Outline: What Is A Distributed DBMS Problems Current State-Of-Affairs

Outline
o Introduction
What is a distributed DBMS
Problems
Current state-of-affairs
o Background
o Distributed DBMS Architecture
o Distributed Database Design
o Semantic Data Control
o Distributed Query Processing
o Distributed Transaction Management
o Parallel Database Systems
o Distributed Object DBMS
o Database Interoperability
o Current Issues
Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer zsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.1
File Systems
program 1
File 1
data description 1
program 2
data description 2 File 2
program 3
data description 3 File 3
Page 1
Database Management
Application
program 1
(with data
semantics)
DBMS
description
Application
program 2 manipulation
(with data database
semantics)
control
Application
program 3
(with data
semantics)
Motivation
Database Computer
Technology Networks
integration distribution
Distributed
Database
Systems
integration
integration centralization
Page 2
Distributed Computing
n A concept in search of a definition and a name.
n A number of autonomous processing elements

(not necessarily homogeneous) that are
interconnected by a computer network and that
cooperate in performing their assigned tasks.
Distributed Computing
n Synonymous terms
distributed function
distributed data processing
multiprocessors/multicomputers
satellite processing
backend processing
dedicated/special purpose computers
timeshared systems
functionally modular systems
Page 3
What is distributed
n Processing logic
n Functions
n Data
n Control
What is a Distributed Database

System?
A distributed database (DDB) is a collection of multiple,
logically interrelated databases distributed over a
computer network.
A distributed database management system (DDBMS)

is the software that manages the DDB and provides an
access mechanism that makes this distribution
transparent to the users.
Distributed database system (DDBS) = DDB + DDBMS
Page 4
What is not a DDBS?
n A timesharing computer system

n A loosely or tightly coupled multiprocessor
system
n A database system which resides at one of the
nodes of a network of computers - this is a
centralized database on a network node
Centralized DBMS on a Network
Site 1
Site 2
Site 5
Communication
Network
Site 4 Site 3
Page 5
Distributed DBMS Environment
Site 1
Site 2
Site 5
Communication
Network
Site 4 Site 3
Implicit Assumptions
n Data stored at a number of sites each site
logically consists of a single processor.
n Processors at different sites are interconnected
by a computer network no multiprocessors
parallel database systems
n Distributed database is a database, not a
collection of files data logically related as
exhibited in the users access patterns
relational data model
n D-DBMS is a full-fledged DBMS
not remote file system, not a TP system
Page 6
Shared-Memory Architecture
P1 Pn M
D
Examples : symmetric multiprocessors (Sequent,

Encore) and some mainframes
(IBM3090, Bull's DPS8)
Shared-Disk Architecture
P1 Pn
D
M1 Mn
Examples : DEC's VAXcluster, IBM's IMS/VS

Data Sharing
Page 7
Shared-Nothing Architecture
P1 Pn
D1 Dn
M1 Mn
Examples : Teradata's DBC, Tandem, Intel's

Paragon, NCR's 3600 and 3700
Applications
n Manufacturing - especially multi-plant

manufacturing
n Military command and control
n EFT
n Corporate MIS
n Airlines
n Hotel chains
n Any organization which has a
decentralized organization structure
Page 8
Distributed DBMS Promises
Transparent management of distributed,

fragmented, and replicated data
Improved reliability/availability through

distributed transactions
Improved performance
Easier and more economical system expansion
Transparency
n Transparency is the separation of the higher
level semantics of a system from the lower
level implementation issues.
n Fundamental issue is to provide
data independence
in the distributed environment
Network (distribution) transparency
Replication transparency
Fragmentation transparency
u horizontal fragmentation: selection
u vertical fragmentation: projection
u hybrid
Page 9
Example
EMP ASG
ENO ENAME TITLE ENO PNO RESP DUR
E1 J. Doe Elect. Eng. E1 P1 Manager 12
E2 M. Smith Syst. Anal. E2 P1 Analyst 24
E3 A. Lee Mech. Eng. E2 P2 Analyst 6
E4 J. Miller Programmer E3 P3 Consultant 10
E5 B. Casey Syst. Anal. E3 P4 Engineer 48
E6 L. Chu Elect. Eng. E4 P2 Programmer 18
E7 R. Davis Mech. Eng. E5 P2 Manager 24
E8 J. Jones Syst. Anal. E6 P4 Manager 48
E7 P3 Engineer 36
E7 P5 Engineer 23
E8 P3 Manager 40
PROJ PAY
PNO PNAME BUDGET LOC TITLE SAL
P1 Instrumentation 150000 Montreal Elect. Eng. 40000
P2 Database Develop. 135000 New York Syst. Anal. 34000
P3 CAD/CAM 250000 New York Mech. Eng. 27000
P4 Maintenance 310000 Paris Programmer 24000
P5 CAD/CAM 500000 Boston
Transparent Access
SELECT ENAME,SAL
Tokyo
FROM EMP,ASS,PAY
WHERE DUR > 12
AND EMP.ENO = ASS.ENO Boston Paris
AND EMP.TITLE = PAY.TITLE Paris projects

Paris employees
Communication Paris assignments
Network Boston employees
Boston projects
Boston employees
Boston assignments
Montreal
New
Montreal projects
York
Paris projects
Boston projects New York projects
New York employees with budget > 200000
New York projects Montreal employees
New York assignments Montreal assignments
Page 10
Distributed Database - User View
Distributed Database
Distributed DBMS - Reality

User
Query
DBMS
Software
User
Application
DBMS
Software
DBMS Communication
Software Subsystem
User
DBMS User Application
Software Query DBMS
Software
User
Query
Page 11
Potentially Improved Performance
n Proximity of data to its points of use

Requires some support for fragmentation and replication
n Parallelism in execution
Inter-query parallelism
Intra-query parallelism
Parallelism Requirements
n Have as much of the data required by each

application at the site where the application
executes
Full replication
n How about updates?

Updates to replicated data requires implementation of
distributed concurrency control and commit protocols
Page 12
System Expansion
n Issue is database scaling
n Emergence of microprocessor and workstation

technologies
Demise of Grosh's law
Client-server model of computing
n Data communication cost vs telecommunication

cost
Distributed DBMS Issues

n Distributed Database Design
how to distribute the database
replicated & non-replicated database distribution
a related problem in directory management
n Query Processing
convert user transactions to data manipulation
instructions
optimization problem
min{cost = data transmission + local processing}
general formulation is NP-hard
Page 13
Distributed DBMS Issues
n Concurrency Control
synchronization of concurrent accesses
consistency and isolation of transactions' effects
deadlock management
n Reliability
how to make the system resilient to failures
atomicity and durability
Relationship Between Issues

Directory
Management
Query Distribution
Reliability
Processing Design
Concurrency
Control
Deadlock
Management
Page 14
Related Issues
n Operating System Support

operating system with proper support for database
operations
dichotomy between general purpose processing
requirements and database processing requirements
n Open Systems and Interoperability
Distributed Multidatabase Systems
More probable scenario
Parallel issues
Page 15

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Outline

n A concept in search of a definition and a name.

n A number of autonomous processing elements

What is a Distributed Database

A distributed database management system (DDBMS)

Distributed database system (DDBS) = DDB + DDBMS

n A timesharing computer system

Centralized DBMS on a Network

Examples : symmetric multiprocessors (Sequent,

Examples : DEC's VAXcluster, IBM's IMS/VS

Examples : Teradata's DBC, Tandem, Intel's

n Manufacturing - especially multi-plant

Transparent management of distributed,

Improved reliability/availability through

Easier and more economical system expansion

AND EMP.TITLE = PAY.TITLE Paris projects

Distributed DBMS - Reality

n Proximity of data to its points of use

n Have as much of the data required by each

n How about updates?

n Issue is database scaling

n Emergence of microprocessor and workstation

Client-server model of computing

n Data communication cost vs telecommunication

Distributed DBMS Issues

Relationship Between Issues

n Operating System Support

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