EXPERIMENT 1:

DETERMINATION THE HEAT OF

REACTION

NAME ID NUMBER

Fitri Kholidah bt Kholid Lubis 55247211345

Amalina Nadzirah bt Abdurahman 55247211006

Komathi a/p sandarammutee 55247211146

Objective
Determine heats of reaction of three related exothermic reactions.

Investigate the Hesss Law.

Show the additive nature of the heats of reaction of these reactions.

Summary

These experiments were done to study the three related exothermic reactions involving sodium

hydroxide (NaOH). As we know, H of an exorthermic reaction which heat released by the

system to the surrounding has a negative sign. We were reacted it with distilled water and

hydrochloric acid in different state of sodium hydroxide. In part A, a 25ml of water (H2O) was

measured and waits until it reached the room temperature and record as (Ti). Then measured 0.5g

of solid NaOH to dissolve it with H2O. After the entire solid dissolved the highest temperature

were recorded as (Tf). However in part B we use 25ml aqueous solution of 1M of NaOH to react

with 25ml of 1M of hydrochloric acid (HCl). In part B the heat neutralization takes place in

between strong acid and strong alkali. The (Ti) for part B we take HCl and (Tf) we take the

reaction between HCl and NaOH. In part C 0.5g solid NaOH will react with 0.5M of NaOH. We

measured 25ml of 0.5M of HCl and allow it reached room temperature and record as (Ti). Then

added solid NaOH and dissolved it with HCl and the highest temperature record as (Tf). After

finished all the calculation the three reaction are exothermic however they disobey the Hess' law

equation which is H1+ H2= H3. Therefore our experiment does not achieve the Hess' Law

where our H1+ H2 not equal H3. This is because of some errors such as inaccurate readings

of thermometer and inaccurate measurement of materials used.

Introduction

Hesss law states that the heat liberated or absorbed during a chemical reaction is independent of

the route by which the chemical change occurs, provide the initial and final conditions are the

same. Hesss law is very important, especially for finding enthalpy changes that cannot be

determined directly from experiment.

When heat is supplied to a substance, the temperature of the substance increases. The magnitude

of the increase depends on the heat capacity of the substance. The heat capacity is the amount of

heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1C or 1 K (kelvin). The specific

heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of the substance by

1C or 1 K.

We must first know the heats of reaction for related reactions that add algebraically to give the

desired reaction. If it can be shown that reaction 1 + reaction 2 = reaction 3, then Hesss Law

states that H1 + H2 = H3. Thus, we know the heats of reaction for the first two reactions,

you simply need to add them to get the desired result.

In this lab, we will perform three different experiments which are related to each other. From

your data, you will determine the heats of reaction for all three reactions by use of a calorimeter.

The calorimeter allows us to measure heat because all of the heat released by the reaction is

assumed to be used to heat up the solution in which the reaction takes place. We will then use

Hesss law and the first two heats of reaction to calculate the value for the third and compare it to

the experimental value. All three reactions are exothermic.

Equipment
Balance

Thermometer

Graduated cylinder (100 ml)

Lab apron

Spatula

Materials
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solid

1 M NaOH solution

0.5 M and 1 M hydrochloric Acid (HCL)

Distilled water

Safety
Solid sodium hydroxide and concentrated aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide are highly

corrosive to the skin and eyes.

Procedure
PART A

1. Measured exactly 25.0 ml of distilled water into a graduated cylinder. Poured the

Water into a clean dry beaker and allowed it to stand until it reaches room

temperature.

2. Used spatula to measured out 0.5 g of sodium hydroxide(NaOH).

3. Measured the temperature of the water in the beaker.Recorded this as Ti in

Part A of the data table.

4. Added the solid NaOH to the water in the beaker. Used the glass rod to stir the

mixture until all the NaOH has dissolved and the temperature stops rised. Measured the

temperature using thermometer and record the highest temperature as Tf in Part A of the data

table.

5. Discard the solution. Rinse off the thermometer and dry beaker.

PART B

1. Measured out exactly 25.0 ml of 1.0 M HCl and poured it into the beaker. Allowed all the

Acid to stand until it reaches room temperature. Measured the temperature using thermometer

and record this temperature as Ti in Part B of the data table.

2. Added exactly 25.0 ml NaOH solution to the HCl solution. Stir with the glass rod.

Record the highest temperature as Tf in Part B of the data table.

3. Discard the solution. Rinse off the thermometer and dry the beaker.
PART C

1. Measured out exactly 25.0 ml of 0.5 M HCl and poured it into the beaker. Allowed

it to stand until it reaches room temperature.

2 Measured out 0.5 g of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) using spatula.

3. Measured the temperature of the acid. Record this as Ti in Part C of the

data table.

4. Added the solid NaOH to the acid and stir the mixture with glass rod and measured

temperature using thermometer. Record the highest temperature as Tf in Part C of the data table.
Results
Data recording for experiment part A and part C

Part A Part C

Volume of H2O and HCl (ml) 25.0 25.0

Mass of solid NaOH (g) 0.5 0.5

Initial temperature of H2O and 24 26

HCl, Ti (K)

Final temperature of H2O and 30 33

HCl, Tf (K)

Difference temperature ( 6 7

t)(K)

Data recording for experiment part B

Part B

Volume of NaOH(ml) 25.0

Volume of HCl(ml) 25.0

Total volume (ml) 50.0

Initial temperature,Ti (K) 24

Final temperature, Tf (K) 29

Difference temperature, ( t)(K) 5

Calculation

Part A: Heat of Solution of Solid NaOH

1. Find the number of joules absorbed by H2O(released by NaOH)

=

Let the density of the H2O equal 1g 1. Then = so volume=mass. As conclude mass

of H2O 25g. Thus,

=25g4.1855Jg 1 K 1 6K

=627.825J

2. Find the number of joules released per gram of NaOH

627.825J
=
0.5g

=1255.65Jg 1

3. Find H1 in kJ/mole NaOH

H1=

nNaOH = mass molarity

=0.5g40g 1

=0.0125mole
Therefore,

627.825J
H1=
0.0125mole

= -50226J 1 = -50.226kJ 1

Part B: Heat of neutralization of HCl and NaOH Solution.

1. Find the number of joules produced by the reaction of NaOH(aq) and HCl(ag)

=50g4.1855Jg 1 K 1 5K

=1046.375J

2. Find H2 in kJ/mole NaOH

=25g4.1855Jg 1 K 1 5K

=523.19J

nNaOH=

(1M)(25ml)
=
1000

= 0.025 mole

H2=

523.19J
=
0.025mole
= -20927J 1 = -20.93kJ 1

Part C: Heat of Solution of Solid NaOH

1. Find the number of Joules absorbed by the HCl solution(released by NaOH)

Let the density of HCl = 1g 1. Then = so volume=mass. As conclude mass of HCl

25g. Thus,

=25g4.1855Jg 1 K 1 7K

=732.46J

2. Find the number of joules released per gram of NaOH

732.46J
=
0.5g

= 1464.93Jg 1

3. Find H3 in kJ/mole NaOH

nNaOH = mass molarity

= 0.5g40g 1

=0.0125mole

H=

 732.6J
=
0.0125mole

= -58608J 1 = -58.61kJ 1

Discussion

In the experiment one we are needed to determine the heats of reaction of NaOH fewer than

three different of condition based on the Hess' Law. Heat of Reaction is the heat liberated or

absorbed when a chemical reaction takes place. . An exothermic reaction liberates heat,

temperature of the reaction mixture increases. An endothermic reaction absorbs heat,

temperature of the reaction mixture decreases. The units of heat of reaction are kJ mol-1 for a

specified reactant or product. In part A we dissolved the solid of NaOH with distilled water.

Then the highest temperatures were recorded. As far as we concern the exothermic reaction

take place. In part B the reaction occurs in between the strong acid which is 1M HCl solution

and strong alkali 1M NaOH solution. The heat of neutralization takes place. Lastly in part C a

solid of NaOH reacts with 0.5M NaOH solution. It triggers the exothermic reaction.

Supposed to be when we calculated the heat of reactions of all parts, they must obeys the Hess'

Law where the formula is H1+ H2= H3. The Hess' Law states that the overall enthalpy

change of reaction is independent of its pathway. Hess' law is another way of expressing the

law of conservation of energy, so that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. We cannot

directly calculate the change of enthalpy of experiment that's why we use Hess' Law.
However what we obtained on this experiment disobeys the Hess' law. H1+ H2 H3.

-20.93kJ 1 (-20.93kJ 1) = -29.30 kJ 1

Where is our H3 = -58.61kJ 1 . This is due we used a simple beaker (open system) as

the system. So that, the heat energy to move out of the system and more spread to the

surrounding. That's why the thermometer reading to be inaccurate since the heat energy does

not stay inside the system but spread out the system. Other than that, we do not use same initial

temperature with each other. Supposed to be they have same temperature as we do the

experiments at the same place. Lastly the reason is we do no got accurate mass of solid NaOH

because some of it already melts even before it reacts with H2O and HCl.

Conclusion and Recommendation

Based on the result that we got, obviously the enthalpy change of the reaction disobeys the

Hess' Law. This is because we are using the open system which is a beaker. So that the heat

spread out the system. Then, we do not use same initial temperature of all the three parts. After

that, the actual mass of the solid NaOH might not be accurate because some of it had already

melts even before it react with the solution.

So that the recommendation that we can apply here are instead using the beaker we use

polystyrene cup. The polystyrene cup are more accurate because it use isolated system, so the

energy will not moved out and spreads towards the surrounding easily because no energy

transferred in isolated system. Another recommendation is use same initial temperature for the

entire solution wait the acid to cool down first until it reached the room temperature.
Tutorial

1. Write the ionic equations for the three reactions observed in this experiment.

Part A:

NaOH(S) Na+ (aq) + OH (aq) dissolved in H2O

Part B:

Na+ (aq) + OH (aq) + H + (aq) + Cl (aq) Na+ (aq) + Cl (aq) + H2O (l)

(solution of NaOH and HCl are mixed)

Part C:

NaOH(s) + H + (aq) + Cl (aq) Na+ (aq) + Cl (aq) + H2O (l)

(solution NaOH is dissolved in a HCl solution)

2. What are some possible sources of error in this experiment?

The temperature we got from thermometer might not be accurate because the beaker is an

open system and the heat can be transferred to the surrounding. Besides that, the

temperature of surrounding also can give us an inaccurate reading because we were doing

the experiment in the air-conditioning room.

3. What are the units of energy normally used to measure heat?

Joules (J)

4. What is calorimeter?

A calorimeter is a device used to determine the heat changes for reactions in aqueous

solution. A simple calorimeter just consists of a thermometer attached to a metal container

full of water suspended above a combustion chamber.

References

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorimeter

2. Pre-U Text STPM Physical Chemistry,Lim You Sie and Yip Kim Hong,Pearson

Malaysia Sdn. Bhd, 2009.