If you are confused on any of the terminology/logic of the question, refer to the notes on chemical bonding.
Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl):
Sodium has 1 valence electron. Chlorine has 7 valence electrons. Sodium will give up its 1 valence electron to chlorine, so that chlorine now has 7+1 = 8 valence electrons. Sodium and chlorine are bonded in the process.
Lithium (Li) and Bromine (Br):
Lithium has 1 valence electron. Bromine has 7 valence electrons. Lithium will give up its 1 valence electron to Bromine. Bromine now has 7+1 = 8 valence electrons, and LiBr is formed in the process.
Lithium (Li) and Sulfur (S):
This one is a bit trickier. Lithium has 1 valence electron and sulfur has 6 valence electrons. If Li gave up its 1 valence electron to sulfur, sulfur would only have 6+1 = 7 valence electrons, making it unstable. So, you would need 2 lithium atoms, with each one donating 1 valence electron to sulfur. Sulfur would then have 7+1+1= 8 valence electrons, creating Li2S.
Potassium (K) and Nitrogen (N):
Also tricky. Potassium has 1 valence electron and nitrogen has only 5. You would need 3 potassium atoms to each give up its 1 valence electron to nitrogen, so that nitrogen has 5+1+1+1 = 8 valence electrons, forming K3 N. Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O): Hydrogen has 1 valence electron and oxygen has 6. But remember, hydrogen is unique in that it only needs 2 valence electrons to be bonded, instead of the usual 8. If hydrogen and oxygen shares 1 valence electron with each other, the hydrogen atom would have 2, filling its requirement, but oxygen would have only 7. So, we need an additional hydrogen atom to also share its valence electron with oxygen. Now oxygen will have 8 valence electrons and each hydrogen atom will have 2. This forms H2O, more commonly known as water.
Hydrogen (H) and Chlorine (Cl):
Hydrogen has 1 valence electron; chlorine has 7. If they share 1 electron with each other, hydrogen will have 2 valence electrons and chlorine will have 8, forming HCl.
Carbon (C) and Oxygen (O):
This one is a little different. Carbon has 4 valence electrons. Oxygen has 6. Each oxygen atom must share TWO valence electrons with carbon so that carbon has 4+2+2 = 8 valence electrons. At the same time, carbon must share 2 of its own valence electrons with each oxygen atom, so that each oxygen has 6+2 = 8 valence electrons.
Sulfur (S) and Chlorine (Cl):
Sulfur has 6 valence electrons. Chlorine has 7. Sulfur can share one valence electron with chlorine so that chlorine has 7+1 = 8 valence electrons. However, this wouldnt work because then sulfur would only have 6+1 = 7 valence electrons. So, we would need another chlorine atom to also share an electron with sulfur so that it has 6+1+1 = 8 valence electrons, forming SCl2.