Pumps

1
 Introduction

A pump is a device used to move fluids, such as liquids, gases or slurries. It increases the
mechanical energy of the fluid. The additional energy can be used to increase -
Velocity (flow rate)
Pressure
Elevation

Pumps operate by some mechanism, and consume energy to perform mechanical work by
moving the fluid. Pumps operate via many energy sources, including manual
operation, electricity, engines, or wind power, come in many sizes, from microscopic for use
in medical applications to large industrial pumps.
Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such as pumping water from
wells, aquarium filtering, filtering and aeration, in the car industry for water-cooling and fuel
injection, in the energy industry for pumping oil and gas or for operating cooling towers. In
the medical industry, pumps are used for biochemical processes in developing and
manufacturing medicine, and as artificial replacements for body parts, in particular
the artificial heart and penile prosthesis.
Single stage pump When in a casing only one impeller is revolving then it is called single
stage pump.
Double/multi-stage pump When in a casing two or more than two impellers are revolving
then it is called double/multi-stage pump.

2
Functions:

Pumping stations in small communities are used for the following purposes:

Remove water from a source, such as a river, lake, reservoir, well, spring, or muskeg
pond.

Move water from the treatment plant to the distribution system or reservoir.

Circulate water through a distribution system.

Maintain pressure in the distribution system.

Circulate glycol through a heat exchanger or heating loop.

Pump chemicals into the system.

Major Components:

A pump station is composed of four sets of components:

The building

The hydraulic system: the pump and related piping

The electrical system: the motor and its related components

The control system: pressure, and level switches

3
Classification of Pump:

The pumps used in small water systems can be divided into two general
categories. The basic difference between the two types is their response to
changes in discharge pressure.

Dynamic pumps:

Dynamic pumps are used in conditions where high volumes are required. As the discharge
pressure on a dynamic pump is increased, the quantity of water pumped is reduced. One
type of dynamic pump, centrifugal pumps, are the most common pump used in water
systems. Dynamic pumps can be operated for short periods of time with the discharge valve
closed.

4
 Positive Displacement pumps:
Positive Displacement pumps apply pressure directly to the liquid by a reciprocating piston,
or by rotating members. Positive Displacement pumps are used in conditions where
relatively small, but precise, volumes are required. Displacement pumps will not change
their volume with a change in discharge pressure. Displacement pumps are also called
positive displacement pumps. The most common positive displacement pump is the
diaphragm pump used to pump chlorine and uoride solutions. Operating a displacement
pump with the discharge valve closed will damage the pump.

5
Uses:

1.Can handle shear sensitive liquid.
2.Use for high pressure application
3.Use for variable viscosity applications.

Types:

1. Reciprocating pump
2. Rotary pump

Reciprocating Pump:

In Reciprocating pumps, the chamber is a stationary cylinder that contains a piston or
plunger.

Types:
1. Piston Pump
2. Plunger Pump
3. Diaphragm Pump

Rotary Pump:

In Rotary pumps, the chamber moves from inlet to discharge and back to the inlet. A wide
variety of rotary pumps are available like gear pumps, lobe pumps, screw pumps, cam
pumps, vane pumps.

Types:
1. Single Rotor
2. Multiple Rotor

6
Dynamic Pump:

Centrifugal Pump:
Centrifugal pumps are the rotodynamic machines that convert mechanical energy of shaft
into kinetic and pressure energy of water which may be used to raise the level of water.
The wheel in which this conversion is to realized is known as impeller. A centrifugal pump
is named so, because the energy added by the impeller to the fluid is largely due to
centrifugal effects. It converts the energy provided by a prime mover, such as an electric
motor, steam turbine, or gasoline engine, to energy within the liquid being pumped.

Centrifugal pumps have a rotating impeller, also known as a blade, that is immersed in the
liquid. Liquid enters the pump near the axis of the impeller, and the rotating impeller sweeps
the liquid out toward the ends of the impeller blades at high pressure. For low flows and
high pressures, the action of the impeller is largely radial.

7
Classification of Centrifugal Pumps:

1. Centrifugal pumps may be classified according to,
2. Working head
3. Specific speed
4. Type of casing
5. Direction of flow of water
6. Number of entrances to the impeller
7. Disposition of shaft

Use:

Centrifugal pumps are generally used where high flow rates and moderate head increases
are required.
Can handle fluids containing suspended solids.

Difference between dynamic and positive displacement pumps:

The main difference between kinetic and positive displacement pumps lies in the method of
fluid transfer.
A dynamic pump imparts velocity energy to the fluid, which is converted to pressure
energy upon exiting the pump casing
A positive displacement pump moves a fixed volume of fluid within the pump casing
by applying a force to moveable boundaries containing the fluid volume.

8
Differences between centrifugal pumps, reciprocating pumps and rotary
pumps