Periodic Table and

Chemical Bonding
Periodic Table
Metals
Metals
Good conductors of heat and electricity
Ductile and malleable
Metallic
Most are solid at room temperature (not Hg or Br)
Nonmetals
Nonmetals
Can be solid or gas at room temperature
Poor conductors of heat and electricity
Dont have metallic luster
Brittle
Metalloids
Metalloids
Have properties of metals and nonmetals
Some are malleable, ductile, have luster, are conductors,
while others are not
All solid at room temperature
How to read a periodic table
Building atoms
Every atom from an element has the same number of rings and
valence electrons
 Periods
Groups
Periods

Determines how many rings of electrons an element has

Groups

Determines how many valence electrons an element has

 Electron Dot Diagrams
Dot diagrams represent
how many valence
electrons an element has
Makes bonding elements
a lot easier
Electron dot diagram

2 5

6 1

Element
7 4 symbol
Ionic bonding (metal to nonmetal)
Electrons are given up or taken to create an outer shell of 8
valence electrons
Ions
Ionic bonding generates two ions -- atoms that
are missing or have extra electrons.
This gives a charge to the ion.
When electrons are ADDED, the ion will have NEGATIVE
charge
When electrons are TAKEN AWAY, the ion will have a
POSITIVE charge
Positive ions and negative ions attract each other,
while two positive ions and two negative ions will
repel.
Aqueous solutions
When an ionic compound is added to water, it will break
apart into its ions.
Properties of Ionic Compounds
Usually crystalline solids
High melting and boiling points
Can dissolve in water
Can conduct electricity and heat

Example: NaCl, Fe2O

Covalent Bonding (metalloid/nonmetal to nonmetal)
One or more pairs of valence electrons are shared between
atoms so the atoms will have 8 valence electrons
Properties of Covalent Compounds
Can be gas, liquid, or solid
Low melting and boiling points
Soft or brittle
Cannot conduct electricity or heat

Examples: H2O, O2
Electrolysis
Passing an electrical current through an ionic compound to separate the
compound.
Batteries have a positive and negative side that works just like ions.
Electrolysis of aqueous Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
2 NaCl(aq) + 2 H2O(l) 2 Na+(aq) + 2 OH-(aq) + H2(g) + Cl2(g)
Produces hydrogen gas (H2) and chlorine gas (Cl2)