EXPERIMENT 3 : ACID - BASE TITRATION

1. Objectives
a. Student can prepare acid standard solution
b. Student can determine the normality of acid/base using a standard solution
c. Student can determine the equivalence point using titration curve

2. Introduction
Bronsted and Lowry (1923) defined an acid as any species which donates a proton, H+
, and a base as a species which will accept a proton. Note that some substance, e.g., water,
are amphiprotic, capable pf acting either as an acid or as a base depending upon conditions.
In all case when a Bronsted-Lowry acid reacts with a base, the base donated a lone pair of
electrons to a positively charged hydrogen atom. Lewis (1938), extended the definition of
acids to include any species which accepts a lone pair of electrons.
The acid-base reaction can be used to determie the concentration of acidic or basic
solutions. To determine the concentration, drop the basic solution with known
concentration into acidic solution with unknown concentration, conversely. the process of
determining concentration is called acid-base titration.

An acidbase titration is the determination of the concentration of an acid or base by

exactly neutralizing the acid or base with an acid or base of known concentration. This
allows for quantitative analysis of the concentration of an unknown acid or base solution. It
makes use of the neutralization reaction that occurs between acids and bases. Before
starting the titration a suitable pH indicator must be chosen. The equivalence point of the
reaction, the point at which equivalent amounts of the reactants have reacted, will have a
pH dependent on the relative strengths of the acid and base used. The pH of the
equivalence point can be estimated using the following rules:

A strong acid will react with a strong base to form a neutral (pH = 7) solution.
A strong acid will react with a weak base to form an acidic (pH < 7) solution.
A weak acid will react with a strong base to form a basic (pH > 7) solution.

When a weak acid reacts with a weak base, the equivalence point solution will be basic
if the base is stronger and acidic if the acid is stronger. If both are of equal strength, then
the equivalence pH will be neutral. However, weak acids are not often titrated against
weak bases because the colour change shown with the indicator is often quick, and
therefore very difficult for the observer to see the change of colour.

The point at which the indicator changes colour is called the end point. A suitable
indicator should be chosen, preferably one that will experience a change in colour (an end
point) close to the equivalence point of the reaction.

First, the burette should be rinsed with the standard solution, the pipette with the
unknown solution, and the conical flask with distilled water.Secondly, a known volume of
the unknown concentration solution should be taken with the pipette and placed into the
conical flask, along with a small amount of the indicator chosen.

The known solution should then be allowed out of the burette, into the conical flask. At
this stage we want a rough estimate of the amount of this solution it took to neutralize the
unknown solution. The solution should be let out of the burette until the indicator changes
 colour and the value on the burette should be recorded. This is the first (or rough) titre and
should be discluded from any calculations.

At least three more titrations should be performed, this time more accurately, taking into
account roughly where the end point will occur. The initial and final readings on the
burette (prior to starting the titration and at the end point, respectively) should be recorded.
Subtracting the initial volume from the final volume will yield the amount of titrant used to
reach the end point. The end point is reached when the indicator just changes colour
permanently. This is best achieved by washing a hanging drop from the tip of the burette
into the flask right at the end of the titration to achieve a drop that is smaller in volume
than what can usually be achieved by just dripping solution off the burette.

Acidbase titration is performed with a phenolphthalein indicator, when it is a strong

acid strong base titration, a bromthymol blue indicator in weak acid strong base
reactions, and a methyl orange indicator for strong acid weak base reactions. If the base
is off the scale, i.e. a pH of >13.5, and the acid has a pH >5.5, then an Alizarine yellow
indicator may be used. On the other hand, if the acid is off the scale, i.e. a pH of <0.5, and
the base has a pH <8.5, then a Thymol Blue indicator may be used.

3. Apparatus and Reagent

Analitical balance Oxalic acid crystals
100 ml volumetric flask Distilled water
100 ml erlenmeyer 0,1 M NaOH
50 ml buret 0,1 M HCl
Clamps and statif 0,1 M CH3COOH
Universal indicator PP Indicators

4. Procedure
5. Observation
a. Mass of Oxalic acid = 1,2607 grams
Volume of solution =100 ml
Molarity of Oxalic acid = 0,1 M
Normality of Oxalic acid = 0,2 M
b. Volume of Oxalic acid = 10 ml
Volume of NaOH (1) = 17,31 ml
Volume of NaOH (2) = 17,5 ml
Average volume of NaOH = 17,4 ml
c. Volume of HCl = 10 ml
Volume of NaOH (1) = 10,1 ml
Volume of NaOH (2) = 10,5 ml
Volume of average NaOH = 10,3 ml
a. Relationship of the volume of titrant with pH in acid-base titration

Volume of NaOH added Volume of NaOH added to

No pH No pH
to 10 ml of 0,1 M HCl 10 ml of 0,1 M CH3COOH
1 0 ml 1 1 0 ml 3
2 1 ml 1 2 1 ml 4
3 2 ml 1 3 2 ml 4
4 3 ml 1 4 3 ml 4
5 4 ml 2 5 4 ml 4
6 5 ml 2 6 5 ml 5
7 6 ml 2 7 6 ml 5
8 7 ml 3 8 7 ml 5
9 8 ml 4 9 8 ml 6
10 9 ml 7 10 9 ml 6
11 10 ml 9 11 10 ml 9
12 11 ml 10 12 11 ml 9
13 12 ml 10 13 12 ml 9
14 13 ml 10 14 13 ml 10
15 14 ml 10 15 14 ml 10

6. Data Analysis
a. Preparation of primary standard solution of H2C2O4(COOH)2.2H2O
Mass of Oxalic acid (a) = 1,2607 grams
Volume of solution (p) =100 ml
1000 1,2607 1000
M of Oxalic acid = . = 126,07 . = 0,1
100
N of Oxalic acid = M.valensi = 0,1 . 2 = 0,2 N

b. Determination the concentration of NaOH

Volume of Oxalic acid = 10 ml
Volume of NaOH (1) = 17,31 ml
Volume of NaOH (2) = 17,5 ml
Average volume of NaOH = 17,4 ml
 VNaOH . NNaOH = Voxalic acid . Noxalic acid
VNaOH . MNaOH . ValensiNaOH = Voxalic acid . Moxalic acid . Valensioxalic acid
17,4 . MNaOH . 1 = 100 . 0,1 . 2
17,4 . MNaOH = 20
MNaOH = 0,115 M

c. Determination of the concentration of HCl using secondary standard solution of

NaOH
Volume of HCl = 10 ml
Volume of NaOH (1) = 10,1 ml
Volume of NaOH (2) = 10,5 ml
Volume of average NaOH = 10,3 ml
VHCl . NHCl = VNaOH . NNaOH
VHCl . MHCl . ValensiHCl = VNaOH . MNaOH . ValensiNaOH
10 . MHCl . 1 = 10,3 . 0,115 . 1
10 . MHCl = 1,1845
MHCl = 0, 118 M

d. Titration curve
1) NaOH and HCl
Titration between 10 ml HCl 0,118 M with 0 ml NaOH 1,15 M
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
m 1,18 mmol 0 mmol - -
r 0 mmol 0 mmol 0 mmol 0 mmol
s 1,18 mmol 0 mmol 0 mmol 0 mmol
1,18
[HCl] = = 0,118 M
10
HCL H+ + Cl-
0,118 M 0,118 M 0,118 M
+
[H ] = 0,118 M
pH = -log [H+]
= - log 0,118
= 0,93
Titration between 10 ml HCl 0,118 M with 1 ml NaOH 0,115 M
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
m 1,18 mmol 0.115 mmol - -
r 0,115 mmol 0,115 mmol 0,115 mmol 0,115 mmol
s 1,065 mmol - 0,115 mmol 0,115 mmol
1,065
[HCl] = = 0,097
11
HCL H+ + Cl-
0,097 M 0,097 M 0,097 M
+
[H ] = 0,097 M
pH = -log [H+]
= - log 0,097
= 1,1
 Titration between 10 ml HCl 0,118 M with 2 ml NaOH 0,115 M
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
m 1,18 mmol 0,23 mmol - -
r 0,23 mmol 0,23 mmol 0,23 mmol 0,23 mmol
s 0,95 mmol 0 mmol 0,23 mmol 0,23 mmol
0,95
[HCl] = = 0,079
12
HCL H+ + Cl-
0,079 M 0,079 M 0,079 M
+
[H ] = 0,079 M
pH = -log [H+]
= - log 0,079
=1,1
Titration between 10 ml HCl 0,118 M with 3 ml NaOH 0,115 M
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
m 1,18 mmol 0,345 mmol - -
r 0,345 mmol 0,345 mmol 0,345 mmol 0,345 mmol
s 0,835 mmol - 0,345 mmol 0,345 mmol
0,835
[HCl] = = 0,06
13
HCL H+ + Cl-
0,06 M 0,06 M 0,06 M
+
[H ] = 0,06 M
pH = -log [H+]
= - log 0,06
= 1,2
Titration between 10 ml HCl 0,118 M with 4 ml NaOH 0,115 M
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
m 1,18 mmol 0,46 mmol - -
r 0,46 mmol 0,46 mmol 0,46 mmol 0,46 mmol
s 0,72 mmol - 0,46 mmol 0,46 mmol
0,72
[HCl] = = 0,05
14
HCL H+ + Cl-
0,05 M 0,05 M 0,05 M
+
[H ] = 0,05 M
pH = -log [H+]
= - log 0,05
=1,3
Titration between 10 ml HCl 0,118 M with 5 ml NaOH 0,115 M
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
m 1,18 mmol 0,575 mmol - -
r 0,575 mmol 0,575 mmol 0,575 mmol 0,575 mmol
s 0,605 mmol - 0,575 mmol 0,575 mmol
0,605
[HCl] = = 0,04 M
15
HCL H+ + Cl-
0,04 M 0,04 M 0,04 M
 [H+] = 0,04 M
pH = -log [H+]
= - log 0,04
=1,4
Titration between 10 ml HCl 0,118 M with 6 ml NaOH 0,115 M
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
m 1,18 mmol 0,69 mmol
r 0,69 mmol 0,69 mmol 0,69 mmol 0,69 mmol
s 0,49 mmol - 0,69 mmol 0,69 mmol
0,49
[HCl] = = 0,03
16
HCL H+ + Cl-
0,03 M 0,03 M 0,03 M
+
[H ] = 0,03 M
pH = -log [H+]
= - log 0,03
=1,5
Titration between 10 ml HCl 0,118 M with 7 ml NaOH 0,115 M
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
m 1,18 mmol 0,805 mmol
r 0,805 mmol 0,805 mmol 0,805 mmol 0,805 mmol
s 0,375 mmol - 0,805 mmol 0,805 mmol
0,375
[HCl] = = 0,022
17
HCL H+ + Cl-
0,022 M 0,022 M 0,022 M
+
[H ] = 0,022
pH = -log [H+]
= - log 0,022
=1,66
Titration between 10 ml HCl 0,118 M with 8 ml NaOH 0,115 M
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
m 1,18 mmol 0,92 mmol
r 0,92 mmol 0,92 mmol 0,92 mmol 0,92 mmol
s 0,26 mmol - 0,92 mmol 0,92 mmol

0,26
[HCl] = = 0,014
18

HCL H+ + Cl-
0,014 M 0,014 M 0,014 M
+
[H ] = 0,014 M
pH = -log [H+]
= - log 0,014
=1,85
 Titration between 10 ml HCl 0,118 M with 9 ml NaOH 0,115 M
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
m 1,18 mmol 1,035 mmol
r 1,035 mmol 1,035 mmol 1,035 mmol 1,035 mmol
s 0,145 mmol - 1,035 mmol 1,035 mmol
0,145
[HCl] = = 0,0076
19
HCL H+ + Cl-
0,0076 M 0,0076 M 0,0076 M
+
[H ] = 0,0076 M
pH = -log [H+]
= - log 0,0076
=2,1
Titration between 10 ml HCl 0,118 M with 10 ml NaOH 0,115 M
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
m 1,18 mmol 1,15 mmol
r 1,15 mmol 1,15 mmol 1,15 mmol 1,15 mmol
s 0,03 mmol - 1,15 mmol 1,15 mmol
0,03
[HCl] = = 0,0015M
20
HCL H+ + Cl-
0,0015 M 0,0015 M 0,0015 M
+
[H ] = 0,0015 M
pH = -log [H+]
= - log 0,0015
=2,8
Titration between 10 ml HCl 0,118 M with 11 ml NaOH 0,115 M
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
m 1,18 mmol 1,265 mmol
r 1,18 mmol 1,18 mmol 1,18 mmol 1,18 mmol
s - 0,085 mmol 1,18 mmol 1,18 mmol
0,085
[NaOH] = = 0,004
21
NaOH Na+ + OH-
0,004 M 0,004 M 0,004 M
-
[OH ] = 0,1 M pH = 14 - pOH
pOH = -log [OH ] -
=14 2,4
= - log 0,004 =11,6
=2,4
Titration between 10 ml HCl 0,118 M with 12 ml NaOH 0,115 M
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
m 1,18 mmol 1,38 mmol
r 1,18 mmol 1,18 mmol 1,18 mmol 1,18 mmol
s - 0,20 mmol 1,18 mmol 1,18 mmol
0,20
[NaOH] = = 0,009
22
NaOH Na+ + OH-
0,009 M 0,009 M 0,009 M
 [OH-] = 0,009 M pH = 14 - pOH
pOH = -log [OH ] -
= 14 2,04
= - log 0,009 = 11,96
=2,04
Titration between 10 ml HCl 0,118 M with 13 ml NaOH 0,115 M
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
m 1,18 mmol 1,495 mmol
r 1,18 mmol 1,18 mmol 1,18 mmol 1,18 mmol
s - 0,315 mmol 1,18 mmol 1,18 mmol
0,315
[NaOH] = = 0,014
23
NaOH Na+ + OH-
0,014 M 0,014 M 0,014 M
-
[OH ] = 0,014 M pH =14 - pOH
pOH = -log [OH ] -
=14 1,85
= - log 0,014 =12,15
= 1,85
Titration between 10 ml HCl 0,118 M with 14 ml NaOH 0,115 M
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
m 1,18 mmol 1,61 mmol
r 1,18 mmol 1,18 mmol 1,18 mmol 1,18 mmol
s - 0,43 mmol 1,18 mmol 1,18 mmol
0,43
[NaOH] = = 0,018
24
NaOH Na+ + OH-
0,018 M 0,018 M 0,018 M
-
[OH ] = 0,018 M pH = 14 - pOH
pOH = -log [OH ] -
= 14 1,74
= - log 0,018 = 12,26
=1,74
Titration curve the relationship between pH from HCl and the addition of volume
NaOH
 2) NaOH and CH3COOH
Ka = 1,8 . 10-5
Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 0 ml NaOH 0,115 M
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
m 1 mmol 0mmol
r 0 mmol 0 mmol 0 mmol 0 mmol
s 1 mmol 0 mmol 0 mmol 0 mmol
[CH3COOH] = 0,1 M
CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+
0,1 M 0,1 M 0,1 M
+
[H ] = 0,1 M
pH = -log . [ + ]
= - log 1,8 . 105 .0,1
= - log 1,3.10-3
= 2,9
Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 1 ml NaOH 0,115 M
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
m 1 mmol 0,115 mmol
r 0,115 mmol 0,115 mmol 0,115 mmol 0,115 mmol
s 0,885 mmol - 0,115 mmol 0,115 mmol
+
[H ] = Ka
0,085
= 1,8 . 10-5 0,115
= 1,3 . 10-5 M
pH = -log 1,3 . 10-5
= 5 log 1,3
= 4,9
Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 2 ml NaOH 0,115 M
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
m 1 mmol 0,23mmol
r 0,23 mmol 0,23 mmol 0,23 mmol 0,23 mmol
s 0,77 mmol - 0,23 mmol 0,23 mmol
+
[H ] = Ka
0,77
= 1,8 . 10-5 . 0,23
= 6,03 . 10-5M
pH = -log 6,03 . 10-5
= 5 log 6,03
= 4,22
Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 3 ml NaOH 0,115 M
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
m 1 mmol 0,345 mmol
r 0,345 mmol 0,345 mmol 0,345 mmol 0,345 mmol
s 0,655 mmol - 0,345 mmol 0,345 mmol

[H+] = Ka
0,655
= 1,8 . 10-5 0,345
= 3,4 . 10-5 M
pH = -log 3,4 . 10-5
= 5 log 3,4
= 4,47

Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 4 ml NaOH 0,115 M

CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
m 1 mmol 0,46mmol
r 0,46 mmol 0,46 mmol 0,46 mmol 0,46 mmol
s 0,54 mmol - 0,46 mmol 0,46 mmol
+
[H ] = Ka
0,54
= 1,8 . 10-5 0,46
= 2,1 . 10-5 M
pH = -log 2,1 . 10-5
= 5 log 2,1
= 4,68
Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 5 ml NaOH 0,115 M
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
m 1 mmol 0,575 mmol
r 0,575 mmol 0,575 mmol 0,575 mmol 0,575 mmol
s 0,425 mmol - 0,575 mmol 0,575 mmol
+
[H ] = Ka
0,425
= 1,8 . 10-5 0,575
= 1,3 . 10-5M
pH = -log 1,3 . 10-5
= 5 log 1,3
= 4,9
Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 6 ml NaOH 0,115 M
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
m 1 mmol 0,69mmol
r 0,69 mmol 0,69 mmol 0,69 mmol 0.69 mmol
s 0,31 mmol - 0,69 mmol 0,69 mmol
+
[H ] = Ka
0,31
= 1,8 . 10-5 0,69
= 0,8 . 10-5M
pH = -log 1,3 . 10-5
= 5 log 0,8
= 5,1
 Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 7 ml NaOH 0,115 M
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
m 1 mmol 0,805 mmol
r 0,805 mmol 0,805 mmol 0,805 mmol 0,805 mmol
s 0,195 mmol - 0,805 mmol 0,805 mmol
+
[H ] = Ka
0,195
= 1,8 . 10-5 0,805
= 0,4 . 10-5 M

pH = -log 0,4 . 10-5

= 5 log 0,4
= 5,4
Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 8 ml NaOH 0,115 M
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
m 1 mmol 0,92 mmol
r 0,92 mmol 0,92 mmol 0,92 mmol 0,92 mmol
s 0,08 mmol - 0,92 mmol 0,92 mmol
+
[H ] = Ka
0,08
= 1,8 . 10-5 0,92
= 1,5 . 10-6 M
pH = -log 1,5 . 10-6
= 6 log 1,5
= 5,8
Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 9 ml NaOH 0,115 M
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
m 1 mmol 1,035 mmol
r 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol
s 0 mmol 0,035 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol
0,035
[NaOH] = = 0,002
19
NaOH Na+ + OH-
0,002 M 0,002 M 0,002 M
-
[OH ] = 0,002 M pH = 14 - pOH
pOH = -log [OH ] -
= 14 2,7
-3
= - log 2. 10 = 11,3
= 2,7
Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 10 ml NaOH 0,115 M
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
m 1 mmol 1,15mmol
r 1 mmol 1mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol
s 0 mmol 0,15 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol
0,15
[NaOH] = = 0,0075M
20
NaOH Na+ + OH-
0,0075 M 0,0075 M 0,0075 M
 [OH-] = 0,0075 M pH = 14 pOH
pOH = -log [OH ] -
= 14 2,12
= - log 0,0075 = 11,88
= 2,12
Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 11 ml NaOH 0,115 M
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
m 1 mmol 1,265mmol
r 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol
s - 0,265 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol
0,265
[NaOH] = = 0,012M
21
NaOH Na+ + OH-
0,012 M 0,012 M 0,012 M
-
[OH ] = 0,012 M pH = 14 pOH
pOH = -log [OH ] -
= 14 1,92
= - log 0,012 = 12,08
= 1,92
Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 12 ml NaOH 0,115 M
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
m 1 mmol 1,38mmol
r 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol
s - 0,38 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol
0,38
[NaOH] = = 0,017
22
NaOH Na+ + OH-
0,017 M 0,017 M 0,017 M
-
[OH ] = 0,017 M pH = 14 pOH
pOH = -log [OH ] -
= 14 1,77
= - log 0,017 = 12,23
= 1,77
Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 13 ml NaOH 0,115 M
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
m 1 mmol 1,495 mmol
r 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol
s - 0,495 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol
0,495
[NaOH] = = 0,022M
23
NaOH Na+ + OH-
0,022 M 0,022 M 0,022 M
[OH-] = 0,022 M pH = 14 pOH
pOH = -log [OH-] = 14 1,66
= - log 0,022 = 12,34
= 1,66
 Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 14 ml NaOH 0,115 M
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
m 1 mmol 1,61 mmol
r 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol
s - 0,61 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol
0,61
[NaOH] = = 0,025M
24
NaOH Na+ + OH-
0,025 M 0,025 M 0,025 M
-
[OH ] = 0,025 M pH = 14 pOH
pOH = -log [OH ] -
= 14 1,6
= - log 0,025 = 12,4
= 1,6
The titration curve of relationship between the pH from CH3COOH and the addition
of volume NaOH

7. Discussion
a. Preparation of primary standard solution of H2C2O4(COOH)2.2H2O
Primary stadard solution of oxalic acid can be made by dissolving 1,2607 grams
of oxalic acid into 100 ml of water using measurement gourds. After we get the primary
solution of oxalic acid, we need to calculate the molarity and normality of oxalic acid.
100
We can calculate the molarity by using this formula M= . , a= the mass of oxalic

acid, Mr = molecular mass of oxalic acid and p= mass of water and then to calculate the
normality we use this formula N = M . valensi. The molarity of oxalic acid from the
calculation is 0,1 M and the normality is 0,2 N. This molarity or normality is used to
determine the molarity of NaOH solutio, so we have to carefuly in this calculation.
b. Determination the concentration of NaOH
In this experiment, we will determine the concentration of NaOH by titration
among NaOH solution and oxalic acid solution as primary standard solution. We use 10
ml oxalic acid 0,1 M, and 0,1 M NaOH. We done this experiment twice or we called
duplo.
At first we put the oxalic acid into the erlenmeyer, then the NaOH solution
inserted into buret. We titrate that solution slowly until we get the piont of titration. The
point of titration is marked by colour change. The colour of this solution will change
from transparent into pink. And when this solution has been changed into pink, the
titration must be stopped.
From the fist titration we get that the volume of NaOH solution is 17,31 ml and
from the second titration we get 10,5 ml of NaOH solution. Then we calaculate the
average of this volume, we find the average is 10,3 ml. After we get this volume we can
determine the concentration of NaOH by this formula :
VNaOH . NNaOH = Voxalic acid . Noxalic acid
VNaOH . MNaOH . ValensiNaOH = Voxalic acid . Moxalic acid . Valensioxalic acid
From the calculation we know that the concentration of NaOH is 0,115 M

c. Determination of the concentration of HCl using secondary standard solution of

NaOH
To determine the concentration of HCl, we also do the titration but this titration
use the NaOH solution as the secondary standard solution. In this titration we use 10 ml
HCl 0,1 M and 0,115 M NaOH solution. We also do this titration twice. The reaction
between NaOH and HCL is :
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
At fisrt we put the Hcl into the erlenmeyer and NaOH in the buret. Then we titrate
the two solution slowly until we get the piont of titration. This point can be marked by
colour change. The colour will change into pink and when this situation occured, the
titration have to stopped.
From the fisrt titration, we get that the volume of NaOH is 10,1 ml and from the
s4econd titration is 10,5 ml. After we find the volume of NaOH, we calculate the
average of this volume. It is 10,3 ml NaOH. And then to betermine the concentration of
HCl we use this formula :
VHCl . NHCl = VNaOH . NNaOH
VHCl . MHCl . ValensiHCl = VNaOH . MNaOH . ValensiNaOH
From the calculation, we know trhat the concentration of HCl is 0,118 M

d. Titration curve
1) NaOH and HCl
After we do this experiment and get the data, we can draw a titration curve
between HCl strong acid) and NaOH (srtong base) by plotting the pH and the added
volume of NaOH. From the curve we know that the pH is begin from 1, it means that
the HCl is stong acid. Then, after we add the NaOH into the HCl solution the pH will
increase. But according to the data, the pH increase when we add 4 ml of NaOH and
then the pH constant again until we add the 7 ml of NaOH. After that the pH increase
until reach the pH 10. In this experiment we use universal indicator to determine the pH,
 the universal indicator has the pH range from 1 until 10 and the colour is mostly similar.
Because of it we cant know determine the pH definitely. From the graph, we know that
the pH of titration strong acid and strong base is 7 (netral).
There are the other way to determine the pH beside by looking the colour, that is
by calculating with the formula pH = - log [H+] for strong acid and pH = -log [OH-] for
strong acid. But there are some different between the pH from the experiment and from
the calculation. From the calculation we know that the pH begin from 0,93 and always
increase when the NaOH added until reach the 12,26.
2) NaOH and CH3COOH
In this experiment we also make a titration curve between NaOH (strong base)
and CH3COOH (weak acid) solution. From the curve, we know that the pH is begin
from 3 and then increase to 4 after we add 1 ml of NaOH and then the pH constant until
we add 4 ml. After that the pH increase again to 5 when we add 5 ml NaOH and contant
again. The pH increase again when we add 7 ml NaOH become 6 and when we add 10
ml NaOH the pH increase to 9 and the pH reach 10 when we add the 13 ml of NaOH.
In this experiment, we also can determine pH by calculation. The calculation use
formula :pH = -log . [ + ] for weak acid and pH= -log pOH for strong base. From
the calculation the pH is begin from 2,9 and generally always increase until the pH 12,4.
But when we determine the pH from the experiment the pH only on range 3 until 10. In
this titration, we know that the pH is more than 7.

e. Conclusion
Acid standard solution can be made by dissolves oxalic acid crystal in water
The molarity of oxalic acid solution is 0,1M and the normality of oxalic acid solution
is 0,2 N
The molarity of acid (HCl) or base (NaOH) can be determined by using a standard
solution (oxalic acid)
The molarity of NaOH solution is 0,115 M and the molarity of HCl is 0,118 M
The pH of equivalent point of titration between strong acid (HCl) and strong base
(NaOH) is 7, while for weak acid and strong base is more than 7
f. Suggestion
Before doing the titration we have to learn about the acid-base titration at first
We have to do this experiment carefuly
When we do this experimnet we have to use the time evectively
g. Bibliography
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_titration
Petrucci, Harwood, Herring, Madura : 2011
Susilowati, endang : 2006
h. Question
a. Determine the Molarity of Oxalic acid as primary standard solition !
Answer :
Mass of Oxalic acid (a) = 1,2607 grams
Volume of solution (p) =100 ml
1000 1,2607 1000
M of Oxalic acid = . = 126,07 . = 0,1
100
N of Oxalic acid = M.valensi = 0,1 . 2 = 0,2 N
b. Determine the Molarity NaOH solution !
Answer :
Volume of Oxalic acid = 10 ml
Volume of NaOH (1) = 17,31 ml
Volume of NaOH (2) = 17,5 ml
Average volume of NaOH = 17,4 ml
VNaOH . NNaOH = Voxalic acid . Noxalic acid
VNaOH . MNaOH . ValensiNaOH = Voxalic acid . Moxalic acid . Valensioxalic acid
17,4 . MNaOH . 1 = 100 . 0,1 . 2
17,4 . MNaOH = 20
MNaOH = 0,115 M
c. Determine the Molarity HCl solution ?
Answer :
Volume of HCl = 10 ml
Volume of NaOH (1) = 10,1 ml
Volume of NaOH (2) = 10,5 ml
Volume of average NaOH = 10,3 ml
VHCl . NHCl = VNaOH . NNaOH
VHCl . MHCl . ValensiHCl = VNaOH . MNaOH . ValensiNaOH
10 . MHCl . 1 = 10,3 . 1,15 . 1
10 . MHCl = 1,1845
MHCl = 0,118 M

d. Based on the data d above, draw a titration curve on graph paper by plotting pH and
volume of NaOH added.
Answer :
e. From HCl-NaOH titration curve, what is the pH of the mixture empirical / graphics
equivalent ?
Answer :
pH = 7 (netral)
f. From the titration curve of acetic acid-NaOH, determine Ka of acetic acid Ka ?
Answer :

pH = 14 pOH [OH-] = []

1014
9 = 14 pOH 10-5 = . [0,1]

1015
pOH = 5 10-10 =
pOH = -log [OH-] Ka = 10-5
5 = - log [OH-]
[OH-]=10-5
g. What is the approximate pH of the mixture equivalence CH3CHOOH
Answer :
pH = 9
h. What is pH from CH3CHOOH-NaOH mixture equivalent theoritical, if Ka CH3COOH
= 1,8.10-5
Answer :

[OH-] = . [] pOH = -log 7,45 . 10-6
1014
= 1,8.105 . [0,01] = 5,127
1015
= 1,8.105 pH = 14 5,127
=7,45 . 10-6 = 8,87