Actions Induced by Cranes and Machinery

Universitt Stuttgart
Seminar
Riga
Juli 2006
EUROCODE 1 Actions on structures

Part 3: Actions induced by cranes and machinery
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk,

Institute of Lightweight Structures and Conceptual Design
EUROCODE 1 Actions on structures, Part 3: Actions induced by cranes and machinery
Overview
Actions induced by cranes on runways
Actions induced by stationary machines
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Actions induced by hoists and cranes on runway beams

Variable actions in time and location

gravity loads
Inertial forces
characteristic values composed of a static and a dynamic component
dynamic component
Fk = i F
Fk characteristic value
of crane action
i dynamic factor
F static component
of a crane action

Accidental actions
collision with buffers (buffer forces)
collsion of lifting attachments with obstacles (tilting forces)

Simultaneity of crane load

Load arrangements
Vertical loads from overhead travelling cranes

Load arrangements
Vertical loads from overhead travelling cranes
e = br/4

Load arrangements
Horizontal loads from overhead travelling cranes
caused by
acceleration or deceleration of the crane in relation to its movement along the
runway beam
acceleration or deceleration of the crab or underslung trolley in relation to ist
movement across the crane bridge
skewing of the crane in relation to ist movement along the runway beam
Buffer forces related to
crane movement
movement of the crab or underslug trolley
Only one of the five types of horizontal load should be included in the same
group of simultaneous crane load components

Load arrangements
with
HL,i longitudinal horizontal wheel forces
HT,i transverse horizontal wheel forces

Load arrangements
with
HS,i,j,k longitudinal and transverse horizontal wheel forces
S guide force

Multiple crane actions

Cranes operating together shall be treated as a single crane action
number of cranes taken into account as acting independently is limited

Horizontal crane loads

characteristic values of the horizontal loads as specified by the crane supplier for
acceleration and skewing effects

Dynamic factors for vertical crane loads

Horizontal crane loads - characteristic values

Longitudinal loads HL,i caused by acceleration and deceleration of the crane
H = K 1
L,i 5 nr (2.2)
nr is the number of runway beams;

K is the drive force according to 2.7.3;
5 is the dynamic factor, see Table 2.6;
i is the integer to identify the runway
beam (i = 1,2).

Horizontal crane loads characteristic values

Horizontal loads HT,1 and HT,2
M (2.3)
HT,1 = 5 2
a
M
H = 5 1 (2.4)
T,2 a
Qr,max
1 =
Qr
>2 = 1 - >1;
Qr = Qr,max + Qrmax;
Qr,max see Figure 2.1;
Qrmax see Figure 2.1;
a is the spacing of the guide roller or the wheel flanges;
M = K s ;
s = ( >1 - 0,5) ;
is the span length of the crane bridge;
5 is the dynamic factor, see Table 2.6;
K is the drive force, see 2.7.3.


Dynamic factor 5


Horizontal loads HT,1 and HT,2
*
K = K 1 + K 2 =: EQ r,min (2.5)
where
: the friction factor, see (3);
for single wheel drive:
Q*r,min = mw Qr,min
mw = number of single wheel drives;
for central wheel drive:
Q*r,min = Qr,min + Qrmin
The friction factor may be taken as:

0,2 for steel-steel
0,5 for steel-rubber


Horizontal loads HS,I,j,k and the guide force S caused by skewing of the crane
S = f S,j Qr (2.6)
HS,1,j,L = f S,1,j,L Qr (index j is the wheel pair with the wheel drive ) (2.7)
HS,2,j,L = f S,2,j,L Qr (index j is the wheel pair with the wheel drive) (2.8)
HS,1,j,T = f S,1,j,T Qr (2.9)
HS,2,j,T = f S,2,j,T Qr (2.10)
where
0,3
f = 0,3(1-exp(-250)
non-positive factor
= F + V + o 0,015 rad
skewing angle


Skewing angle and distance h


Determination of the distance h


Definition of S,i,j,k-values
Sj


Horizontal loads HT,3 caused by acceleration or deceleration of the crab
assumed to be covered by the horizontal load HB,2

(buffer forces related to movements of the crab)

Temperature effects
Action effects on runways due to temperature variations shall be taken into account where
necessary. Non-uniform distributed temperature need not to be considered.
Temperature difference for outdoor runways may be assumed to be

+/- 35K for a mean temperature of +20C
after coordination with Part 1.7 Thermal actions of EN 1991 these clauses will be
substituted by a reference to Part 1.7

Loads on access walkways, stairs, platforms and guard rails

Vertical loads
- may be spread over a square surface of 0,3m x 0,3m
- where materials can be deposited: Qk = 3 kN
- walkways, for exit only: Qk = 1,5 kN
- may be disregarded if all structural members are subjected to crane loads
Horizontal loads
- single horizontal load on guard rail: Hk = 0,3 kN
- may be disregarded if all structural members are subjected to crane loads

Test loads
When tests are performed after erection of the cranes on the supporting structures,the
supporting structure should be checked against the test loading conditions.
If relevant, the crane supporting structure should be designed for these test loads.
The hoist test load shall be amplified by a dynamic factor 6.
Dynamic test load:

- is moved by the drives in the way the crane will be used
- should be at least 110% of the nominal hoist load
6 = 0,5 (1 + 2)
Static test load:

- load is increased for testing by loading the crane without the use of the drives
- should be at least 125% of the nominal hoist load
6 = 1,0

Accidental actions
Buffer forces HB,1 related to crane movement
- forces on the crane supporting structure arising from collision with the buffers shall be
calculated from the kinetic energy of all relevant parts of the crane moving at 0,7 to 1,0
times the nominal speed
- buffer forces (including dynamic effects):
HB,1 = 7 1 m c S B (2.15)
where:
7 see Table 2.10;
1 70 % of the long travel velocity [m/s];
mc mass of the crane and the hoist load [kg];
SB spring constant of the buffer [kN/m].

Accidental actions
Buffer forces

Accidental actions
Buffer forces HB,2 related to movement of the crab
- provided that the payload is free to swing:
10% of the sum of the hoist load and the weight of the crab
- other cases:
buffer force should be determined as for crane movement
Tilting forces
- If a crane with horizontally restrained loads can tilt when its load or lifting
attachment collides with an obstacle, the resulting static forces shall be considered.

Fatigue loads
If a crane with horizontally restrained loads can tilt when its load or lifting
attachment collides with an obstacle, the resulting static forces shall be considered
normal service condition of the crane:
- fatigue damage equivalent loads Qe
- constant for all crane positions
The fatigue damage equivalent load Qe includes:
- the effects of the stress histories arising from the specified service conditions
- ratio of the absolute number of load cycles during the expected design life of the structure
to the reference value N = 2,0106 cycles

Fatigue loads

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. .
. .
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. .
. .
. .

Fatigue loads
Specification of fatigue loads:
Q e,i = fat i Q max,i (2.16)

where
Qmax,i is the maximum value of the characteristic vertical wheel load I
i= 1,i 2,I is the damage equivalent factor to make allowance for the relevant standardized
fatigue load spectrum and absolute number of load cycles in relation to N = 2,0106 cycles
1
Q
m m
n i, j
1,i = kQ =
where
m i, j

j max Q i
ni,j Qi,j load amplitude of range j for wheel i: Qi,j=Qi,j - Qmin,i
max Qi,j maximum load amplitude for wheel i: maxQi=Qmax,i - Qmin,i
1
kQ damage equivalent factor
ni, j m
m slope of the fatigue strength curve
j fat
2,i = m =
damage equivalent dynamic impact factor
Ni i number of the wheel
Ni 2106

Fatigue loads
i-loads according to the classification of cranes

Fatigue loads
Damage equivalent dynamic impact factor fat for normal conditions
1 + 1
fat,1 =
2
(2.19)
1+ 2
fat,2 =
2

Actions induced by machinery

Actions induced by machinery

Permanent actions
- selfweight of all fixed and moveable parts
- static actions from service
Variable actions
- dynamic actions caused by accelerated masses
Accidental actions
- accidental magnification of the eccentricity of masses
- short circuit or missynchonisation between generators and machines
- impact effects from pipes by shutting down

Design situations
relevant actions shall be determined for each design situation identified in accordance with
EN 1990
shall in particular be selected for verifying that:

- the service conditions of the machinery are in compliance with the service requirements
and no damage is induced to the structure supporting the machine and its foundation by
accidental actions that would infringe the subsequent use of this structure for further
service
- the impact on the surroundings, for instance disturbance of sensitive equipment, is within
acceptable limits
- no ultimate limit state may occur in the structure
- no fatigue limit state may occur in the structure

Representation of actions
Distinction between static and dynamic action effects
Static action effects:

- from machinery
- from structure
Dynamic action effects:

- interaction between the excitation from the machinery and the structure
- dynamic calculation with appropriate modelling of the vibration system and the dynamic
action
- may be disregarded where not relevant

Representation of actions
Modelling of dynamic actions
- machines with only rotating parts:
periodically changing forces
(sinoidal function)
Modelling of the machinery-structure interaction

- taking into account excitations, mass quantities, stiffness properties, damping
- linear elastic model with concentrated or distributed masses connected with springs and
supported by springs
- eccentricity in distribution of masses between the system and the foundation should not
exceed 5% of the length of the side of the contact area
- centre of gravity of machine and foundation should be below the top of the foundation
block
- in general it is not necessary to apply a three dimensional model
- supporting medium of the foundation structure should be converted in terms of the model
(dynamic G-modulus, spring constants, damping constants,..)

Characteristic values
Available from the machine manufacturer:
- complete survey of the static and dynamic forces for the various design situations
- all other machine data such
(outline drawings, weights of static and moving parts, speeds, balancing etc.)
Dynamic forces for rotating machine parts (for simple cases):
Fs = mR Ts2 e = mR Ts (Ts e) (3.1)
where:
Fs free force of the rotor
mR mass of the rotor
s circular frequency of the rotor
e eccentricity of the rotor mass
s e accuracy of balancing of the rotor, expressed as a velocity amplitude.

Persistent situation
- machine is well balanced
- balance of the machine decreases to a certain limit
no vibration hindrance may occur to the structure
the surroundings and the requirements concerning the vibration level must be fulfilled
Accidental situation
- balance is completely disturbed by an accidental event
structure must be strong enough to withstand the dynamic forces

Static equivalent force (for simple cases):
Feq = Fs < (3.2)
where:
Fs free force of the rotor
< magnification factor which depends on the ratio of the natural frequency ne (or e)
of the structure to the frequency of the exciting force ns (or s) and the damping ratio D
Magnification factor for harmonically varying forces:

a) for small damping or far from resonance
e2
= 2 (3.3)
e s2
b) in case of resonance Te = Ts and a damping ratio D
1

2
2 2 2
(3.4)
= 1 s2 + 2D s
e e


Time history of the short circuit moment Mk(t)
(if not indicated by the manufacturer)
t 1
t
t
Mk ( t ) = 10Mo e 0,4 sin N t e 0,4 sin 2 N t Mo 1 e 0,15 (3.5)

2

where:
Mo nominal moment resulting from the effective power
N frequency of the electric net
t time [s]
For natural frequencies in the range 0,95N to 1,05N the cumulative frequencies of the
electric net should be identical with these natural frequencies

As a simplification, an equivalent static action may be considered for determine moments
as below:
Mk,eq = 1,7 Mk,max (3.6)
where
Mk,max peak value of Mk(t)
In case no indication on Mk,max is given from the manufacturer the following value may be
used:
Mk,max = 12 Mo (3.7)

Serviceability criteria
Serviceability criteria are related to vibration movements of:
a) the axis of the machine and its bearings
b) extreme points of the structure and the machinery
Characteristics of the movements are:

- the path amplitude A
- the velocity amplitude TsA
- the acceleration amplitude TsA
In calculating the amplitudes of the system, the translational vibrations as well as the
rotational vibrations caused by the dynamic forces and moments shall be taken into account
and also the spread in the stiffness properties of the foundation and the supporting medium
(soil, piles).
Path amplitudes for a maybe calculated as follows:
Feq (3.8)
A=
k
where:
k spring constant of the system.

Annex A Basis of design supplementary clauses

Combinations of hoist loads with wind action
- maximum wind force compatible with crane operations:
F*w associated with a wind speed equal to 20m/s
- inside buildings: wind and snow loads on the crane structure may be neglected
however in structural parts of the building that are loaded by wind, snow and crane loads
the appropriate load combinations should be carried out


Ultimate limit states
- For each critical load case, the design values of the effects of actions should be
determined by combining the values of actions which occur simultaneously in accordance
with EN 1990
- Where an accidental action is to be considered no other accidental action nor wind nor
snow action need to be considered to occur simultaneously


Partial factors for verifications governed by the strength of structural material
G,sup
G,inf


Partial factors for verifications with regard to loss of static equilibrium
- the favourable and unfavourable parts of variable crane actions should be considered as
individual actions
- unless otherwise specified the unfavourable and favourable parts should be associated
with Gsup =1,05 and Ginf = 0,95, respectively
P factors for crane loads


Serviceability limit states
- For verification of serviceability limit states the various combinations should be taken from
EN 1990
- When tests are performed, the test loading of the crane, see 2.10, should be considered
as the crane action
- partial factor on actions on crane supporting structures should be taken as 1,0
unless otherwise specified


Fatigue
- The verification rules for fatigue depend on the fatigue load model to be used and are
specified in the design Eurocodes.

Annex B Guidance for crane classification for fatigue


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Universitt Stuttgart

EUROCODE 1 Actions on structures

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk,

Actions induced by cranes on runways

Actions induced by stationary machines

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Actions induced by hoists and cranes on runway beams

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Variable actions in time and location

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Simultaneity of crane load

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Multiple crane actions

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Horizontal crane loads

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Dynamic factors for vertical crane loads

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Horizontal crane loads - characteristic values

nr is the number of runway beams;

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Horizontal crane loads characteristic values

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Horizontal crane loads characteristic values

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Horizontal crane loads characteristic values

The friction factor may be taken as:

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Horizontal crane loads characteristic values

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Horizontal crane loads characteristic values

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Horizontal crane loads characteristic values

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Horizontal crane loads characteristic values

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Horizontal crane loads characteristic values

assumed to be covered by the horizontal load HB,2

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Temperature difference for outdoor runways may be assumed to be

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Loads on access walkways, stairs, platforms and guard rails

- may be spread over a square surface of 0,3m x 0,3m

- where materials can be deposited: Qk = 3 kN

- walkways, for exit only: Qk = 1,5 kN

- may be disregarded if all structural members are subjected to crane loads

- single horizontal load on guard rail: Hk = 0,3 kN

- may be disregarded if all structural members are subjected to crane loads

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Dynamic test load:

Static test load:

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk

Q e,i = fat i Q max,i (2.16)