BUILDING MATERIALS

SAND

Presented by-
Rishabh Dev,Dhir Dhwaj, Anant Nautiyal, Gaurav Soni,
Riya Taneja, Priyvarth Arya

State Institute of Urban Planning and

Architecture
SAND
Sand is a naturally

occurring granular material composed of finely

divided rock and mineral particles.

the most common constituent of sand is silica (silicon

dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.

 Pit sand

River Sand
Formation
Sea Sand

Fine Sand

Classification of sand Size of particles Coarse Sand

Gravelly Sand

Clean Sand
Composition
Silty Sand
Clayey Sand
Classification on the
basis of formation
PIT SAND
This sand is
obtained by
forming pits in
soils.
It is excavated
from a depth of
about 1-2 m from
the ground level.
This sand is found
as deposits in soil
and it consists of
sharp angular
grains, which are
free from salts.
Pit Sand
It serves as an excellent material for mortar or
concrete work.
Pit sand must be made free from clay and other
organic materials before it can be used in mortar.
A coating of oxide of iron over the sand grains
should be removed.
RIVER SAND
This sand is widely used for all purposes. It is
obtained from the banks or beds of rivers and it
consists of fine rounded grains. The presence of
fine rounded grains is due to mutual attrition
under the action of water current.
River sand
The river sand is available in clean conditions.
The river sand is almost white in color.
It is mainly used for plastering. In north India ,
Yamuna banks are a great source of River sand .
River sand
 SEA SAND
This is obtained from sea shores.
It is brown in color and it also has the fine
rounded grain.
Sea sand

DREDGED SAND
DESPOSITION
Sea sand
As it is obtained from sea it contains salt, which is
used in attracting moisture from atmosphere.
Such absorption causes dampness and
disintegration of work.
It is generally not used for engineering purpose
due to its retards setting action of cement. It is
normally used for non structural purposes.
Crushed Stone Sand / Artificial
Sand
It is a substitute for River Sand, fine aggregates
which manufactured by crushing either granite or
basalt rock using 3 stage crushing process.
 Classification on the
basis of size of particles
 Fine sand

The sand passing through a sieve with clear openings of 1.5mm is

known as fine sand. Fine sand is mainly used for plastering.
 Coarse Sand

The sand passing through a sieve with clear openings of 3.5mm is

known as Coarse Sand. Coarse Sand is generally used for masonry
work.
 Gravelly Sand
The sand passing through the sieve of 7.62mm is known as Gravelly
Sand. It is generally used for concrete work.
Grading of sand:
On the basis of particle size, fine aggregate is
graded into four zones.
IS Sieve Percentage passing for

Grading Zone Grading Grading Grading

I Zone II Zone III Zone IV

10mm 100 100 100 100

4.75mm 90 100 90 100 90 100 90 100

2.36mm 60 95 75 100 85 100 95 100

1.18 mm 30 70 55 90 75 100 90 100

600 micron 15 34 35 59 60 79 80 100

300 microns 5 20 8 30 12 40 15 50

150 microns 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 15
Classification of Sand
on the basis of
composition
 Clean Sand

These are well graded sand containing mostly quartz

(SiO2)
It is free from any organic or inorganic impurities
It is perfect for construction purposes
 Silty Sand

These are poorly graded sand with considerable amount

of Silt
The size of silt particles are very small and form lump
Not good for construction purpose
 Clayey Sand

This sand have prominent clay fraction and plastic

fines.
Traditionally used for the construction of walls
Also used as mortar for bricks because of its high
adhesive property
 Use of sand in
construction
- It is the basic material for every construction. Most of the raw material for
construction consists of some ratio of sand.

1) Bricks work Finest modulus of fine sand. The size of grains must be
between 1.2 1.5 mm. it is formed by mixing clay and sand with small
quantities of lime magnesia and iron oxide. Sand gives more shapely and
uniform texture to the bricks. An excess of sand, however render the bricks
too brittle and destroys cohesion. 25% of sand is said to be a good
proportion.

2) Plastering work Finest modulus of fine sand which have grain size not less
than 1.5mm. It is usually mixed with cement in the ratio of 1:3 or 1:4.
Sand for Construction Works
Different construction works require different
standards of sand for construction.

Brick Works: finest modulus of fine sand should be

1.2 to 1.5 and silt contents should not be more than
4%. Finest modulus of fine sand. The size of grains
must be between 1.2 1.5 mm. it is formed by mixing
clay and sand with small quantities of lime magnesia
and iron oxide. Sand gives more shapely and uniform
texture to the bricks. An excess of sand, however
render the bricks too brittle and destroys cohesion.
25% of sand is said to be a good proportion.
 Plastering Works: finest modulus of fine sand should
not be more than 1.5 and silt contents should not be
more than 4%.

Concreting Works: coarse sand should be used with

finest modulus 2.5 to 3.5 and silt contents should not
be more than 4%.

3) Mortars and concrete work Sand is used in

mortar and concretes for the following purposes :-
a) Strength It helps in the adjustment of strength
of mortar or concrete by variation of its proportion
with cement or lime. It also increases the
resistance of mortar against crushing.
SOIL BEARING CAPACITY
Bearing capacity is the power of foundation soil to
hold the forces from the superstructure without
undergoing shear failure or excessive settlement.
Foundation soil is that portion of ground which is
subjected to additional stresses when foundation and
superstructure are constructed on the ground. The
following are a few important terminologies related to
bearing capacity of soil
Ultimate Bearing Capacity (qf) : It is the maximum
pressure that a foundation soil can withstand without
undergoing shear failure
Net ultimate Bearing Capacity (qn) : It is the maximum
extra pressure (in addition to initial overburden
pressure) that a foundation soil can withstand without
a) Bulk It act as an adulterant. Hence, the bulk
volume of mortar is increased which results in
reduction of cost.
c) Setting In the case of fat lime, CO2 is absorbed
through the voids of sand and setting of lime
occurs effectively.
d) Shrinkage It prevents excessive shrinkage of
mortar in the course of drying. Hence, the
cracking of mortar during setting is avoided.
e) Surface area - It subdivides the paste of the
binding material into a thin film and thus, more
surface area is offered for its spreading and
adhering.
PROPERTIES OF GOOD SAND

It should be clean and coarse.

It should be free from any organic or vegetable
matter; usually 3-4 per cent clay is permitted.
It should be chemically inert.
It should contain sharp, angular, coarse and durable
grains.
It should not contain salts which attract moisture from
the atmosphere.
It should be well graded, i.e., it should contain
particles of various sizes in suitable proportions.
It should be strong and durable.
It should be clean and free from coatings of clay and
silt.
Tests
1) Sieve test Sand is filtered through sieve of suitable
pore size. If the residue left is more than the filtered
sand then the sand is of poor quality.

2) Take some quantity of sand in water. Then, shake it

vigorously and allow it to settle down. If the clay and
silt is present in sand , its distinct layer is formed at
the top of water. The sand is acceptable if the amount
of clay and silt present is not more than 5% than the
total mixture.

3) To detect the presence of organic material in the

sand, add NaOH or Caustic Soda to it. If the colour
changes to brown, then the sand has organic
impurities.
BULKING OF SAND

The increase in the volume of sand due to the

presence of moisture is known as bulking of sand.
This is due to the fact that moisture forms a film of
water around the sand particles and this results in an
increase in the volume of sand. The extent of bulking
depends on the grading of sand. The finer the
material the more will be the increase in volume for
the given moisture content.
For a moisture content of 58 per cent, the increase
in volume may be about 2040 per cent depending
upon the gradation of sand. When the moisture
content is further increased, the sand particles pack
near each other and the amount of bulking is
decreased. Hence, dry sand and the sand completely
Deleterious materials in sand
Sand shall not contain any harmful impurities such as
iron, pyrites, alaklies, salts, coal or other organic
impurities, mica, shale or similar laminated materials,
soft fragments, sea shale in such form or in such
quantities as to affect adversely the hardening,
strength or durability of the mortar. The maximum
quantities of clay, fine silt, fine dust and organic
impurities in the sand / marble dust shall not exceed
the following limits:
(a) Clay, fine silt and fine dust when determined in
accordance within not more than 5% by mass in IS
2386 (Part-II), natural sand or crushed gravel sand
and crushed stone sand.
(b) Organic impurities when determined in color of the
liquid shall be lighter in lighter in accordance with IS
2386 (Part II) than that specified in the code.
 Transportation of sand

It is usually transported in trucks or trolleys from the digging

sites to the construction sites as it is required in bulk amount.
It is measured in cubic feet.

height

length
 Substitutes of Sand

Sand has now become a scarce material and extraction of

river sand is now said to affect the ecological balance. The
use of substitutes for sand has gained greater importance.

Surkhi, or finely grained burnt clay, is one of the materials

used for this purpose. It can be used in all mortars except
that for plastering.

Processed quarry dust or stone screening is also being

used as substitutes. It is abundantly available and if it is
properly screened, it imparts more strength to the mortar.
This is now being industrially manufactured.
references

http://theconstructor.org/concrete/joints-in-
concrete-structures/970/
http://www.wikihow.com/Make-Concrete
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