K.D.M.

A
INTERNATIONAL

MADE BY_
ARPIT RAJPUT
XII-D
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that ARPIT RAJPUT,

a student of class XII has successfully
completed the research on the below mentioned
project under the guidance of
MR.SHIVDEEP SKUKLA ( Subject
Teacher ) during the year 2017-18 in partial
fulfillment of chemistry practical examination
conducted by CBSE, New Delhi.
SIGNATURE OF CHEMISTRY TEACHER

SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER

SIGNATURE OF PRINCIPAL

PAGE 1
ACKNOLEDGMENT

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many

people have best owned upon me their blessings and the
heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all
the people who have been concerned with project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete
this project with success. Then I would like to thank my
principal Mrs.Priyanka Shehgal and chemistry teacher

, whose valuable guidance has been the

ones that helped me patch this project and make it full

proof success.His suggestions and his instructions have
served as the major contributor towards the completion of
the project. Then I would like to thank my parents and
friends who have helped me with their valuable suggestions
and guidance has been helpful in various phases of the
completion of the project.

PAGE 2
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that project work entitled

PREPARATION OF SOAP &
DETERMINING FOAMING CAPACITY
OF DIFFERENT SOAPS, submitted to
the department of Chemistry, Karam Devi
Memorial Academy (KDMA) for the
subject Chemistry under the guidance of
Mr.Shivdeep Shukla is a record of original
work done by me.
XII-D
KARAM DEVI MEMORIAL
ACADEMY

PAGE 3
 -:CONTENTS:-

1.INTRODUCTION
2.EXPERIMENT-1
3.THEORY
4.EXPERIMENT-2
5.CONCLUSION
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

PAGE 4
GENERAL INFORMATION
What Are Oils & Fats?
Alcohol or alkanols may be considered as hydroxyl
derivatives of saturated hydrocarbons or alkanes and
represented by general formula R-OH group.
All alcohols contain the hydroxyl group (-OH) as the
functional group, which determine the general
properties of the family. The remaining part, i.e., other
than the (OH) group is called the hydrocarbon
structure.
Alcohols are classified as mono, di- and trihydric
alcohols according to the number of hydroxyl groups
contained in their molecules. Thus:
C2H5OH CH2OH C2H4(OH)2

Ethyl Alcohol | OR

(Monohydric) CH2OH

Glycol(Dihydric)

CH2OH
|

CH2OH OR C3H5(OH)3

CH2OH Glycerol (Trihydric)

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 Glycerol is a trihydric alcohol with three
hydroxyl groups.
Carboxylic (or alkanoic) acids are the organic
compounds containing carboxyl (COOH) group.
They are represented by the general formula R
COOH.
Aliphatic monocarboxylic acids (containing one
carboxyl group) are known as fatty acids because
some of their higher members with long
hydrocarbon chains are obtained from oils and fats.
Members of family of carboxylic acids in which R
contains 15 or more carbon atoms are known as
higher fatty acids. Some common higher fatty acids
are:
C15H31COOH C17H35COOH C17H35COOH
(Palmitic acid) (Oleic acid) (Stearic acid)

Oils and fats are the triesters of glycerol with

various long chain organic acids, both saturated
and unsaturated.
These triesters are usually known as glycerides.
Oils are liquids at ordinary temperatures while fats
are solids.
The glycerides constituting oils contain a larger
proportion of unsaturated acids, such as

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(C17H33COOH), (C17H31COOH),
etc., while
the glycerides forming the fats contain a larger
proportion of saturated acids, such as
(C11H23COOH) (C13H27COOH),

(C15H31COOH) and
(C17H35COOH).

The glycerides are named according to the acid

radical present in them. For instance, the glyceride
containing radical is called stearin or
tristearin and the one containing the
radical is named as palmitin or tripalmitin..
CH2OOCC17H35 CH2OOCC15H31

| |

CHOOCC17H35 CHOOCC15H31

| |

CH2OOCC17H35 CH2OOCC15H31
(Stearin or triesterin) (Palmitin or tripalmitin)

Usually more than one acid radical is present in

the same glyceride. These are called mixed
glycerides. The naturally occurring oils and fats
are generally mixtures of such mixed
glycerides.

For instance:

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CH2OOCC17H35 CH2OOCC15H31

| |

CHOOCC15H31 CHOOCC17H35

| |

CH2OOCC17H35 CH2OOCC17H35
(Oleo-palmito-stearin) (Palmito-distearin)

CH2OOCC17H35

CHOOCC15H31

CH2OOCC15H31

(Stearo-dipalmitin)

Soaps are mixtures of sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids

such as stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid. They are usually
obtained by the hydrolysis of oils and fats with sodium or potassium
hydroxide (alkali hydrolysis).

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For example,

CH2OOCC15H31 CH2OH 2C15H31COONa

| | (Sodium palmitate)

CHOOCC15H31 + NaOH CHOH (Soap)

| |

CH2OOCC17H35 CH2OH C17H35COONa

(Dipalmito-stearin) (Sodium Sterate)

(Oil or fat) (Soap)

The alkali hydrolysis of oil and fat is known as

Saponification.
The sodium soaps are generally hard in consistency
and are known as Hard Soaps. The potassium soaps,
on the other hand, are comparatively soft and more
soluble and are referred to as Soft Soaps. Shaving
creams, vanishing creams, shampoos, etc., are all
potassium soaps

Soaps act as cleansing agent by decreasing the

surface tension of water. Any surface or interface has
a surface tension, or surface energy caused by the
unequal attraction, between molecules in opposite sides.
A detergent (cleansing agent) ties together the two

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surfaces and consequently diminishes the fraction of
dissimilar cohesive forces at the surface and hence
decreases the surface energy. The adsorption of the
detergent at the solid surface permits wetting of the
surface by water and rolling up of oil films into small
droplets.
Cleansing (or washing) properties of soaps and
detergents depend on the lowering they cause in the
surface tension of water. Greater the lowering in the
value of surface tension, greater will be the cleansing
capacity of the detergent.

Surface tension of two soap solutions (1and2) can

be easily compared by counting the number of drops
(1and2) formed from equal volumes containing
equal weights of the detergents.

It is an apparatus used for comparing relative surface tension

of liquids. It consists of a capillary tube the end of which is
flattened out (in order to give a large dropping surface) and
the surface is ground flat and polished. The capillary is sealed
on to a tube of wider bore on which a bulb is blown and on the
stem of the tube, two marks are etched, one above and another
below the bulb.

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 -:EXPERIMENT. 1:-

OBJECTIVE:
i. To prepare soap from oils (say Mahuwa oil,
ground nut oil and coconut oil).
ii. To compare the soap prepared with the market soap
by determining their foaming capacity and
cleaning effect.

APPARATUS:
Beakers, Stalagmometer (drop pipette), test tubes, petri
dishes, stop watch.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
The washing soap is prepared from the following
chemicals:
1. Mahuwa Oil = 100g
2. Caustic Soda = 25g
3. Starch = 25g
4. Water = 150ml

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PROCEDURES:
1. Dissolve caustic soda in 150ml of water. This solution is called lye.
Let this soda lye cool.
2. Warm the oil on flame and mix 50g of starch with it. Remove the
flame and allow the oil to cool.
3. When the oil and soda lye are at about the same temperature

Add soda lye to the oil in a thin stream.

4. Stir the mass constantly well with a wooden rod till the whole lye
has been added. A creamy pasty mass is obtained.
5. Stir the mass more till a semi-solid mass is obtained. Transfer it into
an iron mould or a wooden frame.
6. Cover the mould or frame with wooden board or a gunny bag and
leave it for few hours.
7. Remove the flame and take out the soda slab. Cut it with the help of
a wire into cakes of desired size.

-
.

PRECAUTION:
Caustic soda is very corrosive and should not,
therefore, be touched with bare hands.

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FOAMING CAPACITY

OF DIFFERENT

SOAPS

INTRODUCTION:
Soaps and detergents are used for removing grease
and dirt from our clothes. But all soaps are not equally
effective in their cleansing action.
Soaps are the sodium or potassium salts of higher
fatty acids such as (C15H31COOH),
(C17H35COOH), (C17H35COOH) etc.,their
general formula being RCOONa or RCOOK where R is
the longer chain alkyl group i.e. C15H31, C17H33 etc.,
thus, each soap molecule consists of two parts a lipophilic
(oil soluble) part R and a hydrophilic (water soluble) part
COONa or COOK. The cleansing action of the soap depends
upon the solubility of the long alkyl are in grease or oil
droplets and that of COONa or COOK part in water.
The dirt is held on the surface of the cloth by grease or oil
droplets. Whenever soap is applied on a dirty wet cloth, the
non-polar alkyl group dissolves in grease (non-polar) while the
polar COONa group dissolves in water (polar). In this way

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an emulsion is formed between grease and water which appears
as foam. The dirt along with the emulsion is washed away
when the cloth is treated with excess of water.
Thus, the washing capacity of soap depends upon its foaming
capacity, i.e. the extent to which it produces foam with water.
The foaming capacity also depends upon the quality of water
used. If soft water is used, soaps easily produce lot of lather.
On the other hand, if hard water is used, even good quality
soaps will not produce lather. The reason being that hard water
contains magnesium and calcium ions which form insoluble
magnesium and calcium salts of carboxylic acids which in turn,
precipitate out in the form of a

PAGE 14
 The longer the time taken for the

disappearance of foam in the given sample of soap, greater is

its foaming capacity or cleansing capacity.

PAGE 15
 :PREOCEDURE:
1. Take five 100ml conical flasks and number them as
1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Put 50ml of distilled water in each of
conical flasks and add 5gm of soap shavings or
granules of different soap samples to each flask.
2. Warm the contents of each flask to get a clear
solution.
3. Take five 20ml test tubes and add 10ml of distilled
water to each one of them and label them as 1, 2, 3, 4
and 5. Now add 1ml of soap solution from each conical
flask to the corresponding test tube.
4. Close the mouth of the test tube number 1 with your
thumb and shake its contents vigorously for one
minute. Place test tube in the test tube stand and start
the stop watch immediately. Note the time taken for
disappearance of the foam produced.
5. Repeat the same procedure for test tubes 2, 3, 4 and
5 shaking each time with the same force and for the
same time (one minute). Note the time taken for
disappearance of foam in each case and record the
observations in a tabular form.

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 :OBSERVATIONS:
Amount of each soap sample taken = 5.0gm
Volume of distilled water added to each soap sample = 50.0ml
Test Name of Volume of Volume of Time of
Tube the Soap Soap Water Dissappearence
Number Sample Solution added Of Foam
Added
1. Dove 1.0 ml 10.0 ml
2. Lifebuoy 1.0 ml 10.0 ml
3. Dettol 1.0 ml 10.0 ml
4. Lux 1.0 ml 10.0 ml
5. Liril 1.0 ml 10.0 ml
6. Medimix 1.0 ml 10.0 ml

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 TEXT BOOK OF CLASS 12th
CHEMISTRY
http://www.google.co.in
http://www.wikipedia.org
http://www.slideshare.net
Help from Subject Teacher and Lab Attender.

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