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STEPS IN DESIGNING A RECTANGULAR BEAM


1. Compute the factored loads:
Wu = 1.4 D. L. + 1.7 L.L.
2. Compute the ultimate moment Mu
Mu = Wu L2/8 (for uniformly distributed load, simply supported)
3. Compute for max
max = 0.75 b (rho balance)
b = 0.85fc 600
fy (600 + fy)

Take note of the value of depends on fc

= 0.85 for fc 30 MPa

= 0.85 0.05 (fc -30) (1/7) for each 7MPa in excess of 30 MPa but not to be taken < 0.65

4. Compute minimum ; min = 1.4/fy


5. Assume values of ranging from min to .50max
6. Compute the value of w = fy/fc (tension reinforcement index)
7. Compute for d using the relation
Mu = b d2 fc w ( 1 0.59 w ) = 0.90 for bending
Use the relation b = d/2 for approximate size
8. Compute for steel area requirements using the relation
As = b d
9. Assume bar diameter, and then solve for the number of bars, N
10. Check for actual
= As/(bd)
min < < max
max = 0.75 b
11. Check for its moment capacity
T=C
As fy = 0.85 fc ab
A = (As fy)/(0.85 fc b )
Mu = As fy ( d- a/2) > actual Mu ok, safe!
12. = 0.85 for shear
Vu = max. shear at a distance d from the support
Vc = (1/6) (fc) (bd) for allowable shear
13. Compute for the spacing of 10mm stirrups if Vu > Vc/2
S = Av fy d
Vs
Vs = Vu Vc

Min Av = b s
3fy
Av = (/4) (102) (2)
2

14. Compute the development length


Ld = 0.02 Ab fy
( fc )
Ab = area of one bar
Min. Ld = 0.06 db fy or 300 mm
db = diameter of one bar ; h = d + 10 + diameter of bar + 40

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EXAMPLE 1
A rectangular beam reinforced for tension only is to carry a dead load moment of 150 kN-m and a
live load of 140 kN-m. Use 65 mm steel covering with fc = 20.70 MPa and fy = 414. Use = .50 max
1. Determine the dimension of the beam.
2. Determine the number of 25 mm bars that could be used.
3. Determine the ultimate moment capacity of the beam being used.
4. Check the strain condition if steel will yield first

Solution:
1. Dimension of the beam
Mu = 1.4MD + 1.7ML
Mu = 1.4(150) + 1.7(140)
Mu = 448 kN-m
b = [0.85(20.7)(.85)(600)]/[414(600+414)]
b = 0.0214
max = 0.75(0.0214)
= 0.016
= 0.50 max
= 0.05(0.016)
= 0.008
W = ( fy)/fc
= [0.008 (414]/20.7
= 0.16
Mu = fc bd2 w ( 1 059 w )
R = fc w ( 1- 0.59 w )
R = 20.7(0.16)[ 1- (0.59)(0.16)]
R=3
Mu = bd2 R
448 x 106 = 0.90 bd2 (3)
bd2 = 166 x 106
Try b = 350 mm

d2 = 166 x 106 / 350


d = 689 say 690 mm
Total depth = 690 + 65 = 755 mm
Trial section: 350 mm x 755 mm
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2. COMPUTE FOR THE NUMBER OF BARS FOR REINFORCEMENT


Mu = bd2 R
448 x 106 = 0.90 (350) (690)2 R
R = 2.99 (required)
Compute the for the real value of
0.008/R = /R
R = [0.008 (2.99)]/3
R = 0.00797
As = 0.0079 (350) (690)
As = 1926 mm2
Using 25mm bars
(/4)(25)2 N = 192 6
N = 3.92, say 4 bars

3. MOMENT CAPACITY OF THE BEAM USED


As = (/4)(25)2 (4)
As = 1963 mm2
= As /(bd)
= 1963/[(350)(690)]
= 0.0081
max = 0.016
min = 1.4/414 = 0.0034
min < < max , Steel yields. The design is ok.

C=T
0.85 fc ab = As fy
0.85 (20.7) a (350) = 1963(4)(414)
a = 131.97
Mu = T ( d - 0.5a )
Mu = 0.90 (As fy) [ d- a/2]
Mu 0.90 (1963)(414)[690 0.5(131.97)]
Mu = 456 x 106 N-mm > 448 x 106 N-mm (safe)

Check by strain condition


a = c
131.97 = 0.85c
C = 155.26
s/534.74 = 0.003/155.26
s = 0.0103
y = 414/200 000
y = 0.00207 < s (Steel yields)

Assumption is correct
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EXAMPLE 2
Design a reinforced rectangular beam reinforced for tension only for a beam having three
continuous span of 5.4 m ( clear span ) . If the beam carries a dead load of 9 kN/m (including its
own weight) and a live load of 18 kN/m. Use 1983 ACI specifications and ultimate strength method
with fc = 28 MPa, fy = 345 MPa.

Solution:

LL/DL = 18/19 =2 < 3 OK Try = 0.50 max

= 0.014

Wu = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL w = fy/fc

= 1.4 (9) + 1.7 (18) w = 0.014(345)/28

= 43.2 kN/m w = 0.1725

Mu = Wu L2/10 Mu = fc bd2 w ( 1- 0.59 w)

= 43.2 (5.4)2/10 R = fc (w) (1 0.59w) ; R = 4.34

Mu = 0.90bd2 (4.34)

Mu = 125.97 kN-m Mu = 3.906 bd2 (substitute value of Mu = 125.97x106)

b = 0.85fc 600

fy( 600 + fy ) 125.97 x 106 = 3.906 bd2

b = 0.85(2.8)(.85)(600) bd2 = 32.25 x 106

345(600 + 345) Try b = 200 mm

b = 0.037 d = 402 mm , say 400mm

max = 0.75 (0.037) Mu = Rbd2

max = 0.028 125.97 x 106 = 0.90(200)(4002) R

R = 4.37

New

0.014/4.34 = /4.37

= 0.0141
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At interior support, M = wL2 /10

As = bd = 0.0141 (200) (400)

As = 1128 mm2

Using 25 mm

(/4)(252) N = 1128

N = 2.3 , say 3 bars

As = 3 (/4)(252)

As = 1472 mm2

AT CENTER SPAN: M = wL2 /16

By proportion

AS/10 = 1128/16

As = 705 mm2

Using 20mm

(/4) (20)2 N = 705

N = 2.24, say 3 bars

At mid-span, outer span: M = (1/14) WL2/14

As/10 = 1128/14

As = 806 mm2

Using 20 mm

(/4) (20)2 N = 806 mm2

N = 2.56 say 3 bars

Check for Web reinforcement

WEB REINFORCEMENT
The design of bending members for shear is based on the assumption that concrete resist part of the
shear and any excess over and above what the concrete could carry should be resisted by shear
reinforcement which may take in several forms a) vertical stirrups b) inclined stirrups and c) the main
reinforcement bend at ends to act as inclined stirrups.

When beams are subjected to external loads they produced not only bending moments but also
internal shear force. The shear does not produce failure directly on the vertical plane on which they act
but its major effect is it includes tensile stresses on diagonal plane which is called diagonal tension.
Since concrete has a relatively low tensile strength, it would produce cracks making an angle of 45 with
the plane on which the shear acts. When this diagonal tension stresses in combination with bending
stresses created by moment exceed the tensile strength of concrete, diagonal cracking will occur that
can split the beam without warning.
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Shear produces two types of diagonal cracks in reinforced concrete beams.

1. Web-shear cracks
2. Flexure-shear cracks
DRAWING

Shear force that the concrete alone could carry, Vc

Vc = (1/6) bd

b = width of rectangular beam or width of web for a T beam

d = effective depth of beam

= strength reduction factor = 0.85

Vc = (1/6) bd

Vu = design shear force which results from the application of factored loads.

Vu = (WuL/2) - Wud (for simply supported beam)

a) When Vu < Vc/2 , no web reinforcement is required.


However, the code requires that a minimum area of shear reinforcement be provided in all
reinforced concrete flexural members except as follows:

1. In slabs and footings


2. In beams with a total depth less than 250 mm, 2.5 times the flange thickness or one half the
width of web, whichever is greater.
3. In concrete joist construction
4. Where Vu < (Vc)/2
b) Minimum area of web reinforcement: Min. Av = Vs/(3fy)
Av = total cross-sectional area of web reinforcement in mm2
Av = 2 As where As is the cross-sectional area of stirrups in mm2
b = width of rectangular beam or web width for T-beams in mm
S = spacing of stirrups center to center in mm
Fy = yield strength of web reinforcement in MPa

C) Spacing of stirrups:
1. S = (Av fy d)/Vs
Vs = Vn Vc
Vn = Vu/
Vc = (1/6) bd
Vs = nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement.
Shear Stress = Vu/(bd)
Shear Stress = (Vc+Vs)/(bd)
Shear Stress = Vc/(bd) + Vs/(bd)

Vs = (Vu/) Vc

When Vu > vc/2 , stirrups are needed


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3. For 45 stirrups
S = (1.414 Av fy d)/Vs
Vu < Vc + Vs
Vs = (Vu Vc)/
Vs = (Vu/) Vc
Vs should not exceed (2/3) bd irrespective of amount of web reinforcement

d. Maximum spacing of stirrups

1. Max. S = d/2 or 600 mm, whichever is smaller when Vs<[(1/3) bd]

2. Max S = d/4 or 300 mm when Vs > [(1/3) bd]

3. Desirable spacing of stirrups = 100 mm

NOTE: Stirrups should be required if Vu > (Vc)/2

(CONTINUATION OF EXAMPLE)

At interior supports

Vu = 1.15WuL/2

Vu = 1.15 (43.2)(5.4)/2

Vu = 134.136 kN

At a distance d from the support

Vu = 134.136 43.2 (0.40)

Vu = 116.856 kN = 116856 N

Vc = (1/6) bd

Vc = 1/6 (200)(400)

Vc = 59970

Vc/2 = 2998 < Vu , stirrups are needed

Vs = (Vu/) Vc

Vc = 59970/.85

Vc = 70553

Vs = (116856/0.85) 70553

Vs = 66925
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Spacing of 10mm stirrups

S = (Av fy d) / Vs

Av = (/4) (102) (2) = 157 mm2

S = 157(345) (400)/ 66925

S = 324 mm O.C.

Max. S = d/2 when Vs < 1/3 bd

1/328 (200)(400) = 141107

Vs = 66925 N

Vs < 141107 ok

Max S = 400/2 = 200mm o.c.

Min. stirrup area to be provided

Av = bS /(3fy)

Av = 200(200)/[(3)(345)]

Av = 38.65 < 157 mm2 ok

DETAIL

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