PROPOSED DRAINAGE SYSTEM

FOR PROPOSED PROJECT

PROPOSAL OF PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OF 1 UNIT OF SERVICE CENTER,

1 UNIT OF AUDITORIUM & 4 UNITS OF THREE STOREY SHOP OFFICE,
WITH PARKING LOTS AND RELEVANT CONSTRUCTION WORKS,
ON LOT 8006 & 8007 (TAMAN ILMU), MUKIM 09,
DAERAH SEBERANG PERAI SELATAN, PULAU PINANG,
FOR UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Scope of Work ................................................................................................................................3
1.2 Main Objectives ..............................................................................................................................3
1.3 Specifications or Guidelines ...........................................................................................................4
1.4 Existing Drainage Structures ..........................................................................................................4
2.0 Methodology .......................................................................................................................................5
2.1 Design Acceptance Criteria ............................................................................................................5
2.2 Data Summary...............................................................................................................................11
2.3 Estimation of Peak Flow using Rational Method .........................................................................12
2.4 On-Site Detention (OSD) Design Procedure ................................................................................12
2.5 Rainwater Harvesting System Design Procedure .........................................................................13
2.6 Reinforced Concrete (RC) Drain Design Procedure .....................................................................14
3.0 CONCEPT OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM ...........................................................................................15
3.1 On-Site Detention (OSD) ..............................................................................................................15
3.2 Rainwater Harvesting System (RWHS) ........................................................................................16
3.3 Reinforced Concrete (RC) Drain ..................................................................................................17
4.0 PROPOSED DRAINAGE SYSTEM ...............................................................................................18
4.1 Design Calculation of On-Site Detention (OSD) ..........................................................................18
4.2 Design Calculation of Rainwater Harvesting System ...................................................................19
4.3 Calculation of Peak Flow ..............................................................................................................20
4.4 Design Calculation of Reinforced Concrete (RC) Drain ..............................................................21
5.0 LAYOUT OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM .............................................................................................22
5.1 Layout of Water Flow ...................................................................................................................22
5.2 Layout of On-Site Detention (OSD) .............................................................................................22
5.3 Layout of Rainwater Harvesting System ......................................................................................22
5.4 Layout of Reinforced Concrete (RC) Drain ..................................................................................22
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Stormwater systems are divided into two categories; major and minor. The minor system consists
of swales, gutters, pipes, on-site detention, bioretention and the various types of inlets and best management
practices (BMPs) that collect, store, treat and convey runoff to a discharge area or impoundment.
Components in the minor system are sized to manage runoff generated by the more frequent short-duration
storm events. The major system includes natural streams, channels, ponds, lakes, wetlands, large pipes and
culverts. Design criteria for the major quantity system are typically based on significant amounts of rainfall
produced by the less frequent long-duration storms.
Drainage systems can be defined as subsurface and surface. Surface drains are designed to remove
excess runoff from the land which would otherwise cause localised flooding. Subsurface drainage is
designed to remove excess water from the soil mass. Land drainage systems can be designed for agricultural
purposes or for flood alleviation. Drainage are part of urban infrastructure systems and they are an important
key to the successful function of a project site. Drainage helps guide rainwater flow to remove it from the
ground surface. If the drainage system fails, development area become subjected to floods, to possible
environmental degradation, to sanitation and health problems and to development services disruption.
Drainage that is not guided can begin to infiltrate the soil until it becomes saturated. After soil saturation,
the water can pool at the soils surface. Poor drainage results in the pooling of water on impervious surfaces
and poor plant health. Poor drainage can cause hydroplaning, if water begins to fill ruts in a roadway. Poor
drainage can cause foundation damage to a building or home. Poor drainage can also lead to moss, mildew,
and additional wildlife if not handled properly.
The proposed development area located at Taman Ilmu, Nibong Tebal is categorized as lowlands
refers to low-lying alluvial land near Kerian river. Therefore, drainage systems are required to manage the
amount the water entering and leaving a site in a controlled manner. These involved lowering water tables
and removing excess water as quickly as possible from a site.

1.1 Scope of Work

To design on-site detention (OSD) facilities as stormwater quantity control technique.
To design the required storage tank of rainwater harvesting system for rainwater collection.
To design the size of reinforced concrete drain that required to cater the capacity discharge within
the proposed development area.
1.2 Main Objectives
The design of an urban drainage system integrated with development area, aiming to reduce impacts
on the hydrological cycle, acting on infiltration processes and allowing detention on artificial urban
reservoirs. The key elements for designing sustainable drainage systems are to:
manage runoff volumes and rates
reducing the impact of urbanisation on flooding and runoff
encourage natural groundwater recharge
enhance amenity, urban landscape and ecology of developed areas
meet the environmental and the local community needs
control nuisance flooding
provide for the safe passage of less frequent or larger flood events
The design of drainage systems is based on MSMA 2nd edition specifications to make sure the
sequence of calculation of every design facilities are follow with the Malaysian standard. It is also to make
sure the flow rate quantity based on the source can be controlled efficiency besides to produce a complete
drainage system design that is capable to endure total rain flow based on the rainfall. Therefore, stormwater
problems especially during flash floods can be minimized and solved accordingly with this competent
design of drainage system.
 1.3 Specifications or Guidelines
1) MASMA (Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia) 2nd Edition
Chapter 1 - Design Acceptance Criteria
Chapter 2 - Quantity Design Fundamentals
Chapter 5 - On-Site Detention
Chapter 6 - Rainwater Harvesting
Chapter 14 - Drain and Swale
2) MPSP - Garis Panduan Parit Tertutup Bagi Pembangunan Baru Di Seberang Perai

1.4 Existing Drainage Structures

Hydrologic features are critical in planning, designing, and laying out a construction project.
Therefore, it is very important to consider existing drainage and urban stormwater infrastructure within the
development site and surrounding area during site assessment and data collection. It is extremely important
to identify, delineate, and record all areas such as ponds, lakes and wetlands and conveyance systems,
including swales, ditches, streams, creeks, rivers, and areas of concentrated flow that are on or adjacent to
the project site. This information allows the plan designer to determine drainage patterns, evaluate the
condition of various drainage features, determine if they can be incorporated into the project, and select
storm water management measures to protect ecologically sensitive areas. Below are several photos of
existing facilities nearest the proposed development area.
2.0 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Design Acceptance Criteria

Minimum Average Recurrence Interval (ARI)
The minor system (10 years ARI) is intended to collect, control and convey runoff from buildings,
infrastructures and utilities in relatively frequent storm events to minimise inconvenience and nuisance
flooding. During any event larger the minor storm ARI, the higher runoff will overspill the minor drainage
components. The major system (100 years ARI) is intended to safely convey, and control runoff collected
by the minor drainage system together with its possible overspill to the larger downstream systems and
water bodies. The major system must protect the community from the consequences of large and reasonably
rare storm events which could cause severe property damage, injury or loss of life.

Recommended Runoff Coefficient, C

 Closest IDF Station: Bagan Serai

Design Region
- Development area is located within Northern part (Region 3) - Project Area = 5.48 ha
- Use OSD characteristics for Region 3 - Terrain: Low lying

Maximum Permissible Site Discharge (PSD) and Minimum Site Storage Requirement (SSR)
 OSD Volume, Inlet Size and Outlet Size
 Rainwater Demand

Rainfal Characteristic

First Flush Volume

 Tank Size Estimation

Average Annual Rainwater

Pipe Sizing
 Loading Unit Rating

Minimum Flow Rate

Frictional Resistance of Fiittings

Frictional Rasistance of Draw-off Taps

 2.2 Data Summary
Type of Development Commercial & business center Reference
Minimum Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) 10 years for minor system Table 1.1
100 years for major system
Recommended Runoff Coefficient, C 0.90 for minor system Table 2.5
0.95 for major system
Closest IDF Station Bagan Serai, Perak Table 2. B1
IDF Station Name Jalan Matang Buluh Table 2. B1
Fitting Constant = 52.752 Table 2. B1
= 0.163
= 0.179
= 0.795
Location of Development Area Northern part Figure 5. A1
Design Region Region 3 Figure 5. A1
Project Area 5.48 ha (56 800 m) Layout
Terrain Low-lying PSA
Percentage of Impervious Area 25 % Layout
Percentage of Pervious Area 75 % Layout
Maximum Permissible Site Discharge, PSD (L/s/ha) 54.8 L/s/ha Table 5. A1
Minimum Site Storage Requirement, SSR (m/ha) 311.1 m/ha Table 5. A1
OSD Volume (m) 1 850 m Table 5. A3
Inlet and Overflow Diameter (mm) 668 mm Table 5. A3
Outlet Diameter (mm) 407 mm Table 5. A3
Discharge (m/s) 0.16 m/s for 406 mm pipe diameter Table 5. A4
0.42 m/s for 701 mm pipe diameter
 2.3 Estimation of Peak Flow using Rational Method

Select Design ARI for drainage system

Discretise Sub-Catchment
divide sub-catchment into segments of homogeneous land use or surface slope

Estimation Time of Concentration, tc = to + td

estimation overland flow time (use design chart 2.A1)
estimate flow times for all other flow components within the sub-catchment

Determine the Average Rainfall Intensity,

calculate for design ARI and duration d equal to the time of concentration, from IDF data

Estimate Runoff Coefficients, C

estimate C values for each segment if there are different landuses from Table 2.5

Calculate Average Runoff Coefficient from Equation 2.4

Determine Peak Flow Rate, Q for Sub-Catchment

calculate peak flow rate, Q = CIA/360 from Equation 2.3

2.4 On-Site Detention (OSD) Design Procedure

Determine the storage type(s) to be used Identify the region Determine the catchment
within the site, i.e. separate above and/or of the detention characteristics such as terrain
below-ground storage(s) or a composite above site from Figure type and percentage of
and below-ground storage. 5.A1. impervious area.

Determine Permissible Site Determine Site Storage

Discharge (PSD) per hectares
(PSD/ha) from Table 5. A1.
Then, multiply with project area
to determine PSD.
Identify the major town of the
Requirement (SSR) per hectares
detention site in Table 5. A2.
(SSR/ha) from Table 5. A1.
Then, multiply with project
Then, multiply with project area
area to determine inlet flow.
to determine SSR.

Determine PSD per hectares Determine SSR per hectares Compare the value of PSD from Step
(PSD/ha) from Table 5. A2. (SSR/ha) from Table 5. A2. 4 and Step 7. The smaller PSD value
Then, multiply with detention Then, multiply with detention is adopted for subsequent sizing of
area to determine PSD. area to determine SSR. outlet pipe.

Compare the value of SSR from Step 5

Determine the Inlet Pipe Determine the Outlet Pipe
and Step 8. The larger SSR value is
diameter from Table 5. A3. diameter from Table 5. A3.
adopted for Selected Design.

Determine the Inlet Pipe Determine the Outlet Pipe Compare the value of Inlet Pipe diameter
diameter from Table 5. A4 diameter from Table 5. A4 and from Step 11 and Step 13. The
by using the Inlet Flow value by using the PSD value smaller Inlet pipe diameter is adopted for
from Step 6 as discharge. from Step 9 as discharge. Selected Design Value.

Compare the value of Outlet Pipe diameter and from Step 12 and Step 14.
The smaller Outlet Pipe diameter is adopted for Selected Design Value.
2.5 Rainwater Harvesting System Design Procedure
2.6 Reinforced Concrete (RC) Drain Design Procedure
3.0 CONCEPT OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM
3.1 On-Site Detention (OSD)
Storage facilities are the core elements of achieving one of the major stormwater quantity control
criteria which is the post-development peak discharge cannot be more than the pre-development peak
discharge. It can be achieved with proper locating and sizing of the storage facilities. On-site detention
(OSD) and detention pond are the two recommended storage facilities which depending on the land
availability. OSD may be provided as above-ground, below-ground or a combination of both within a
property boundary.
The proposed storage facilities for the development area is above-ground OSD due to large available
space. Moreover, the construction site is near to the existing reinforce concrete (RC) drains that channel
and discharge the stormwater to the closest ecological stream which is Kerian River. The above-ground
storages (basically as tanks) can be located at roof top, lawns, gardens, car park or driveway. Storages tanks
to be used for OSD should be structurally sound and be constructed from durable materials that are not
subjected to deterioration by corrosion or aggressive soil conditions.
OSD is a best management practices (BMPs) that provide general flood protection and can also
control nuisance flood both in upstream and downstream. OSD restricts the rate that storm water leaves a
site to a discharge which will not cause increased flooding anywhere downstream. It involves temporarily
storing or detaining the excess stormwater from the commercial buildings on our project area.
On-site stormwater detention is the main techniques used to slow the flow of stormwater into water
catchments, particularly in areas prone to flooding. On-site stormwater detention systems are designed to
retain stormwater on site to limit the flow rate into the authority system. This prevents flooding. There are
different types of on-site water detention systems, but all have the following components:
Discharge control pit
this is located at the lowest point on the site. All flows leave the site through this pit. The pit contains
an orifice in a stainless-steel plate fixed to the side wall. The orifice is sized to limit the discharge of
water from the site to the maximum permissible rate.
Storage
this is located on the ground, roof or underground. The storage fills by overflow from the discharge
control pit and empties quickly though the pit once the rain eases.
Collection network
consists of gutters, channels, pipes and surface grading which delivers all site run-off to a discharge
pit.

The floor slope of the tank shall not be greater than 10% to permit easy access to all parts of the
storage for maintenance. The slope shall also be not less than 2% to enable good drainage of the tank floor.
The design storm for estimating the required storage volume shall be 10 years average recurrence interval
(ARI).
 3.2 Rainwater Harvesting System (RWHS)
Rainwater harvesting is a technique of collecting rainfall as a supplementary sources of water supply
for households, commercial and industrial premises, landscape watering, livestock water and irrigation of
agriculture. The planning and development of rainwater harvesting systems shall be carried out adhering to
the principles and guidelines described in Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia (MASMA)
to ensure that the system complies with sustainability, water quality and design standard.
The aim of RWHS is to concentrate runoff and collect it in a basin for use. RWHS using roof
catchment s is the easiest and most common method. Rainwater may also be collected from any impervious
surface such as stone, concrete or asphaltic pavement. Landscape can also be contoured to maximize the
catchment areas and runoff for rainwater collection.
RHWS can be integrated with OSD facilities that control a minor storm event. It is appropriate for
large scale landscape such as parks, commercial sites, parking lots and apartment complexes. Rainwater
can be stored on flat roofs provided that adequate protection against leakage is catered for in the structural
design of the building. This type of storage is suited to commercial and industrial buildings where large flat
roof are available. OSD storage-cum-rainwater harvesting system can be provided as above-ground
storages.
RWHS provides an alternative water supply to supplement piped water. It is a green approach. It
reduces the dependency of people on pipe water hence discourage dam construction and deforestation. It
reduces water bills for consumer, stormwater flooding and soil erosion. RWHS has five basic components:

Catchment area - the surface area which catches the rainfall. It may be a roof or impervious
pavement and may include landscaped areas.
Conveyance - channels or pipes that transport the water from catchment area to a storage.
First flush the systems that filter and remove contaminants and debris using separation devices.
Storage tanks where collected rainwater is stored.
Distribution the system that delivers the rainwater to the point of use either by gravity or pump.
 3.3 Reinforced Concrete (RC) Drain

Selection Factor:
Space availability
Site suitability
Environment condition
Advantages:
Economical solution
Low maintenance cost
Flexibility in its form
Durable
High compressive strength
4.0 PROPOSED DRAINAGE SYSTEM

4.1 Design Calculation of On-Site Detention (OSD)

Reference Calculation Output
Storage Type = Above-ground storage

Figure 5. A1 Nibong Tebal falls under Region 3 - Northern

So, use OSD Characteristic for Region 3 - Northern
Layout Project Area = 5.48 ha (56 800 m)
Terrain = Low-lying
Percentage of Impervious Area = 25 %
Percentage of Pervious Area = 75 %

Table 5. A1 Permissible Site Discharge, PSD per hectares (PSD / ha): = 54.8 L/s/ha
For area of 5.48 ha, PSD = 5.48 ha 54.8 L/s/ha = 300.3 L/s

Table 5. A1 Site Storage Requirement, SSR per hectares (SSR / ha): = 311.1 m/ha
For area of 5.48 ha, SSR = 5.48 ha 311.1 m/ha = 1 704.8 m
Sizing of OSD Tank:
The required storage is 1 704.8 m
Adopt tank width of 40 m, 20 m length and a depth of 2.5 m.
Table 5.2 Tank storage = 40 m 20 m 2.5 m = 2 000 m 1 704.8 m
Ok.
Table 5. A2 Inlet Flow:
As Nibong Tebal is not in the list in Table 5. A2, refer to
Table 5. A3 only.

Table 5. A2 PSD:
As Nibong Tebal is not in the list in Table 5. A2, refer to
Table 5. A1 only.

Table 5. A2 SSR:
As Nibong Tebal is not in the list in Table 5. A2, refer to
Table 5. A1 only.

Table 5. A3 Inlet Pipe: = 668 mm

(adopt 700 mm diameter as it is readily available in the market) (Adopt 700 mm )

Table 5. A3 Outlet Pipe: = 407 mm

(adopt 400 mm diameter as it is readily available in the market) (Adopt 400 mm )

Table 5. A4 Inlet Pipe:

As Nibong Tebal is not in the list in Table 5. A2, no checking
for Table 5. A4 is required. Refer to Table 5. A3 only.

Table 5. A4 Outlet Pipe:

As Nibong Tebal is not in the list in Table 5. A2, no checking
for Table 5. A4 is required. Refer to Table 5. A3 only.
4.2 Design Calculation of Rainwater Harvesting System
4.3 Calculation of Peak Flow
 4.4 Design Calculation of Reinforced Concrete (RC) Drain
Reference Calculation Output
Determine design flows for the drain:
Equation 2.2
=
( + )
where:
= the average rainfall intensity (mm/hr) for selected ARI ()
and storm duration ();
Table 1.1 = average recurrence interval, ARI (years); = 10 years ARI
= storm duration (hours); =
, , = fitting constants dependent on the rain gauge
location
Location ARI, Storm Derived Parameters
& duration

Station (years)
ID
Bagan 10
Serai
5.0 LAYOUT OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM

5.1 Layout of Water Flow

Refer Appendix for layout of water flow.

5.2 Layout of On-Site Detention (OSD)

Refer Appendix for layout of on-site detention.

5.3 Layout of Rainwater Harvesting System

Refer Appendix for layout of rainwater harvesting system.

5.4 Layout of Reinforced Concrete (RC) Drain

Refer Appendix for layout of reinforced concrete (RC) drain.