CHNG I : NHNG KIN THC C BN

V KHNG KH M

1.1 KHNG KH M
1.1.1 Khi nim v khng kh m

Khng kh xung quanh chng ta l hn hp ca nhiu cht kh, ch yu l N2 v O2 ngoi

ra cn mt lng nh cc kh tr, CO2, hi nc . . .
- Khng kh kh: Khng kh khng cha hi nc gi l khng kh kh. Trong thc t khng
c khng kh kh hon ton, m khng kh lun lun c cha mt lng hi nc nht nh.
i vi khng kh kh khi tnh ton thng ngi ta coi l kh l tng.
Thnh phn ca cc cht kh trong khng kh kh c phn theo t l phn trm sau y:

Bng 1.1. T l cc cht kh trong khng kh kh

T l phn trm, %
Thnh phn
Theo khi lng Theo th tch
- Ni t: N2 75,5 78,084
- xi : O2 23,1 20,948
- Argon - A 1,3 0,934
- Carbon-Dioxide: CO2 0,046 0,03
- Cht kh khc: Nn, Hli, Kripton, 0,05 0,004
Xnon, zn, Radon vv . . .

- Khng kh m: Khng kh c cha hi nc gi l khng kh m. Trong t nhin ch c

khng kh m v trng thi ca n c chia ra cc dng sau:
a) Khng kh m cha bo ha: L trng thi m hi nc cn c th bay hi
thm vo c trong khng kh, ngha l khng kh vn cn tip tc c th nhn thm hi
nc.
b) Khng kh m bo ha: L trng thi m hi nc trong khng kh t ti
a v khng th bay hi thm vo c. Nu tip tc cho bay hi nc vo khng kh th
c bao bao nhiu hi bay vo khng kh s c by nhiu hi m ngng t li.
c) Khng kh m qu bo ha: L khng kh m bo ha v cn cha thm mt
lng hi nc nht nh. Tuy nhin trng thi qu bo ho l trng thi khng n nh v c
xu hng bin i n trng thi bo ho do lng hi nc d b tch dn ra khi khng kh
. V d nh trng thi sng m l khng kh qu bo ha.
Tnh cht vt l v mc nh hng ca khng kh n cm gic ca con ngi
ph thuc nhiu vo lng hi nc tn ti trong khng kh.
Nh vy, mi trng khng kh c th coi l hn hp ca khng kh kh v hi nc.
Chng ta c cc phng trnh c bn ca khng kh m nh sau:
- Phng trnh cn bng khi lng ca hn hp:

G = Gk + Gh (1-1)

G, Gk, Gh - Ln lt l khi lng khng kh m, khng kh kh v hi nc trong

khng kh, kg.
1
 - Phng trnh nh lut Dantn ca hn hp:

B = Pk + Ph (1-2)

B, Pk, Ph - Ap sut khng kh, phn p sut khng kh kh v hi nc trong khng kh, N/m2.
- Phng trnh tnh ton cho phn khng kh kh:

Pk.V = Gk.Rk.T (1-3)

V - Th tch hn hp, m3;

Gk - Khi lng khng kh kh trong V (m3) ca hn hp, kg;
Rk - Hng s cht kh ca khng kh kh, Rk = 287 J/kg.K
T - Nhit hn hp, T = t + 273,15 , oK
- Phng trnh tnh ton cho phn hi m trong khng kh:

Ph.V = Gh.Rh.T (1-4)

Gh - Khi lng hi m trong V (m3) ca hn hp, kg;

Rh - Hng s cht kh ca hi nc, Rh = 462 J/kg.K

1.1.2 Cc thng s vt l ca khng kh m

1.1.2.1 p sut khng kh.

Ap sut khng kh thng c gi l kh p, k hiu l B. Ni chung gi tr B thay
i theo khng gian v thi gian. c bit kh p ph thuc rt nhiu vo cao, mc mt
nc bin, p sut kh quyn khong 1 at, nhng cao trn 8000m ca nh Everest th p
sut ch cn 0,32 at v nhit si ca nc ch cn 71oC (xem hnh 1-1). Tuy nhin trong
k thut iu ha khng kh gi tr chnh lch khng ln c th b qua v ngi ta coi B
khng i. Trong tnh ton ngi ta ly trng thi tiu chun Bo = 760 mmHg.
th I-d ca khng kh m thng c xy dng p sut B = 745mmHg v Bo =
760mmHg.

2
 Hnh 1.1. S thay i kh p theo chiu cao so vi mt nc bin

1.1.2.2 Nhit .

- Nhit l i lng biu th mc nng lnh. y l yu t nh hng ln nht

n cm gic ca con ngi. Trong k thut iu ha khng kh ngi ta thng s dng 2
thang nhit l C v F. i vi mt trng thi nht nh no ca khng kh ngoi
nhit thc ca n trong k thut cn c 2 gi tr nhit c bit cn lu trong cc
tnh ton cng nh c nh hng nhiu n cc h thng v thit b l nhit im sng
v nhit nhit k t.
- Nhit im sng: Khi lm lnh khng kh nhng gi nguyn dung m d (hoc
phn p sut ph) ti nhit ts no hi nc trong khng kh bt u ngng t thnh nc
bo ha. Nhit ts gi l nhit im sng (hnh 1-2).
Nh vy nhit im sng ca mt trng thi khng kh bt k no l nhit ng vi
trng thi bo ha v c dung m bng dung m ca trng thi cho. Hay ni cch khc
nhit im sng l nhit bo ha ca hi nc ng vi phn p sut ph cho. T y
ta thy gia ts v d c mi quan h ph thuc.
Nhng trng thi khng kh c cng dung m th nhit ng sng ca chng nh nhau.
Nhit ng sng c ngha rt quan trng khi xem xt kh nng ng sng trn cc b
mt cng nh xc nh trng thi khng kh sau x l. Khi khng kh tip xc vi mt b mt,
nu nhit b mt nh hn hay bng nhit ng sng ts th hi m trong khng kh
s ngng kt li trn b mt , trng hp ngc li th khng xy ra ng sng.
- Nhit nhit k t: Khi cho hi nc bay hi on nhit vo khng kh cha bo
ha (I=const). Nhit ca khng kh s gim dn trong khi m tng i tng ln. Ti
trng thi bo ho = 100% qu trnh bay hi chm dt. Nhit ng vi trng thi bo ho
cui cng ny gi l nhit nhit nhit k t v k hiu l t. Ngi ta gi nhit nhit
k t l v n c xc nh bng nhit k c bu thm t nc (hnh 1-2).
Nh vy nhit nhit k t ca mt trng thi l nhit ng vi trng thi bo ha
v c entanpi I bng entanpi ca trng thi khng kh cho. Gia entanpi I v nhit nhit
k t t c mi quan h ph thuc. Trn thc t ta c th o c nhit nhit k t ca
trng thi khng kh hin thi l nhit trn b mt thong ca nc.

3
 I
kJ/kg
A
0%
10

I=
=

d=const

co
ns
t
C
t

ts B

d, kg/kg
dA = dB
Hnh 1.2. Nhit ng sng v nhit nhit k t ca khng kh

1.1.2.3 m
1. m tuyt i.
L khi lng hi m trong 1m3 khng kh m. Gi s trong V (m3) khng kh m c
cha Gh (kg) hi nc th m tuyt i k hiu l h c tnh nh sau:

Gh
h = , kg / m 3 (1-5)
V
V hi nc trong khng kh c th coi l kh l tng nn:
1 p
h = = h , kg / m 3 (1-6)
v h R h .T
trong :
ph - Phn p sut ca hi nc trong khng kh cha bo ho, N/m2
Rh - Hng s ca hi nc Rh = 462 J/kg.oK
T - Nhit tuyt i ca khng kh m, tc cng l nhit ca hi nc, oK

2. m tng i.
m tng i ca khng kh m, k hiu l (%) l t s gia m tuyt
i h ca khng kh vi m bo ha max cng nhit vi trng thi cho.

= h ,% (1-7)
max
hay:
p
= h ,% (1-8)
p max
m tng i biu th mc cha hi nc trong khng kh m so vi khng kh m
bo ha cng nhit .
Khi = 0 l trng thi khng kh kh.
0 < < 100 l trng thi khng kh m cha bo ho.
= 100 l trng thi khng kh m bo ha.
- m l i lng rt quan trng ca khng kh m c nh hng nhiu n cm
gic ca con ngi v kh nng s dng khng kh sy cc vt phm.
- m tng i c th xc nh bng cng thc, hoc o bng m k. m k l
thit b o gm 2 nhit k: mt nhit k kh v mt nhit k t. Nhit k t c bu bc vi
thm nc hi nc thm vi bc xung quanh bu nhit k khi bc hi vo khng kh

4
s ly nhit ca bu nhit k nn nhit bu gim xung bng nhit nhit k t t ng
vi trng thi khng kh bn ngoi. Khi m tng i b, cng bc hi cng mnh,
chnh nhit gia 2 nhit k cng cao. Do chnh nhit gia 2 nhit k ph thuc
vo m tng i v n c s dng lm c s xc nh m tng i . Khi
=100%, qu trnh bc hi ngng v nhit ca 2 nhit k bng nhau.

1.1.2.4. Khi lng ring v th tch ring.

Khi lng ring ca khng kh l khi lng ca mt n v th tch khng kh. K
hiu l , n v kg/m3.
G
= , kg/m3 (1-9)
V
i lng nghch o ca khi lng ring l th tch ring. K hiu l v

1
v= , m3/kg (1-10)

Khi lng ring v th tch ring l hai thng s ph thuc.
Trong :
V p p
G = G h + G k = . k + h (1-11)
T R k R h
Do :
1 p p
= . k + h (1-12)
T Rk Rh
Mt khc:

8314 8314
RK = = = 287 J / kg.K = 2,153mmHg.m 3 / kg.K
K 29
8314 8314
Rh = = = 462 J / kg.K = 3,465mmHg.m 3 / kg.K
h 18
Thay vo ta c:
1 pk p 1 1
= . + h = [0,465p k + 0,289.p h ] = .[0,465.B 0,176, p h ] , (1-13)
T R k R h T T
trong B l p sut khng kh m: B = pk + ph
- Nu l khng kh kh hon ton:
0,465
k = .B (1-14)
T
- Nu khng kh c hi m:
p .p max
= k 0,176. h = k 0,176. (1-15)
T T
Lu trong cc cng thc trn p sut tnh bng mmHg
iu kin: t = 0oC v p = 760mmHg: = o = 1,293 kg/m3. Nh vy c th tnh khi
lng ring ca khng kh kh mt nhit bt k da vo cng thc:
o 1,293
k = = (1-16)
t t
1+ 1+
273 273
Khi lng ring thay i theo nhit v kh p. Tuy nhin trong phm vi iu ho
khng kh nhit khng kh thay i trong mt phm vi kh hp nn cng nh p sut s

5
thay i ca khi lng ring ca khng kh trong thc t k thut khng ln nn ngi ta
ly khng i iu kin tiu chun: to = 20oC v B = Bo = 760mmHg: = 1,2 kg/m3

1.1.2.5. Dung m ( cha hi).

Dung m hay cn gi l cha hi, c k hiu l d l lng hi m cha trong 1
kg khng kh kh.

Gh
d= , kg/kg khng kh kh (1-17)
Gk
- Gh: Khi lng hi nc cha trong khng kh, kg
- Gk: Khi lng khng kh kh, kg
Ta c quan h:

G h h ph R k
d= = = .
G k k pk R h
(1-18)
Sau khi thay R = 8314/ ta c
ph p
d = 0,622. = 0,622. h (1-19)
pk p ph
1.1.2.6 Entanpi
Entanpi ca khng kh m bng entanpi ca khng kh kh v ca hi nc cha trong
n.
Entanpi ca khng kh m c tnh cho 1 kg khng kh kh. Ta c cng thc:
I = Cpk.t + d (ro + Cph.t) kJ/kg kkk (1-20)
Trong :
Cpk - Nhit dung ring ng p ca khng kh kh Cpk = 1,005 kJ/kg.oK
Cph - Nhit dung ring ng p ca hi nc 0oC: Cph = 1,84 kJ/kg.oK
ro - Nhit n ha hi ca nc 0oC: ro = 2500 kJ/kg
Nh vy:
I = 1,005.t + d (2500 + 1,84.t) kJ/kg kkk (1-21)

1.2 CC TH TRNG THI CA KHNG KH

M
1.2.1 th I-d.
th I-d biu th mi quan h ca cc i lng t, , I, d v pbh ca khng kh m. th
c gio s L.K.Ramzin (Nga) xy dng nm 1918 v sau c gio s Mollier (c)
lp nm 1923. Nh th ny ta c th xc nh c tt c cc thng s cn li ca khng
kh m khi bit 2 thng s bt k. th I-d thng c cc nc ng u v Lin x (c)
s dng.
th I-d c xy dng p sut kh quyn 745mmHg v 760mmHg.
th gm 2 trc I v d nghing vi nhau mt gc 135o. Mc ch xy dng cc trc
nghing mt gc 135o l nhm lm gin khong cch gia cc ng cong tham s c bit l
cc ng = const nhm tra cu cc thng s thun li hn.
Trn th ny cc ng I = const nghing vi trc honh mt gc 135o, ng d = const
l nhng ng thng ng. i vi th I-d c xy dng theo cch trn cho thy cc

6
ng cong tham s hu nh ch nm trn gc 1/4 th nht ca to Cc . V vy,
hnh v c gn ngi ta xoay trc d li vung gc vi trc I m vn gi nguyn cc ng
cong nh biu din, tuy nhin khi tra cu entanpi I ca khng kh ta vn tra theo ng
nghing vi trc honh mt gc 135o. Vi cch xy dng nh vy, cc ng tham s ca
th s nh sau:
a) Cc ng I = const nghing vi trc honh mt gc 135o.
b) Cc ng d = const l ng thng ng
c) Cc ng t = const l ng thng chch ln pha trn, gn nh song song vi nhau.
Tht vy, ta c biu thc:
I
= 2500 + 1,84t (1-22)
d t = const
ng t = 100oC tng ng vi nhit bo ho ca hi nc ng vi p sut kh quyn
c t m
d) ng ph = f(d)
Ta c quan h:
p
d = 0,622. h (1-23)
p ph
Quan h ny c xy dng theo ng thng xin v gi tr ph c tra cu trn trc
song song vi trc I v nm bn phi th I-d.
e) Cc ng =const
Trong vng t < ts(p) ng cong = const l nhng ng cong li ln pha trn, cng ln
trn khong cch gia chng cng xa. i t trn xung di m cng tng. Cc ng
= const khng i qua gc ta . ng cong =100% hay cn gi l ng bo ho ngn
cch gia 2 vng: Vng cha bo ho v vng ngng kt hay cn gi l vng sng m. Cc
im nm trong vng sng m thng khng n nh m c xung hng ngng kt bt hi
nc v chuyn v trng thi bo ho.
Trn ng t > ts(p) ng = const l nhng ng thng ng
Khi p sut kh quyn thay i th th I-d cng thay i theo. p sut kh quyn thay i
trong khong 20mmHg th s thay i l khng ng k.
Trn hnh 1-2 l th I-d ca khng kh m, xy dng p sut kh quyn Bo=
760mmHg.
Trn th ny xung quanh cn c v thm cc ng =const gip cho tra cu khi
tnh ton cc s iu ho khng kh.

7
 Hnh 1.3. th I-d ca khng kh m

1.2.2 th d-t.
th d-t c cc nc Anh, M, Nht, c vv... s dng rt nhiu.
th d-t c 2 trc d v t vung gc vi nhau, cn cc ng ng entanpi I=const to
thnh gc 135o so vi trc t. Cc ng = const l nhng ng cong tng t nh trn
th I-d. C th coi th d-t l hnh nh ca th I-d qua mt gng phn chiu.
th d-t chnh l th t-d khi xoay 90o, c Carrrier xy dng nm 1919 nn
thng c gi l th Carrier (hnh 1-4).
Trc tung l cha hi d (g/kg), bn cnh l h s nhit hin SHF (Sensible)
Trc honh l nhit nhit k kh t (oC)
Trn th c cc ng tham s sau y:
- ng I=const to vi trc honh mt gc 135o. Cc gi tr entanpi ca khng kh
cho tbn cnh ng =100%, n v kJ/kg khng kh kh
- ng =const l nhng ng cong lm, cng i ln pha trn (d tng) cng ln.
Trn ng =100% l vng sng m.
- ng th tch ring v = const l nhng ng thng nghing song song vi nhau,
n v m3/kg khng kh kh.
- Ngoi ra trn th cn c ng Ihc l ng hiu chnh entanpi (s sai lch gia
entanpi khng kh bo ho v cha bo ho)

8
 Hnh 1.4. th t-d ca khng kh m

1.3 MT S QU TRNH C BN TRN TH I-D

1.3.1 Qu trnh thay i trng thi ca khng kh.
Qu trnh thay i trng thi ca khng kh m t trng thi A (tA, A) n B (tB, B)
c biu th bng on thng AB, mi tn ch chiu qu trnh gi l tia qu trnh.

9
 IA
I
A

IB

B 45 C
=100%

Hnh 1.5. ngha hnh hc ca

t (IA - IB)/(dA-dB) = I/d =AB gi l h s gc tia ca qu trnh AB

Ta hy xt ngha hnh hc ca h s AB
K hiu gc gia tia AB vi ng nm ngang l . Ta c
I = IB - IA = m.AD
d= dB - dA = n.BC
Trong m, n l t l xch ca cc trc to .
m - kCal/kg kkk / 1mm
n - kg/kg kkk / 1mm
T y ta c

I m.AD
AB = = , Kcal/kg (1-24)
d n.BC
m m
hay AB = ( tg + tg 45 o ). = ( tg + 1). , kCal/kg (1-25)
n n
Nh vy trn trc to I-d c th xc nh tia AB thng qua gi tr AB. tin cho vic
s dng trn th ngoi bin ngi ta v thm cc ng = const ly gc O ca to
lm khi im. Nhng khng lm ri th ngi ta ch v 01 on ngn nm bn ngoi
th pha trn, bn phi v pha di. Trn cc on thng ngi ta ghi gi tr ca cc
gc tia . Cc ng c ngha rt quan trng trong cc tnh ton cc s iu ho khng
kh sau ny v c nhiu qu trnh ngi ta bit trc trng thi ban u v h s gc tia qu
trnh . Nh vy trng thi cui ca qu trnh s nm v tr trn ng song song vi
on c cho v i qua trng thi ban u.
Cc ng = const c cc tnh cht sau:
- H s gc tia phn nh hng ca qu trnh AB, mi qu trnh c mt gi tr nht
nh.
- Cc ng c tr s nh nhau th song song vi nhau.
- Tt c cc ng u i qua gc ta (I=0 v d=0).

1.3.2. Qu trnh ha trn hai dng khng kh.

Trong k thut iu ha khng kh ngi ta thng gp cc qu trnh ha trn 2 dng
khng kh cc trng thi khc nhau. Vn t ra l phi xc nh trng thi ho trn.
Gi s ha trn mt lng khng kh trng thi A(IA, dA) c khi lng phn kh l LA
vi mt lng khng kh trng thi B(IB, dB) c khi lng phn kh l LB v thu c mt

10
lng khng kh trng thi C(IC, dC) c khi lng phn kh l LC. Ta xc nh cc thng s
ca trng thi ho trn C.
I
IA
A
IC
0%
IB
C =10
B

d
dB dC dA
Hnh 1.6. Qu trnh ho trn trn th I-d
Ta c cc phng trnh:
- Cn bng khi lng
LC = LA + LB (1-26)
- Cn bng m
dC.LC = dA.LA + dB.LB (1-27)
- Cn bng nhit
IC.LC = IA.LA + IB.LB (1-28)
Th (1-25) vo (1-26) v (1-27) v chuyn v ta c:
(IA - IC).LA = (IC - IB).LB
(dA - dC).LA = (dC - dB).LB
hay:
IA IC I IB
= C (1-29)
dA dC dC dB
T biu thc ny ta rt ra:
I A IC d A d C L B
= = (1-30)
IC I B d C d B L A
- Phng trnh (1-28) l cc phng trnh biu th ng thng AC v BC, cc ng thng
ny c cng h s gc tia bng nhau (tc cng nghing) v chung im C nn ba im A,
B, C thng hng. im C nm trn on AB.
- Theo phng trnh (1-29) suy ra im C nm trn AB v chia on AB theo t l LB/LA c
th :
AC I A I C d A d C L B
= = = (1-31)
CB I C I B d C d B L A
Thng s trng thi ca im C c xc nh nh sau:
L L
IC = IA . A + IB. B (1-32)
LC LC
d d
dC = dA. A + dB. B (1-33)
dC dC

11