Chapter 12- Structures and Properties of Ceramics

Bonding:
--Mostly ionic, some covalent.
--% ionic character increases with difference in electronegativity.

Large vs small ionic bond character:

H
2.1
CaF2: large He
-
Li C F
1.0
Be
1.5 SiC: small 2.5 4.0
Ne
-
Na Mg Si Cl Ar
0.9 1.2 1.8 3.0 -
K Ca Ti Cr Fe Ni Zn As Br Kr
0.8 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.8 -
Rb Sr I Xe
0.8 1.0 2.5 -
Cs Ba At Rn
0.7 0.9 2.2 -
Fr Ra
0.7 0.9 Table of Electronegativities
12.2 Crystal Structures

Charge Neutrality: F-
--Net charge in the CaF2: Ca2+ +
cation anions
structure should
be zero. F-

--General form: AmXp

m, p determined by charge neutrality
Stable structures:
--maximize the # of nearest oppositely charged neighbors.
- - - - - -
+ + +
- - - - - -
unstable stable stable
 rcation
Coordination # increases with
ranion
Issue: How many anions can you arrange around a cation?

rcation ZnS
Coord #
ranion (zincblende)
< .155 2

.155-.225 3 NaCl
(sodium
.225-.414 4 chloride)

.414-.732 6
CsCl
(cesium
.732-1.0 8 chloride)
AX-Type Crystal Structure

Na+ Cl-

NaCl (sodium chloride)

 Cs+ Cl-

CsCl (cesium chloride)

Not BCC structure!

 S Zn
ZnS (zinc blende)
AmXp-Type Crystal Structure

Ca2+ F-
CaF2 (fluorite)
AmBnXp-Type Crystal Structure

Ba2+ O2- Ti2+

BaTiO3 (Barium titanate)

Perovskite crystal structure

Silica

[SiO4]
Silica Glass

Network Former
Oxides (SiO2, B2O3, GeO2) to
form glass framework;

Network Modifiers
Cations of oxides (Na2O, CaO
etc.) to modify the framework;

Intermediates
Oxides can be used as
network former and network
modifier( such as Al2O3, TiO2).

short-range order
Sodium-silicate Glass
The Silicates

Five silicate ion structure formed for SiO4-4

 [SiO4]

Two-dimensional silicate sheet structure having repeat unit of (Si2O5)2-

Chapter 13- Application and Processing Ceramics
Application
Applications
Electrical insulators
Abrasives
Thermal insulation and coatings
Windows, television screens, optical fibers (glass)
Corrosion resistant applications
Electrical devices: capacitors, transducers, etc.
Highways and roads (concrete)
Refractories
Biocompatible coatings (fusion to bone)
Self-lubricating bearings
Magnetic materials (audio/video tapes, hard disks, etc.)
Optical wave guides
Night-vision
Examples
Simple oxides (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO)
Mixed-metal oxides (SrTiO3, MgAl2O4, YBa2Cu3O7-x, having vacancy defects.)
Nitrides (Si3N4, AlN, GaN, BN, and TiN, which are used for hard coatings.)
Application

Classification of ceramic materials on the basis of application

Silica Refractories

Application
Arched roofs of steel- and
glass-making furnaces

Limitation
The addition of alumina
between 0.2~1.0wt%
Abrasives

Bulk materials
 Abrasive coatings

TiN coating TiCN coating TiAlN coating

Piezoelectric Ceramics
Piezoelectricity: electric polarization is induced in the ceramic
crystal when a mechanical strain is imposed on it.

Paul Langevin and his coworkers developed an

ultrasonic submarine detector (sonar) in World War I.
A piezoelectric crystal is caused to oscillate by an electrical signal,
which produces high-frequency mechanical vibrations that are
transmitted through water. Upon encountering an object, these
signal are reflected back, and another piezoelectric crystal receives
this reflecting vibration energy and converts it back into an
electrical signal.
Fabrication
Fabrication and Processing of Glasses

The press-and-blow
technique for producing
glass bottle

The process for the

continuous drawing of
sheet glass.
13.10 Powder Pressing

Powder mass (particle size distribution)

Green compact (water or other binder)

Sintering

Three basic powder-pressing

procedure: uniaxial, isostatic
and hot pressing

Uniaxial powder pressing

 transparent
Powder particles after pressing translucent

Particle coalescence and pore formation

Pore change size and shape

opaque