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Content Outline

CHAPTER 3 FLUID-STATICS
Zulkarnain Hassan
School of Environmental Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Perlis

Introduction

Forces on
Solid
Surfaces
Forces on Solid Surfaces
Force due to
Static Fluids

Buoyant
Forces

Concept Concept (Continued)

The examples of cases In each case, the fluid exerts a force on the surface of
where forces on submerged interest that acts perpendicular to the surface:
areas must be computed:
pressure force

=
area
F
= .
90o

fluid
p

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Concept (Continued) Horizontal Flat Surfaces Under Liquids

Horizontal Flat Fig. shows the cylindrical drum.

Surfaces Under
Liquids
Forces on The pressure in the water at the
Solid Vertical bottom of the drum is uniform
Surfaces across the entire area because it
Rectangular Walls is a horizontal plane in a fluid at
Incline rest.
Center of
Submerged Pressure We can simply use F = pA to
Horizontal force calculate the force on the bottom
Plain Area
Vertical force
Curved Surface
Resultant force

Example 1:

If the drum in Fig. is open to the

atmosphere at the top, calculate
the force on the bottom.

Information!

Would there be any difference between the force on the bottom of

the drum in Fig. 4.3 and that on the bottom of the cone-shaped
container in Fig. 4.4?

Figure 4.3 Figure 4.4

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Recall! Rectangular Walls

Horizontal Flat Rectangular walls are walls which exposed to a

Surfaces Under pressure varying from zero on the surface of the
Liquids
fluid to a maximum at the bottom of the wall.
Force due to
Vertical
Static Fluids
The force due to the fluid pressure tends to
Rectangular Walls
overturn the wall or break it at the place where it
Incline is fixed to the bottom.
Center of
Submerged Pressure
The actual force is distributed over the entire wall,
Horizontal force but for the purpose of analysis it is desirable to
Plain Area determine the resultant force and the place where
Vertical force it acts, called the center of pressure.
Curved Surface
Resultant force

Note:
The center of pressure is at
the centroid of the pressure
distribution triangle, one third
of the distance from the bottom
of the wall.
The resultant force acts
perpendicular to the wall at this
point.

A = width x L A = width x L

A = width x (h/sin ) A = width x (h/sin )

H
O

A
Trigonometric Ratios:
Sin = O/H
Cos = A/H
Tan = O/A

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Example 2

In Fig. 4.6, the fluid is gasoline and the total depth is 3.7 m. The wall
is 12.2 m long. Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force on the
wall and the location of the center of pressure.

3.7 m

Example 3 = 60

Figure 4.7 shows a dam 30.5

m long that retains 8 m of
fresh water and is inclined at
an angle of 60. Calculate the =8m

magnitude of the resultant

force on the dam and the
location of the center of
pressure.

Recall!
Horizontal Flat
Surfaces Under
Liquids
Force due to
Vertical
Static Fluids
Rectangular Walls

Incline
Center of
Submerged Pressure
Horizontal force
Plain Area
Vertical force
Curved Surface
Resultant force

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Submerged Plane Areas Submerged Plane Areas (Continued)

hc = depth of fluid from the free
surface to the centroid of the area

hp = depth from the free surface to

the center of pressure force of the
area.

Lc = distance from the level of the

free surface of the fluid to the
centroid of the area, measured along
the angle of inclination of the area.

Lp = distance from the level of the

free surface of the fluid to the center
of pressure of the area, measured
along the angle of inclination of the
area.

Submerged Plane Areas (Continued) Submerged Plane Areas (Continued)

Ic = moment of inertia of the area

about its centroidal axis.

How to find Ic?

How to find center of axis?

Submerged Plane Areas (Continued) Appendix L:

Properties of Area
Ic = moment of inertia of the area
about its centroidal axis.

Appendix L: Properties of Area

(ref: Mott, R.L. (2006). Applied
fluid mechnanics. Singapore,
Prentice Hall)

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Appendix L: Example 4
Properties of Area
The tank shown in Fig. 4.8 contains a lubricating oil with a specific
gravity of 0.91. A rectangular gate with the dimensions B=1.2 m and
H=0.6 m is placed in the inclined wall of the tank (=60).The centroid
of the gate is at a depth of 1.5 m from the surface of the oil. Calculate
(a) the magnitude of the resultant force FRon the gate and (b) the
location of the center of pressure.

1.5m
60o

0.6m

Info!

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Info! Recall!
Horizontal Flat
Surfaces Under
Liquids
Force due to
Vertical
Static Fluids
Rectangular Walls

Incline
Center of
Submerged Pressure
Horizontal force
Plain Area
Vertical force
Curved Surface
Resultant force
Piezometric head effect not covered in this slybus!

Submerged Curved Surface Submerged Curved Surface (Continued)

Submerged Curved Surface (Continued) Submerged Curved Surface (Continued)

Horizontal Force:

NOTED!!!!
This concept also applied
for the curved surface
Since = 90, hence
restraining a liquid below
hc it.
w Vertical Force:

Resultant Force:

F2b

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Submerged Curved Surface (Continued)

The vertical component

is equal to the weight
of the imaginary
volume of fluid above
the surface.

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Recall! Tips!
Horizontal Flat = . = .g.hc.A
Surfaces Under
Liquids Where,
h is the depth of fluid from the free surface to the centroid of
Force due to the area
Vertical
Static Fluids A is the area of surface of interest
Rectangular Walls

Incline
Location of F (hp) is not at the CENTER of surface of interest. You
Center of need to calculate using:
Submerged Pressure
Horizontal force
Plain Area
Vertical force
Curved Surface
Resultant force

Concept

Buoyant

Concept Concept
1st scenario: Designed to float 2nd scenario: Designed to sink

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Concept Concept (Continued)

3rd scenario: Designed to
maintain a particular orientation
A body in a fluid, whether floating or submerged, is buoyed
up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
The buoyant force acts vertically upward through the centroid of
the displaced volume and can be defined mathematically by
Archimedes principle as follows:

Fe

Important! Example 6
+
A cube 0.50 m on a side is made of bronze having a
Formula: specific weight of 86.9kN/m3. Determine the magnitude and
direction of the force required to hold the cube in
Fb = fVd. -> buoyant force Fe
equilibrium completely submerged (a) in water and (b) in Fb
w = V -> weight of a solid object mercury. The specific gravity of mercury is 13.54.
w
Fe -> external force

Scenarios: Fb
w < Fb -> object tends to float
w
w < Fb -> object tends to sink
w = Fb -> object neutrally buoyant
-

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Example 7
A cube 80 mm on a side is made of a
rigid foam material and floats in water
with 60 mm of the cube below the
surface. Calculate the magnitude and
direction of the force required to hold
it completely submerged in glycerine,
which has a specific gravity of 1.26.
Example 7
A cube 80 mm on a side is made of a
rigid foam material and floats in water
with 60 mm of the cube below the
surface. Calculate the magnitude and
direction of the force required to hold
it completely submerged in glycerine,
which has a specific gravity of 1.26.
b) Submerged in glycerine
A downward force of 2.56 N
is required to hold the
cube submerged in
glycerine.
Stability of Completely Submerged Bodies
A body in a fluid is
considered stable if it will
return to its original position
after being rotated a small
amount about a horizontal
axis.
The condition for stability
of bodies completely
submerged in a fluid is
that the center of gravity
(cg) of the body must be
below the center of
buoyancy (cb).
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Example 7
A cube 80 mm on a side is made of a
rigid foam material and floats in water
with 60 mm of the cube below the
surface. Calculate the magnitude and
direction of the force required to hold
it completely submerged in glycerine,
which has a specific gravity of 1.26.
a) Floating in water
Stability in Buoyant
Stability
Completely
Floating
Submerged
Bodies
Bodies
Stability of Floating Bodies
A floating body is stable if its center of
gravity (cg) is below the metacenter (mc).
MB = the distance from mc to cb
Vd = the displaced volume of fluid,
I = the least moment of inertia of a horizontal
section of the body taken at the surface of
the fluid.
If the distance MB places the metacenter
above the center of gravity, the body is
stable.
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Stability of Floating Bodies (Continued) Stability of Floating Bodies (Continued)

The conditions for stability of bodies in a

fluid can be summarized as follows.
1. Completely submerged bodies are
stable if the center of gravity (cg) is
below the center of buoyancy (cb).
2. Floating bodies are stable if the
center of gravity (cg) is below the
metacenter (mc).

Example 8

A solid cylinder is 0.91 m in diameter, is 1.83 m high, and weighs

6.90 kN. If the cylinder is placed in oil (sg = 0.1) with its axis vertical,
would it be stable?

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