Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Upon doing this Assignment we would like to thank all those who contributed whether directly
or indirectly in helping us compiling information through research and editing it. Nothing is
possible without the health and strength of the Almighty, so we want to thank him for seeing us
through the completion this project. We owe thanks to our classmates as well for sharing
information with us, for team work is common grounds to success. Lastly thanks to Miss. Moss
for this research base assignment that would help us as we are training to become Professional
Nurses.
INTRODUCTION
The study of drugs or chemicals and the effects they have on living animals is
called pharmacology. Pharmacology explains what drugs are, what they do to body functions and
what the body does to them. Pharmacology also explains why a person may experience side
effects when they take drugs and why there is such a wide spectrum of differences between drug
Everyone at one stage or another in life will rely on a pharmaceutical product, whether it is for
pharmacology.
WARFARIN CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATIONS:
ANTICOAGULANT
Pregnancy Category: X
USES
- Prophylaxis and treatment of deep vein thrombosis, and its extension, pulmonary
embolism
- Treatment of atrial fibrillation with embolization.
- Treatment of coronary occlusion, cerebral transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), and as a
prophylactic in patients with prosthetic cardiac valves. Used extensively as rodenticide.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Hemorrhagic tendencies, vitamin C or K deficiency, hemophilia coagulation factor
deficiencies, dyscrasias; active bleeding; open wounds, active peptic ulcer, visceral
carcinoma, esophageal varices, malabsorption syndrome; uncontrolled hypertension, cerebral
vascular disease; heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT); pericarditis with acute MI;
severe hepatic or renal disease; continuous tube drainage of any orifice; subacute bacterial
endocarditis; recent surgery of brain, spinal cord, or eye; regional or lumbar block
anesthesia; threatened abortion; unreliable patients; pregnancyDOSAGE
- Adult: PO/IV Usual dose 210 mg daily with dose adjusted to maintain a PT 1.22
control or INR
- Child: PO 0.10.3 mg/kg/day, adjust to maintain INR of 23
ADVERSE EFFECTS
- Body as a Whole: Major or minor hemorrhage from any tissue or organ; hypersensitivity
(dermatitis, urticaria, pruritus, fever).
- GI: Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, steatorrhea, stomatitis.
- Other: Increased serum transaminase levels, hepatitis, jaundice, burning sensation of
feet, transient hair loss.
Overdosage: Internal or external bleeding, paralytic ileus; skin necrosis of toes (purple toes
syndrome), tip of nose, buttocks, thighs, calves, female breast, abdomen, and other fat-rich
areas
NURSING IMPLICATIONS
Assessment & Drug Effects
- Determine PT/INP prior to initiation of therapy and then daily until maintenance dosage
is established.
- Obtain a COMPLETE medication history prior to start of therapy and whenever altered
Prepared by: Male Surgical Ward 3 01/11/2017
Batch 42 Pharmacology Drug Classification
Initials: M.G
Age: 61 years
Area: Sharpes Dale
Date: 19th October 2017
Diagnosis: Deep Vein Thrombosis, HTN
Instructions: Place a tick in the relevant box and write comments when necessary.
the comments.
What are the Pt and family are well informed and knowledgeable
patient/familys KEY about the drug
learning needs in relation
to the drug?
Thank the patient
Using Maslows hierarchy
of basic needs and the
patient profile, cluster the
data under the relevant
need
Document the assessment
data on the sample
progress notes
Construct a brief lesson
plan for teaching the
patient on areas of
deficiency
Conduct the teaching to
last no more than 10 - 15
minutes
Evaluate patients
knowledge
Document specific
content taught and
outcomes on the sample
progress notes
While consulting with the
Registered Nursing staff,
implement other
interventions that are
within your scope of
practice and document
same
Thank you!
Psychosocial:
Pt verbalize that she doesnt like taking the Warfarin drug, is
depressed due to hospitalization and restriction of foods of
preference
Pt stated that shes uncomfortable in the sun and that she bruises
easily
Sexuality:
SUBJECTIVE Risk for impaired Client will Monitor vital signs Pt. has not
M.G is sad because gas exchange continue to and note changes in reported any
she is hospitalized. related to demonstrate cardiac rhythm. Blood difficulty as it
Alveolar- satisfactory Pressure changes are relates to
Stated that she is capillary ventilation allied with developing breathing
uncomfortable in membrane and hypoxemia. Changes
the Sun. changes including oxygenation in heart rhythm and M.G. goal was
active bleeding. within the extra heart sounds met as there was
States that she normal may show increased no evidence of
bruises easily. Ineffective Tissue range cardiac load and this pulmonary
Perfusion related can lead to failing embolism
States that she to vessel wall M.G. will ventilation imbalance.
misses home. injury evidence not Goal was not
by edema, experience Assess and measure 0fully met as
Unhappy that she is swelling, warmth any blood the circumference of M.G. expressed
unable to eat her and tenderness clot. the pt. affected leg she was still
preferred Foods. during palpation with a measuring tape experiencing
of calf muscle. Pt. will for signs and pain.
OBJECTIVE verbalize symptoms of deep
Sad Facial Acute pain approaches vein thrombosis it is Pt. verbalized
Expression Related to that offer presumed when there that she was
Restricted inflammatory relief and is a variance of above experiencing
Mobility. response in report when 3 cm between the bruising and
Edema in the Right affected vein the pain has extremities blood in stool so
Leg. evidence by eased. the goal was not
Swelling of the restlessness and Maintain bed rest, meet
right Leg. reports of pain. Pt. will not elevate affected .
Warmth in the experience extremity as this assist
Skin. Risk for bleeding any circulation, decreases
Distention of related to bleeding stasis and edema
Surface Vein. anticoagulation formation.
Pain Scale of 6/10 therapy for deep
Blood Pressure vein thrombosis Assess for primary
reading of 140/90. signs and symptoms of
Taking Medication: bleeding, noting
Warfarin 5 mg PO bruises and gum
OD bleeding are the
Lisinoprol 50 mg earliest signs of
PO OD impulsive bleeding.
COURSE: Pharmacology
UNIT: Unit Three
TOPIC: Deep Bone Thrombosis
AUDIENCE: One Male Patient
LEVEL: Adult
SIZE: 1 patient
VENUE: Male Surgical Ward
DATE: 25th October, 2017
TIME: 3:30 p.m.
DURATION: 15 minutes
LEARNING THEORY: (Self-Driven Learning): learning is open, genuine, inviting,
active, and student driven. Student should participate in
their own learning.
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING THEORY: Carl Rogers: Humanistic learning
METHODOLOGY: Discussion
TEACHING AIDS: Hand-outs
AIM OF THE LESSON: At the end of this lesson, patient would be able to:
1. Understand the importance of the medication used
EVALUATION: Patient should be able to:
1. Explain the importance of taking Warfarin
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
1. Define deep bone thrombosis
2. List 2 types of deep bone thrombosis
3. Explain the types of deep bone thrombosis
4. List 3 symptoms of deep bone thrombosis
5. Define Warfarin
Prepared by: Male Surgical Ward 11 01/11/2017
Batch 42 Pharmacology Drug Classification
REFERENCES:
https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/deep+vein+thrombosis
https://www.news-medical.net/health/Types-of-Thrombosis.aspx
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/arterial-thrombosis/Pages/Introduction.aspx
www.heart.org/.../What-is-Venous-Thromboembolism-VTE_UCM_479052_Article.js
https://www.healthline.com/health/deep-venous-thrombosis
https://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Deep-vein-thrombosis/Pages/Causes.aspx
https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-3949/warfarin-oral/details
https://www.drugs.com Drugs A to Z
CONTENT
2. List the types of Venous thrombosis State the State the List the types of
deep bone Arterial thrombosis types of types of deep bone
thrombosis Deep bone Deep bone thrombosis
thrombosis thrombosis
3. Explain the -
Arterial thrombosis is Explain the State the
types of deep a blood clot that types of deep types of
bone develops in an artery bone deep bone
thrombosis which can be thrombosis thrombosis
dangerous because it
can stop the blood
from flowing to the
organs.
- Deep vein thrombosis
(DVT) is a clot in a
deep vein, usually in
the leg, but
sometimes in the arm
or other veins.
4 List 3 Symptoms of Deep Bone State the Explain the
symptoms of Thrombosis: symptoms types of Deep
deep bone - swelling in your foot, and causes of bone
thrombosis ankle, or leg, usually deep bone thrombosis
on one side thrombosis
- cramping pain in
your affected leg that
usually begins in
your calf
Date: 25.10.2017
25.10.2017 1:35 P.M. Patient taken over was lying in bed conscious and alert and First year R.N
was aware of the surroundings. Patient was seen in no student N.A
respiratory distress.__________________________________
1:48 P.M. On initial contact Patients complaints of mild pain rated 6 on First year R.N
a scale of 1-10 and tenderness to the affected (R) leg which student N.A
was elevated. The right leg appeared slightly swollen with red
discoloration around the area and weak muscle strength.____
2:00 P.M. Patients vitals First year R.N
Temperature 98C student N.A
Blood Pressure 140/90
Pulse 85 bpm
Respiration 22 bpm
2:15pm Upon assessment the following needs of the patient were
affected
Nutrition Need First year R.N
Low vitamin k diet and No dark green leafy vegetables_____ student N.A
Elimination:
Subjective data: Patient verbalized occasional bloody stool__
Rest, Activity & Comfort:
Pain related to right affected leg and decreased physical
mobility___________________________________________
Psychosocial
Patient verbalize that she doesnt like taking the Warfarin
drug and is depressed due to hospitalization and restriction of
consuming her favorite food __________________________
2:28 P.M. Nursing plan of care
Ensure low K diet is served
Administer medication as necessary
Monitor v/s
Keep (R) leg in raised position
Teaching Plan
PHYENTOIN CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION(S):
Antiarrhythmic, Class IB
anticonvulsant, hydantoin
ACTION
Acts in the motor cortex of the brain to reduce the spread of electrical discharges from the
rapidly firing epileptic foci in this area.
USAGE
- Chronic epilepsy, especially of the tonic-clonic, psychomotor type. Not effective against
absence seizures and may even increase the frequency of seizures in this disorder.
- Parenteral: Status epilepticus and to control seizures during neurosurgery. IV for PVCs
and tachycardia. Particularly useful for arrhythmias produced by digitals over-dosage.
- PO: Certain PVCs. Investigational: Paroxysmal choreoathetosis; to treat blistering an
erosions in clients with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullsa; episodic dyscontrol;
trigeminal neuralgia; as a muscle relaxant in neuromyotonia, myotonia dystrophy; to treat
cardiac symptoms in overdosage of tricyclic antidepressants. Severe preeclampsia.
DOSAGE
- ORAL SUSPENSION; TABLETS, CHEWABLE
Seizures.
- Adults, initial: 100mg (125 mg of the suspension) 3 times per day; adjust dosage at 7-10
day intervals until seizures are controlled; usual, maintenance: 300-400 mg/day,
although 600 mg/day (625 mg dose of the suspension) may be required in some.
- Pediatric, initial: 5 mg/kg/day in two to three divided doses; maintenance, 4-8mg/kg
(up to maximum of 300 mg/day). Children over 6 years may require up to 300 mg/day.
Geriatric: 3 mg/kg initially in divided doses; then, adjust dosage according to serum
levels and response. Once dosage level has been established, the extended capsules may
be used for once-a-day dosage.
- Capsules for seizures
- Adults, initial: 100mg 3 times per day; adjust dose at 7- to -10 day intervals until control
is changed. An initial loading dose of 12-15 mg/kg divided into two to three doses over 6
hr followed by 100mg 3 times per day on subsequent days may be preferred if seizures
are frequent.
- Pediatric: See dose for Oral Suspension and Chewable Tablets.
Arrhythmias.
Adults: 200-400 mg/day
- IV
Satus epilepticus
Adults, loading dose: 10-15 mg/kg at a rate not to exceed 50 mg/min; then, 100mg PO
or IV q 6-8hr. Pediatric, loading dose: 5-10 mg/kg given at a rate of 1-3 mg/kg/min.
Arrhythmias
Prepared by: Male Surgical Ward 16 01/11/2017
Batch 42 Pharmacology Drug Classification
SIDE EFFECTS
- The most notable signs of toxicity associated with the intravenous use of this drug are
cardiovascular collapse and/or central nervous system depression. Hypotension does
occur when the drug is administered rapidly by the intravenous route. The rate of
administration is very important; it should not exceed 50 mg per minute in adults, and 1-
3 mg/kg/min (or 50 mg per minute, whichever is slower) in pediatric patients.
Body As a Whole
- Allergic reactions in the form of rash and rarely more serious forms (see Skin and
Appendages paragraph below) and DRESS (see WARNINGS) have been observed.
Anaphylaxis has also been reported.
- There have also been reports of coarsening of facial features, systemic lupus
erythematosus, periarteritis nodosa, and immunoglobulin abnormalities.
Cardiovascular
- Severe cardiovascular events and fatalities have been reported with atrial and ventricular
conduction depression and ventricular fibrillation. Severe complications are most
commonly encountered in elderly or critically ill patients (see WARNINGS).
Nervous System
- The most common adverse reactions encountered with phenytoin therapy are nervous
system reactions and are usually dose-related. Reactions include nystagmus, ataxia,
slurred speech, decreased coordination, somnolence, and mental confusion. Dizziness,
vertigo, insomnia, transient nervousness, motor twitchings, paresthesia, and headaches
have also been observed. There have also been rare reports of phenytoin induced
dyskinesias, including chorea, dystonia, tremor and asterixis, similar to those induced by
phenothiazine and other neuroleptic drugs.
- A predominantly sensory peripheral polyneuropathy has been observed in patients
receiving long-term phenytoin therapy.
Digestive System
- Acute hepatic failure, toxic hepatitis, liver damage, nausea, vomiting, constipation,
enlargement of the lips, and gingival hyperplasia.
Skin and Appendages
- Dermatological manifestations sometimes accompanied by fever have included
scarlatiniform or morbilliform rashes. A morbilliform rash (measles-like) is the most
common; other types of dermatitis are seen more rarely. Other more serious forms which
may be fatal have included bullous, exfoliative or purpuric dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson
syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis (see WARNINGS section). There have also
been reports of hypertrichosis.
- Local irritation, inflammation, tenderness, necrosis, and sloughing have been reported
with or without extravasation of intravenous phenytoin (see WARNINGS).
CONTRAINDICATIONS
- Hypersensitivity to hydantoins, exfoliative dermatitis, sinus bradycardia, second- and
third- degree AV block, clients with strokes- Adams syndrome, SA block. Lactation
EFFECTS ON PREGNANCY:
Pregnancy category: C
NURSING IMPLICATIONS
- Do not confuse Dilantin with DIlaudid (a narcotic analgesic). Do not confuse phenytoin
with fosphenytoin or mephyton (also anticonvulsants).
ADMINISTRATION/ STORAGE
- Full effectiveness of PO administered hydantoins is delayed and may take 6-9 days to be
fully established. A similar period of time will elapse before effects disappear
completely.
- When hydantoins are substituted for or added to another anticonvulsant medication, their
dosage is gradually increased, while dosage of the other drug is decreased proportionally.
- Avoid IM, SC, or previous injections. Pain, inflammation, and necrosis may be caused by
the highly alkaline solutions.
- If receiving tube feedings of Isocal or Osmolite, the PO absorption of phenytoin may be
decreased. Do not administer together.
- Due to potential differences in bio-availability between PO products, do not interchange
brands. Also, when switching from extended to prompt products, dosage adjustments
may be required.
- Use of IV infusion is not recommend, as the drug is poorly soluble and may form a
precipitate. Inject slowly and directly into a large vein through a large-gauge needle or IV
catheter.
- For parenteral preparations:
Use only a clear solution.
Dilute with special diluent supplied by manufacturer.
Shake the vital until the solution is clear. I may take about 10 min for the drug to
dissolve.
To hasten the process, warm the vital in warm water after adding the diluent.
The drug is incompatible with acid solutions.
-
ASSESMENT
- List the reason for therapy, onset, characteristics of S&S, clinical presentation, blood
vessels, other agents trailed, outcome.
- Note history and nature of seizures, addressing location, frequency, duration,
causes/characteristics, triggers and EEG findings.
- Determine if hypertensive to hydantoins or has exfoliative dermatitis. Consider
fosphenytoin in those unable to tolerate phenytoin. Do not breastfeed following delivery.
- Monitor ECG, VS,CBC, liver, and renal function studies. May lower serum Mg, folate,
calcium and vitamin D. Avoid with sinus bradycardia, sion-atrial block, second and third
degree A-V block.
INTERVENTIONS
- During IV administration, monitor VS and for hypotension.
- Monitor serum drug levels because the serum concentrations of phenytoin increase
disproportionately as the dosage is increased:
Seven to 10 days may be required to recommended serum levels. Drug is highly
protein bound; may order free and bound drug levels to better assess response.
Drug is metabolized much slower by the elderly; thus most may be managed with
once a day dosing.
If receiving drugs that interact with hydantoins or with impaired liver function,
obtain level more frequently. Dilantin induces hepatic microsomal enzymes for
drug metabolism.
- Oral form has variable absorption; do not administer with tube feedings. Administer
separately, flush, and clamp tube for 20 min to ensure absorption.
CLIENT/FAMILY TEACHING
- May take with food to minimize GI upset. Do not take antacids within 1 hr of ingestion.
Do not chew or crush; take tablets whole.
- Use care when performing tasks that require mental alertness. Drug may cause
drowsiness, dizziness, and blurred vision.
- Do not substitute products of exchange brands; bioavailability of phenytoin may vary.
Seizure control may be lost or toxic blood levels may be develop with substitutions.
- Prompt-release forms cannot be substituted for another unless the dosage is also adjusted.
- If taking phenytoin extended, do not substitute chewable tablets for capsules. Medication
strengths are not equal.
- If taking phenytoin extended, check bottle carefully. Chewable tablets are never extended
form.
- With extended release, take only a single dose daily; take only as directed and only in the
brand prescribed.
- If dose is misses, take as soon as remembered. Then resume the usual schedule. Do not
double up to make up for the missed dose. If the doses of drug are scheduled through the
day, and one of the doses is missed, take the drug as soon as it is realized unless its
within 4 hr of the next dose. In that case, omit unless otherwise instructed.
OUTCOMES/EVALUATE
- Control of seizures
- Termination of ventricular arrhythmias; stable cardiac rhythm
- Therapeutic drug levels (5-20 mcg/mL)
Initials: J.G
Age: 38yrs
Area: Pinehill
Date: 25/10/17
Diagnosis: Seizure (uncontrolled), Epilepsy, Hydrocephalus
Instructions: Place a tick in the relevant box and write comments when necessary.
Does patient know name Y Patient was a bit confused at the time of assessment, but
and dose of the drug? E his mother was there to help in answering this question
S by stating yes he knows the name and dosage of the
drug but he is a little bit out of it right now.
What does the patient say Y Patient stated that the drug helps with his jumps
about the action of the E (seizures).
drug? S
Does the patient/family Patient and family partially adheres to some precautions
adhere to any special such, as taking the drug with food and not chewing it up
precautions when taking but taking it whole.
the drug?
E.g. checking pulse prior
use.
List at least one special
precaution discussed in the
comments.
What are the Side effects of the drug and other necessary precautions
patient/familys KEY when taking the drug.
learning needs in relation
to the drug?
Thank the patient Y
E
S
Evaluate patients Y
knowledge E
S
D.O.A: 25/10/17
Psychosocial:
Pt has no knowledge of drugs taken
Pt is uneducated on effects, usage, dosage and side effects of
all medications taken
Risk for loneliness
Sexuality:
Provide
neurological or
vital sign check
after seizure.
Rationale
Documents
postictal state and
time or
completeness of
recovery to normal
state. May identify
additional safety
concerns to be
addressed
Rationale
Promotes safety
measures
Rational
Prevents or
minimizes injury
when seizures
(frequent or
generalized) occur
while patient is in
bed.
Rationale
Helps maintain
airway potency
and reduces risk of
oral trauma
Discuss adverse
side effects of
drugs and
precautions
related to drug
and condition.
Rationale
May indicate need
for change in
dosage or choice of
drug therapy.
Promotes
involvement and
participation in
decision-making
process and
awareness of
potential long-
term effects of
drug therapy, and
provides
opportunity to
minimize or
prevent
complications.
Provide emotional
support
Rationale
Seizures are
serious and
upsetting to
witness. The more
empathy and
support you can
provide patients
COURSE: Pharmacology
UNIT: 3
SIZE: Four
DATE: 31/10/17
TIME: 3:00P.M.
DURATION: 20 Minutes
LEARNING THEORY: Andragogy refers to a theory of adult learning that details some of the
ways in which adults learn differently than children. For example, adults tend to be more self-
directed, internally motivated, and ready to learn. Teachers can draw on concepts of andragogy
METHODOLOGY: Discussion
AIM OF THE LESSON: At the end of this teaching activity, the patient and his family will be
able to have a better understanding about Seizures and its medication that are taught in the
lesson.
EVALUATION: Patient will be able to correctly answer questions regarding Seizure and its
medication.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
1. Define Seizures
REFERENCES:
http://web.b.ebscohost.com/nrc/detail?vid=4&sid=0c692a76-4bcc-4ee0-
8d122f5e25288ed4%40sessionmgr101&bdata=JnNpdGU9bnJjLWxpdmU%3d#AN=200
9565414&db=nrc
https://www.drugs.com/dilantin.html
CONTENT
Prepared by: Male Surgical Ward 33 01/11/2017
Batch 42 Pharmacology Drug Classification
2 State how to The risk that a Ask the Patient will Patient states
maintain a safe person with patient and explain how how to maintain
environment epilepsy will be his family if to maintain a a safe
before and injured during a they are safe environment.
during seizure. seizure at home aware of environment.
can be greatly how to
reduced by taking maintain a
some simple safety safe
precautions: environment
- Carpet the before and
floors with during a
heavy pile seizure.
and thick
under
padding.
- If the person
with epilepsy
wants to iron
clothing or
use a curling
iron, be sure
that the
device has an
automatic
shut-off
switch to
prevent
burns.
- Use chairs
with arms to
help prevent
falling.
- In the
bathroom:
Hang doors
so they open
outwards
instead of
Prepared by: Male Surgical Ward 35 01/11/2017
Batch 42 Pharmacology Drug Classification
inwards.
Then if the
person falls
against the
door, it can
still be
opened.
- The person
with epilepsy
should not
use any
electrical
appliances in
the bathroom
or near water.
In the
kitchen:
Cook with a
microwave
oven. When
using the
stove, try to
use the back
burners.
- Use plastic
containers,
plates, and
drinking cups
whenever
possible. Use
cups with
lids
(commuter
cups) to
prevent burns
from spills.
- If the person
with epilepsy
needs to
Prepared by: Male Surgical Ward 36 01/11/2017
Batch 42 Pharmacology Drug Classification
move
containers of
hot food or
liquids, it is
safer to slide
them along
the counter
or use a cart
to move them
to another
room. It is
safer for the
person to
wear rubber
gloves when
handling
knives or
washing
dishes and
glassware in
the sink.
- In the
bedroom:
Avoid
putting your
bed against a
wall, to
prevent
knocking
your limbs.
Put cushions,
pillows or a
mattress on
the floor
around the
bed, to
reduce
injuries if
you fall out
Prepared by: Male Surgical Ward 37 01/11/2017
Batch 42 Pharmacology Drug Classification
of bed.
Choose a low
bed, so there
is less
distance to
fall to the
floor. Keep
sharp-edged
objects and
furniture
away from
the bed.
3 List the types, There are various Ask the Patient and The patient and his
symptoms, causes types and names of patient and his family will family have a
and treatment of seizures such as grand family if they explain the knowledge about
seizures. mal (tonic- Clonic), are aware of types, the types,
petit mal (absence), the types, symptoms, symptoms, causes,
and psycho-motor. The symptoms, causes, and and Treatment for
international causes, and treatment for seizures.
classifications of treatment for seizures.
seizures are seizures.
Generalized, Non-
epileptic seizures and
Partial Seizures. A
person may have more
than type of seizures.
The symptoms can last
anywhere from a few
seconds to 15 minutes
per episode.
- Generalized
Seizures These
seizures occur
on both sides of
the brain and
affect both
sides of the
body.
Generalized
seizures include
grand mal or
tonic-clonic
Prepared by: Male Surgical Ward 38 01/11/2017
Batch 42 Pharmacology Drug Classification
seizures.
- These seizures
can occur if
you have
epilepsy, which
is a condition
that causes
repeated
seizures. This
type of seizure
happens on
only one side of
the brain. As a
result, one side
of the body is
affected during
a seizure. Other
names for
partial seizures
include focal,
Jacksonian, and
temporal lobe
seizures.
- Non-epileptic
seizures result
from an injury,
such as a blow
to the head, or
an illness.
When you get
treatment for
the condition,
the seizures go
away.
Symptoms:
Sometimes, symptoms
occur before the
seizure takes place.
These include:
- A sudden
feeling of fear
or anxiousness
a feeling of being sick
to your stomach,
dizziness, a change in
vision, a jerky
movement of the arms
and legs that may
cause you to drop
things, an out of body
sensation, and
headache.
Symptoms that indicate
a seizure is in progress
include: losing
consciousness, which
is followed by
confusion,
having uncontrollable
muscle spasms,
drooling or frothing at
the mouth, falling,
having a strange taste
in your mouth,
clenching your teeth,
biting your tongue,
having sudden rapid
eye movements,
making unusual noises,
such as grunting,
losing control of
bladder or bowel
function and having
sudden mood changes.
4 Define Dilantin Dilantin (phenytoin) is Ask the Patient will Patient has gains
an anti-epileptic drug, patient if he explain the knowledge about
also called an understands term Dilantin Dilantin.
anticonvulsant. It the term (phenytoin).
works by slowing Dilantin
down impulses in the (phenytoin).
brain that cause
seizures. Dilantin is
used to control
seizures. Phenytoin
does not treat all types
of seizures; Dilantin
may also be used for
purposes not listed in
this medication guide.
5 List the side The side effects of Ask the Patient will Patient has no
effects of Dilantin Dilantin: patient what explain what knowledge of what
- fever, swollen are the side the side effects the side effects of
glands, sore effects of of Dilantin are. Dilantin are.
throat, trouble taking
breathing, Dilantin.
painful mouth
sores, sores
around your
eyes; skin rash,
easy bruising or
bleeding,
severe
weakness;
severe muscle
pain;
- nausea,
vomiting, upper
stomach pain,
loss of appetite,
dark urine,
jaundice
(yellowing of
the skin or
eyes);
- bone pain
(especially in
your hips, legs,
or lower back),
trouble with
walking; or
- severe skin
reaction - fever,
sore throat,
swelling in
your face or
tongue, burning
in your eyes,
skin pain,
followed by a
red or purple
skin rash
- Severe muscle
pain; sh that
spreads
(especially in
the face or
upper body)
and causes
blistering and
peeling.
- Dizziness,
drowsiness,
confusion,
nervousness;
Tremors,
slurred speech,
loss of balance
or coordination;
Rash;
Abnormal eye
movement;
Headache; or
Sleep problems
(insomnia).
6 List the dosage of Dosage: Ask the Patient will Patient is
Dilantin - Oral (Adults): patient what explain the knowledgeable
Loading dose are the dosage dosage for about the dosage of
of 1520 mg/kg for taking Dilantin. Dilantin.
as extended Dilantin.
capsules in 3
divided doses
given every 24
hr; maintenance
dose 56
mg/kg/day
given in 13
divided doses;
usual dosing
range = 200
1200 mg/day.
- Intravenous
(Adults): Status
epilepticus
loading dose
1520 mg/kg.
Rate not to
exceed 2550
mg/min.
Maintenance
dosesame as
PO dosing
above.
Date: 25.10.2017
References
https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/deep+vein+thrombosis
https://www.news-medical.net/health/Types-of-Thrombosis.aspx
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/arterial-thrombosis/Pages/Introduction.aspx
www.heart.org/.../What-is-Venous-Thromboembolism-VTE_UCM_479052_Article.js
https://www.healthline.com/health/deep-venous-thrombosis
https://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Deep-vein-thrombosis/Pages/Causes.aspx
https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-3949/warfarin-oral/details
http://web.b.ebscohost.com/nrc/detail?vid=4&sid=0c692a76-4bcc-4ee0-
8d122f5e25288ed4%40sessionmgr101&bdata=JnNpdGU9bnJjLWxpdmU%3d#AN=200956541
4&db=nrc
https://www.drugs.com/dilantin.html
EVALUATION SHEET
CANDIDATE NO SOME FULL
PARTICIP PARTICIPATION PARTICIPATION
ATION
Did some assigned Submitted all
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produce
work Submitted work but Work submitted
same was was adequate or
Did not inadequate exceeded
submit work expectations
Work assigned had
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done other group discussion and
members group activity
GRADE
ZER0 Showed minimal GRADE 1
interest in
discussion and
group activity
GRADE 0.5
RaeDawn Abbott
Oneka Adams
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Alsheka John
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Kimiesha Lavia