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IUCN/METCOI{
Melamchi Diversion Scheme Environmental lmpactAssessment

GENERAL APPROAGH AND METHODOLOGY

The main objective of the Melamchi Diversion Scheme Environmental Impact

Assessment is to document short and long term positive and negative social and
environmental impacts and to provide plans for mitigation, monitoring, and
management of significant impacts. To accomplish the objective, EIA of the MDS
followed the standard procedure set by the National EIA guidelines and the
Environment Protection Act and Regulation of Nepal. The basic approach for the
assessment is to integrate all sectoral information/data, findings and views, and
present a holistic perspective for regional development and sustainability. For the
EIA study previous reports and maps were thoroughly analyzed followed by detail
field surveys, household surveys, PRA, and experimental analysis using field kits
and laboratory instruments. For comprehensive information and planning this
approach is further extended to following approaches:

(D Demurcation of the Direct Impact Zone (DIZ) approuch

This approach is based on the concept that certain area in the vicinity of
construction, labor camps, access roads, etc. will directly effect the existing
environment during the construction and operation phases. Therefore, the direct
impact zone was demarcated in the project area. To visualize impacts in full extent
studies were done using physical, biological, hydrological and socio -
economic
indicators. This approach specified the study area to
gather baseline
data/information useful for impact assessment, and mitigation and monitoring
plans.

AD Matrix approach
This approach is useful in weighing anticipated impacts in the project area. This
approach helps in developing holistic scenario of various impacts and presents truiy
integrated assessments. There are several matrix systems for EIA, but for the
present study a general matrix system has been developed in consultation with the
experts.

(IID Assessment of Impacts by combining 'value' and 'intensity'

The assessment of impact is based upon a procedure that combines the value of the
affected environment and the intensity of impacts, to obtain the overall impact
assessment.

At first, baseline conditions are described in detail and a value on a scale from low
value to high value is assigned to the impact zones and the characteristics thereof
The second step is to describe and evaluate the intensity of potential project
impacts. The intensity of impact is measured in terms of its duration, extent and
magnitude. It is evaluated on a scale from high negative to high positive. It has
been evaluated again for fwo phases, the first phase being the short-term
construction phase including the pre-construction phase and the second phase being
the long-term operation phase ofthe project.

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Melamchi Diversion Scheme Environmental lmpactAssessment
The third and final step is to combine value and intensity of impacts to obtain the
overall impact assessment. This assessment therefore evaluates the importance of
an impact on a scale from very large negative to very large positive.

2.1 Physical Environment Analysis

General Analysis of different relevant maps, field surveys and compilation of data on
Environment physical environment is considered for baseline information and impact analysis. It
is noticed that the construction work will destroy the natural setting at the
construction sites. The project is likely to increase pollution sources and landslide
rates in the area. Hence, benchmark data were recorded using field kits.

Air First of all, it is necessary to establish existing condition of ambient air quality.
Study of the project document and preliminary impression obtained from the short
field visit suggest that direct impact zones (DIZ) for air quality may include the
following locations: Intake area at Nakote, Adit areas (Ribal Gore, Gohare Khola,
Gyalthung Khola, Likhu Khola), Powerhouse site, various places along the access
road (Bahunepati, Taramarang, Patichaur, Chanute, Timbu), and construction spoils
disposal sites which are only tentatively to be close to the adits.

Air Quality The most relevant air quality parameters for measurement are related to air-borne
Parameters particulates that are suspected to result from various construction activities.
Therefore, air quality parameters recommended for measurements are Total
Suspended Particulates (TSP) and respirable particles (PMro). Other relevant
parameters could be NO*, SO* and Hydrocarbons that are likely to be increased
due to vehicle exhaust. The nature of information required are type and number of
heavy equipment/vehicles to be used for construction, type of access road (earthen
or black-topped), construction methods and practices, locations of waste disposal
points and disposal process, construction schedules etc.

Noise As there is no baseline information about the existing level of noises and sensitive
receptors, the first thing that is necessary is to establish the existing level ofnoises
in the area. The consultation with and cooperation from the socio-economic team
and natural resources/biodiversity team is important in identifying sensitive
receptors. Similarly, engineering team's cooperation is required in estimating the
possible sources and level ofnoise at source that could be generated by the project.
The DZ for noise and vibration impact may include the following locations: tunnel
corridor of about 6 km width, locations where heavy construction activities are
expected such as intake area, Adit areas, Powerhouse site, and the access road
corridor.

The most relevant noise and vibration related parameters for measurement are
weighted decibels (dBA), conditions of building in the DV and number/types of
landslides in the DZ.

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Scheme Environmental lmpactAssessment
Melamchi Diversion
Physical EIA for the physical environment was made in connection with the construction
Enviranment and and operation of the following components of MDS project.
Landuse
u l-abor camps
o Contractor's camps
o Access roads
o Ropeways
o Adits
o Intake and associated structures
. Pipeline and tunnelportal
r Powerhouse

During inception phase general assessment of the environmental conditions

(physical and land use) of the project area and conditions likely to arise due to the
project was made on the basis of the secondary data I information and field visit. A
short field visit was made to assess environmental conditions of the Melamchi
Valley and Sundarijal area. General observation and public consultation was made
in the field.

Establishment of The baseline information of the physical environment was related to:
Physical Baseline
. topography and drainage ofthe project area in sub-regional setting,
o slopo instability in terms of landslides, erosion, rock falls, and loose deposits,
and land use.

Information on topography and drainage of the project area in sub-regional setting

was established through the interpretation of large-scale maps of 1994 on 1:25,000
scale. Similarly, the general conditions of slope instability of the project area
covering the Melamchi Valley and the Bagmati - Nagmati Catchment area were
assessed through the interpretation of aerial photographs of 1992. The hazard maps
of the Bagmati - Nagmati Catchment area prepared by SMEC in 1992 on the basis
of i989 aerial photographs were also used. The general information on land use of
the project area was established by updating land use maps of the Melamchi Valley
and the Bagmati - Nagmati Catchment area prepared by SMEC in 1992. For
establishing detailed information hase for the high impact zone, the field data was
transferred to the maps and preferably digitized.

Information on land value for different locations was collected.

The baseline information on physical environment of the high impact zone was
detailed out further by obtaining data I information through intensive field survey.
For field survey, 1992 aerial photographs on 1:50,000 were enlarged into
approximately 1:12500 scale. During the fieldwork detailed information on the
existing conditions of slope failures, drainage pattern, and land use was precisely
recorded.

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MelamchiDiversionScheme Environmental Assessment
Friortofieldsurvey,detaiIedinformationonlocationsand@
structures including access roads" labor camps, and spoil disposal area is to Ue
obtained from the Main Consultant. Similarly, information on alternative locations
was also obtained.

Information on topography and drainage of the project area in sub-regional setting

was established through the interpretation of large-scale maps of 1994 on l:25,000
scale. The maps were updated through the interpretation of 1992 aenal photographs
and field verification. On the basis of secondary and primary information dutu,I
baseline information on the physical environment of the project area were
established in two forms: 1) general information base for the project area in the
sub-regional setting and (2) detailed specific site information base for the high
impact zone.

The slope failures were examined through intensity, extent, aspect and status of
landslides, erosion, gulley, rock falls, mass wasting, and loose deposits. similarly
the land use was examined in terms of irrigation, settlements, agriCultural land and
cropping pattern, vegetation cover, and other u.se categories. For establishing
detailed information base for the high impact zone, the field data was transferyed to
the maps. Observation and interviews were the general method of field survey.
Interview with the farmers was done to get information on cropping pattern and
land value. Necessary checklists, recording schedules and guidelines were prepared
and used.

Pltysical and Each of the sub-components of the physical environment to be adversely affected
Landscape due to project structures including access roads were examined in term$ of the
lmpacts existing conditions and the conditions that are likely to arise after the project
implementation. Impacts were identified and predicted in terms of the inteniity,
extent and duration during different phases of the project (pre-construction,
construction and operation).

The specific assessments were related to the following sub-components. :

o total land take for the project structures including access roads and labor camps,
o localized site specific impacts in the form of landslides, soil erosion, and
vibration,
o disruption of drainage channels and flooding,
. spoil disposal,
o land use change due to loss of agricultural land, clearance of trees and plants,
I displacement of buildings, disruption of inigation canals, and displacement of
other assets on land,
o land use change positively in the form of intensification of agriculture and
development of settlements and market centers.

Relevant mitigation and enhancement measures were identified. For this the matrix
method was used.

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Melamchi Diversion scheme Environmental lmpactAssessment

Visual lmpact Visual analysis of the project components such as roads, tunnel, transmission
lines
Analysis etc and dynamic landscape elements in a geographic setting, is very pertinent
to
arrive at a compatible solution which .ep.esents symbioticielationships
between
these elements and the proje.ct component. The aestiretic value of
the landscape has
to be preserved. So aesthetic effects of proposed project development
oughf to be
given due consideration. In the large complex and-diverse upiand
zonel certain
visual landscape elements.such as ridges, siopes gorges, canyon bottoms,
provide
-
the pleasant view, and this constitutes the nuturul Ueauiy of th. tandscapi
The
landscape elements essentially define observer's elevation relationship
to the
landscape he sees and feels. The project components should not
destioy ih"r.
relationships and the aesthetic values.

Main Visual
The physical and landscape impacts of the f"flowi"g p.J.rt romponent are to be
assessed:
o Access Roads
o Quarry Sites
o Tunnel and adits
. Spoil Tips (Debris)
o Transmission Lines
o Ropeways
o Powerhouse

Methodology for the assessment of physical impact could be:

.. Field survey of project area.
o Evaluation of natural landscape layout with the project construction
layout.
Mitigation and Land use plan to be incorporated in the Mitigation and Management plan
was
Management prepared, as indicated_ below. Similarly,- monitoring and pofution
prevention plans
to be incorporated in the Monitoring and Manag.rint plan was alsb prepared.

Settlements with opening of access roads, which will lure people due to new
economic
-human
opportunities, there is a likelihood of increased sefflements along the
corridor. This corridor has to be well protected by bylaws and
rules so that
haphazard ribbon growth does not come into active pli1

Pollution There is a strong likelihood of pollution due to construction

activities, for example,
Prevention Plan various eflluent discharges, oil and diesel leaks, particulate in
the air,smokes etc.
They should be minimized as far as possible, with monitoring' and
control
measures.

Workers Camps Locations of the camps

fuu9l9 be preplanned and should be well regulated and
controlled. The workers should be provided a good environment to live
in Uut at the
same time they should away from forests and environmentally
-U.. _k.p, r.nritiu.
areas. The sanitary and drinking water aspects should be well
addressed i'n advance,
so that disease epidemics and incidences could be prevented.

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Melamchi Diversion scheme Environmental lmpactAssessment

measure should be taken_ to safeguard the forest

s and fu)twood ptintations should
be started in areas around the labor camps, with the
help of the forest user,s group.
Water Quality It is extremely important to see that upstream or down stream
Maintenance water does not get
polluted due to various contributing factors,
such as efiluents from work.r,, .-u*pr.
The area has to be safeguarded througtroui ty upp.opriu,,
measures. Even during
construction phase due care should be taken, ^and'effluent
treatment be made
mandatory, if there is a danger of drinking watei poilution

Tourism Area Langtang National Park, being in close vicinity of some parts
of MDS, should be
well protected from theadverse impacts of the MDs. If possible
impacts zuch as
from the unsightly debris should be completely uuoid.d. Tourism
related
infrastructures should be compatible with the carrying
capacitv of the region and
should not be overstressed, particularly from ttre pointif
view of the maintenance
of the water quality within the catchment area above the
MDS intake paint.
Landscape The project is likely to alter landscape at intake site, access road and river
morphology and also due to Sundarijal reservoir. Construction
camps are likely to
be located at the Sundarijal site and four adit points fo,
the access roads. Landuse
pattern is expected to be changed near the conitruction
sites. Analysis of maps and
photographs was carried out to determine potential
changes in the landscape
characteristics.

Water Quantity water quality and quantities are vital issues in the Melamchi
basin during the
dry
and Quality period' specially after the water is diverted to Kathmandu.
Intake site and
Sundarijal reservoir will become water rich, while Melamchi
khola between
Nakotegaon and Melamchi Pul Bazaar will have reduced
water flow, particularly
during the dry summer period. The georogy. soils, topography,
-in geograp'nv, ,ri*.r.
and hydrology of the area were reported earlier rtrioi.r, however there is no
report on the water quality. The water quality analysis
has been almost absent
(except for a lone sample), although it is understood
that the water quJi *u, f
quite high. However, in the context of reduced flow after the
MDS
implementation' water quantity be further analyzedand
needs to be monitored on a
regular basis.

Evaluation of Melamchi water quality was done using

field kits. The water quality
is described in terms o-f physical (color, teirperature, sorids, oils, etc),
-odor,
chemical (pH, acidity, alkalinity, salinity,'hardness, jirroiu.d oxygen, nitrog.n,
phosphorous, calcium, biological o*ygeo d91gd,
etc) and "b"acterioffical
parameters. Suitability of water for orinting, fishin!,
,eti.ationut ana ini!":tion
was evaluated, and their potential impacts on Lurun
#utttr, natural ecosysteri, fish
populatio4 tourism, agriculture was assessed througtr
field inrp..iion' uno
interaction with the local people.

v9lurye of wastes (liquid. and solid) at different times and locations

was estimated
with the help of engineering team. By assuming that the ,oort
*n'n,on practice of
construction waste dispcsal in Nepal prevails-inlhis project
also, the rite'ry quantity
of wastes that may get into the water was estimated This information
*u, unury".a
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Melamchi Diversion Scheme Environmental lmpactAssessment
to assess the level of water quality degradations. Simplified methods was used to
estimate the level of changes in water quality at different seasons had there been no
project.

Water Use Melamchi River water is traditionaliy used for irrigation purpose and recently is
Balance Study used for running watermills and micro-hydropower plants is started. Use of water
for irrigation is quite extensive particularly in the downstream of Timbu village.
The inception freld visit has revealed that the farmers managed irrigation facilities
have been improved and/ or expanded recently indicating increase in the volume of
water used compared to few years back

At this stage, the EIA team visualizes downstream water demand and the
implied minimum water release requirements (to satisfy the down' stream
demand below the intake as the most critical question related to the viability of
the project.

The Melamchi river valley is extensively and intensively cultivated with three
crops a year. Obviously, river water is utilized to irrigate land in these areas. The
Melamchi river's flow is augmented by the contribution of tributaries as one moves
downstream. By considering this fact, it is suspected that the inigated riverside
terraces between intake and Taramarang Khola would be affected by the diversion
of water from the Melamchi. The study determines the size and water flow
scenarios and analyzed the future impacts.

The available datalinformation related to irrigated area in the Direct Impact Zone
(lDlZ) and utilization of water from Melamchi River was reconfirmed and updated.
An inventory of canals originating from the Melamchi River and inigating lands in
the DIZ was prepared. Such inventory provided data on the length and size of the
canals, amount of water diverted by these canals in the critical months, area
irigated by these canals. District Irigation Offrce and District Agriculture Office at
Chautara also shared. These information verified and updated as required by
conducting rapid field surveys such as walking along the canals, measuring flows
in the canals by float methods, and marking the command areas in 1:25,0000 or 1.
10,000 contour. The main consultant also provided the required information in this
regard. Measurement of flows at several points along the Melamchi River and
contributing perennial tributaries is required. Hydrological analysis is necessary by
using analytical tools that are applicable for Nepalese rivers/stream to establish the
availability of flows in the Melamchi river and contributing tributaries during the
dry months. water demand for inigation was computed by considering the
cropping pattern and intensity. Water use balance (demand and supply) scenario
were, thus, prepared by utilizing data/information from hydrologist, agricultural
expert and inigation expert. One important part of the analysis was to prepare water
balance for the likely changes in the cropping pattern (for example switching over
to cash crops as the access road provides link to market). The outcome of water
use analysis was useful in deciding the minimum release requirement.

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Melamchi Diversion Scheme Environmental lmpactAssessment

2.2 Natural Environment Analysis

NaturalResources Project activities in the area may cause positive and adverse impacts on flora and
and Ecosystem fauna within and adjacent to project areas. General impacts on the biodiversity are
related to water intake, adits construction, road development, labor camps,
powerhouse, etc. Specific impacts may occur in the life cycles of rare and
endangered species inhabiting the area of concern. Field inspection was done to
record general scenario ofnatural resources and ecosystem.

Land and forest A comprehensive EIA process would require site specific data as regards to the
Resources road alignment, intake site, audit sites, transmission lines and other physical
infrastructures. Impact zones during preparation, construction and operation needs
to be clearly defined as direct impact znne (DV) and indirect impact zone (IDZ).
More information with regard to the establishment of baseline data, monitoring
indicators @iological: Butterfly, birds, mammals) and flowering plants (orchids)
were generated from field observation

To accomplish the requirement of Natural Resources and Ecosystem Impacts

Assessment in the TO& the following data were required and thus, was generated.

I. Distribution pattern of forest types (climax forest, plantation, community

forests, religious and private forests), their status, current use and anticipated
threats from MDS undertaking.
2. Identification of critical habitats for wild animals, birds and butterflies.
3. Resource inventory of NTF products and wildlife resources (meat, fur, skin,
feathers, etc.).
4. Current status of forest management system at community level in order to
meet local requirements of fuel, timber, fodder, etc.
J. Current status of buffer zone management system in LNp & swwR in the
impact zone.

Attempt was made to identify traditional environmental indicator such as: seasonal
passage of migratory birds, occuffence of environment sensitive species like
monkeys and birds, occuffence of orchids and epiphytes, wildlife depredation to
crops and livestocks. Detailed lists of tasks and activities are given below, for
various stages.

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Melamchi Diversion Scheme Environmental lmpactAssessment

Stage I: During the inception period, the following activities were carried out:
1. Review of literature
2. Preparation of draft inception report
3. Reconnaissance survey ofthe project area
4. Finalization of inception report through intensive discussions with team
members and team leader.

Stage II: During the fieldwork stage the following steps were envisaged and.
carried out
L Inter-disciplinary team of biologist (Botanists, Zoologist, Ecologists,
Ornithologists, Entomologists, etc.) had visited the project area to
collect baseline data and to fill the information gaps.
2. Data analysis to assess current status of biotic environment and
future impacts of the project
3. Specific study visited predetermined sites to update, and reconfirm
the previous data.

Stage III: During the analysis and assessment stage, Analysis and assessment was
performed including preparation of mitigation, monitoring and
management plans.

Forest and ruCN Nepal has developed field methods for biodiversity assessment (habitats,
Biodiversity trends of wildlife and domestic diversities, residential use of biodiversity resources,
endangered flora and fauna) that was employed for this study. Opportunistic field
observations, monitoring of tracks and signs, static watches, interview local with
people was conducted to record presence and distribution of residential and the
migratory fauna (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates).

Field surveys to record vegetation pattern and plant identification was done,
followed with numerous transect walks and fixed study plots for quantitative
analysis of vegetation. Interviews with the local people was organized to record
information on important plant species (fodder, food, fuel, timber, medicinal, etc.)
as well as their exploitation rate was determined. Information on rare, endangered
and endemic species was obtained comparing with available literature (Shrestha
and Joshi, 1996). Once the potential existence of rare and endangered species is
established for this area, a description of the characteristics of these species was
prepared. The forest offrce in the area was contacted to gather information on forest
status, community forestry program, users group, forest product trade, biodiversity
issues, etc.

Fish Fish and aquatic impacts were assessed by characteization of fish habitat, and
sampling of the habitats. The following methodologies were applied to conduct a
survey of fish and aquatic life of Melamchi River and its feeder stream.

1) Habitat Characterization: The river habitat was characterized by using visual

method (Visual observations from eye). Geological, hydrological and
topographical maps available for the area were also used for river zonation/
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 Assessment
habitat characterization. Observations *rre curr
under water camera.

2) Sampling locations: Fish was collected from Melamchi Khola and it's feeder
stream and the confluence of Melamchi and Indrawati Khola. To provide
specific information on status, distribution and abundance of fish fauna the
following sites were sampled: above intake Nakotegaon to Takedau area, at
head works site/lrlakotegaon, Reduced water flow zone at chanaute, reduced
flow area at the confluence of Gyalthun Khola, reduced flow area " at the
confluence of Talamarang Khola, and confluence of Melamchi and Indrawati.

3) survey Tools: A field trip by fisheries expert together with assistant fish
biologist was conducted to visualize the situation, identification of key issues
and to develop plan and program for the EIA study. Later, detailed fieid study
was done for the field data collection. The details of the survey tools were as
follows: field observation, fish sampling with local g.uir, data sheet,
questionnaire, use of underwater camera, use of Binocular, water quality text
kit, laboratory analysis, specimen collection, and impact ranking methods.

4) Sampling Method: Fish sampling was conducted by using locally available

fishing gears. The Cast net of small knot size and gill net was avoided as it
causes high mortality.

s) Fishing gear proposed for sampling: cast net, dip net, hook lineiRodline,
snaring loops, bamboo traps.

2.3 Socio-economic Analysis

The Socio-economic Impact Assessment is concerned with the social and economic
impacts upon the project areas due to the imprementation of the proposed
Melamchi Diversion Scheme. The primary focus was on the negative impacis but
not necessarily limiting to them. Focus upon the negative impacts is aimed at
mitigating such impacts through correction measures and compensation packages.

The major project activities likely to have considerable socio-economic impacts

are,

o diversion ofMelamchi creating dewater zone.

o access road, and
o powerhouse at Mahankal village in Sundarijal.

From this point of view, Melamchi valley and Mahankal village at Sundarijal are
two major areas where socio-economic impact study need to be mainly
concentrated.

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Melamchi Diversion scheme Environmental lmpactAssessment
Delineation of Socio-economic Impact zones i
village are
Socrb-economic defined in terms of
lmpact Zones
A. Direct Impact zone, where land and other property will be taken up by the
project and these need to be compensated,
B. Water Use Impact Zone, where water will be diverted away from Melamchi
river, and less water will be available for inigation, drinking, and water mill
usages than was available in the past, and
C Indirect Impact Zone, where impacts are indirectly induced upon agriculture
and local economy due to the implementation of the Melamchi piojectl

Area to be covered by different project structures and access road is considered in

9ut.go.y A. To juslify and supplement this category, household survey was made
for all the households detailing out the land and piop.rty, other income sources,
and compensation packages (form and value) that aie preferred.

lrrigation Use Melamchi water is being extensively used particularly for irrigation in some
villages. These villages were rated under the Category n. Rs paft ;f the water use
exercise, attempts was made to assess the total agricultural land area that are
inigated by Melamchi during the lean flow period too. participatory group
discussions were held at the relevant locations to issess the likely impacts tfivate.
diversion and to suggest alternative development measur.r, und agricultural
diversification. The promotion of cash .tops, particularly vegetables,- becomes
desirable from the perspectives of the villageis. There
-will1ery
lilely be a
tendency to move away from paddy cultivation to vegetables and other
cash crops,
due to the access to the markets ofKathmandu.

Project activities and the access road will have their effects upon local economy
during and after the project. The direct impact during the implementation phase
is
felt in and around the project sites and from this point of ui.*, Melamchi valley
and the Mahankal village come under B category. However, it is not easy
to
demarcate the impact zone after the completion ofitre project in the sense
that it
covers both hinterland area of access road and the immediate settlements
at the
vicinity of access road and other project structures.

lnterviews For category c, information was obtained from interview, group discussion, and
observation in the Melamchi valley. Besides, the general information on
agriculture
practices and products, information about pressuri on land, land
tenure, mirket and
agriculture sector development potential etc. were obtained. Secondary information
also was used for this purpose.

Scope and Coverage: Information required can broadly be classified into

following categories:

A. Household information of directly impacted households,

B. Information on water use pattern and their impact, and
C. General information on agriculture and local iconomy

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MelamchiDiversionScheme Environmental Assessment
Scqpe and coverage for these three categories are different. So far as R is
concerned, household survey was made for all the households detailing out their
demographic features, property mainly land and house (inside and outside the
project impact area), agricultural practices and products, other income sources, and
compensation packages (form and value) they prefer.

PRA For B, Participatory Rapid Rural Appraisal methods, such as group discussion,
was organized to assess the likely impact and suggest loss on the development
measures. Information was sought on the potentiality of other income generating
activities and better agricultural practices (and cash crops) which can ensue with
the improvement in the of locals.

Group Dr'scusslon For category C, information was obtained from interview, group discussion, and
observation of proposed sites. Besides, the general information on agriculture
practices and products, pressure on land, land tenure, market and agriculture sector
development potential etc.

Demography Significant impacts on population of this area was expected by the MDS project.
Demographic trend was reviewed and its socio-economic consequences were
analyzed. Construction of dam, reservoir, roads and other heavy infrastructure are
labor intensive efforts, which attract a large population aggregation. It is assumed
that rapid influx of population to a remote rural environment could pose serious
tkeats to social and cultural status including ethnicity.and gender issues. The
socio-economist has developed a questionnaire to record relevant information.

Socra/ lnformation The social and community information were obtained through pRA techniques.
The following information from a village or community was used for the socio-
cultural analysis.
o HistoT of Area
o caste structure and ethnicity (influence on authority, hierarchy, gender,
occupation, spatial settlement), and disadvantaged groups.
o Religious shrines (temples, funeral-cremation, burial) and Archeological sites
r Social dynamics and problems in the village e.g. Litigation, land claims
o Landlord-tenant relationships and agreements
o All schools in grojgct site (primary, secondary, high school including
residential high school and vocational schools) especiallythose being attended
by children from the valley. Clinics and health posts, a health profile of the
valley area
o Administrative/local government structure in each village (names, caste, etc.)
o Informal leadership
o Marriage, dowry, customs, divorced-marriages
o Inter-village dependencies (social, economic, skills)
o Markets (frequency, products, goods, services)
o Trade in and out ofthe area
o Activities of NGOs and INGOs
o Migration from the project area (in and out)
e Community development and gender issues
e value of land, house and other property in the project site area.
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The PRAs were done in 8-10 locations in the Melamchi valley, 2-3 locations in the
campsite area and one in Sundarijal.

Traffic survey A short traffic survey was carried out to estimate the tra{fic and goods flow at
selected traffic nodes in the Melamchi basin. The likely nodes are Melamchi Pul
Bazaar, Magargaon, Talamarang, Gyalthun, Chanaute, Gohare, Kiul, Ichok, Timbu,
Nakategaon, and Melamchigaon.

Demographic data was obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics, Kathmandu
and the VDC level population growth rate were computed over the iast three
decades.

General Economy The approach to be followed is primarily guided by the time available. Maximum
use of previous studies and secondary information was made. Likewise, primary
information was mainly based on rapid rural appraisal with emphasis upon group
discussion, interview, and observation. Household survey was undertaken for only
those households, whose property is likely to be acquired for one or other project
purposes such as treatment plant, camp sites, and other project structures. In case of
access road also, those households were surveyed whose houses and similar
structures need to be acquired by the MDS project. In case of agriculture land, only
sampled households were surveyed. It is foreseen that altogether 150 - 20A
households need to be surveyed. Thus the household survey were limited to the
Direct Impact Zone, The household questionnaires were processed with the help of
SPSS package.

In the settlements under the water use and indirect impact zones, rapid rural
appraisal was made. For this, a comprehensive check lists was developed - one
each for indirect impact zone. Since the Impact Zone of B extends beyond the
immediate vicinity of the access road, discussion was made with the nearby people
of each site. The other groups coming under this category are the owners of water
mills and the small power generators. Discussion was held with them in the same
references.

Impact zone Category C reflects the overall impact upon the local economy.
Access road is likely to have comprehensive impact upon the local economy, which
can range from the change in the structure of the economy to the productivity
growth. They were analyzed on the basis of information obtained from the group
discussion, interviews with local leader and common as well as verified by
observation. In this respect, experiences of other parts of the country were also used
for the confirmation.

Agriculture Agriculture sector would to be effected mostly between the Timbu and Melamchi
Pul Bazaar after Melamchi Diversion. Diverting the water from Melamchi River
will limit the water available for inigation in the valley. Due to the diversion of
water impacts on agricultural production, cropping practices and intensity,
marketing and crop prices were visualized. Issues related with water use, land
ownership, water rights, leaching of muck, soil erosion, soil degradation in the

2-13
IUCN/METCON
Melamchi Diversion Scheme Environmental lmpactAssessment
agricultural fields, field labor for agriculture, etc were addressed during the
discussion.

Community Forest Forest resource is the next importalrt resource after agriculture. There will be
existing pressure on the forest in area due to construction work and labor force.
Resource estimation was done for forest product (timber and NTFP) by quantitative
analysis method, collected through interviews and field surveys. Current status of
buffer zone management system in Langtang National Park and Shivapuri
Watershed and Wildlife Reserve was also.

Tourism The project area, both in the Melamchi valley and Sundarijal are traversed by
trekking route accessing Langtang National Park and Mt. Everest area. The
Melamchi valley, particularly in upper reaches, provides vistas of relatively
unspoiled mountain streams, waterfalls and picturesque terraced communities. The
road development may increase tourist's flow in this area. Similarly tourists may
find a developed and landscaped reservoir in Sundarijal an interesting place to visit.
Tourism related industries could increase in the area enhancing socio-economic
activities. Information on tourist flow in this area was gathered from Department of
Tourism, HMG and interviews with local people.

Education Since education is a crosscutting issue, all those concerned with educational
activities in the project area were consulted in order to acquire the necessary data
and suggestions for educational improvements. They include district education
office, school teachers, students, their guardians, and community leaders. Since the
data and information generated by other members of the study team had important
implications for educational planning, work was proceeded in close consultation
with these individuals.

To begin with, the necessary data was collected and interviews conducted to build
up a comprehensive picture the current educational status and likely project
impacts. Based on this, the need for physical facilities and educational personnel
was projected for a period of ten years. r

Health Assessment of health issues was done through extensive field visits and in depth
discussion with the health service providers at the project site. Available health
facilities were assessed in terms of service available, medical manpower, and
accommodation facilities. Views and aspirations of the community people were
also been taken into consideration in developing the health facilities.

Environrltent The approach and methodology followed were mainly review of the act,
Protection Act regulation and conventions in the context of the project, A walk over inspection of
and Regulation the project sites and drawing lessons from other projects provided better insights
into the legal implications. Following activities were, therefore, planned by the
Environmental Lawyer:

. Review of National Legislation, international environmental conventions, and

policies.
. Consultation with local people, community, users group, to ensure that their
access to natural resources is facilitated and maintained.

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IUCI{/METCON
Melamchi Diversion Scheme Environmental lmpactAssessment
. Interview with relevant expert, NGOs and agencies.
. Review ofother expert report
Community The communities ofMelamchi project site (Map 9-1) formed the basis and
Development sources of data of Community Development EIA study. During a period of one
month, a total of 122 boys and girls, (observant to active participants), 4I9 men and
384 women from 39 village sites participated in participatory appraisals related to
their livelihoods and Melamchi Diversion Scheme. AIso a large number of floating
people added insights to various socio-economic issues. Two teams constituting
five - six members facilitated the participatory discussions and mapping of the
communities located around the tunnel, adits, labor camps, the intake and the
dewatering zone of the project site. Ichok village is especially focused to discuss
the potential impact of labor camps and extemal population in the neighborhood in
the ongoing girl traffrcking. As primary stakeholders of the project who are likely
to be affected, the inhabitants were consulted and listened to their voices. The site
coverage and mobility of the team is shown inMap 9-2.

Approach The approach adopted by the team is two fold: to inform the inhabitants, regarding
the layout of the project and benchmark the communities in social and resource
map and appraise the potential positive and negative impacts of the project to the
respective communities. Participatory involvement at this stage makes the
communities aware about the pros and cons of the project and gradually intunes
them for adjusting their livelihoods as well. The project will be superimposed in the
habitdts of primarily three ethnic and caste groups, i.e. Tamangs (along tunnel,
adits and spoil tip areas), Sherpas (around intake site and Ribal adit) and
Brahman/Chhetris in the dewater zone and access road side. The coverage route
from Patibhanjyang&ikhu via Mahankal Sundarijal gave insights to the team about
the likelihood of negative impacts from the tunnel/adits as well as potential
dislocation of people from land acquisition for treatment plant. The issues raised by
the communities helped the team to enrich the quality of discussion in other sites.

Taols The communities participated in a range of mapping and discussion exercises

including social-resource mapping, Time line, Seasonal calendar of activities, food,
mobility patterns, problem trees, preference and pair ranking, impact assessment,
ideal village mapping, case histories and so on. Households mapped were
accompanied with a detailed survey of age group, educational status, livestock
holdings, economic level of housing, food sufficiency, inclusion in saving credit
program, existing skills and likelihood of resource and assets to be affected by
MDS

Increased knowledge of the MDS followed by mapping of each individual housing

by the participants themselves mounted the enthusiasm ofthe
respondent/inhabitants to give details of their households and participate in the
various exercises and discussions in the PRA survey. A large number of households
had to be included on demand of the community than planned in the survey. As
such there is continuous resource mapping of the valley from Kiul to Melamchi. A
total of about 1100- 1200 households were mapped and details filled in.

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 IUCN/METCON
Melamchi Diversion stgrne lnvironmentar rmpacr Assessment

Analysis The major project structure i.e. tunneUadits and spoil disposal; the
intake site and
main access road and dewater zone virtually coincides
wiitr the three maio,
ethnic/caste habitation zones such as Tamangs,
sherpa and Brahman/chhetri
Some.exception_ being Magu., of Chiurikharka
-re-spectively' and Danuwars of
Melamchi who inhabit in the dewate. The tunnel, adit and disposal of muck
"oni.of- Gohore,
in ecologically fragile and limiting area Gy;lthr* ,outa poi.nriutty
damage the existing ecolgsv and geomorphic procerre,
arr..ting the'i;;;;;,
primarily. The Brahman Chhetris cun furc lowering
of water level In the irrig;ti;n
canals and social hazards along the access. The Nb-al
adit could affect ,"r. s"fr..p.
settlements but due.to relatively smaller size of the
seulements and less reliance on
Melamchi Khola this group confronts largely sociat proute*r.
rrr. ecology ;aih.;.
three communities also varies f.om suE+iopirut tr*p.raie,
coor temperate and
warm temperate. Therefore information is also analyzed
accordinj ; th*.
predominant groups. The settlements are marked predominantly
Tamanis, strerpa,
Brahman chhetri aljlough other groups such as Newars,
and other
castes are mixed within. "J."p.ti"lrr

2.4 Compensation and Resetflement plans

Compensation A compensation package is developed on the

basis of the loss of household, land
and other property project affected families (both partially affected families
&11tt.
and seriously affectbd families).

Resettlement The context of resettlement must be proposed for

those families who are seriously
affected by the project. Four steps are ouilined for resettlement
plan preparation.
:

a) obligations and requirements for land acquisition

and compensation in Nepal
b) Evaluation of Nepalese Acts/Regulations
c) World Bank and other agency guidelines.
d) Identification of possible areaJfor resettlement

In addition, following information are necessary which

are directly relevant for the
social upliftment program for the local people.

a) Identifiring socially and economically disadvantaged

groups
b) Identifying the female-headed house-holds

2.5 Public Consultation in the EA process

During inception of the EIA study it was realizedthat

the communities have been
only extractive sources of information without any inro.mation
u.ing shared with
them in the past courses of various studies. This phase
study, therefore,
gave prime importance to involve the communities "igia
in the study ui,ir.ing uii
pertinent information.to the respective communities.
strategically about public consultation in order to
It focused on thinking
more emcienity deliver in'p*E

2-16
IUCN/METCON
Melamchi Diversion Scheme Environmental lmpactAssessment
project sustainability and to protect the interests of likely affected communities,
especially the poor and vulnerable.

The method applied is participatory rural appraisal, where all community members,
especially around the project structure areas, were pre-informed, invited to
participate, fully briefed about the project with a simplified map and engaged in the
discussion plus various exercises. Intensive discussions were held in 39
communities (see Annex 9-1). To suit the illiteracy and local context, visible
methods and participatory tools were utilized instead of filling forms. The
composition of male and female members as facilitators helped to involve men,
women and also children in the discussions. Open and participatory discussion,
mapping, preference ranking, mobility patterns etc. increased the interest of the
communities which led to enriched findings and understanding by both the study
team and the communities simultaneously. For the first time the communities
collectively learned about Melamchi Diversion Scheme and came up with many
suggestions to reduce the damage and how it can benefit them. The details of the
method and findings are dealt in Chapter 9 in the report.

2.6 The Direct and lndirect lmpact Zones

2.6.1 Direct lmpact Zone

Dtz The Direct Impact Zone pIZ) is the area to be directly affected by construction
and operational activities. The DIZ will vary in time and space according to the
aspects studied. In defining the DV for the MDS Project, all individual DIZ's
defined by the specialists have been compiled to produce the overall DiZ.

TheDV of this project is the area within which most on-site and near-site activities
would occur. DIZhas been defined in three separate locations i.e. Melamchi valley,
Sindhu River area, and Sundarijal area (Map 2-1 andMap 2-2).

DZ has been defined by incorporating places which are likely to experience direct
impacts on physical, natural and socio - economic environment and land use due to
reduced flow of water and other environmental alterations to be induced by project
activities including access and feeder roads. Such places are quite extensive in the
Melamchi basin including the Sindhu valley. Hence the Direct Impact Zone is
large. On the other hand, the Direct Impact Zone in the Sundarijal area is relatively
small owing to limited extent of environmental alterations by project activities.

The main components ofthe DZ include areas such as:

o Headworks at Nakotegaon which is located at approximately 1700 m elevation.
This will consist of a small (no storage) weir over the river, inlet structure and
associated flushing arrangements. There will be significant temporary work
associated with headworks.
o Tunnel adits at various points along the tunnel i.e. Ribal adit, Gohore adit,
Gyalthun adit, and Sindhu adit. The permanent work site of the tunnel adits will
be at the adit portals and spoil disposal sites. There may be some permanent
facilities (such as offices, guesthouses, clinics, schools, and mechanical
2-17
IUCN/METCON
Melamchi Diversion Scheme Environmental lmpactAssessment
workshops) which will be left at some adits after construction as part of the
social upliftment program. There will be significant construction works
(including construction camps) associated with the tunnel adits.
c Rocks and spoils disposal sites located near the adit points.
o Access roads to the headworks and adits i.e. Melamchi Pul Bazaar Timbu-
-
road Bahunepati Sindu adit road, Patichaur - Gyalthun adit road, Chanaute -
Gohore adit road, Timbu to Ribal adit road (an option to a ropeway from Timbu
to Ribal).
o Outlet of the main tunnel for MDS on the left bank of the Bagmati River at
approximately 1400 m elevation. The water will be discharged to the proposed
water treatment plant at Sundarijal.
o Powerhouse at Mahankal near the end of the tunnel. The powerhouse will be
located underground, there will be some construction activities and permanent
works associated with the powerhouse on the surface. A separate access tunnel
may be a feature of the power station. This access tunnel is likely to be located
adjacent to the main tunnel.
o Labor camps located near the adits, headworks and outlet area.
o Surge shaft located inside the Shivapuri Watershed and Wildlife Reserve near its
southern border. The surge shaft is a smallpermanent structure and will not have
significant temporary works on the surface associated with its construction as it
will be constructed largely from inside.
o Electric power will be delivered to the construction sites by 33 kV power line
with Diesel backup units at each construction site. This construction line will be
connected"via the local 11 kV grid in the area to facilitate rural electrification in
the area.
r After diversion of water, stretch of Melamchi River downstream of the intake
will carry reduced water.

Pre - construction There would not be any major impact onDV during the pre - construction
Phase phase of the MDS project. The main track linking Melamchi Pul Bazaar and Timbu
village needs to be upgraded after the initiation of MDS project. Some of the minor
roadwork done on the track up to the present stage has already caused some effect
in the DZ.

In the pre - construction phase, a lot of confusion can be expected among the local
people in the DZ. Such confusion may arise in relation to their possible
involvement in various activities of the project, possible benefits from the project
after its completion, compensation and resettlement issues, and the mechanism and
process to get involved in potential activities.

Construction The area covered by the above mentioned components consist the overall DZ.
Phase Most of the DIZ will be mainly affected during the project construction phase.

aperational During project operation, the DZ will be mostly confined to the areas of the
Phase permanent campsite, access roads and the stretch ofMelamchi River
experiencing reduced water flow.

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IUCN/METCON
Melamchi Diversion Scheme Environmental lmpact Assessment
2.6.2 High, Medium and Low lmpact Zone

The project impact area is divided into two zones: 1) Direct Impact Zone (DV),
and (2) Indirect Impact Zone (IIZ). DZ is further divided into two sub-zones a)
high impact zone and medium impact zone. In several places these two sub-
zones cannot be physically separated for mapping purpose. High impact zone
includes all the places which will experience displacement / dislocation / disruption
of environmental resources due to location of project structures and facilities
including access roads. Medium impact zone is defined as places that will be
directly affected due to a direct alteration in the existing environmental conditions
as a consequence of project activity. This zone includes places with potential
negative impacts due to disruption of irrigation facility, destruction of trees / plants
by labor force, and discontinuation of services of water mills and ghats etc. Low
impact zone refers to the places that will have some indirect negative impacts of the
project activity. This sort of impacts results due to some repercussion of
environmental changes taking place in the Direct Impact Zone.

2.6.s lndirect lmpact Zone

The Indirect Impact Zone (IIZ) includes areas indirectly affected by project
construction and operation activities. The exact extent of the IV in time and space
will depend heavily on the number of people entering the area and the activities
being carried out, as well as implementation and effectiveness of the environmental
and social mitigation and management measures. Most of the IZ is aflected mainly
during project construction. lV in the Melamchi valley is likely to include the
whole of the southern Melamchi watershed. It is likely because of possible
alterations of land utilization in various locations. Such alterations are likely due to
changes in pattern of population movement and tourist flow. It is difficult to define
the extent of such area precisely. It is more difficult to define the Indirect Zone in
the Sundarijal area as the area is subjected to environmental changes to be induced
by other project activities and developments taking place in the Kathmandu Valley.
To some extent the impact predictions are uncertain and as unforeseen impacts may
arise, the exact extent ofDV andIIZ may change.

2-19
 PROJECT IMPACT AREA OF MELAMCHI WATER SHED

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