Philippine Organic Act (1902)

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Congressman Henry A. Cooper authored the Philippine Bill of 1902.

The Philippine Organic Act (c. 1369, 32 Stat. 691) was a basic law for the Insular Government that
was enacted by the United States Congress on July 1, 1902. It is also known as the Philippine Bill
of 1902 and the Cooper Act, after its author Henry A. Cooper. The approval of the act coincided
with the official end of the PhilippineAmerican War.

Contents
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1 Overview
2 Background
3 Implementation
4 See also
5 References
6 External links

Overview[edit]
The Philippine Organic Act provided for the creation of an elected Philippine Assembly after the
following conditions were met:

1. the cessation of the existing insurrection in the Philippine Islands;

2. completion and publication of a census; and
3. two years of continued peace and recognition of the authority of the United States of
America after the publication of the census.
After the convening of the Assembly, legislative power shall then be vested in a bicameral legislature
composed of the Philippine Commission as the upper house and the Philippine Assembly as the
lower house. Supervision of the islands was assigned to the War Department's Bureau of Insular
Affairs.
Other key provisions included:
 a bill of rights for the Filipinos,[1]
the appointment of two Filipino nonvoting Resident Commissioners to represent the Philippines
in the United States Congress, and[1]
the disestablishment of the Roman Catholic Church.[1]
conservation of natural resources for the Filipinos
exercise of executive power by the civil governor who would have several executive
departments
establishment of the Philippine Assembly to be elected by the Filipinos two years after the
publication of a census and only after peace had been restored completely in the country
This act was superseded by the Philippine Autonomy Act, or the Jones Law, enacted on August 29,
1916.

Background[edit]
The act was preceded by the Spooner Amendment to the Army Appropriations Act of 1901
(31 Stat. 910, enacted 2 March 1901) which had provided that:
... all military, civil, and judicial powers necessary to govern the Philippine Islands ... shall until
otherwise provided by Congress be vested in such person and persons, and shall be exercised in
such manner, as the President of the United States shall direct, for the establishment of civil
government, and for maintaining and protecting the inhabitants of said Islands in the free enjoyment
of their liberty, property, and religion.
This was complemented by a cable from the Secretary of War Elihu Root to the Philippine
Commission on 5 March 1901:[2]
Until further orders government will continue under existing instructions and orders.
The comprehensive Spooner Amendment, and these instructions and orders, virtually constituted for
many months the charter of government for the Philippine Islands.[3] Between September 1900 and
August 1902, the Second Philippine Commission (the Taft Commission) issued 499 laws.[1]

Implementation[edit]
The act was enacted into law on July 1, 1902 and the Philippine Commission executed its
provisions.[4] A census was conducted in 1903, and published on March 25, 1905.[4] The Philippine
Assembly elections of 1907 were held on July 30, 1907 for 80 seats, and on October 16, 1907,
the 1st Philippine Legislature was inaugurated at the Manila Grand Opera House.[4]
As a result of the act, the Catholic Church agreed to gradually substitute Spanish priests with
Filipinos and to sell its land.[1] It refused however to send the friars immediately back to Spain.[1]In
1904, the American administration bought 166,000 hectares, a major part of the friars' holding, over
half of which was in the Manila area, and the land was resold to Filipinossome of them tenants but
the majority of them estate owners.[1]
Ang Batas Cooper, o ang Batas ng Pilipinas 1902, ay ang unang batas na ipinasa ng
Kongreso ng US sa kanilang rehime. Ito rin ay may kinalaman sa talata na naglalaman ng
karapatang pantao ng mga Pilipino sa perspektibo ng mga Amerikano. Ito ay isa sa mga
batas na nagsimulang magpakita ng pag-asa ng kasarinlan ng Pilipinas mula sa Estados
Unidos.