Fraunhofer IWES | Kassel

Energy Economy and Energy System Technology

Integrating the Distributed RE Generation: A Case for Rooftop Solar

Integration in German Distribution System

Large Scale Grid Integration of RE in India, 6.-8. September 2017, New Delhi, India

www.iwes.fraunhofer.de
Fraunhofer IWES -1-
The Fraunhofer-Society at a glance
The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft undertakes applied research of direct utility
to private and public enterprise and of wide benefit to society.

2.1 billion
Major infrastructure
1.8 capital expenditure and
billion defense research
24,000 staff Almost 30%
is contributed by the
German federal and
Lnder Governments.

Contract Research
Finance volume
More than 70%
is derived from
contracts with industry
and from publicly
financed research
projects.
67 institutes and research units
2015

Fraunhofer
Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, the largest organization for
applied research in Europe
67 institutes and research units
24,000 staff
More than 2.1 billion annual research
budget totaling. Of this sum, more
than 1.8 billion euros is generated
through contract research
Roughly two thirds of this sum is
generated through contract
research on behalf of industry and
publicly funded research projects
Roughly one third is contributed by
the German federal and Lnder
governments in the form of base
funding

Fraunhofer
Development of PV-installation in Germany

Photovoltaics: Cumulated Power

GW

1996 2015
8 GW

PV-market: installation rate

6 GW
GW

4 GW

2 GW

0 GW
Fraunhofer IWES -4-
2010 2014
Actual share of roof-top PV-plants < 100 kW in Germany

Annual installation of PV power Cumulated installation of PV power

100% 100%
90% 90%
80% 80%
70% 70%
60% 60%
50% 50% rooftop pv
40% 40%
open space pv
30% 30%
20% 20%
10% 10%
0% 0%

Fraunhofer IWES -5-

How large must the PV-installation in
Germany be
in order to meet the CO2-reduction targets?

(
Pres (t ) = Pload (t ) Pmax
PV (t ) + (1 ) P (t ))
max
Wind
T

P
0
max
PV ,Wind
T
(t ) dt = Pload (t ) dt
0

std (Pres (t ); ) min

Fraunhofer IWES -6-

 The nature of the residual load: Pres (r ) = Pload (t ) (PPV (t ) + PWind (t ))

Residuallast ohne E-Mobilitt, Wrmepumpen und Klimatisierung (Meteo-Jahr 2007)

60

40
Deficit Powers
20

0
Residuallast (GW)

-20 I) Excess far beyond load level

r
-40

-60

III) Excess up to week

-80
II) Daily spikes and more
berschsse: -187.7 TWh
-100 Defizite: 43.5 TWh
Minimale Residuallast: -109.9 GW
Fraunhofer IWES 2010

-120
Maximale Residuallast 48.2 GW
Excess Powers Defizite (Last > EE-Einspeisung)
berschsse (EE-Einspeisung > Last)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Monat

Quelle: IWES-Berechnungen fr UBA Energieziel 100% Strom aus EE

Fraunhofer IWES
Final energy consumption in Germany 2050
for each sector

Fraunhofer IWES
Resulting Quantity Structure of German Energiewende

Energy in TWh p.a. Installed Power in GW

Fraunhofer IWES -9-

 How large will the excess power problem be and how can it be
solved?
Sum of Degree of Peak Average load
rated correlation clipping + overpowering
powers
400 GW

320 GW
=> The systemic need
for sector-coupling

224 GW
60 GW
Electrolysis
110 GW
30 GW Heat pumps
20 GW eCar
114 GW charging
65 GW
Present
actual
load

Fraunhofer IWES - 10 -
Flexibility of Generation Flexibility of Consumption
Will the further expansion of PV still be largely carried by
small roof top plants or will that change?

Fraunhofer IWES - 11 -
 Economical Optimization of PV-integration without storage

Extra HV Transmission distance:

220 380 kV 50 km 500 km

1
HV Distribution distance
55 110 kV 10 50 km

MV
1
6 55 kV 0 10 km

LV
1/2 1/2
0.23 0.4 kV

1/2

Fraunhofer IWES - 12 -
 Economical Optimization of PV-integration without storage

Large scale consumption

Extra HV Transmission distance:
220 380 kV 50 km 500 km

2,5 (1) 2,5

HV Distribution distance
55 110 kV 10 50 km

MV
2,5 (1)
6 55 kV 0 10 km

LV
3,0 (1/2) 1/2
0.23 0.4 kV

1/2 3,5
Fraunhofer IWES - 13 -
 Economical Optimization of PV-integration without storage

Large scale consumption

Extra HV Transmission distance:
220 380 kV 50 km 500 km

2(1) (2,5) 0,5 2,5 centralized

HV
55 110 kV
Distribution distance
10 50 km
1,5

1 (2,5) 1
MV
6 55 kV 0 10 km

LV
1/2 (3,0) 1/2 1 2,0
0.23 0.4 kV

decentralized
Effort fully decentral 1/2 1
Fraunhofer IWES - 14 -
Barometer of Energy System Transformations

Fraunhofer IWES
 Fraunhofer IWES
Wind energy 2017

Historische Werte: BMWi, Prognose: eigene Berechnungen

Report S. 13
 Report S. 15
Photovoltaics 2017

Historische Werte: BMWi, Prognose: eigene Berechnungen

240 TWh

52 GW (EEG 2017) 54 TWh

Fraunhofer IWES
Comparison of international transformation processes

EE- Installation Rate

Installed EE-Base (2016)
(20152016)
Relative Relative
Absolute to av. load EE-Target Absolute to EE-target

Germany 91 GW 133 % 400 GW 6 GW 1.6 %

Korea 6 GW 10 % 250 GW 1,6 GW 0.6 %

USA 116 GW 23 % 1600 GW 20 GW 1.3 %

China 227 GW 33 % 7000 GW 54 GW 0.8 %

India x x x x x

Installed base: Absolute: Sum of Wind and PV; Relative: to average load
Annual installation rate: Absolute: Sum of Wind and PV; Relative: to target of 400 GW

Fraunhofer IWES - 18 -
Energy transition hub

Data acquisition
Renewable potential
Existing infrastructure

Best practice sharing Target scenarios

German Energiewende Best technology mix
Transition hub partners CO2-reduction targets

Process supervision Transition paths

Develop local expertise Installation rates
Incorporate new Development of markets
developments and infrastructures

Fraunhofer IWES - 19 -
Network of Energy transition hubs

Center for global energy transitions

Communication hubs for distributed work
of industrial and scientific partners
Supervision of Energy system
transformations at dialogue stakeholders

Fraunhofer IWES - 20 -