MALLIKA D, et al, International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering

[IJRSAE]TM
Volume 2, Issue 15, PP: 247 - 253, SEPTEMBER 2016.

LOAD FLOW, CONTINGENCY ANALYSIS, STATE ESTIMATION AND

OPTIMAL OPERATION FOR IEEE 14-BUS SYSTEM
Dr .M. LAKSHMISWARUPA 1*, Mr. D. RAMESH 2*
1. Professor -Dept of EEE, Malla Reddy Engg. College (AUTONOMOUS), Hyderabad, India.
2. Asst. Prof- Dept of EEE, Malla Reddy Engg. College (AUTONOMOUS), Hyderabad, India.

Abstract In this paper the work is divided into two main parts. The first part provides further improvements in power system state
estimation and the second part implements Contingency Constrained Optimal Power Flow (CCOPF) in a multiple contingency framework. The
demand of the energy management systems (EMS) set forth by modern power systems requires fast energy management systems. Contingency
analysis is among the functions in EMS which is time consuming. In order to handle this limitation, this paper introduces agent based
technology in the contingency analysis. The main function of agents is to speed up the performance. Negotiations process in decision making is
explained and the issue set forth is the minimization of the operating costs. The IEEE 14 bus system and its line outage have been used in the
research and simulation results are presented.

Index Terms model, negotiation, optimal dispatch, power systems.

incremental angle criterion. The 1P-1Q method for

I. INTRODUCTION
It is well known that power system is a complex network
consisting of numerous equipments like generators,
transformers, transmission lines, circuit breakers etc. Failure of
any of these equipments during its operation harms the
reliability of the system and hence leading to outages.
Whenever the pre specified operating limits of the power
system gets violated the system is said to be in emergency
condition. These violations of the limits result from
contingencies occurring in the system. Thus, an important part
of the security analysis revolves around the power system to
withstand the effect of contingencies. The contingency analysis
is time consuming as it involves the computation of complete
AC load flow calculations following every possible outage
events like outages occurring at various generators and
transmission lines. This makes the list of various contingency
cases very lengthy and the process very tedious. In order to
mitigate the above problem, automatic contingency screening
approach is being adopted which identifies and ranks only
those outages which actually causes the limit violation on
power flow or voltages in the lines. The contingencies are
screened according to the severity index or performance index
where a higher value of these indices denotes a higher degree
of severity. The importance of power system security
assessment for prediction of line flows and bus voltages
following a contingency has been presented in [1-2]. The paper
also details the challenges faced for the practical
implementation of security analysis algorithms. The
approximate changes in the line flow due to an outage in
generator or transmission line is predicted based on distribution
factors [3-4]. The use of AC power flow solution in outage
studies has been dealt in [5].Contingency screening or
contingency selection is an essential task in contingency
analysis. This helps to reduce the numerous computations; the
bounding method [6] reduces the number of branch flow
computation by using a bounding criterion that helps in
reducing the number of buses for analysis and is based on
contingency selection has been presented in [7]. In this method
the solution procedure is interrupted after an iteration of fast
decoupled load flow. Zaborzky et al. introduced the concentric
relaxation method for contingency evaluation [8] utilizing the
benefit of the fact that an outage occurring on the power
system has a limited geographical effect. The use of fast
decoupled load flow [9] proves to be very suitable for
contingency analysis. Contingency selection criterion based on
the calculation of performance indices has been first introduced
by Ejebe and Wollenberg [10] where the contingencies are
sorted in descending order of the values of performance index
(PI) reflecting their severity. The practical implementation of
contingency screening can be done by installing the phasor
measurement units which are being used to capture the online
values of bus voltages and angles [11]. The fast estimation of
voltages in power system is essential for contingency analysis
and this was proposed in [12]. Apart from performance index
other index like voltage stability criteria index can also be
chosen contingency ranking [13]. Multiple contingency can
occur in the power system at the same time, hence its
identification and analysis is a more complicated task, the
multiple contingency screening in power system has been
illustrated in [14]. The analysis of power system contingency
becomes more challenging when the system is connected to a
variable generation units like wind or solar systems, where the
firm capacity is variable. In [15] the contingency analysis by
incorporating sampling of Injected powers has been done. In
this paper, the values of active power performance index (PIP)
and reactive power performance index (PIV) have been
calculated for 5-bus, IEEE-14 bus and IEEE-30 bus systems
using the algorithm implemented in MATLAB software. Based
on the values of PIV, contingencies have been ranked where a
transmission line contingency leading to high value of PIV has
been ranked 1 and a least value of PIV have been ranked last.
The load flow analysis following the most severe transmission
line contingency has been simulated and the results of active

International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering

Vol.2 (15), ISSN: 2319-6106, SEP 2016. PP: 247 - 253
MALLIKA D, et al, International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering
[IJRSAE]TM
Volume 2, Issue 15, PP: 247 - 253, SEPTEMBER 2016.
power flow in various transmission lines and the bus voltages
has been analyzed.
II. CONTINGENCY ANALYSIS USING LOAD FLOW
SOLUTION
Load flow analysis performs static security analysis for a
given system so that the system is operated defensively. Due to
contingency, the system may enter an emergency state,
wherein the operator has to tale fast actions to restore the
system back to normal. Here the status of all the elements
selected as contingency cased under contingency analysis
section are made and outage study is performed. The output of
the program alarms the user of any potential overloads or out
of limit voltages.
Any power system operates on satisfying the demand from
the generation. And also on the contingency state the power
system should operate by giving alarm or to inform the
insecurity to the operator, also to diagnose the faulty bus and
preventive measures should be taken to handle the
contingency. There for contingency study is very important in
the load-flow analysis. The performance index is calculated for
every line outage for IEEE 14-bus test system to implement the
module for power system static security assessment. The
security classification, contingency selection and ranking are
done based on the performance index which is capable of
accurately differentiating the secure and non-secure cases. Here
in this project for IEEE-14 bus and load flow anaylsis and
performance index is done in MiPower software.

Contingency Selection Since contingency analysis process

involves the prediction of the effect of individual contingency
cases, the above process becomes very tedious and time
consuming when the power system network is large. In order to
alleviate the above problem contingency screening or
contingency selection process is used. Practically it is found
that all the possible outages does not cause the overloads or
under voltage in the other power system equipments. The
process of identifying the contingencies that actually leads to
the violation of the operational limits is known as contingency
selection. The contingencies are selected by calculating a kind
of severity indices known as Performance Indices (PI) [1].
These indices are calculated using the conventional power flow
algorithms for individual contingencies in an off line mode.
Based on the values obtained the contingencies are ranked in a
manner where the highest value of PI is ranked first. The
analysis is then done starting from the contingency that is
ranked one and is continued till no severe contingencies are Fig 1 Line Diagram of IEEE 14 bus test system
found. There are two kind of performance index which are of
great use, these are active power performance index (PIP) and
III. LOAD FLOW METHODS
reactive power performance index (PIV). PIP reflects the
violation of line active power flow and is given by (1)
The objective of power flow study is to determine the voltage
PIP = ( Pi Pimax ) L 2n i=1 (1) and its angle at each bus, real and reactive power flow in each
where, Pi = Active Power flow in line i, Pi max = line and line losses in the power system for specified bus or
Maximum active power flow in line i, n is the specified terminal conditions. Power flow studies are conducted for the
exponent, L is the total number of transmission lines in the purpose of planning (viz. short, medium and long range
system. planning), operation and control. The other purpose of the
If n is a large number, the PI will be a small number if all study is to compute steady state operating point of the power
flows are within limit, and it will be large if one or more lines system, that is voltage magnitudes and phase angles at the
are overloaded, here the value of n has been kept unity. The buses. By knowing these quantities, the other quantities like
value of maximum power flow in each line is calculated using line flow (MW and MVAR) real and reactive power supplied
the formula Pi max = ViVj (2) where, Vi= Voltage at bus i by the generators and loading of the transformers can also be
obtained from FDLF solution Vj= Voltage at bus j obtained calculated. The conditions of over loads and under or over
from FDLF solution X = Reactance of the line connecting bus voltages existing in the parts of the system can also be
i and bus j Another performance index parameter which is detected from this study.
used is reactive power performance index corresponding to bus The different mathematical techniques used for load flow
voltage magnitude violations. It mathematically given by (3) study are 1. Gauss Seidel method 2. Newton Raphson method
PIV= [ 2() ] 2 =1 (3) where, 3. Fast Decoupled method 4. Stotts fast decoupled method III.
Vi= Voltage of bus i, Vimax and Vimin are maximum and Performance index A. Voltage performance index:
minimum voltage limits, Vinom is average of Vimax and
Vimin, Npq is total number of load buses in the system.

International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering

Vol.2 (15), ISSN: 2319-6106, SEP 2016. PP: 247 - 253
MALLIKA D, et al, International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering
[IJRSAE]TM
Volume 2, Issue 15, PP: 247 - 253, SEPTEMBER 2016.
Where, nb: Number of buses, Wi: Weightage factor for bus i,
|V i| new: post outage voltage magnitude at bus i, |V i| spec:
Specified voltage magnitude at bus i (1.0 p.u.)Vi max:
Maximum allowable voltage change,which is computed as the
difference between maximum voltage and difference between
minimum voltage and specified voltage, if the voltage
magnitude is less than the specified voltage. The significance
of the weightage is to give lower ranking (higher severity) for
poor voltage at specific buses. B. Lineflow performance index
(2) Where, nl:Total number of series equipment, Wi:
Weightage factor for series element I, Pi new: New real
powerflow in the line, Pi limit: Real power flow limit of the
line. The contingency can be ranked depending on the
importance of a line. If it is desired not to overload a particular
line,
SE is a very useful tool for the economic and secure operation
of transmission networks. From early days of Scheweppe [3]
[5], developments of SE are done as a no
tion of robust estimation, hierarchical estimation, with and
without the inclusion of current measurements, etc. The SE
available measurements. The objective function is expressed
as follows, (1) where fi(x) and 2 is the system equation and
the variance of the i th measurement respectively. J(x) is the
weighted residuals. m is the number of measurements and zi is
the i th measured quantity. If fi(x) is the linear function then
the solution of eqn. (1) is a closed form. Usually, the power
flow and power injection equations are described by nonlinear
function. Hence the solution leads iterative procedure to
determine the state of the system. cessed in WLS are (1) to
find the gradient of J(x) and (2) force it into zero and solved
by Newtons method. The optimal state estimate is found
using eqn. (2). 12 (2) (3) where R Measurement error
covariance matrix x System state vector H Jacobian matrix z
Measurement vector The covariance matrix R reflects the
relative relation between the measurements. If there is no
interaction between the various measurements then R will be a
diagonal matrix. The diagonal elements are the variances of
the individual measurements (ri = 2 ). Recently the SE with
measurement dependencies is solved with WLS technique
[10].
I.
Generator1 Generator
Synchronous
C ompensator
Synchronous
C ompensator

Bus 2
C

C
A
B

B
uses only volt- age magnitude, real and reactive power Fourteen Bus system

C
A
B
A

B
injections and flows of SCADA measurements. The inclusion
C

C
Bus 5 Bus 6
Bus 4

C
Bus 3

C
A
B
C
A
B
b

b
a

a
c

b
a

c
A

of branch currents measurements in SE deteriotes the B

C
A

C
Vabc

Iabc

Vabc

Vabc

Vabc

Vabc

Vabc
Iabc

Iabc

Iabc

Iabc

Iabc
Vabc

Iabc

Bus 1
b
Ba

c
A

performance of estimators. It also leadsto non uniquely

Bus 3 Bus 4 Bus 5 Bus 6 Bus 7

b
Ba

Ba

Ba

Ba

Ba
c

c
A

A
C

C
Bus 2
b
Ba

c
A

observable which produces more than one state for the given Bus 1

A A A A A A A A A A
Bus 7

one set of measurements [6], [7]. Distributed SE for very large B

C
B
C
B
C C
B

A
B
A
B
B
C C
B B
C C
B B
C
B
C

power system has been taken for study since the very A
B
A
B
C C

A A

beginning. The computational procedure involved in SE is an

C C B B
C C
A A
B B
C C

optimization function. The optimization function can be first A

B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C

order or second order of the derivative. The first order A

B
C
A
B
C

A A
B B

methods are the classical weighted least squares [8], the A A

C C

B B

iteratively reweighted least squares [9] and the linear C C

B
A

C
A
B
C

programming based on least absolute value estimator. The C o ntinuo us

C
A
B
C
A
B

po we rgui

A A A A A A
B B B B B B

second order method involves the evaluation of the C C

A
B
C
A
B
C
C C C C

Lagrangian Hessian matrix. The primal-dual interior-point

Vabc

Iabc

Vabc

Vabc

Vabc

Vabc

Vabc

Vabc
Iabc

Iabc

Iabc

Iabc

Iabc

Iabc

Bus 8
b
Ba

c
A

Bus 9 Bus 10 Bus 11 Bus 12 Bus 13 Bus 14

b

b
Ba

Ba

Ba

Ba

Ba

Ba
c

c
A

A
C

method and Huber M estimator are the solution metholodigies

A

B
C

C
b
a

B
C

are available in literature to solve the second order method.

A

B
C

Bus 12 Bus 13 Bus 14

Bus 11
Bus 9 Bus 10
Bus 8
A

The system states are evaluated either by statically or Synchronous

C ompensator

dynamically. The above methods mentioned are static state

estimators. At the given point of time, the set of measurements Fig 1. SIMULATION MODEL FOR IEEE 14-BUS
are used to estimate the system state at that instant of time. SYSTEM
The common method used to solve the static SE is weighted
least square and weighted least absolute value methods. The
heuristic methods are also applied to find the states. In the
dynamic state estimation, the system states are continuously
monitored at the regular intervals. TheDSEusesthe Kalman
filter,Leapfrogalgorithm, non-linear observer technique and
invariant imbedding method to estimate the system states
dynamically.
A. Weighted Least Square(WLS) Method In the WLS method,
the objective is to minimize the sum of the squares of the
weighted deviations of the estimated measurements from the
actual measurements. The system states are estimated from the

International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering

Vol.2 (15), ISSN: 2319-6106, SEP 2016. PP: 247 - 253
MALLIKA D, et al, International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering
[IJRSAE]TM
Volume 2, Issue 15, PP: 247 - 253, SEPTEMBER 2016.

Fig 4. LINE DATA OF IEEE 14-BUS SYSTEM

a. Modal Analysis

Fig 2. RESULTS OF BUS VOLTAGES ACROSS

EACH BUS (example 1,3,7 taken)

Fig5 Eigen values of the reduced Jacobian matrix

against load multiplication factor, K.

Fig 3. Ybus formation

International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering

Vol.2 (15), ISSN: 2319-6106, SEP 2016. PP: 247 - 253
MALLIKA D, et al, International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering
[IJRSAE]TM
Volume 2, Issue 15, PP: 247 - 253, SEPTEMBER 2016.

Table 1.4: Base case load data (Pu on 100 MVA base) for
bus P(MW) QMVAR(pu)
3 0.217 0.127
4 0.942 0.191
7 0.112 0.075
8 0.050 0
9 0.295 0.166
10 0.09 0.058
11 0.035 0.018
12 0.061 0.016
13 0.135 0.058
14 0.1499 0.050
the 14-bus test system

Table 1.5: Base case generator data (Pu on 100 MVA base)
for the 14-bus test system

Bus V(pu)
1 1.06
Fig 6 Line Diagram of IEEE 14 bus test system 2 1.045
Table 1.1: Transmission lines data (R, X and B in Pu on Table 1.6: Eigen values of reduced Jacobian matrix (Pu on
100MVA base) for the 14-bus test system 100 MVA base) for the 14-bus test system

K E1 E2 E3 E4
End buses R X B/2
1.124 0.1861 0.3190 0.1361 0.5786
1-2 0.01938 0.05917 0.0264
2-4 0.05811 0.17632 0.0170

End buses MVAR(pu) Table 1.7: Transformer data for different load levels (Pu
4 0.191 on 100 MVA base) for the 14-bus test system
5 0.016
12-13 0.22092 0.19988 0
13-14 0.17093 0.34802 0

Table 1.2: Transformer data (R, X in pu on 100 MVA

base) for the 14-bus test system Table 1.8: Load data for different load levels (Pu on 100
MVA base) for the 14-bus test system
End buses R X
3-8 0.0671 0.17173
7-9 0 0.11001 Bus P(pu) Q(pu) Load
6-7 0 0.2522 level
4 0.942 0.191 1
End buses R X Tap 0.931 0.185 0.978
setting 0.928 0.189 0.969
1 0.940 0.172 0.932
0.978 5 0.478 0.197 1
9-10 0.03181 0.08450
0.969 0.435 0.192 0.978
0.932 0.241 0.188 0.969
Table 1.3: Shunt capacitor(R, X in pu on 100 MVA base) 0.448 0.179 0.932
for the 14-bus test system 9 0.295 0.166 1

International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering

Vol.2 (15), ISSN: 2319-6106, SEP 2016. PP: 247 - 253
MALLIKA D, et al, International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering
[IJRSAE]TM
Volume 2, Issue 15, PP: 247 - 253, SEPTEMBER 2016.
0.285 0.164 0.978
0.274 0.158 0.969
0.286 0.149 0.932

Table 1.9: Generator data for different load levels (Pu on

100 MVA base) for the 14-bus test system

Bus P(pu) Voltage(pu) Load

level
4 0.035 1.06 1
0.061 0.978
0.135 0.969
0.1499 0.932
5 0.050 1.045 1
0.295 0.978 Fig 7 Voltages in magnitude and angle, Eigen values after
0.09 0.969 modal analysis applied
0.217 0.932
9 0.242 1.01 1
0.112 0.978
0.235 0.969
0.241 0.932

Table 1.10: Load voltages and reactive power outputs of

generator 2 and 3 at load level 1 (Pu on 100 MVA base) for
the 14-bus test system

Contingency V5 V6 QG3 QG2

Without outage, fixed 0.96 1.11 290 -83
tap
Without outage, LTC 0.99 1.08 227 144
active Fig 9 Power Generation versus bus number
Line outage, fixed tap 0.91 1.00 200 224
Line outage, LTC 1.01 1.09 243 146
active

Table 1.11: Load voltages and reactive power outputs of

generator 2 and 3 at load level 2 (Pu on 100 MVA base) for
the 14-bus test system

Contingency V5 V6 QG3 QG2

Without outage, fixed tap 1.03 1.11 290 -83
Without outage, LTC active 0.99 1.08 227 164
Table 1.12: Load voltages and reactive power outputs of
generator 2 and 3 at load level 3 (Pu on 100 MVA base) for
the 14-bus test system
Fig 10 Power load versus bus number
Contingency V5 V6 QG3 QG2
Without outage, 1.02 1.11 401 -81
fixed tap
Without outage, 0.98 1.07 700 249
LTC active

International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering

Vol.2 (15), ISSN: 2319-6106, SEP 2016. PP: 247 - 253
MALLIKA D, et al, International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering
[IJRSAE]TM
Volume 2, Issue 15, PP: 247 - 253, SEPTEMBER 2016.
Fig 11 Reactive power versus bus number
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