Coastal Pollution in India

ARTICLE-6
Coastal Pollution in India

Ansuman Panda1*, Biswajit Mohanty1, Alok Kumar Jena1,
1- Research Scholars, College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (CAU), Lembucherra
*Corresponding authors E-mail: alokkumarjena427@gmail.com
Introduction water circulation, reflected by lower Economic Zone of 2.02 million km2.
The word pollution comes pH and dissolved oxygen, high levels The coastal zone of the country with
from the verb pollute, which means of nutrients and petroleum its wetlands, lagoons, mangroves, sea-
to make impure. According to the hydrocarbons in seawater. The grass beds, coral reefs and shallow
United Nations Convention on Law definition of coastal pollution by the bays, creeks and estuaries is rich in
of the Sea-Pollution is defined as an World Health Organization goes like natural resources. But the pollution
undesirable change in the physical, this The introduction by man, in such coastal areas is causing severe
chemical or biological characteristics directly or indirectly, of substances or threat to its bio-diversity. Coastal
of the environment, which can energy into the marine environment, waters receive large amounts of
harmfully affect the health, survival including estuaries, which results or nutrients and pollutants from different
or activities of humans or other living is likely to result in such deleterious point and nonpoint sources through
organisms. Coastal zones play an effects such as harm to living bays and estuaries. Excess supply of
important role in socio-economic resources and marine life, hazards to nutrients in coastal waters may have
development; meantime they suffer human health, hindrance to marine detrimental effects, leading to
increasing stress from human activities, including fishing and other hypoxia and anoxia from
activities (Halpern et al., 2008). About legitimate uses of the sea, impairment eutrophication. Some of the coastal
60% of the worlds people live within of quality for use of sea water and pollutions affecting the coastal
100 km of the coastline and are highly reduction of amenities. ecosystems of India are described as
dependent on all kinds of coastal India is bounded by sea on three follows.
ecosystem services (Millennium sides viz. the Arabian Sea in the west, 1. Sewage effluents:-
Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). the Bay of Bengal in the east and the Sewage is defined as waste water/
Rapidly urbanizing and Indian Ocean in the south. India has matter from domestic or industrial
industrializing coastal areas face a long coastline of 8129 km with establishments that is carried away in
serious ecosystem pressure, associated continental shelf of 0.5 sewers and drains. Domestic sewage
2
especially those with relatively weak million km and an Exclusive and industrial effluents are discharged
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ARTICLE-6
in the water courses in and around and loss of biodiversity. Over 300 MLD (million litters a day) of
India in untreated or partially treated million people living in the coastal sewage. Out of this only 1073 MLD
form. These, naturally, add a variety zone of India are considered to (14%) is being treated or passed
of pollutants which include, among generate 1.11 x 1010 m3 of sewage through treatment process. The
others, certain toxic heavy metals and annually, a considerable fraction; balance (86%) reaches coastal water
metalloids. Indiscriminate releases of particularly from coastal cities and untreated and is biggest source of
untreated or partially treated wastes towns where sewage collection pollution. Maharashtra contributes a
without considering the assimilative network exists, enters the marine maximum of 3128 MLD of sewage
capacity of the waste receiving water waters (Zingde, 1999). As per the amongst the coastal states followed
body have resulted in pockets of CPCB (1996) data nine coastal states, by Gujarat (1512 MLD). Among
polluted environs with depleted Andaman and Nicober Island, and coastal cities Mumbai is being the
coastal resources, public health risks Pondicherry generate around 7663 largest generator of sewage (around
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2160 MLD). The total volume of all largest concentration of industries. A pest. In India, the consumption of
discharges from the environs of 1994-95 survey (CPCB 1996) pesticides also increased
Mumbai is around 365 million tonnes revealed that out of 308 large and phenomenally from 5000 tonnes in
(MT) per year (Sabnis, 1984). Similar medium industries in the country, 233 1950 to over 84,000 tonnes in 1998-
discharges from the environs of were located along the West coast. As 99. Today India is the largest
Calcutta are around 350MT every results a major fraction of the liquid manufacturer of basic pesticide
year (Ghose et al., 1973). effluents is released to marine areas chemicals among the South Asian and
2. Industrial effluents:- which alter the biodiversity of the African countries next to Japan
There is a high concentration of coastal water. In addition, aquaculture accounts for more than 10% of the
large and medium industries within farms, largely concentrated in Andhra total world production. In India,
the narrow coastal belt of 25 km width Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, generate organochlorine pesticides (OCPs)
3
than the rest of the country. These 2.37 million m /day of effluent which especially DDT
industries are estimated to generate adversely affects the coastal (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)
3
1.35 million m /day of liquid effluent ecosystems. and HCH (Hexachlorocyclohexane)
and about 34,500 tonnes/day of solid 3. Pesticide pollution:- were used extensively both for
waste. The West coast of India is more A pesticide is any substance or agricultural and sanitary purposes. It
industrialised than the East coast with mixture of substances used to destroy, is estimated that about 25,000 MT of
Maharashtra and Gujarat having suppress or alter the life cycle of any chlorinated pesticides was used
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annually in India and DDT accounted
over 40% of this group (Mathur,
1993). Although substantial portions
of applied pesticide are dissipated at
the site of application through
chemical and biological degradation
processes. Still, a reasonable fraction
of the OCPs residues reaches the
oceans through agricultural run-off,
atmospheric transport and sewerage
discharge etc (GESAMP, 1989). The
east coast, on an average, is found to
be much more contaminated than the
west coast, which might be attributed
to residues carried by the major rivers
along the former coast. As result, the
OCPs residues were accumulated in
the body of the marine fishes which
adversely affects the coastal
communities due to consumption. A
short description over different
pesticide pollution distribution in
different ecosystems of India is given
below.
4. Oil pollution:-
Oil spill incidents have occurred
in various parts and at different times
along Indian coasts. During the period
between 1970s and 2011, there were
about 79 major and minor oil spill Several factors are responsible for a of oil across the oceans. Oil is mainly
incidents in Indian waters spilling major oil spill in Indian waters, transported by barges, tankers,
quintals of oil into coastal ecosystem. mainly occurring during the transport pipelines and trucks, each having its

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own risk that can lead to an accident.
A very recent accident occurred in
August 2010 involving MSC Chitra
and MV Khzilijia, which resulted in
about 800 tonnes of oil spill in the
Arabian Sea. This oil spill adversely
impacted the regeneration of 1,273 ha
of mangroves (CNN 1BN, 2010).
Because of this oil spill, there was a
killing of near about 150 sting rays
(Himantura uarnak) and a dolphin
along the beaches at Ulan and
Mandva respectively. Likewise,
pipelines which transport oil can
develop leaks or cracks, allowing oil
to seep into the environment. For
example, a leakage in the Mumbai
Urban Trunk (MUT) pipeline
operated by the Oil and Natural Gas
Corporation (ONGC) caused a 1.6
kilometre spill off the coast of India
on 21 January, 2011, resulting in
about 30,000 barrels of crude leaking
into the ocean (business Line, 2011).
5. Heavy-metal pollution:-
Table. 3. Heavy Metals in
Coastal waters of India (Source-
C.S.P.Iyer, 1994)
The term heavy metal refers to any specific gravity greater than 4.0 and (occupational exposure) belonging to
metallic chemical element that has a is toxic or poisonous at low lanthanides and actinides (they
relatively high density (Atomic concentration. There are 35 metals belong to atomic numbers of 22-34
weight in between 63.00200) and a which are of concerned to as and 40-52).The examples of some

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Coastal Location Conc. (ug/l) persistence of plastic leads to an increasing abundance in
Gujarat Dwaraka Pb - 120 the ocean environment, which makes plastic debris more
Mithapur Cd - 170 accessible to plankton and other marine life. Also it was
Kerala Cannanore Zn - 40 found that plastic degradation process is slower in the
Calicut Hg - 0.4 ocean than land because ocean water which is cool hinders
the reaction (Andrady, 2000). The threats cause due to
Cochin Cu - 10
the plastic pollution has been neglected for a long time
Pb - 8
and now it becomes a serious problem for the marine
Cd - 0.8
animals in the ocean.
Veli Hg - 0.5
Conclusion : Following are the conclusions drawn
Tamil Nadu Cuddalore Cu - 15
from the present review on coastal pollution:
Table. 3. Heavy Metals in Coastal waters of India
Till today, in India, sewage and industrial
(Source- C.S.P.Iyer, 1994)
effluents are discharged in the ocean untreated or under-
heavy metals associated with pollutions are antimony,
treated. This can cause serious effect on marine and human
arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, xanthium,
life and can also lead to eutrophication. . So the sewage
gold, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, platinum,
that is being discharged to the ocean should be treated
silver, selenium, thallium, tin, uranium, vanadium, zinc
scientifically.
etc. The concentration of different heavy metals assessed
Oil pollution becomes a major threat in India and
in different Indian coast is given here (table-3). causing a vast destruction in the sea. So there should some
6. Plastic Pollution safety measures taken to control the ships accidents.
Plastic may Plastic debris can absorb toxic chemicals from
be defined as ocean pollution, therefore poisoning whatever eats it. In
the primary fact, plastic pollution is one of the most serious threats to
synthetic the ocean. Plastic does not degrade; instead, it breaks
organic down into progressively smaller pieces, but never
polymers disappears. They then attract more debris. It poses a
Fig.1. Plastic pollution in Coastal
derived from significant health threat to the various sea creatures, and
waters of India
petroleum. Although it is the only substance that is illegal to the entire marine ecosystem. Overall, plastic is the main
to dump anywhere in the ocean, the pollution caused due source of pollution in the ocean.
Prevention is an essential part of stopping coastal
to the plastic debris could not stop yet. The polymers when
pollution, but will require radical changes in all levels of
exposed to UV radiation in sunlight break into smaller
society. Awareness must be created among people about
and smaller pieces, but they are still present as plastic
the negative impacts of coastal pollution to human
and non-biodegradable in any practical manner. This
community.
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ARTICLE-6

Coastal Pollution in India

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