Substantiate Laboratory Test for Analysis

Laboratory Test Sample Data Provided Formula Related

SIEVE ANALYSIS All Disturbed and GRAVEL, % - Elastic/Immediate Settlement Analysis for
Undisturbed Sample SAND, % most of the soil is GRANULAR soil.
SILT, % - Consolidation Settlement Analysis for
CLAY, % most of the soil is CLAY soil.
HYDROMETER ANALYSIS All Disturbed and Specific Gravity, Gs - Void Ratio, e
Undisturbed Sample
CLASSIFICATION TEST

=
1+

ATTERBERG LIMIT All Disturbed and Liquid Limit, LL - Compression Index, (Skempton, 1944)
Undisturbed Sample Plastic Limit, PL = 0.009( 10)
Plasticity Index, PI - Liquidity Index
( )
=

where, LI ~ 1 (normally consolidated)
LI ~ 0 (over-consolidated)
MOISTURE CONTENT All Disturbed and Moisture Content, Wn (%) - Calculate for Soil Unit Weight/Bulk Density
Undisturbed Sample = (1 + )
 1-DIMENSIONAL
CONSOLIDATION
SOIL STRENGTH TEST
CONSOLIDATION UNDRAINED
TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TEST,
(C.I.U TEST)
UNCONSOLIDATED UNDRAINED
COMPRESSION TEST (U.U TEST)
DIRECT SHEAR BOX
Undisturbed Sample Void Ratio, e - Recompression Index, Cr
Compression Index, Cc = (5% 10%)
Coefficient of Consolidation, Cv - Recompression Ratio, Rr
Pre-compression Load, kN/m2 =
1+
Water/Moisture Content, % - Calculating for Overconsolidation Ratio,
Bulk Density, (Mg/m3) OCR
Dry Density, (Mg/m3)
=
Specific Gravity, Gs
Where,
OCR = 1 (Normally Consolidated)
OCR > 1 (Overconsolidated)
- Calculate for Soil Unit Weight/Bulk Density
= (1 + )
Undisturbed Sample Total Stress Effective Stress - Effective Stress parameters were used for
Cohesion, C Cohesion, C long-term analysis.
Angle of Friction, Angle of Friction, - Total Stress parameters were used for
short-term analysis
Undisturbed Sample Apparent Cohesion, C - The parameters obtained were used on
Angle of Friction, short-term analysis.
All Disturbed and Angle of Friction, - Use on short-term analysis
Undisturbed Sample
(Cohesionless soil
only)
 UNCONFINED COMPRESSION All Disturbed and Unconfined Compression Rock Strength, - To calculate Rock Socket Friction,fs
ROCK STRENGTH TEST Undisturbed Sample quc or C (MPa) =
ROCK TEST

(cohesionless soil Where;

only) = reduction factor with respect to quc
= reduction factor with respect to rock mass
effect
TOTAL SULPHATE CONTENT All Disturbed and Total Sulphate Content, %
Undisturbed Sample

GROUND-WATER SULPHATE All Disturbed and Sulphate Content, mg/L

CONTENT Undisturbed Sample
CHEMICAL TEST

ORGANIC MATTTER CONTENT All Disturbed and Organic Matter Content, %

Undisturbed Sample

pH VALUE All Disturbed and pH Value

Undisturbed Sample

CHLORIDE CONTENT All Disturbed and Chloride Content, %

Undisturbed Sample
SPT, N CORRELATION
UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH, (Cu) kPa

In cohesive soils, SPT N values are usually used to correlate with undrained shear strength, Cu and some of the correlations commonly used in Malaysia are
as follows:

For SPT N > 5 (where N = SPTN)

= 4 6 (kPa) (Stroud & Butler, 1975)

For SPT N < 5

= 5 + 7.5 (kPa) (Japanese Road Association, 1980)

DRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH, (C) kPa

From the Danish Code (Danish Standard DS 415) suggested that the value of C is better related to the undrained shear strength Cu because both shear
strength are influenced by soil structure and dilation. Based on the Danish Code, the drained shear strength is equal to 10 % of the undrained shear strength.

= 0.1
FRICTION ANGLE, ()

Based on insufficient data provided from S.I. (Soil Investigation), the friction angle need to be predicted using different approach. The approach was to
correlate the friction angle with the number of blows (SPT, N). Table 1 below show the correlation between SPT, N with the approximate friction angle, ().

SPT, N Value Approximate friction

angle, ()

0 to 4 < 30

4 to 10 30 to 35

10 to 30 35 to 40

30 to 50 40 to 45

> 50 > 45
Table 1: Correlation between SPT-N value and friction angle. (Meyerhof, 1956)

There is also other empirical equations relating the SPT N-value and () as described in below:

() = 15 + 15 (Japan Road Association, 1990)

 ESTIMATED SOIL STRENGTH BASED ON SPT 28 112 35 11
29 116 35 11
SPT Undrained Angle of Cohesion, C 30 120 36 12
Shear Strength, Friction,
31 124 36 12
CU
32 128 36 12
1 12.5 18 1
33 132 37 13
2 20 20 2
34 136 37 13
3 27.5 21 3
35 140 37 14
4 35 22 4
36 144 38 14
5 20 23 2
37 148 38 14
6 24 24 2
38 152 38 15
7 28 25 2
39 156 39 15
8 32 25 3
40 160 39 16
9 36 26 3
41 164 39 16
10 40 27 4
42 168 40 16
11 44 27 4
43 172 40 17
12 48 28 4
44 176 40 17
13 52 28 5
45 180 40 18
14 56 29 5
46 184 41 18
15 60 30 6
47 188 41 18
16 64 30 6
48 192 41 19
17 68 30 6
49 196 42 19
18 72 31 7
50 200 42 20
19 76 31 7
20 80 32 8
21 84 32 8
22 88 33 8
23 92 33 9
24 96 33 9
25 100 34 10
26 104 34 10
27 108 35 10