Architecture of Egypt and the Fertile Crescent Architecture ofthe Near East NearEast Architecture: Mesopotamian Mesopotamian Domestic Owelling + Made up of mud brick = Hastomb inside = Protection framheat Architecture ‘ConstructionSystem_Arctuated Materials Columns: Roof andceiling ‘wall ‘Orientation Reeds, rushes Timberisimported Copper, tn, lead, gold, silverimported ‘Only materia readily available was lay andsoil Bricks made of mud and copped straw, sundried orkiln-dried Due tolack of stone, nocolumns were used Usually flat Some domes Burntbrick or facingor forload bearing walls, ‘White wash was common (colored only ziggurats) Oriented with fourcornerstowards cardinal points Arranged aroundlarge andsmall courts NearEast Architecture: Assyrian Architecture Materials Columns: Openings ‘Oramentation Building Types Stone andtimberare available Due toscarcty of stone, nocolumns were used Entrance gateway with monstermotifs Colossal winged bulls guarding chief portals Polychrome glazed bricksin blue, white, yellow, green bricks Decorative continuous stone used in interiors murals Temples | Built with or without iggurat Zigguratusvally of seven stages Palaces Palaces of Nebudchadnezzar Palace of Sargon, Near-East Architecture: Persian Architecture Materials Stone and timberare available Due toscarcty, stone was used mostly forfire templesand palace platforms, doorand window surround and ornate sculptures Columns Persians introduced the use of columns Columns were slenderand graceful Rooms couldbe large when necessary, with square instead of rectangular proportions Roofand _ Flattimberroofs rather than vaults 2 egypt and the Ferile Crescent Page |[wat [Double mud-bickwallsforstabilty Torientaton | Corer toward cardinal points Building Types Dwellings | Entrance at end rather than on the longsides Columnedhalls Portico -colonnaded space formingan entrance or vestibule with aroof supported onone side by columns Palaces | Palace platform at persepolis Architecture of Ancient Egyot Eeyptian Architecture Background General | 3200 aC to1 AD One of the mostancient Unified underacentralized omnipotent authorityof the pharaoh (king) Pharaohs | Godsdwellingonearth Society Architects, engineers, heolgians, masons, sculptors, painters laborers, peasants, prisoners ‘Weaving, glass-making pottery, metal, jewelry and furniture Astronomy, mathematics, philosophy and music Agriculture, writing and construction Uterature andhistory written on papyrusand stone tablets Religion Cultof many gods representing nature: sun, moon, stars, animals Gods needed a presence and dwellingon earth tobe effective Afterlife: mortuary Architecture Constructionsystem |Columnal and trabeated (seen in pyramids, tombsand temples) ‘Materials Stone + Abundantin variety and quantity + For monuments and religious buildings + Soft stone: limestone, sandstone, alabaster + Hard stone:granite, quartite, basatt + Imported metalsand timber mud bricks;for houses, palaces, indigenous date palm ogs, leaves, reeds, rushes Columns ‘Types 1. Square pillar 2. Polygonal column 3. Palm-type column 4, Budandbell column 5, Foliated capital column 6. Hathor headed column 7. Osirispollars Capitals 1. Lotus, papyrus, palm 2. Bundle of stems-shaft Roofandceiling | Flatroofssufficedforcoverandexclude heatwall Batter woll-diminishingin width towardsthe top Forstability Thickness:9to 24m at temples Unbroken massive walls, uninterrupted space for leroglyphics Openings Nowindow Skylights, roots, clerestries Hieroalyphics: pictorial representation of religion, history and dally ife Some Ornaments Omaments painted on walls + Quadruple spiral ©. Solardiscand vulture with spread wings = Continuous col spiral © Scarab, symbol of resurrection + Lotusand papyrus © Papyrus, otusand palm symbolizingfertilty = Rope and paterae omament © Grapes symbolize eternity + Grape ornament = Rope and feather ornament Building Types Mastabas Firsttype of Egyptian tomb From small and inconspicuous tohuge and imposing Rectangularflat-topped funerary mound, with battered side, lowerings burial chamberbelow ground Two doors = Oneforsitual Second false door forspirits Parts: 1. Funerary chapel 2. Serdab offering room inscribed) ~ contains statue of deceased and offeringtable steloe (stone withname of deceased Pyramid Complexes. Buildings: + Offering chapel (north oreast side) ‘+ Mortuary chapel + Raised and enclosed causeway leading towest + Valley building forembalment andinternmentsites Pyramids |Masive funerary structure of stone or brick Square plan and foursloping triangular sides meetingatthe apex Types: 1. step 2, Bent 3. True 2 gypt and the Feil Crescent Page 3Rock-cutorrock hewn tombs Pylons Temples Obelisks Dwellings Examples Step pyramid of 2oser, Saqqara ‘World'sfirstlarge-scale monumentinstone ‘Changed no less than five times “Inventedby mbotep (estates) EY ‘Wasthe form of royaltomb for 3ed dynasty Bent Pyramid at Seneferu PyramidsatGizeh Finesttrue pyramids + Built ath dynasty + Equilateral sides face cardinal points Pyramids of Cleops (Khufu) Pyramids of Chephven (khafraorhafre) Pyramids of Mykerines (Menkaura) Types: ~ Worship/in honor of pharaohs FJ Upright stone square in plan, with an electrum-capped pyramidion on top Usually come in pairs franting temple entrances Heightofnine ortentimes the diameteratthe base Foursidesfeature hieroglyphies ‘Made of crude brick One ortwo storey high Flatorvaulted ceilings Roof deck with parapet andioggia (gallery behind open arcade or colonnade} Columns, beamsand doors, window made of timber Central hallorlivingroom with high ceilingand clerestory Three parts: 1. Receptionsuite onnorth side 2, Service quarters 3, Private quarters 2 gypt and the Fete Crescent Page 4Fortresses Mostly found on westbound of Nile oron islands Close communications with other fortresses Example: Fortress of Buhen ~ Headquarters and largest fortress = Main wall:4.8m thickand 1am high + Projecting rectangular towers for reinforcement Egyptian Domestic Houses (Pre-historic) Peasant’shouses Farmers, tomb builders and soldiers Livedin cramped uillagesin the vicinity of the tomb area. the fields infront: walled-n courtyard where animalsiike goats andeatle were kept Sundriedbrickordlay daubed reed shelter cone room, one door, nowindows family sleptin one room together with the cattle Workersvillage 1. AmamaWorker'Vllage ~ For workerswhobuiltitferenttombs forthe noblesin Achet-Aten a “whol ilogewes sounded byowall 2. Nobleman’s Villa