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Article history: In 1996, a cadaver in adipocere condition was discovered in a bay of the Brienzer See in Switzerland. The
Received 20 May 2010 torso was named Brienzi following the Iceman Otzi. Several outer parts of the body were incrusted;
Received in revised form 21 February 2011 the incrustation was in blue color. Further investigations showed that the bluish covering of parts of the
Accepted 11 April 2011
adipocere torso were a mineral known as Vivianite. Vivianite (Fe3(PO4)2 (H2O)8) is an iron phosphate
Available online 14 May 2011
mineral with needle lengths between 100 and 150 mm. It is normally associated in a context with organic
archaeological and geological materials (some hundreds to millions of years old). Hitherto, it is only
Keywords:
described in three cases of human remains. We were able to reconstruct the following facts about
Forensic science
Adipocere
Brienzi: The man drowned in Lake Brienz or in one of its tributaries during the 1700s. The body was
Physical anthropology subsequently covered with sedimentation and thus buried under water. An earthquake produced an
Vivianite underwater landslide which eventually exposed the corpse.
Blue encrustation 2011 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
Radiocarbon dating
Taphonomy
Time since death
Diatoms
Brienzi
Otzi
On April 30, 1996, a cadaver in adipocere condition (Fig. 1) was discovered in a bay
of the Brienzer See in Switzerland. At that time, the corpse was thought to belong to a
dead sheep. The forensic examination revealed that it was actually a headless human
torso with three skeletonized partial extremities extending from the trunk. The soft
tissues and the trunk organs were completely transformed into adipocere. Some outer
parts of the torso which the Swiss media affectionately named Brienzi, following
the Iceman Otzi were incrusted in a blue color (Figs. 2 and 3). The following
examinations were performed on the discovered torso:
at the cadaver discovery site from the surface and from the bottom to make a 3. Results
follow-up diatom analysis possible.
Time since death determination: In comparison to earlier suboptimal and not
quantiable methods there are two main methods which link continuously The medical, radiologic, and anthropologic investigations
passing processes to the time factor: aspartic acid racemisation and radiocarbon (Figs. 4 and 5) of the adipocere torso determined that it had
dating. belonged to a male individual. The pelvic bones were dissected
after the autopsy for anthropological investigations [8083]. The
The aspartic acid racemisation takes advantage of the phenomenon that autopsy also revealed the seminal vesicle and the prostate. The sex
optically active high-molecular substances gradually convert from a singularly
natural L-form to a unnatural D-form. The most important variable is, same
as to all other chemical reactions, the temperature. An increase in heat
accelerates the racemisation process. If both the deposition conditions since
death and the time of origin of the examined substance are known, a
determination of time since death can be achieved with an average regressive
error of 2.1 years [94].
The second method to determine the time since death is based on the
concentration of radiocarbon (14C) in the substance [95]. Atmospheric nuclear
weapon tests have raised the concentration of 14C in the atmosphere since 1945.
Subsequently a longer time since death must be considered for samples with
concentrations signicantly below todays regularly used reference value for the
year 1950 [96]. The maximum surplus activity reached 185% in 1962. In a case of
excessive radioactivity, the result cannot nally be assigned to a specic year for the
following reasons:
(1) Due to an increase during surface tests and a decrease after them, both a rising
and a falling curve exist. A sample with x amount of surplus activity can be
assigned to either curve. In principle, a distinction is not possible. More external
information is required.
(2) The rate of carbon turnover in the human body also plays a key role, it is age-
dependent. A younger body, converts carbon (all three isotopes: 12C, 13C and
14
C) more rapidly than an older or adult body. Depending on certain deceases
the turnover can also be higher.
(3) The isotope regulation in the human body is a mixture from all the living years
of an individual. The high upward activity curve values of individual sequential
years can greatly vary.
Table 2
radiocarbon dating values of Brienzi.
14
Sample AMS- C (years BP) d13C (%) Calibrated age (BC/AD) Sigma
tivity which is an indication of free ions in the water. At the same Brienz [103]. Discoveries of such old corpses are not very likely to
time, the waters oxygen content decreased substantially. Since no be expected on a regular basis. However, as this discovery in
change of temperature was measured in this deep layer of the Switzerland shows, more future ndings are not absolutely
water, the inow of a cloudy current of water into the area must be impossible.
discounted. Therefore, the increase of turbidity and conductivity as The mass spectroscopy radiocarbon dating also permitted
well as the decrease of the oxygen content without simultaneous conclusions about the formation of the Vivianite crystals. Until
inow from oxygen-rich water currents into this deep layer of the now, Vivianite was almost exclusively observed in cases where
lake were explained with an underground landslide [103]. The several centuries had passed; primarily on bones at archaeological
exact cause of the undersea landslide that was suspected due to ndings [104]. Older nds of Vivianite had a minimum age of
these parameters could not be determined. However, about one several 1000 years in common. Recent formation of Vivianite was,
week before the discovery of the torso in Lake Brienz, two weak to the best of our knowledge, observed only three times at human
earthquakes were registered in Switzerland. bodies:
The mineralogical identication of the sand, silt, and clay that
was found on the corpse revealed that all grains were of crystalline In the German Lake Walchen [4,105] several partly skeletonized,
origin and matched the crystalline composition of minerals partly fat wax transformed human corpses were found. One of
collected from the location where the Aare River ows into Lake the corpses was weighted down with an iron plate fastened
Brienz. around the torso. Between the iron plate and the fat wax torso
and skeletonized structures a crumbly white substance was
4. Discussion found which changed its color to blue in the course of a few
hours contact with the air. Based upon the clothing remains of
It is a great challenge for the forensic sciences if corpses are the corpse it was determined that this human body had come
discovered that show advanced stages of post mortal decomposi- into the lake at a maximum of 50 years before and at a minimum
tion, e.g. in adipocere condition, and if important identifying of 30 years before. The authors explained that the crystal
characteristics are missing. When human remains are recovered aggregates could only form in such a short time because of the
from aquatic environments, the soft-tissue has often disappeared, slow corrosion of the iron plate that released sufcient iron II
body parts are frequently disarticulated [24]. At the Brienzi case, ions so that Vivianite crystals could grow directly on particularly
the pelvic bones allowed a clear sex determination. The pelvis has phosphate-rich parts of the bones.
the best bone markers for this as the female pelvis must be capable Mann et al. [106] reported on the formation of Vivianite on the
to giving birth and is thus adapted to this condition. The estimation bones of pilots who were buried in an oily environment for 25
of the age at death was more difcult as important parts of the years.
body were missing, e.g., Cranium and teeth. So we applied a Vivianite was also found outside the skin, in the skin, and in the
complex method to determine the age [80,81,83,84,100] (Table 1) lung tissue of the 5300-year-old Iceman Otzi [107109]. It is
with the main emphasis lying on the Claviculae (Facies articularis also assumed to have crystallized after the death of the Iceman. It
sternalis). possibly derives from contact zones between the body surface
If a body must be identied, the determination of the time of and iron-containing rocks. On some locations of his skin blue
death is an important step to shorten or exclude a criminal incrustations were found which also were interpreted as air
investigation. Radiocarbon dating is a common method for oxidized Vivianite.
geological, archaeological, and anthropological questions. Because
of the radioactive half-life of 5730 years its application span The nd in Lake Brienz deals with the most recent and also the
extends over the range from approximately 100150,000 years. oldest corpse discovery where Vivianite grew on a body that was
Environmental changes caused by humans can also play a role in found in a lake. The unusual characteristics of this nd
limiting time spans. One of these changes is the atom bomb effect impressively point out the importance of interdisciplinary work
on the atmosphere which makes it even possible to use this between forensic medicine, physical anthropology, biology and
methodology to pinpoint happenings in very recent years. geology.
According to our broad modern-day understanding of the
reconstruction of time variables [9598] we can generally deduce Acknowledgements
that only certain physical and chemical operational sequences
provide precise results. However, chaotic interacting decay and We would like to thank the following supporters: Dr. Kirchofer,
decomposition factors do not belong to this group. Biologisches Institut Bern; Dr. Schwizer, Geologisches Institut
According to the data and processes previously described, we Bern; Dr. Hoffmann, Naturhistorisches Institut Bern; Dr. Bonani,
were able to make the following reconstruction of Brienzi: This ETH Zurich; Prof. Silvassy, Wien; Dr. Zeh, Gewasserschutzamt
man drowned in Lake Brienz or in one of its tributaries during the Bern; Oliver Schmidt, ETH, EAWAG, Kastanienbaum; Dipl. Biol.
1700s. The body was subsequently covered with sedimentation Negahnaz Moghaddam for support; Korbinian Seitz for English
and lay buried approximately 180280 years in the lake sediment editing.
under largely anoxic conditions. In combination with the
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