Chapter 41

Student: _________________________________________________________

1. Osteoblasts are acted upon by which of the following hormones?

A. parathyroid hormone
B. calcitonin
C. growth hormone
D. sex hormones
E. both growth hormone and sex hormones

2. Joints increase flexibility, but a reason why the wrist and ankle are very flexible joints would be:
A. the wrist and ankle joints are made of many small bones.
B. there are fewer bones in the ankle and wrist to complicate movements.
C. there are not many ligaments in the wrist or ankle to impede the movement of muscles.
D. none of these reasons account for the increased flexibility of the wrist and ankle.
3. Identify which of the following items is NOT needed for muscle contraction.
A. carbon dioxide
B. calcium ions
C. oxygen
D. myofibrils
E. creatine phosphate

4. The earthworm has partitioned segments that allow muscles to coordinate in inflating or elongating each
segment; this is use of what type of support system?
A. an exoskeleton
B. and endoskeleton
C. a calcium carbonate shell
D. a hydrostatic skeleton

5. The Greek root words meaning "water" and "standing" are the basis for the term
A. osteoblast.
B. osteoclast.
C. hydrophobic.
D. osteon.
E. hydrostatic.

6. Which statement about skeletons is NOT true?

A. The skeleton of a vertebrate is an endoskeleton.
B. The skeleton of an arthropod is an exoskeleton.
C. The skeleton of a clam is an exoskeleton.
D. All exoskeletons must be shed as the animal grows.
E. An earthworm has a fluid-filled cavity that acts as a hydrostatic skeleton.

7. Which statement is NOT true about the insect exoskeleton?

A. It is made of chitin.
B. It is jointed and movable.
C. It grows with the organism.
D. It is made of a complex form of carbohydrate.
E. It has muscles attached to it from the inside of the body.
8. Which statement is NOT true about the skeleton of a clam?
A. It has two separate shells.
B. It grows with the organism.
C. It is made of calcium carbonate.
D. It is used mainly to allow movement of the organism.
E. It has muscles attached to it from the inside of the body.

9. Which is NOT a function of the human skeletal system?

A. protects internal organs
B. acts as a storage site for calcium salts
C. acts as the site of blood cell production in adults
D. acts as a structure against which muscles can contract
E. provides the ATP for muscles to use in contraction

10. If your bones were "pulled out" you would perhaps resemble a large pancake with eyes bulging out. Besides
shape, what other function(s) would you lack?
A. substantial body movement (walking, etc.)
B. storage of calcium, phosphorus and fat
C. blood cell production
D. protection of brain and other soft organs
E. All of the choices would be lacking.

11. Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?

A. provide protection
B. provide support
C. allow flexible and controlled movement
D. provide a storehouse of inorganic salts
E. provide a non-living "concrete" architecture

12. The Greek root words meaning "bone" and "bud" are the basis for the term
A. osteoblast.
B. osteoclast.
C. osteocyte.
D. osteon.
E. lacunae.

13. A section of bone has to be surgically removed. What is the nature of bone tissue?
A. Bone is active, growing tissue with an extensive blood supply.
B. Bone is similar to cartilage, nearly inert, and with little blood supply.
C. Bone is active and living when formed by osteoblast but dies after it hardens.
D. Bone is nonliving calcium deposits and removing bone is a bloodless operation.
E. The outer compact bone is nonliving calcium, but the bone marrow is active living tissue.

14. The Greek root words meaning "bone" and "broken" are the basis for the term
A. osteoblast.
B. osteoclast.
C. osteocyte.
D. osteon.
E. hydrostatic.

15. Which is NOT a correct association of bone structures and functions?

A. osteoblastscells that build up bone tissue
B. osteoclastscells that break down bone tissue
C. osteonstubular units of compact bone
D. canaliculiholes through which blood vessels run
E. lacunaetiny chambers in concentric circles around a central canal

16. Which statement is NOT true about the cells of the bone?
A. Osteoblasts are derived from cells of the blood.
B. Osteoblasts are the cells that build new bone tissue.
C. Osteoclasts are involved in digesting away bone tissue.
D. Osteoblasts build bone tissue at the primary ossification center of a bone.

17. Bone-forming cells are termed

A. chondrocytes.
B. blood cells.
C. osteoclasts.
D. osteocytes.
E. osteoblasts.

18. Bone-absorbing cells are called

A. menisci.
B. chondrocytes.
C. osteoclasts.
D. osteoblasts.
E. osteocytes.

19. ___ will take calcium from the blood, whereas ___ will deposit calcium into the blood, respectively.
A. Osteoclasts, osteoblasts
B. Osteocytes, osteoclasts
C. Osteocytes, osteoblasts
D. Osteoblasts, osteocytes
E. Osteoblasts, osteoclasts

20. The Greek root words meaning "bone" and "cell" are the basis for the term
A. osteoblast.
B. osteoclast.
C. osteocyte.
D. osteon.
E. hydrostatic.

21. Which statement is NOT true about the development of bone in humans?
A. Bone breakdown and replacement occur throughout life.
B. A primary ossification center forms in the middle of a long bone.
C. A secondary ossification center forms at the end of a long bone.
D. Bones may form within a cartilage model or within a membrane matrix.
E. A cartilaginous disk remains between the primary and secondary ossification centers until old age.

22. The Latin root word meaning "hollow" is the basis for the term
A. sinus.
B. osteoclast.
C. osteon.
D. foramen.
E. lacunae.

23. What is the order you would encounter these tissues entering the end of a long bone of the arm?
A. articular cartilage-spongy bone-marrow-periosteum
B. articular cartilage-periosteum-spongy bone-marrow
C. periosteum-articular cartilage-spongy bone-marrow
D. articular cartilage-marrow-spongy bone-periosteum
E. spongy bone-articular cartilage-periosteum-marrow

24. The type of bone tissue that has lacunae, concentric circles around osteons, and is found in the middle
portion of a long bone is
A. spongy bone.
B. compact bone.
C. red marrow.
D. yellow marrow.
E. fibrous membrane.

25. Which of the following bones is/are NOT part of the axial skeleton?
A. ribs
B. skull
C. sternum
D. scapula
E. vertebrae

26. The Latin root words meaning "large hole" are the basis for the term
A. frontal sinus.
B. mastoiditis.
C. osteo magnum.
D. foramen magnum.
E. osteolacunae.

27. Which is NOT a correct association of facial bones?

A. zygomatic bonesbridge of the nose
B. mandiblelower jaw
C. maxillaeupper jaw and hard palate
D. frontalforehead

28. Which of the following is NOT true about the vertebrae?

A. They are part of the appendicular skeleton.
B. They form a dorsal backbone.
C. They help form 4 curvatures of the spine.
D. They are separated by intervertebral disks.
E. They help protect the spinal cord.

29. The correct order of regions of vertebrae is

A. thoracic-lumbar-sacrum-cervical-coccyx
B. cervical-lumbar-sacrum-thoracic-coccyx
C. cervical-thoracic-lumbar-sacrum-coccyx
D. lumbar-sacrum-cervical-thoracic-coccyx
E. sacrum-cervical-thoracic-lumbar-coccyx

30. Which one of the following is NOT a part of the appendicular skeleton?
A. ribs
B. fibula
C. humerus
D. coxal
E. radius

31. Which of the following bones is/are NOT part of the pectoral girdle and its appendages?
A. humerus
B. carpals
C. phalanges
D. ulna
E. coxal bones

32. If you change your hands from a position where they are folded together to where they are cupped to collect
a handful of water, you have mainly rotated which arm bone(s)?
A. humerus
B. scapula
C. ulna
D. radius
E. carpels

33. The radius is to the ulna as the

A. tibia is to the femur.
B. fibula is to the ulna.
C. fibula is to the tibia.
D. humerus is to the femur.

34. Which of the following would NOT be found in the pectoral girdle and associated appendages?
A. clavicle
B. scapula
C. humerus
D. tibia
E. phalanges

35. Which of these bones are found in the pelvic girdle?

A. humerus
B. ulna
C. femur
D. coxal
E. tibia

36. Which bone will join with the femur?

A. radius
B. ulna
C. tibia
D. tarsals
E. sacrum

37. Which of the following bones is/are NOT part of the pelvic girdle and its appendages?
A. radius
B. patella
C. fibula
D. phalanges
E. femur

38. The largest bone in the body is the

A. coxal bone.
B. femur.
C. clavicle.
D. humerus.
E. tibia.

39. In crowded Asian regions such as Hong Kong, there is not enough room for cemeteries. However, the dead
can be temporarily buried and their bones can later be exhumed and stored in an ossarium, a wall made of small
concrete boxes (about eight inches by eight inches by two feet long) just large enough to contain all the human
bones. These dimensions are defined by the longest bone in the human body and the largest volume bone
assembly, which are the ______ and the ______.
A. humerus; vertebrae
B. femur; skull
C. vertebrae; pelvis
D. radius; scapula
E. clavicle; metatarsals

40. The Greek root word meaning "forearm" is the basis for the term
A. appendicular.
B. pectoral.
C. pelvic.
D. foramen.
E. synovial.

41. The bones of the wrist are called the

A. tarsals.
B. metatarsals.
C. carpals.
D. metacarpals.
E. phalanges.

42. The pelvic bone is also known as the

A. coxal bone.
B. femur.
C. clavicle.
D. humerus.
E. tibia.

43. The Latin root word meaning "basin" is the basis for the term
A. appendicular.
B. pectoral.
C. pelvis.
D. foramen.
E. bursae.

44. The elbow or knee is an example of a/an ______ joint.

A. immovable
B. fibrous
C. cartilaginous
D. synovial
E. ball-and-socket

45. The Greek root word meaning "crescent" is the basis for the term
A. synovial.
B. miniscus.
C. patella.
D. foramen.
E. lacunae.

46. In_______, the synovial membrane becomes inflamed and thickens; degenerative changes take place that
make the joint immovable and painful.
A. arthritis
B. bursitis
C. bone cancer
D. muscular dystrophy
E. tendinitis

47. The Latin root word meaning "stretch" is the basis for the term
A. tendon.
B. ligament.
C. synovial.
D. cartilage.
E. lacunae.

48. Which of the following attach muscle to the bone?

A. ligaments
B. joints
C. tendons
D. adipose tissue
E. sarcomere

49. The crescent-shaped pieces of cartilage between the bones in the knee are called
A. ligaments.
B. tendons.
C. spongy bone.
D. marrow.
E. menisci.

50. The joints found between the vertebrae are classified as being
A. immovable.
B. slightly movable.
C. freely movable.
D. synovial joints.
E. discoidal.

51. Which is NOT a correct association of diseases and description or symptoms.

A. bursitisinflammation of the sacs between tendons and ligaments
B. mastoiditisinflammation of sinuses that drain into the middle ear
C. osteoporosisweakening or thinning of solid bone sometimes due to low estrogen levels
D. rheumatoid arthritissimple wear and tear on joints
52. The knee is an example of a(n)
A. immovable joint.
B. slightly movable joint.
C. freely movable joint.
D. immovable synovial joint.
E. movable synovial joint.

53. Skeletal muscles

A. are found in and about internal organs.
B. work in antagonistic pairs.
C. get longer when they contract.
D. contain calcium throughout the cell.

54. ___ is a condition in many older women in which the bones become weak and thin.
A. Rheumatoid arthritis
B. Bursitis
C. Osteoarthritis
D. Osteoporosis
E. Meningitis

55. Which statement is NOT true about the muscular system?

A. It contains three kinds of muscle tissue.
B. Muscles work in antagonistic pairs across a joint.
C. Muscles are attached to bones by tendons.
D. Muscles can move a bone by pushing or pulling it as they contract.
E. Tetanus and tone are features of normal muscle tissue.

56. The Greek root words meaning "flesh" and "part" are the basis for the term
A. myoglobin.
B. myosin.
C. actin.
D. myofibril.
E. sarcomere.

57. Actin and myosin filaments are both present in the dense region called the
A. A band.
B. Z line.
C. H zone.
D. I band.
E. M band.

58. In contraction the

A. thin filaments become shorter.
B. thin filaments become longer.
C. thick filaments become shorter.
D. thick filaments become longer.
E. None of the these are true.

59. Which of these would you NOT expect to find in a long bone?
A. compact bone
B. spongy bone
C. sarcomeres
D. cartilage
E. medullary cavity

60. The muscle action potential will cause the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium ions when stimulated
directly by the
A. sarcolemma.
B. neuromuscular junction.
C. tropomyosin.
D. axon bulb.
E. T tubule.

61. Which of these gives the correct order from large to small?
A. muscle, muscle cell, myofibril, sarcomeres, filaments
B. muscle, muscle fibers, sarcomeres, filaments, myofibrils
C. muscle, sarcolemma, myofibrils, actin filaments, myosin filaments
D. muscle cells, myofibrils, filaments, sarcoplasm

62. What is the correct order that a motor nerve stimulation encounters structures in triggering a contraction?
A. motor nerve-synaptic cleft-sarcolemma-sarcoplasmic reticulum-troponin
B. motor nerve-synaptic cleft-sarcolemma-sarcoplasmic reticulum-troponin
C. motor nerve-sarcoplasmic reticulum-synaptic cleft-sarcolemma-troponin
D. motor nerve-sarcolemma-sarcoplasmic reticulum-synaptic cleft-troponin
E. motor nerve-sarcolemma-synaptic cleft-sarcoplasmic reticulum-troponin

63. Which of the following is NOT a correct pairing of terms concerning a muscle cell?
A. thin filamentactin
B. thick filamentmyosin
C. sarcomerethe entire muscle cell or muscle fiber
D. sarcolemmaextensive plasma membrane

64. The Greek root words meaning "muscle" and "thread" are the basis for the term
A. myoglobin.
B. myosin.
C. actin.
D. myofibril.
E. sarcomere.

65. Which region of the sarcomere contains both thick and thin filaments?
A. Z lines
B. I band
C. A band
D. H zone
E. none of the choices

66. Calcium ions bind to

A. tropomyosin.
B. troponin.
C. actin.
D. myosin.
E. cross bridges.
67. Which of these chemicals is NOT found as part of the thin filaments?
A. actin
B. myosin
C. tropomyosin
D. troponin

68. According to the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction,

A. actin binds ATP and breaks it apart as actin pulls against myosin.
B. calcium ions are released from myosin as the filaments slide by.
C. none of the thick or thin filaments changes its length during this process.
D. an accordion-like pleat is formed as the myosin and actin interact.
E. All of the choices are correct.

69. The system of flexing and extending muscles makes movement of appendages easy to understand. But how
are some actions possible (sticking out your tongue, beating of your heart) when these structures have no bone
structure with opposing flexors and extensors in them?
A. One set of muscle cells must therefore be able to both contract and expand.
B. These structures must be empty chambers, and fluids forced into them expand them.
C. Since muscle cells can only contract and relax, muscle cells running diagonally or crosswise amidst the
longitudinal muscles must contract and force the long relaxed muscle cells to elongate.
D. This cannot be explained at present.

70. A maximal sustained muscle contraction is called a

A. twitch.
B. threshold.
C. tetanus.
D. tone.
E. summation.

71. Which of the following will increase during strenuous muscular activity?
A. oxygen
B. carbon monoxide
C. lactic acid
D. liver glycogen
E. myosin

72. Which molecule will be used to supply energy to regenerate ATP?

A. ADP
B. glucose
C. lactate
D. creatine phosphate
E. tropomyosin

73. Oxygen debt may be associated with

A. low oxygen demand by the cells.
B. lactic acid buildup.
C. too much oxygen in the body.
D. too little carbon dioxide in the body.
E. failure to convert potential energy into kinetic energy.

74. The source of energy for bonding between myosin and actin is
A. ATP.
B. ADP.
C. creatine phosphate.
D. lactate.
E. glycogen.

75. An oxygen debt occurs when

A. there is too much oxygen in the muscle tissues.
B. ATP is depleted, and the body starts to use creatine phosphate to supply new ATP.
C. ATP is depleted, and the body starts breaking down actin and myosin to allow muscle contraction to occur.
D. there is no oxygen for aerobic respiration, and the body must use lactic acid fermentation to produce ATP.
E. None of the choices is correct.

76. When no oxygen is available for aerobic respiration, fermentation supplies ATP by a very inefficient
anaerobic process. This results in
A. lactate that is mostly reconverted to glucose.
B. lactate that builds up and causes muscle aches and fatigue.
C. an oxygen debt that requires additional oxygen after exercise to rid the body of lactate.
D. All of the choices are correct.
E. None of the choices is correct, since anaerobic respiration releases the same amount of ATP as does aerobic
respiration.

77. Which statement is NOT true regarding cross bridges?

A. They contain ATPase.
B. They are used to split ATP.
C. They form a complex with actin.
D. They are extensions of myosin molecules.
E. They attach to active sites on myosin.

78. An enzyme is a molecule that assists a reaction without itself being consumed. Which molecule in the
muscle action meets this definition?
A. actin
B. ATP
C. myosin
D. oxygen
E. calcium

79. The conversion that supplies the required energy for muscle contraction might be illustrated as follows:
A. ATP > ADP + ;P .
B. AMP > ATP.
C. glucose > water + lactic acid.
D. O2 > lactic acid + CO2.
E. glucose + O2 > water + lactic acid.

80. During muscular contraction

A. both actin and myosin filaments move.
B. myosin filaments move but not actin.
C. actin filaments move but not myosin.
D. neither myosin nor actin filaments move.

81. A correct description of the movement of actin-myosin fibers is:

A. binding with ATP shortens the muscle fiber; reverse binding elongates the fiber.
B. the energy from ATP > ADP + ;P is used to convert actin into myosin
C. the calcium ions are used as energy to split ATP which released more energy to shorten the fiber.
D. when ADP and ;P split, the actin-myosin bridge moves the filaments to shorten the muscle fiber.
E. actin filament heads breakdown ATP and then attach to a myosin filament forming cross-bridges.

82. Muscle contraction is begun or triggered

A. when high levels of oxygen and sugar are released by the sarcolemma.
B. by release of surplus ATP by nerve motor unit.
C. by release of a neurotransmitter at a synapse that directly causes actin and myosin to slide.
D. by the nerve releasing a neurotransmitter, which triggers a flow of calcium that attaches to actin filaments
and exposes the myosin binding sites.
E. by the nerve releasing a neurotransmitter, which triggers a flow of calcium that releases ATP and begins the
actin filaments sliding across the myosin binding sites.

83. Which of these chemicals acts as an ATPase, breaking down ATP to perform its function in muscle
contraction?
A. actin
B. myosin
C. tropomyosin
D. troponin
E. calcium

84. Name the neuromuscular transmitter that is released at the axon bulb.
A. sodium ions
B. calcium ions
C. ATP
D. creatine phosphate
E. acetylcholine

85. A nerve impulse to a set of muscle cells causes the flow of calcium ions throughout this unit by way of
extensive plasma membranes called
A. myofibrils.
B. myosin filament cross-bridges.
C. a neuromuscular junction.
D. the sarcolemma.
E. menisci.

86. Which of the following is NOT a correct association?

A. hydrafluid filled gastrovascular cavity
B. vertebratesendoskeleton of bones
C. planariansexoskeleton
D. insectsexoskeleton

87. In an earthworm, locomotion depends upon

A. septa that divide the coelom.
B. circular and longitudinal muscles.
C. setae.
D. All of the choices are means of locomotion.

88. The function of the foramen magnum is

A. to permit fluid drainage from the skull.
B. as a passageway for the spinal cord.
C. to permit articulation with the thoracic vertebrae.
D. to permit articulation with the cervical vertebrae.

89. The rib cage functions to

A. protect the heart.
B. assist breathing.
C. protect the lungs.
D. All of the choices are rib cage functions.

90. Women can lose as much as 35% of their bone mass due to osteoporosis. This disease can be avoided by
which of the following?
A. consuming adequate calcium throughout life
B. exposure to sunlight to make or supplement the action of vitamin D
C. performing weight bearing exercise
D. All of the choices are ways to do this.

91. Skeletal muscle contraction plays a role in all of the following EXCEPT
A. body support.
B. movement of the body and body parts.
C. manufacture of blood cells.
D. maintenance of a constant body temperature.

92. Which of the following is mis-matched with its function in muscle contraction?
A. actin filamentscontraction as it slides past myosin
B. calcium ionspromotes myosin binding to actin
C. ATPsupply energy for muscle contraction
D. myosinpush actin filaments

93. Calcium ions must be pumped by active transport into storage areas in order for a muscle to relax.
True False

94. Most meat consumed in the average human diet consists of skeletal muscle of animals such as chickens and
cows.
True False

95. In hydras and earthworms, there is no skeleton of any kind.

True False

96. The skeleton of a vertebrate is composed of bone and cartilage.

True False

97. Both vertebrates and arthropods have a rigid but flexible skeleton that makes them well adapted to living in
a terrestrial environment.
True False

98. Arthropod skeletons must be molted to allow the animals to grow, since the skeleton does not grow.
True False

99. Disks between the vertebrae act as padding and shock absorbers, while allowing some movement at the
joints.
True False

100. The pectoral girdle is adapted for great strength, whereas the pelvic girdle is more adapted for flexibility.
True False

101. The easiest joint to dislocate in the human body is the shoulder joint.
True False

102. A sinus is a hollow space in the bones of the face and skull, such as the mastoid sinus.
True False

103. Most joints are freely movable synovial joints, which have a cavity containing synovial fluid.
True False

104. A neuromuscular junction consists of the dendrites of a neuron, a synaptic cleft, and the plasma membrane
of a muscle cell.
True False

105. A neuromuscular junction operates much like a synapse between two nerve cells.
True False

106. Tone is the strongest strength of stimulus that will cause a muscle to contract.
True False

107. In muscle innervation motor nerve fibers signal muscle movement at a region called the neuromuscular
junction.
True False

108. A calcium carbonate exoskeleton is characteristic of mollusks.

True False

109. Chitin is a strong, flexible polysaccharide that composes the bulk of the exoskeleton of mollusks.
True False

110. Discuss why a fluid-filled cavity can act as a hydrostatic skeleton, and why an animal would need such a
skeleton.

111. There are several major problems with invertebrates growing to large size. One problem centers on
limitations to the respiratory system--stagnant air accumulates in long tracheal tubes. But what second problem
is related to the exoskeleton?

112. Explain the process by which a bone develops from cartilage in a fetus.

113. Explain the process by which bone is remodeled in an adult, and how this is important in repairing a
broken bone.

114. Describe the component parts of the axial and appendicular skeletal divisions of the human.
115. Draw and explain the structure of a skeletal muscle fiber.

116. Draw and explain the structure of a sarcomere.

117. Describe how a skeletal muscle reaches the point of oxygen debt, and how that condition is resolved.

118. What is the cause of muscle fatigue, and how is fatigue eventually overcome?
 Chapter 41 KEY
1. E
2. A
3. A
4. D
5. E
6. D
7. C
8. D
9. E
10. E
11. E
12. A
13. A
14. B
15. D
16. A
17. E
18. C
19. E
20. C
21. E
22. A
23. B
24. B
25. D
26. D
27. A
28. A
29. C
30. A
31. E
32. D
33. C
34. D
35. D
36. C
37. A
38. B
39. B
40. B
41. C
42. A
43. C
44. D
45. B
46. A
47. A
48. C
49. E
50. B
51. D
52. E
53. B
54. D
55. D
56. E
57. A
58. E
59. C
60. E
61. A
62. AB
63. C
64. D
65. C
66. B
67. B
68. C
69. C
70. C
71. C
72. D
73. B
74. A
75. D
76. D
77. E
78. C
79. A
80. C
81. D
82. D
83. B
84. E
85. D
86. C
87. D
88. B
89. D
90. D
91. C
92. D
93. TRUE
94. TRUE
95. FALSE
96. TRUE
97. TRUE
98. TRUE
99. TRUE
100. FALSE
101. TRUE
102. TRUE
103. TRUE
104. FALSE
105. TRUE
106. FALSE
107. TRUE
108. TRUE
109. FALSE
110. Answers will vary.
111. Answers will vary.
112. Answers will vary.
113. Answers will vary.
114. Answers will vary.
115. Answers will vary.
116. Answers will vary.
117. Answers will vary.
118. Answers will vary.