verify the operation of the TH3. ?
Check that the RCD (21) and three circuit breakers (22, 23 and 24) on the rear of the
console are all in the up position (ON).
E-
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PC-0055444 24 lssue 16 August 201 5
F
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?
Armfleld Ltd lnstruction Manual TH3
Check that he mains switch (30) on the front of the console is switched off. Check that the
-eater switch (36) is off (0) and the heater power control (37) is set to minimum.
check that the drain valve (39) is closed using the tool supplied.
check that the calorimeter isolating valve (6) is closed

- lever vertical.
Spen the filler valve (38) on the top of the apparatus using the tool supplied.
Slolvly fill the system with pure water (preferably deionised or demineralised) until the level
reaches Tc o'f the way up the sight glass (10) on the front of the boiler. Appioximately 1.75
fitres of water will be required. lt may be helpful to use a funnel (not supplieO when filling the
apparatus. Do not close the filler valve at this point.
Switch on the eleiti'al supply to the console then check the operation of the RCD by
pressing the TEST button on the RCD. The RCD must trip when tn button is pressed.
lf the
RCD does not trip or.it trips before pressing the test button then it must be checked
by a
competent electrician before the equipment is used.
Switch on the mains power switch (30) on the console. The digital display should
be
illuminated.
Use the selector switch to check that initial readings for PT1o0(1), pT1o0(2)
and pressure p
are sensible. P should read approximately 0 kNTm'. The actual values'fr pT100(1)
and
PT100(2) will depend on the ambienttemperature but a typical reading
will be 109 ohms at
20"C (Refer to Data Sheet 1 section 15.3 for correction to the resis--tance
bridge, then to
Data Sheet 2 section 15.4 for a full table of temperature vs. resistance
values).
Clcse the isolating valve (6) to the calorimeter. Switch on the heater
switch (36) then set the
power control (37) to maximum and allow the water to heat.
When the water i boiling, with
steam escaping from.the filler valve, gradually reduce the heater power
to maintain a trickle
of steam' This will allow all air to be removd from the system without
excessive loss of
water or rise in system pressure.
Confirm that the pr.ej9yr9 in the system remains at approximately

0 kN/m.. Wait until the
reading from PT100(1) is approximately 138.0 Ohms'indicated,
138.5 Ohms corrected
resistance, corresponding to the boiling point of water at a temperature
readings will depend on the actual atmopheric pressure).
of 100"c (Actual
when all air has been expelled from the system and the reading from
temperature sensor
PT100(1) is sensible close the filler valve sing the tool supplie,
taking cre to avoid the
escaping steam. lncrease the power control to maximum and
pressure/temperature in. the system to rise. observe allow the
that the readings for pressure p and
temperature corresponding to resistance reading prrooirj
both inciea"u ig1r"r. when
the pressure indicated i9 4 uar gaLfue tlm')
9nqr9*i1lately 1+oo check that the reading from
PT100(1) is approximately 15a ohm indica[ed,-1s'e onms corrected corresponding to a
temperature of 152oc. open the isolating valve (6) to the throtfling
calorimeter. w"it for the
reading from PT100(2) to stabilise then confrm inat ttre reading
ii typically 140-142 ohms,
the actual reading depending on the actual quality of the steam and the atmospheric
pressure' Close the calorimeter isolating valve and cntinue
heating to confirm that the relief
valve operates at no more than B bar gauge (800 kN/m,).
Switch off the heater power, open the calorimeter isolating valve
and allow the system to
cool to atmospheric pressure/temperature with steam gradirally
escaping into the container
below the throttling calorimeter.
PC-0055444
t


?

il
DO NOT attempt to open the filler valve or drain valve until the system pressure has reduced
to atmospheric pressure (the readng on the Bourdon gauge must be zero before opening
G
the filler or drain valve).
IF

Commissioning of the TH3 Saturation Pressure Apparatus is complete and the equipment is
rlt
ready for performing the Laboratory Teaching Exercises.
q
g
11.6 Electrical Wiring Diagram c

Please see the following wiring diagrams attached at the rear of this manual. lf you are IF
viewing this manual electronically please see accompanying pdf.
g
Wiring Diagram CDM27764H
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PC-0055444 26 lssue 16 August 2015
F
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Arrnfield Ltd lnstruction Manual TH3
12 Operation
',rrhere necessary, refer to the drawings in Equipment Diagrams section B.
12.1 Operating the Software
Please refer to the software operatini instructions supplied on the Armsoft CD ROM or data
stick.
12.2 Operating the Equipment
The following procedure shotld be followed to fill the TH3 apparatus before use:
check that the mains switch (30) on the front of the console is switched off.
check that the drain valve (39) is fully closed using the tool supplied.
close the calorimeter isolating valve (6) - lever on valve vertical.
open the filler valve (38) on the top of the apparatus, using the tool supplied.
Slovily fill the system with pure water (preferably deionised, demineralised or distilled) until
9f t\e way up the sight glass (10) in the side of the boiler (2): This
the level reaches %
requires approximately 1% litres of water. lt may be helpful to use a funnel (not supplied)
during this procedure.
Do not close the filler valve at this point.
The following procedure should be fotlowed to expel air from the TH3 apparatus
before use:
Air remaining in the pipework or expelled from the water when boiled for the first time will
affect the accuracy of the measurements taken and can cause significant errors. To
avoid
this, the following procedure should be carried out:
Switch on the electrical console, switch th9 heater (36) and set the power control (37) to
maximum. Allow the water to heat until it9n
is boiling.
When the water is boiling, with steam escaping from the filler valve. gradually
reduce the
heater power to maintain a trickle of steam. Tis will allow all air to be removed
from the
system without excessive loss of water or rise in system pressure.
Confirm that the pr99!yr9 in the system remains at approximately 0 kNim'. Wait
until the
reading from PT100(1) is approximately 138.0 Ohms'indicated, 138.S Ohrhs
corrected
resstance, corresponding to the boiling point of water at a temperature of 100"C (Actual
readings will depend on the aciual atmospheric pressure).
When all air has been expelled from the system and the reading from temperature sensor
PT100(1) is sensible close the filler valve (38) using the tool suiplied, taking care to avoid
the escaping steam. lncrease the power control to maximum and allow the
pressure/temperature in the system to rise as required for the exercise being performed.
PC-005s444 27 lssue 16 August 2015

'-a
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t

The following procedure should be followed to drain the TH3 apparatus
after use: a*
Important: AIIow the apparatus ta cool to room temperature before attempting t
the water.
to drain
r
Open the calorimeter isolating valve (6) and check that the internal and external pressures G
have equalised (the internal pressure should be approximately 0 kN/m, or 0
bar gauge). The t
Bourdon gauge (B) provides a convenientvisual indication otifre internal pr"r"ui"
read zero before opening the drain valve.
and must z

Attach a length of tubing (not provided) to the drain valve near the base of the boiler (39),
and place the other end of the tube in a suitable container or drain. g
t
Open the filler valve (38) using the tool supplied.
e
Open the drain valve (39) using the tool supplied, and allow the water to drain
from the
F
system.

Note: lf donised or demineralised water has been used for filling, the apparatus need
not E
be drained except for storage.

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PC-0055444
28 lssue 16 August 20'15
TH3
Armfield Ltd
1 3 EquiPment SPecifications
13.1 USB Ghannel Numbers
The channel numbers for the USB port are listed below for information:
pts(Q,s'V.dc.'xp'r,td,.f.rm,,-iCket):,::i
:: :.ii ll:. :: 1.t:t.lr.l.: :r:ilJ;::,:
*:
-: i: i::ll
,lch o s''g.d
ti
.u .. .-..:
Not used on TH3
Ch 2 Signal ilNot used on TH3

II
Ch 3 Signal used on TH3
Ch 3 Return i

Ch 4 Signal lNot used on TH3
Ch 5 Signal
Ch 6 Signal
r: :r" 6 Return
il--
Not used on TH3
'cn z return
I
rlNot used
il
PC-0055444 23 lssue 16 August 2015

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TH3

AntoEInpts.(':5Vm
{F
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Not used
v

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Digitl Inputs,{0.5V,dc) :
F
u;1
3B-50
lf*n;;o --ll v
{
I 3.2 Envi"nonmental Conditions F
oF
This equipment has been designed for operation in the
following environmental conditions
Operation outside of these cnditions may result reduced
equipment or hazard to the operator.
performance, damage to the v
{

d- lndoor use;
c?
I
b. Altitude up to 2000 m;
c. Temperature S .C to 40 "C; F
-F
d. Maximum relative humidity B0 % for temperatures
up to 31 'c, decreasing linearly to CF
50 % relative humidity at 40 "C;
g?
e. Mains supply vortage fructuations up to t1 0% F
rt.
Transient over-voltages typically.present on
ofthe nominar vortage;
FF
the MAINS supply;
Note: The normal level of transient over-voltages
?

category tt of tEC 60364_4_443;
is impulse withstand (over-voltage)
FF
g. Pollution degree 2. EF
Normally only nonconductive pollution occurs. e?
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Temporary conductivity caused by condensation
is to be expected. 7
Typical of an office or laboratory environment. tF
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PC-0055444
30 Issue 1 6 Aug ust 201 S
Armfield Ltd lnsiruction Manual TH3
14 Routine Maintenance
14.1 ResponsibilitY
To preserve the life and efficient operation of the equipment it is important that the
equipment is properly maintained. Regular maintenance of the equipment is the
responsibility of the end user and must be performed by qualified personnel who understand
the operation of the equipment.
14.2 General
ln addition to regular maintenance the following notes should be observed:
1. The TH3 should be disconnected from the electrical supply when not in use.
2. Water should be drained from the apparatus after use to minimise fouling.
Note: lf it is necessary to change the pressure sensor then any offset in the output
from the sensor should be eliminated by adjustng VR14 on the PCB inside the
console to give a reading of 0 kN/m2 on the display with the system open to
atmosphere.
lf recalibration of the PT100 bridge circuits is necessary then calibration should be carried
cu't with the system boiling at atmospheric pressure. Adjust VR10 for PT100(1) or VR11 for
FT100(2) until the display reads the correct resistance- use Data SheetT section 1b.g, Data
Sneet 2 section'15.4 and then Data Sheet'1 section 15.3 to obtain the resistance
conresponding to the boiling point of water at the local atmospheric pressure (a barometer
r,nll be required).
PC-0055444 31 lssue 16 August 2015

--l

.1
Armfield Ltd lnstructon Manual TH3
(3
rt!
15 Laboratory Teaching Exereises D
(t
15.1 lndex to Exercses
Exercise A - characteristic behaviour of a two phase fluid (section i 6)
dC
Exercise B - Principles of saturation pressure measurement (section 17) ?
Exercise C - Concept of a saturation line (section 1B)
aJ
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Exercise D - Steam tables (section 1g) C
Exercise E - Use of the steady flow energy equation (section 20) to
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PC-0055444
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TH3
15.2 Nomenclature
i
{ g :. ,= i:;,,.::
,FW
; ;r
I ,, ',.',r, :?.:::=
'->--.t.*
, l"ileasured
R-r Recorded
resistance
lndicated resistance of the platinum

Recorded resistance thermometer in the steam
offtake pipe.
l
;Corrected Actual resistance of the platinum

R"r Referenced resistance thermometer in pipe loop
iresistance
I
I
I
after correction for bridge circuit.
Actual resistance of the platinum

iCorrected resistance thermometer in steam
jresistance R"r Referenced
1
offtake pipe after correction for bridge
I
:
circuit.
Temperature Temperature corresponding to

Referenced
indicated resistance of the platinum
resistance thermometer within the
pipe loop.
"-"
Ts.nlerature
Referenced
rempeii* ffies;d 6=
indicated resstance of the platinum
resistance thermometer in the steam
offtake pipe.
Pressure Recorded Pressure reading from electroniC

pressure sensor.
Recorded Tme elapsed since the test run was

started.
Absolute temperature at the point oi

Absolute Referenced or measurement, as found from the
temperature T""
calculated platinum resistance thermometer
reading. May be referenced direcfly
from the table provided, or calculaied
AS:
Tu, = Tlr orzl+ 273.15
Actual True absolute temperature at the

temperature Referenced point of measurement, referenced
from the graph of the vapour point of
water using the absolute pressure
D
labs.
PC-0055444 33 lssue 1 6 August 201 5

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Atmospheric Ambient pressure of the surroundings
ID
pressure atm kN/m2 Recorded
ofthe apparatus. E
!
Absolute
Abaii;pr;i,* il;
the pressure indicated by the
pressure Puo. kN/m' Calculated
electronic pressure sensor.
C
Calculated as: u
F
Pu.=Pr*P"t,

Enthalpy of
fluid before
Enthalpy of steam in the pipe loop. !
h1 kJikg Referenced Referenced using the absolute
throttling temperature corresponding to T1. Y
I
Enthalpy of Enthalpy of steam after passing g
fluid after h2 kJ/kg Referenced through the throttling calorimeter.
throttling- Referenced using the absolute
temperature corresponding to T2. I
-
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PC-0055444
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Armfield Ltd lnstl-ucton Manual TH3
15.3 Data Sheet 1
- [rei*l-t o rreEGEl-l',48 a s u rE d* - C o iie ctd il

lvla s ] I
Resistance i Resistance rlnl

i Resrstance I Resistance i
10 110il0 1131 l12s.5s

io1 lrnnes irz irnrn
1z
13
ss l r:
l rnr
i1[253 1134
l rr sr
i13293
104 i10338 1135 113408
15 i 1[4 25 1 136 1 135 21
1E 110512 i137 113636
107 110600 l13B 113753
1[B 1 106 88 l 13s 1 13S 71
1[s i107.78 114 l13ss0
110 110868 1141 114110
111 110s5s 1142 114232
112 1110.50 1143 114354
113 1111.43 lEq lM47E
114 11 12.38 145
1 i 146 04
115 i1133 I146 I1473
118 111425 1147 14858
117 111521 It+S lt+ggZ
118 i11818 l14s lrSril
11s iilZ.r6 1150 liSZsn
120 1 118 14 1 151 1 153 8s
121 i 1 19 '13 1 152 1 155 17
122 i120 14 lrSS lrn.S
123 1121 15 1154 i15791
124 j12217 1155 lrSU
125 i 123 20 1 156 1180 71
126 112424 1157 1162.13
127
'r2B ITZSZS lre llnsn
i12635 ltsg lrng.Z
128 1 127 42 1 16 l lnn.+e
1t!** i"1?8 e[ _ I __" ___*l ^ _*_ i
Resistance Bridge Correction Chart
The bridge will be balanced when the PT100 has a resistance of 1004. At any other value of
resistance there will be an imbalance in the bridge resulting in an error in the reading. This
chart can be used to correct for this error.
Use of the chart

Take a reading for the resistance of the PT100 from the display on the front of the console.
Find the closest value to this reading from the 'Measured resistance' column of the table
then read the corresponding 'Corrected resistance'.
Values may be interpolated for improved accuracy.
PC-0055444 35 lssue 16 August 2015

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TH3

C
15.4 Data Sheet 2 q
c

Temperature
a
n L q
0.u0
"21t1"t**'
1
1 78

2 275 15 .:
1 01 .56 4 277.15 C
102.34
13.12
6
B
279
281 15
15
a
13 s[ 10 283.1 5 C
1 [4.88 12 285.15
1 05.48 14 287.15
1 08.24 '16 289.15 C
1 7.2
{ 07.7s
1 8.57
1B
2D

.1D1 1E
293.15
295 15
I
c
1 0g.35
1 1.12
4 2s7.15 d
1 1 0.90
111.67
lJ
.tD
U
3t:l
299.1 5
s1.15
303.15
I-
112.45 32 305.15
113.22 AA
JA 37.1 5 {
I 1 3.gg 3E 3[9.,15 C
114.grJ 31 1 ,15
ta
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UU
1 1 5.54 40 41r 4tr
1 1 6.31 42 J IX. ID
11 7.09 44 317.15
1 17.85 46 319.15 a
1 1 8.62 U
au 321.15
e
PTl00 Platinum Resistance Thermometer Reference Chart a

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PC-0055444
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Armfield Ltd lnsiruction Manual TH3
Tn"-- -*-=-
JIJ.I
139.26 1n2 375.1 5
14 02 14 J/1.tb
14.77 106 379.15 lcn ff
l:rh 42s.15
141.53 1B 381 .15 1 E.30 15fi 431 .1 5
142.29 1 383.15 1 61 .04 160 433.15
143.04 t J. I b 181 7s 162 435.15
143.8 14 3s7 15 182 53 184 437.15
144.55 16 389.1 5 I bJ.l1 168 439 15
145.31 118 391 .1 5 1 S4.02 168 441.15
146.6 120 393 15 164:76 17 443.15
146 81 122 395 ,15 1 65.5 172 14. I b
147 57 124 397 15 16824 174 447.15
1nqn
t+D.Jl. 126 3s9.15 t 66.s8 178 449.15
14s:7 128 401 5
.1 1 87.72 178 +Dt.t5
149 82 130 43 15 18846 1B[ 453 15
1 50.57
1.Jn
t I q
45 15 169.20 ID 455 15
51 .33 134 47 15 169 94 104
1 tua 457 15
152 E 1s6 49 15 70.68 186 459 15
4 Et nn 4 a { nn
I J.OJ t,Jo 41 1 .15 71.42 to 461 15
153 58 14 413 15 72.18 1S0 463 15
4 5 lq
I .l.t.,f , 142 41515 72.9[ 192 465 15
155.!7 144 4',I7.15 73.63 194 447.15
I tE nl
IJJ.tr 146 419.15 174 37 1gE 469 15
156.57 148 421 15 1 75.1 [ 198 471 15
1]q,E_4, ?00 i
473 15
PTl00 Platinum Resistance Thermometer Reference Chart (cont.)
Use of the chart
Take a reading for the resistance of the PT100 from the display on the front of the console.
Find the corrected value for the resistance from the Resistance Bridge Correction Chart
(Data Sheet 1).
Find the closest value to the corrected resistance from the 'Measured Resistance, column
of
the above table.
Read along the column to find the reading in degrees Celsius and the corresponding
reading
in degrees Kelvin.
PC-0055444 37 lssue 16 August 2015

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Arnlfield Ltd
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lnstruction Manual TH3 U
!
'15.5 Data Sheet 3
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Vapour Pont of Saturated Water {a
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PC-0055444 38 lssue 16 August 2015
tr
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TH3
15.6 Data Sheet 4
*j*
|
-i | _-*--
Enthatpy of I Enthatpy of Enthalpy
i r**perature j saur11eu
liquu Ii
saturat-ed change during
i
r
vapour EVapriratio n
ii:t
,ihtlh"
'11 hto
i
'
"c
oa1 I
K r
t ;
t+J/kg
,.,.,
.tl
l l
"i-*--"**-----,*-*-"""i^"-"""---_
kr/kg
,:tll 28s6 | soztr I n1 4E I zssq.q 2432.94

i 3q:i?! 1q | lff1q Ij r25f7s
I 3s,31 |
sr se I r
:srar
zoz.q
243U 51
4o oo j 313 15 I
2415.87
57 I zslqz
4lr I u+no I 167rz:ea I izz
2408.t3
1! ql I 318 s6 | rur sr I
2403 12
zse+ r 2392.87
5000 I 32315 I 20s33 I zsszl 2382.77
q! 0q I 333 15 I 251 13 i zous n 2358.47
6s 10
87 |1 34s 02 ji sr r se II
34225 zau.z3 2825.3 2336.[7
75 zna.e 2319.22
81 33 t 354.48 1 34.4s i znqs s 2305,41
gq s4 I 35s 0s I rsa a6 | 2653.5 22s3.84
El gq ! ras rn | 376.70 I
s3 50 i 368 45 I
znon u 2283 3
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i 403
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1q5 i 43815 I 8s722 i
4q l 448 ++ ss i
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lsq i
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son Ts
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l
1
Enthalpy of Saturated Water
PC-0055444 ao
I
I
I
TH3
I
t
15.7 Data Sheet 5
I
Enthalpy of superheated water vapour I
The properties of superheated water are normally given in standard text books in {
a similar
manner to the example given below. The enthalpy of superheated water vapour
determined by finding the table for the pressure closest to ine measured pressre,
may be I
and then
cross-referencing the appropriate column with the temperature closest to the measured t
temperature. For greater accuracy, intermediate values may be interpolated from the given
data.
I
I
Temp. Densily lnt. t
T energy Enthalpy
h
Entropy
t
o-
m3/kg
u
lcl/kq
t+J/kg t+J/kg K i
P = 5. BAR =- 500 KN/Ma i
(T"ut = 151.88 "CJ t
Sat.

0.3749 2561.2 2748.1 6 8213
1t 0.4[45 2609.7 281 2.tl 6.8858

2TJE
24A
4249
0 4846
2842.9 2855.4 7.0592 t
277.6
2Btl 534 2t71 2
2g3g.g
3tl22 g
7.2307
7.3865
i
320 541S ?834 7 3105 8 7 538 t
380
40[
0.5796
.8173
2898.7
2963 2
31884
3271 :9
7 E6Et]
7 7938
t
t
t
For. use.with this equipment, the required information from
these tables has been extracted, t
and is given in the following table. The enthalpy of superh"tuo water
by cross-referencing the values closest to the rn""ruro pr"srr"
vapour may ue found
and temperature.
tt
t-l
t
T
t
i
T
t{
t
t
tC
t

It
t
t
T
PC-0055444 40 lssue 16 August 2015 t

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PC-0055444 41 Issue 16 August 20'15

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rl

*

15.8 Data Sheet 6

Relative and absolute scale values *
As with the measurement of any physical property, the measurement of pressure and
temperature rely upon comparison with some fixed reference pont. ln the measurement of
pressure, an obvious reference point is that of the ambient pressure of the surroundings.
irressure scales have been based around a zero point of the pressure of the atmosphere at
sea level. Pressures lower than atmospheric pressure are assigned negative values;
pressures higher than atmospheric pressure have positive values.
Gauges for measuring pressure give readings relative to this zero point, by comparing the
q
pres;ure of interest to tfre pressure of the surrounding air. Pressures measured using such a
gauge pressure. These
b"ug" are given relative to a fixed value, and are sometimes termed
measure pressure difference between the pressure to be measured and the barometric
l
(ambient) pressure. This may then need adjusting, to take into account any difference
between barometric pressure and the pressure at sea level.
E

Many clculations using equations derived from fundamental physical laws require absolute
presure values. Absolute pressure is the pressure relative to a total absence of pressure F
iie. a totalvacuum). On an absolute pressure scale, all pressures have a
iollowing chart illustrates the difference between gauge pressure,
positive value. The
barometric pressure, and l
absolute pressure. !t
;

?
t|

q
{l)
L
(u
cj) U
.f
= . Atmospheric referenc
=
tfi
m
(u -
-( ------r--l: "_p_Erilltfg U
LN
c)
L
o*

f
g-
gJ
lolL
Il- m=
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'tr:
-'
t
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= e
l _*_ E
o
gl
g
T
ul
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a
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t
t
LI
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cf
G

vt
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flj q
m
Absolute reference C
*
t
t
As for pressure, temperature scales have also been based around a comparison with fixed T
reference points. For example, the ice point of water is assigned a value of 0" on the Celsius
scale. Temperatures measured on the Celsius scale are therefore given relative to a fixed
t
value. Absolute temperature scales take as a zerc point the theoretical temperature at which c
an ideal gas has azero volume and no internal energy, equalto -273.15'C. One such scale
is the Kelvin scale, which has the same scale interval as the Celsius scale.
It
!f two different scales have the same scale interval, then the number of intervals of I
difference between two temperatures will be identical. For example, the difference between
t
I
I
PC-0055444 42 lssue 16 August 2015
i
I
t
Armfield Ltd insrrictlon Manual TH3
25'C (298.15 K) and 27'C (300.15 K) is 2 for both the Celsius and Kelvin scales. When
performing calculations involving temperature difference, it is good practice to first convert all
values into the same scale required for the answer. This avoids possible confusion.
Most industrial pressure instruments read gauge pressure, especially where the working
pressJre of a vessel is being monitored. These must be converted to absolute pressure
before the experimental pressure data is used for calculations. This means that there must
be some sensor, such as a barometer, to measure the ambient pressure of the location.
ln the case of the TH3, the pressure sensors give a reading relative to ambient pressure.
Because of the level of accuracy of the other readings being taken and the magnitude of the
experimental errors involved, it is only necessary to determine absolute pressure to t 0.01
bar. This means that atmospheric pressure also only needs to be determined to the same
accuracy. This can be.achieved with a simple mercury barometer (not supplied).
The temperature sensors included with the equipment are of the platinum resistance type.
The resistance of the sensors may be read from the display on the console. The value can
then be compared to the graph provided to determine the temperature. This potentially
provides better accuracy than transponder circuitry to convert the values into degrees
electronically, as it eliminates zero errors. lt also allows a direct conversion from sensor
resistance into an absolute temperature scale.
PC-0055444 43 lssue 16 August 2015

fe
Armfield Ltd lnstruction Manual TH3 F
G
15.9 Data Sheet 7

;

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F
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F
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Boiling Point of Water (kParC)
e
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a
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t

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tfr
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PC-0055444 44 lssue 16 August 2015
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Armfield Ltd instruCion lvlanual
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700 /2 740 760 78 ttLt
PrBs$ure {rilft*lHi
Boiling Point of Water (mm HgrC)
PC-0055444 lssue '1 6 August 2015

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0.9 0.s2 CI.s4 0.s6 .s8 1 1.02 1.04 106

Fressure {En}
Boiling Point of Water (barrC)
PC-0055444 47 lssue 16 August 201S

C

,Armfield Ltd lnstruction Manual TH3

*
16 Exercise A - Characteristic behaviour of a two phase fluid
G
{!
Pressure relief valve Filling
fr
pci nt *
!
.C
Saturated
vapour 4
lsolating

C
valve
?
;

It
4
Objective
To study the behaviour of water during the transition between liquid and vapour phases.

l!
Method
To investigate the behaviour of water at temperatures around the vapour point over a range
+
of pressures. To study the change in vapour point with increasing pressures, and to watch l
the fluid behaviour using a sight glass set into a pressure vessel.
-C
Theory
Bailing regimes
r

When a body of water is heated at constant volume by means of a hot surface, such as a C
heater element, various different stages may be observed in the heating process: tu
At very low heat flux between the heater and the fluid, no boiling occurs. Heat transfer
between the element and the fluid is by conduction, and fluid motion occurs through free
convection^ Phase change occurs only as evaporation at the free surface. .c
-C

c
e
C
I
tr
During this stage, slight swirling of the water surface may be seen.
fr

At increased heat flux, phase change will occur at the heater surface, with small bubbles of t
vapour forming as the layer of fluid surrounding the heater reaches saturation temperature.
These rise out of the hot boundary layer between the heater and the main volume of the
e

It
PC-0055444
Ft
48 lssue 16 August 20'1 5
F
dtl
Armfielc l-:c -___ _^_ tr^^,,^l
.._ Jdt
TH3
water, untl they reach cooler fu:l r,'tere they condense.

evaporaton at the free surface. Final phase change occurs as
During this stage' small bubbles may

occasionally be seen condensing on
the sight glass.
As heat flux rises' heat is transferred
through the fluid mainly by free convection,
of the volume reaches saturation t"rpLtui" until
heater surface and rise through tne
i* rri"ny bubbres of vapour form onmost
the
", suira;;.'il;' bubbre
riuJ tn tr.'e
fluid' producing increaseo miiing movement agitates the
the fluid. This stage is sometimeJt"rr"J better eat transfer from the heater
"no"ln*"quenfly
nucteate boiting.
to
During this stage, vigorous bubbring

may be seen through the sight grass.
As heating within the vessel is at constant
increases during the heating p,t. volume, the internar pressure of
. pressure increases the saturation
the system
water also increases and th iiqrio temperature of
in tu system uecomes iu.perheated (it
a temperature above the boiring remains liquid at
foint pressure).
"i'rtrospheric
lf the pressure is now reduced wiftroyJ

example by bleedinq off steam 3 corresponding
rrom te system,
reduction in temperature, for
then the ia-turation temperature is
The superheated tiq-uid vapori*ur
,r i'r, urpow point falls, p'iooucing violent frothing.reduced.
E
E PC-0055444
49
{t
I1F
'

5t
F
The pressure - volume - temperature relationship
/
The ielationship between pressure, specific volume and temperature can be found in most F
standard thermodynamics textbooks. This exercise investigates the pressure-temperature
relationship at constant volume. A graph summarising this relationship is given below; the
exercise will cover temperatures and pressures occurring along the L-V Iine. The relationship
f-

is covered in greater detail in later exercises.
F
?
?
0)
3.
(t
Critical
g

V)
U
L
?
_
Triple point F

L
Temperature 7
3
F
Equipment Set UP
Cneif that the calorimeter valve and the drain valve at the base of the boiler are both ?
closed. U
Check that the mains power to the console is switched off before filling the boiler. 7
F
Open the filling point at the top using the key provided. Fill the equipment using purified or
de-ionised water, until the water level is halfway up the sight-glass at the front of the boiler.
tt
Do not seal the filling point until instructed later. F
F
Switch on the mains power to the console, and switch on the console itself.
Procedure
fr
;
Switch on the heater, and turn the heater power controlto maximum.
Observe the appearance of the fluid in the boiler through the sight glass as the temperature
increases. Allow the water to reach boiling point, indicated by intense movement at the
surface and steam escaping from the filling point. Reduce the heater power slightly to
tF
maintain a steady but not excessive stream of steam. Wait until the resistance reading (R,1)
becomes steady, meaning that all air has been expelled. Note the pressu'e inside the
g
vessel, as indicated by the pressure sensor P1, d the resistance indicated by the platinum F
resistance thermometer R,1. The resistance may be converted into temperature using the
tables provided in Data Sheet 1 section 15.3 and Data Sheet2 section 15.4. Closethefiller
F
valve then return the heater to maximum power. ;
I
At intervals of approximately five minutes, note the readings for P1 and R.,. Note the
approximate temperature and pressure at which significant changes occur in the appearance
e
of the fluid. ;
When the system reaches maximum working pressure (7 bar), fully open the calorimeter
g
valve and switch off the heater power. After thirty seconds take readings for pressure (P1) !
and resistance (R.,), and continue to do so at thirty-second intervals. Note any changes in e
fluid appearance as the pressure drops.
tf
!
PC-0055444 50 lssue 16 August 2015
F
G
F
C
Armfield Ltd TH3
LEAVE THE CALORIMETER ISOL}"TING VALVE OPEN AFTER THE DATA HAS BEEN
TAKEN. Leaving the valve closed after the pressure reaches atmospheric pressure, may
result in partial vacuum inside the apparatus as it cools to ambient temperatre. This could
permanently damage the apparatus.
Results
Tabulate your results under the following headings:
Measured Corrected Temperature Fressure

Output OutpLrt
T]
m1 Rct Tr
Fluid Apteara nce
Pr
t_l ('c) (kt'l/mr)
Plot a graph'of pressure against temperature.
Conclusion
Describe the behaviour observed as the fluid was heated and then the pressure
reduced.
Did the fluid show sudden changes in behaviour, or were the transitions grdual?
comment on the prgs.sul_e and temperature graph obtained. Does it look similar to the
theoretical g raph provided?
PC-0055444
51 lssue 16 Augirst 20'1 5
(l
Armfieid Ltd
!!
lnstruction Manual
TH3 s
17 Exercise B - Principles of saturaton pressure T
measurement
?
!
Pressure relief valve Filling
paint rE
! tf
Saturated !
vapCIur
?
lsolating
Jt-
(F
valve
!
E
!
e
Objective
T
To obtain an understanding of the principles of saturation ;r
pressure measurement.
t
Method j
To measure the saturation pressure of water using pressurised
a vessel. To examine the
effect of unsteady conditions on measurement
accuiacy. F
Theory

It is recommended that students read Data sheet 'Relative
6
E
section 15.8, before beginning this experiment. and qwruru.E
'v srru absolute scale
5u values,

The properties of water at constant volume
can be represented as a function of pressure and
i
temperature as shown in the diagram below. E
F
g

LICIUID
Critical
e
1
L
=
tj
paint F
an _C

L
fi_
riple point
fr
CA
VAPUR g
Temperature r

The saturation point of water is the condition
vapour' or vapour to liquid. lt occurs at a
at which a phase change occurs from liquid
to q
very precise set of ,conditions, which form a
when plotted on a graph such as ftii snow 'aoove
fr"*" L V). Measurement of the
line
q
?
PC-0055444
52
q
c?
Fi;
Armfleld Ltd lnstru:tlon Manual TH3
saturation point therefore requires accurate measurement of absolute pressure and absolute
temperature. Selection of suitable measuring devices must take into account several factors:
. The range of temperatures expected - devices must be able to operate over the full
temperature range of the apparatus.
. The range of pressures expected - devices must be able to operate over the full
pressure range ofthe apparatus.
. The type of sensor output required - automated monitoring will generally require an
electrical output, for example.
. The response times required - which will partly depend upon the rate of heating and
consequently the rate of temperature change.
. The size of sensor required, including any output transducer and display.
. Hot, .lyvet conditions - combination of heat, air and water produces a highly corrosive
atmosphere.
The TH3 apparatus uses sensors that are fairly typical of those used in a similar industrial
situation:
. Platinum resistance thermometers are used to measure temperature, giving an

electrical ouiput in Ohms. These have a wide temperature range and give excellent
accuracy. They can operate under a wide range of pressures, but require a protective
shield in liquid and corrosive atmospheres. Such shielding does increase the
response time of the sensor and the size of the sensor probe.
. An electronic pressure sensor of semiconductor type has been used. In this sensor,
one side of a diaphragm is exposed to the pressure to be measured, while the other
side is open to atmosphere. The resulting deflection forces a rod into a metallic strip
with semiconductor resistance gauges bonded to the surface. The resulting tension
or compression in these gauges produces a measurable change in the
semiconductor resistance, which can then be converted to a pressure reading by a
suitable conditioning circuit.
Silinonresistors lnsulating glass
Stainless steel strip

Silicon strain
Applied force
Force
transfer rsd Tensiun, resistance
Cumpressinn,
Diaphragm resistance deereases
Pressure port
Ear deflects under force
A Bourdon-type gauge has been included to give a visual indication of the pressure inside
the equipment. This is intended as an extra safety measure, indicating when the system is
pressurised even if the water is not visibly active. Bourdon gauges can be constructed to
PC-0055444 53 lssue '16 August 20'1 5

J
e
J
e
cover a wide pressure range; but due to the nature of the display the accuracy of such
gauges decreases as the total range of the scale ncreases. Temperature changes will affect
the accuracy of the sensor, but where temperature variation is pressure-dependent the
tt
sensor may be calibrated to compensate. The gauge is relatively bulky and robust, and
output purely mechanical. q
The accuracy of the measurements taken will be affected by the properties of the sensors C
chosen. This experiment will investigate the effect of one property, that of response time or
thermal lag, on the accuracy of the results.
(!
Equipment Set Up
Check that the calorimeter valve and the drain valve at the base of the boiler are both
closed.
tt
Check that the mains power to the console is switched off before filling the boiler.
d
e
Open the filling point at the top using the key provided. Fill the equipment using purified or
a
Do not seal the filling point until instructed later.
C
switch on the mains power to the console, and switch on the console itself.
Procedure
tt
Switch on the heater and turn the heater control to maximum.

Allow the water to reach boiling point, indicated by intense movement at the surface and
steam escaping from the filling point. Reduce the heater power slightly to maintain a steady
e
but not excessive stream of steam. Wait until the resistance reading (R,1) becomes steady, 1
meaning that all air has been expelled. Note the pressure inside the vessel, as indicated by C
the pressure sensor P1, od the resistance indicated by the platinum resistance thermometer
C
tt
R*l. The resistance may be converted into temperature using the tables provided in Data
Sheet 1 section 15.3 and Data Sheet 2 section 15.4. Close the filler valve then return the
heater to maximum power.
At intervals of two minutes, record the thermometer output and the reading from f
electronic pressure sensor.
When the pressure reaches maximum working pressure (7 bar), turn off the heater.
the
tC
At intervals of five minutes, record the thermometer output and the reading from the
tt
electronic pressure sensor. C
Continue recording until the readings stabilise, or for as long as possible if the readings have
not stabilised within the available time.
f
G
The first part of the experiment can be repeated with the heater at lower power settings, to
investigate the effect.of different heating rates. The cooling rate should remain unchanged, C
so need not be repeated. C
*
LEAVE THE CALORIMETER ISOLATING VALVE OPEN AFTER THE DATA HAS BEEN C
TAKEN' Leaving the valve closed, after the pressure reaches atmospheric pressure, may C
result in partial vacuum inside the apparatus as it cools to ambient temperatre. This could C
permanently damage the apparatus. h-
t
j
C
tF
PC-0055444 54 lssue 16 August 2015
t
J
Armfield L:o TH3
Results
Tabulate your results under the ;c;lcrlng headings:
Barometric Pressure: kN/m'
Elapsed Measured Corrected Absolute Pressure Absolute Actual

time output output temperature pressure temperature
t Rmt Rcr Taus P1 P.s. Ta"r
(mins) (o) (.Q) (K) lkN/m2) lkN/m2) tK)
Use the reference tables in Data Sheet 1 and Data Sheet 2 to find the absolute temperature
indicated by the Platinum Resistance Thermometer, from the thermometer output in Ohms.
Add the barometric pressure to the readings from the electronic pressure sensor, to give an
absolute pressure reading.
,ssuming that the measured temperature of the steam is equal to the vapour point of water,
ti'e actual temperature may be found from the absolute pressure, using the graph in Data
Sheet 3.
Plot a graph of indicated absolute temperature and actual absolute temperature against
time.
Conclusions
Comment on the shape of the graphs obtained. Discuss any differences between the actual
temperature and the temperature indicated by the platinum resistance thermometer output.
Estimate the thermal lag of the thermometer. lf results are available, compare the thermal
lag at different rates of heating.
What is the significance of these results when measuring saturation pressure? How could
the effect of thermal lag be reduced?
PC-0055444 55 lssue 16 August 20'15

q
18 Exercise C - Concept of a saturation line #dr
tr*t
PresEure re lief valve Filling
point *
*--t
Saturated
vapur qr

lsolsting F
valve
7
#
g
-F
Objective
+

To study the relationship between pressure and temperature of vaporisation of a fluid. t
Method
e-al
To heat water contained in a closed system of constant volume, and to measure the g
resulting changes in temperature and pressure.
-l
*r
E-i
Theory
It is commonly understood that the temperature at which water undergoes a liquidto-vapour
phase change varies with pressure. For example, water boils at a lower temperature when at F-
high altitudes, such as encountered on mountains. This relationship between pressure and

temperature at which the liquid{o-vapour phase change occurs may be plotted on a graph.
The resulting line is termed the safurafion line. Saturation lines may be obtained for any fluid,
F
t?
although in this experiment water will be used.
When plotted on a graph of absolute pressure Puo. against absolute temperature T"0., the
q
result is a smooth curve. The curve does not have a simple describing equation, but over a
limited range of pressure it is possible to obtain a good fit using:
:ct
-
I=-
i
tlt
trt
P*r:Po e\'/ Equation (1) er
-
This equation is not derived from any theory or underlying physical laws. lt only describes
behaviour. For any particular range of pressures, there are particular values of the
FEr
coefficients a and pe which minimise the differences between the measured points and the
curve given by the equation. These differences arise both through experimerital errors
#tl
(random, scale and zero errors) and because the real behaviour does not perfectly match F
the describing equation.
Obtaining best-fit values of the coefficients a and po may only be obtained by linearising the
q
curve. The usual method for doing this is to take logarithms of Equation (1):
F
lnP.5 - 1n'o .,
[+J Equation (2)
+
clf
tl
qr
PC-0055444 56 lssue 16 August 2015
dr
#a I
TH3
Therefore a and ln po are respectively. the gradient and the intercept of a graph
(n of ln pu6. vs.
At an elementary level, the coefficients may be obtained by drawing a best-fit line

to a plot of
experimental results. The value of a may be obtained as = (Ay/Ax) . To
obtain a good
spread of data, the zero of the x-axis wili have been suppressed, so the value
of p6 cannot
be read from the graph and must be obtained by substiiuting the co-ordinates
of a point on
the line into equation (2).
At a more advanced level, the varues of a and po mav be obtained by apprying

regression, using either a calculator or a spreadsheet. -J -.F- linear
Equipment Set Up
check that the calorirneter-va'lve and the drain valve at the base of the
boiler are both
closed.
Check that the mains power to the console is switched off before
filling the boiler.
open the filling point at the top using the key provided. Fill the equipment
using purified or
de-ionised water, until the water level is halfway up the signt-gtass
at the front of the boiler.
switch on the mains power to the console and switch on the

console itself.
Procedure
Allow the water to reach point, indicated by intense movement at the surface
-b-oiling rt tqvq and
qt t(l
t:ll'i,n^ry.lÎ?du9: the harer p*",srishuy to mintain a steady
;l?"*_""'::j::fl,I:Tjl:
ffiT::"li:,j,f:F'*,"?^:T:rlg: Nol" the,pressuielnsioe t",u u"isLl;il;iltJiii
sttttuiltc(ul
be converted into tempeiair" ,Jng the tabres provided in Data
k:Î?"^::rfl?1.-""1?v
Sheet 1 and Data Sheet 2.
when heating fluid in the boiler, it takes time heat to conduct

pipework and the temperature probe. The platinum through the apparatus to the
resitince thermometer must reach the
same temperature as the fluid before it will provide an
accurate reading. This time delay
between the fluid reaching a given temperature and
the sensor reaching the same value is
known as thermal lag.
close the filler varve then return the heater to maximum power.
Allow the water to heat for two minutes, then switch

off the heater power. watch the platinum
resistance thermometer output R,1, and wait until tne
value stablises. This allows heat to
conduct from the fluid to the rest of irre apparatus,
and thus reduces the effect of thermal lag.
Take a second set of readings from the platinum resistance
thermometer and the electronic
pressure sensor.
Heat at maximum power for another two minutes then

turn the heater off, wait for the
temperature reading to stabirise and repeat the sensor readings
continue in the same way' until the pressure reaches 7 bar. Leave the heater power
switched off after taking the final set of readings.
open the isolating valve to the calorimeter, and allow steam

to bleed off. This will reduce
both the pressure and temperature. close fl-re valve again
after thirly seconds.
PC-0055444
57 lssue '1 6 August 2015
Take a second set of data as the system cools, opening the isolating valve for thirty seconds
to allow steam to escape, then closing the valve and allowing time for the sensors to
stabilise before recording the sensor outputs.
LEAVE THE CALORIMETER ISOLATING VALVE OPEN AFTER THE DATA HAS BEEN
TAKEN. Leaving the valve closed, after the pressure reaches atmospheric pressure, may
result in partial vacuum inside the apparatus as it cools to ambient temperature. This could
Results
Measured Corrected Fressure Ahsolute Absnlute

Output .utput Temperature Fressure 1
Rnrt Rcr Tunu D.

I ahs .l- ln P",
Pr - lbs
.â
lf)) (rr) (kNimz) (K) (kN/mP)
Plota graph of ln Pu6.vs. 1/T, and usethegraph to obtain approximatevalues of a and ps.
On the same axes as the previous graph, plot a graph of ln P"6" calculated using the
equation
lnP.sf =h,Po.'[+J
and th values for a and pe obtained from the graph of In p"6. vs. 1/T.
Conclusions
Compare the two graphs and comment on the accuracy of the describing equation.
It is suggested that students begin Exercise D on completion of this exercise.
PC-0055444 58 lssue 16 August 2015

Armfield Ltd
l:s:ll:ciicn Manual TH3
19 Exercise D - Steam tables

Objective
To investigate the accuracy of saturation data obtained using basic equipment.
Method
To compare laboratory data with published steam tables. lt is recommended that Exercise C,
'Concept of a saturation line', is completed before commencing this experiment. The data
from Exercise C may then be used for this exercise.
Theory
Published graphs and tables of the liquidto-vapour phase change temperature over a range
of pressures are available for reference. These may be found in relevant textbooks and may
be provided by the rnanufacturers of equipment involving the use of high-pressure steam.
These curves are obtained from very accurate experiments, which eliminate experimental
error.
ln Exerciseb, it *as seen that a reasonable fit to the saturation line might be obtained using
the equation
',1
t-
Tl
*bs -^fU -Lr,J
-
However, the range of values for temperature and pressure obtainable without the use of
highly specialised equipment is limited. Estimation of ln p6 is by extrapolation over a
logarithmic scale, and small differences in a can lead to a wide range of values of p6.
The limitations of the method used to obtain the relationship between vapour point and
pressure may be seen by comparing experimental values obtained during the laboratory
exercise with values taken from published steam tables.
Equipment Set Up and Procedure

lf the results from Exercise C are available, these may be used and no equipment is
required. lf there are no previous results available, follow the equipment set up and
procedure instructions for Exercise C.
Results
Measured Carrected Pressure Ahsolute Absnlute

Output utput Temperature Fressure 1
Rmt Rct Tun*

f-r
-I ln Punu
Pr l- abs ob,
(. )l (ft) fkN/m2l {r{) (kl'l/mr)
Plot a graph of ln P"o, vs. 1/T, and use this to obtain approximate values of a and po. (This
may be omitted if the results from Exercise C are available).
Plot a graph of Pu5. vs. T from the experimental data"
PC-0055444 59 Issue '1 6 August 2015

-t
!
I
TH3 a
t_
Plot a graph of puo. vs. T, calculating p"o. using
the equation. I
p, =
-
ootno
/11'
t"lT,l t
-
rb4 a
a
a and pe obtained earlier. rhe axes shoutd cover
311;[3."3'J,:ir::t the temperature ranse
a
a
compare the graphs of P"6. vs. T with the graph provided
in Data sheet 3. This graph is a
taken from steam tables typical of those puolished i
standard thermodynamics texts.
Conclusions
a
How well does the experimental data compare to the
standard graph over the temperature
a
and pressure range covered by the experiment? a
How well does the describing equation obtained a
from the experimental data fit the standard
graph? a
what are the implications of these results for the design a
of an automatic monitoring sysie,,n
for liq uid-vapour transitions? a
II
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at
7
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JE
a
e
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t
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t
C
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PC-0055444
60
Issue 16 August 2015
q

qI
Armfleld Ltd Insirction Manual TH3
20 Exercise E - Use of the steady flow energy equation
Throttling
Pressure relief valve calorimeter
Filling I
noint
Saturated /
vapour
Objective
To determine the quality of steam exiting a pressurised vessel.
Method
To make use of a throttling calorimeter in conjunction with the Steady Flow Energy Equation,
in order to calculate the enthalpy of the escaping steam. To determine the quality of the
steam using standard reference tables.
Theory
After reaching the saturated liquid stage, heated fluid in the system will form a two-phase
liquid-vapour mixture. The ratio of the mass of vapour to the total mass of the mixture is
referred to as its quality, x. The quality varies from x = 0 (saturated liquid state) to x = 1
(saturated vapour).
From the thermodynamic laws of specific internal energy and enthalpy, it is possible to
derive an equation for the specific enthalpy of a two-phase fluid given in terms of the quality:
h=hr +x(h*-hr)
Equation (1)
where hi = Enthalpy of vapour
hn = Enthalpy of liquid
The increase in enthalpy during vaporisation is sometimes termed hn. Values for the
enthalpy of saturated water are provided in Data Sheet 3. A detailed explanation of enthalpy
is beyond the scope of this manual.
The thermodynamic laws for conservation of energy in a steady flow process give rise to the
Steady Flow Energy Equation:
{ )
Qi, *Wr: = rirlh," -h, *:L-i]-
".2-r'2 +E(zt -2,)
',)
l, z I
Equation(2)
PC-0055444 61 lssue 1 6 August 201 5

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q
J?
l
where Q = Rate of change of energy of system .l
!
W = Rate of doing work by system
cl
rir = Rate of mass change within system G
ct
hr = Enthalpy of fluid before throttling
G
t2
k E^+l.^l^.,
-- cnthalpy ft,,.J ^lr^- +}.-^++l;^^
^f fluid
of after throttling J
c = Velocity of fluid a
G
g = Gravitational constant
d
z = Potential energy of fluid C
Applying this to the throttling process (where heat transfer and changes in potential and f
kinetic nergies are negligible and the system does no work) indicates that the specific O
enthalpy of the fluid is the same before and after throttling:
d
hl=hr Equation (3)
q
-
This means that the specific enthalpy of a sample of steam is the same as that of the supply.
Substituting back into equation (1) then produces the equation:
d
e
h'-h'
"= he
:
Equation (4)
j
The fwo Property Rule states that the thermodynamic state of a fluid is defined by any two
independent properties. Published reference tables are commonly available giving the q
thermodynamic state of water at given conditions, obtained from accurate experimental data. .
The only two intensive properties that can be directly measured in this experiment are 4
temperature and pressure. The sample must be in a state where these two values are C
independent, ie. superheated steam. This condition is ensured by forcing the sample through
a greatly restricted pipe section, producing a large pressure drop, and causing the steam !
sample to enter the superheated region. ln this condition, the measured values of pressure
and temperature for the sample may be used in combination with the reference table t
provided in Data Sheet 4. to determine the steam quality.
Equipment Set Up
ti
Check that the calorimeter valve and the drain valve at the base of the boiler are both
closed. t -1
Check that the sensors are correctly connected to the console.

C
Check that the mains power to the console is switched off before filling the boiler. t;
Open the filling point at the top using the key provided. Fill the equipment using purified or c
tt
a
switch on the mains power to the console and switch on the console itself. C
t!
PC-0055444 62 lssue 16 August 2015

tI
i!
?
a
Procedure
Allow the water to reach boiling point, indicated by intense movement at the surface and
steam escaping from the filling point. Reduce the heater power slightly to maintain a steady
but not excessive stream of steam. Wait until the resistance reading (R,1) becomes steady,
meaning that all air has been expelled. Note the pressure inside the vessel, as indicated by
the pressure sensor Pr, and the resistance indicated by the platinum resistance thermometer
R*r" The resistance may be converted into temperature using the tables provided in Data
Sheet 1 and Data Sheet 2.
Close the filling point then set the heater to maximum power. Allow the pressure to rise to 1
bar above atmospheric. Turn the heater control to minimum, and allow the sensors to
stabilise.
Take readings for thepressureand.femperature inside the boiler, using the reference charts
in Data Sheet 1 and Data Sheet 2 to find the temperature corresponding to the reading from
the platinum resistance thermometer.
Open the i'alorimeter valve to bleed off a sample of steam. Wait until the reading for
PRT100(2) stabilises then record the pressure and temperature values for the sample, and
close the calorimeter valve again.
lncrease the pressure and temperature inside the boiler in increments of one bar, to a
maximum of seven bar. At each stage, turn the heater control to a minimum and wait for the
sensors to stabilise, then take a set of readings.
Switch off the heater.
At maximum pressure, open the calorimeter valve, and allow steam to escape continuously.
Take readings in one bar increments as the pressure decreases.
LEAVE THE CALORIMETER ISOLATING VALVE OPEN AFTER THE DATA HAS BEEN
TAKEN. Leaving the valve closed, after the pressure reaches atmospheric pressure, may
result in partial vacuum inside the apparatus as it cools to ambient temperature. This could
Results
PC-00s5444 63 lssue 16 AugLrst 20'1 5

J

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TH3
lnstruction Manual
Armfield Ltd
o c9
=i*
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dut a
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=G f
7
(o1L
ci= fli f
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PC-0055444 I
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lnstruction Manual TH3
Conclusions
Explain the variation in steam quality as pressure and temperature change.
What effect might steam quality have on design considerations for a plant producing or
working with superheated water vapour?
PC-0CI5s444 65 lssue 16 August 2015

a
Armfield Ltd lnstruction Manual Ti.I3
Iy
7
21 Contact Details for Further lnformatlon ?
F
Main Office: Armfield Limited Ul
Bridge House F
West Street
Ringwood
Hampshire
F

England BH24 1DY

Tel +44 (0)1425 478781 rr

Fax: +44 (0)1425 470916
e
Email : sales@armfield.co. uk
support@armfield. co. u k
a

- Web: http:/iwvwv.armfield.co.uk a f

US Office: Armfield lnc.
9 Trenton - Lakewood Road
E
I
Clarksburg, NJ 085
*
Tel: (609) 208 2800 7
Email : info@armfieldinc.com
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PC-0055444

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armfeld re

, {f\iSTR$tTti:{ ru?/' i'$ljj,,1-

Refrigeration & Air Conditi*ninqtr

Each machine is accompanied by an EC Declaration

Tne following harmonised standards were also consulted

B-q EN 61000-6-1:2007 Electromagnetic compatibrity (EMc). Generic standards.

BS EN 61000-6-3:2001 Electromagnetic compatibirity (EMC)^ Generic standards.

15.6 Data Sheet 4

Ao"reral warning indicatin,l the potential risk of personal injury

Aornner warning A Caution: Explosion Risk

A=,".rricar hazard A Cold Burn hazard

An,nn vortage hazard A Caution: Flammable

A*o,r,ing parts hrzard A Caution: Biohazard

A"ru'on: corrosive materiar

srn,, symbot draws your attention to the W*" rprotective groves

Ef*"", eye protection w Wear ear protection

6.1 Failure to comply with safety standards

Specifically, such non-observance can cause:

. inability of machine and/or plant to perform key functions;

. damage to the machne and /or plant ;

. electrical, mechanical and/or chemical danger to persons;

. environmental danger due to leakage of hazardous substances.

A,n" Equipment contains moving parts. Do not insert limbs or materials

6.2 Start up, operation and maintenance

6.3 lntended conditions of use

6.4 Safety guidelines relating to maintenance, inspection and assembly

6.5 Arbitrary production and transformation of spare parts

PC-0055444 lssue 16 August 2015

Safety data sheets

Any person using a hazardous substance must be informed of the following:

. Physical data about the substance.

. Any hazard from fire or explosion.

. Any hazard to health.

r Appropriate First Aid treatment.

o Any hazard from reaction with other substances.

. How to clean/dispose of spillage.

. Appropriate protective measures.

. Appropriate storage and handling.

Although these regulations may not be applicable in your country, it is strongly

More information can be found on http://www. hse.qov. uk/coshh/index.htm

PC-0055444 't1 lssue 16 August 2015

6.10 HoUCold Liquids

A,aThis unit is designed to operate with a maximum tiquid temperature of 170.C

Before disconnecting any of the pipes or tubing:

. Siop the liquid pump.

. Leave time for the equipment to return to room temperature.

6.11 Leakage of hazardous fluids

AAS@lf the Equipment is used to pump/operate with hazardous riquids

The pressurised steam created inside the equipment is extremely dangerous,

6.1 2 Protectve clothing

Wear appropriate protective clothing to protect body parts.

PC-0055444 13 lssue 16August2015

PC-A15s444 15 lssue 16 August 2015

Figure 1: Top View of TH3 Saturation pressure Apparatus

PC-oa55444 19 lssue 16 August 2015

code: TH3-A/B/G (saturation pressure Apparatus)

Maximum allowable pressure:

vapour oftake. with

The steam expands.to atmospheric pressure as it passes along a labyrinth (13)

The apparatus is pressure tested prior to despatch.

PC-0055444 21 lssue '16 August 2015

All circuits insde the console are protected against

coNT (22) this breaker protects the power supply and

- [reil-t o rreEGEl-l',48 a s u rE d - C o iie ctd il