MODULE 1: HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE:

The word history defined- a systematic written account of events, particularly

those affecting a nation, institution, science, or art, and usually connected with a
philosophical explanation of their causes; distinguished from annals and chronicles,
which simply relate facts and events in strict chronological order.
History is usually chronological record of events, as of the life or development of
a people or institution, often including an explanation of or commentary on those events
Architecture is the art which seeks to harmonize in a building the requirements
of utility and beauty. It is both utilitarian and aesthetics; both useful and beautiful. The
origin of architecture, although lost in the mist of antiquity, must have been connected
intimately with the endeavours of men to provide his physical wants.

STRUCTURAL PRINCIPLES
Post and lintel- principle of post and lintel is that of resistance to transverse
strain and appears in all construction in which across piece of beam rest on two
vertical supports.
Arch and Vault- make use of several pieces to span opening between two
supports
Corbel arch- a block projecting from a wall supporting a weight. The cantilever is
based upon the same principle.
Cohesive construction- employs materials that are shape while plastic are
allowed to happen into homogenous material.
Truss framework- compose of several pieces of wood or metal that each shall
exist a particular strain, whether strain or compression.

INFLUENCES AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL

STYLE
Geographical-considers the location which affects the development of
commerce, industry immigration and development.
Geological-deals with rocks and soil formation of a locality which dictates the
availability of building materials.
Climatic-show how climate determines characters and thickness of walls, types
of roof, size of windows, etc.
Religious-the result of the emotional and spiritual concept and devotion of
people.
Historical-shows how styles are affected by wars, historical upheavals, invasion
and conquest.

ELEMENTS OF ACHITECTURE
1. Requirements of utility of functions
Use of opening courts for light and ventilation
Use of corridors, passageways, stairways, elevators.
Major and minor axis of symmetry
2. Requirements of structural stability
Forces acting on walls
Foundations
Openings
Roofs
3. Requirements for aesthetics sense
Character, civic, religion, military, commemorative, decorative,
entertaining, etc.
Scale, balance, unity, contrast should be observed
Pure form, size, shape, contours, color, finish, light and shade
PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE
PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT
Paleolithic period(35,000-8,000 bc)-implements were still crudely made. Man
lived on hunting and fishing.
Neolithic period (8,000-5,000 bc)-men learned to polish stone implements, to
domesticate and raise animals and till the soil.
-houses were built of poles and reeds plastered with clay and with thatched
roofs.
Settlements:
a. Jericho (in Israel, 6800 BC)
b. Catal huyuk (in Turkey, circa 5000 BC)
-First settlements and important center of trade.
-Mud-brick houses crammed together
-Honeycomb-like maze, no footpaths or streets between dwellings~
rooftops as streets.
c. Mehrgahr (in Pakistan, circa 3000 BC)
Bronze & iron age(2,000 bc in central Europe)-more advanced works of
carpentry and masonry

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL

Two components of Neolithic mans architecture:
1. Society peaceful, growing food, worship of earth goddess
2. Insular position protected them from aggression

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Houses or shelter
a. Rock cave
b. Hut
c. Tent
d. Later development

Other primitive structures:

1. Lake dwellings wooden hut built over water
2. Tepee conical tent with poles for framework
3. Igloo Eskimo house
4. Wigwam American-Indian dwelling, round or oval in plan
5. Hogan Indian primitive structure of joined logs
6. Trullo dry walled, rough stone shelter
7. Pueblo Indians of southwest USAs communal dwelling made of stone

Religious structure
1. Monolithic structure-made of single stone block
2. Dolmen- two or more stones supporting a horizontal slab.
3. Cromlech- three or more upright stones capped by unknown flat stone; altar
of sacred circles
o Stone Circle at Avebury Village (in Wiltshire, England)
-ancient monument older than Stonehenge but listed as part of
Stonehenge.
-preserved as a part of Neolithic and Bronze Age landscape.
o Stonehenge (2500 BC in Wiltshire, England)
-was a place of burial until the mid third millennium B.C.
-scholars believe that Stonehenge was a complete monument once but
cannot be proven.
4. Barrows or Tumuli- earthen burial mounds.
5. Sacrificial stones-simple stones either encircled by a shallow trench and
bank or by a few big stones.
 WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE
Architectural character
A. Sumerian Period
Warka largest city; one third occupied by temples and other public buildings
Ziggurat temple tower or sacred mountain; sense of stability and order; the
veneration and respect for God.
Types of Ziggurat:

7-stages square base Ziggurat Archaic Ziggurat-One flat-top rectangular mount 2 or more stages type of Ziggurat

B. Babylonian & Assyrian architecture

Massiveness
Monumentality
Grandeur
Important features
Arctuated type of construction
Pointed arch
Flat buttresses

Examples:

7-stages square base

Ziggurat

City of Babylon Hanging Garden of

Babylon

Avenue of Lions Ishtar Assyrian Palace- Citadel

Gate of Sargon II

C. Persian architecture
Light and airy magnificence
Columnar and trabeated
Flat and timber roofs

Examples:
The Palace Platform, Persepolis
Palace of Darius and his audience hall
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
Architectural character-massiveness, simplicity, grandeur
-traditional open court; motif: lotus and papyrus.
Four natural products
Stone, bricks (clay)
Reed
Leaves
Timber
Construction materials
Lotus, papyrus
Sun dried bricks
Stone
Clay
Acacia/sycamore
Hieroglyphics-Egyptian form of picture writing
Papyrus-main Egyptian writing materials
Omnipotent government-ruled by one man (pharaohs)

Examples of Egyptian Architecture

A. Tomb Architecture
Mastaba
Rock
Pyramid - huge structures built of brick or stone, whose outer surfaces are
usually triangular and converge at a single point

Types of pyramid

Stepped pyramid Sloped pyramid Bent pyramid

B. Temples
1. Mortuary temples for dead pharaohs
2. Cult Temples for worship
C. Obelisk
- monumental pillars originating from heliopolis, 9 or 10 times the diameter of
the base, has 4 sides filled with hieroglyphics.

D. Sphinx-mystical monster with the body of a lion and a head of:

Man/woman-androsphinx Ram-criosphinx Hawk-hierocosphinx

 E. Ornaments
Popular symbols:
1. Solar disc and vulture with outspread wings protection
2. Scarab/sacred beetle-symbol of resurrection
3. Lotus, palm, papyrus-symbol of fertility
4. Spiral and feather-symbol of eternity
5. Grape ornament
6. Continuous coil spiral
7. Rope and feather-similar to vitruvian scroll and running dog
8. Diaper pattern-continuous quadruple spiral: over-all pattern with motifs placed
in repeated design especially on a rectangular or diagonal grid
9. Quadruple spiral

Solar disc and vulture Scarb/Sacred Beetle-Symol of resurrection Lotus, Papyrus,Palm- Symbol of fertility

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

Features:
Low pitched of flat roof on 1-4 storey buildings
Development of megaron
Female column- caryatid and canephora
Male column- telamones and atlantes
Public buildings
A. Agora- town square, center for Greek social life.
B. Stoa- long colonnade building used around public places and as shelters and as
religious shrines.
C. Prytaneum- senate houses used by dignitary of the city and also as a place
where distinguished visitors and citizens may be entertained.
D. Bouleuterion- council house, a covered meeting place for the democratically
elected councils.
E. Assembly hall- used by the citizens in general.
F. Odeion- a kindred type to the theatre. It was a building in which musician
perform their works for the approval of the public and competed for prizes.
G. Stadium- a foot racecourse in the city, normally founded on convenient natural
ground.
H. Hippodrome- similar to stadium but longer used for horse and chariot racing;
this was a prototype of the roman circus.
I. Palaestra- a wrestling school.
J. Gymnasium- a place for physical of all kinds it was a prototype of the roman
thermae.
K. Naval building- ship-shed; stores.

Orders of Greek architecture

A. Doric
Column has no base, stands directly on a crepidoma of 3 steps and
the column height is 4 6.5 dia. (lower diameter).
The features of the Doric capital are the abacus and echinus.
B. Ionic
Height (column and base) is 9 times lower diameter.
Base consists of an upper and lower torus, divide by a Scotia and
fillets
 Column has a base, initially base was made up of torus only and there
was an added torus in its later development. This is known as the attic
base.
C. Corinthians
Height is 10 times lower diameter.
Distinguish feature of capital is its bell shape and acanthus leaves;
design attributed to callimarchus.
Each face of the moulded abacus is curved outwards to a point at the
angles, or the abacus is chamfered at each angle.

AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE
- early civilization in the island of Crete

Features:
Low-pitched or flat roofs
false or corbelled arches
Development of the stairway
Chief buildings: houses and palaces
Domestic unit-megaron; a building or semi-independent unit of a building
Enclosed porch
Living apartment-megaron proper
Thalamos-bedroom

Development of different methods of walling

Cyclopean
Polygonal
Rectangular
Inclined blocks
Example of Aegean architecture
Minoan architecture
Mycenaean architecture - militaristic culture
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Architectural character-vastness, magnificence, ostentation, ornateness features:

Columnar & trabeated system of Greek
Arch & vault
A. Barrel vault-semi-circular, wagon-headed
B. Roman cross vault-intersection of two barrel vaults
C. Cupola or dome

Columns used as decorative features

Introduction of composite column
Uses stone and concrete wall facing
Introduction of buttresses
A. Hemicycle or niche-holds the earth underneath the structure

B. Span/spur buttress-early form of flying buttress, helps wall or column in

counteracting the weight of the roof

C. Pinnacle buttress-canopied structure to strengthen the truss and

counteract roof weight and placed with statues.
 Marble mosaics
Statues on wall niche

Examples of roman structures

A. Forum-central open space corresponding to the Greek agora; used as meeting

place, market or rendezvous for political demonstrations.

B. Roman temples
1. Rectangular temples-amalgation of Tuscan & Greek types but differ to
Greek temples in several ways

Greek
Peripteral plan
Length-2x width
Stands on a crepidoma (stylobate)
Intercolumniation is wider

Roman
Pseudo-peripteral plan
Shorter in proportion
Stands on a podium
Did not follow intercolumniation; columns used for decorative purposes
Orientation: towards the forum
2. Circular and poltgonal temples-introduced by the Etruscans; similar plans of the
Greek temples; converted into baptisteries

C. Basilicas-halls of justice and commercial exchanges

D. Thermae-palatial public bath; elevated on platforms and underneath are the

furnaces or hypocaust

E. Theaters

F. Amphitheaters-use for gladiatorial combats, mortal combats, also used for naval
exhibitions
G. Circus-place for horse and chariot racing; typical plan consists of a long circular
ended arena with a dividing wall called spina running down the middle of the
arena in a slightly oblique direction at one end of the arena where the stalls of
horses and chariots are and on both sides where the seats for the spectators are.

H. Tombs-roman practice of cremation, burial amd interment, sarcophagus and

urns are found in the same chamber

I. Triumphal arches-erected for the victories of generals and emperors from

campaigns outside Italy.

J. Town gateways & arches-minor arches built around Italy.

K. Pillars of victory-memorial columns erected to record triumph of victorious
generals

L. Rostral columns-erected to commemorate naval victories

M. Palaces-served a prototype for renaissance palaces

N. Roman house
Types:
1. Domus-private house
 2. Villa-country house

3. Insulae-multi-storey brick and concrete structure, modern tenement or

apartment house

O. Aqueducts-used to carry water supply to all parts of roman towns and cities

P. Fountains- often designed with columns and statues

 Q. Bridges-simple, solid and practical in construction, and designed to offer a well-
calculated resistance to the rush of water.

R. Roman city planning-rectangular in plan resembling a roman military camp; 2

main streets: cardo(north-south), decumanus(east-west); forum was the focal
point.

MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE

Architectural characters: style was crude and lacking of refinement, lacks self-
consciousness and has honest expression

Parts of an early Christian church

o Aisle- the subdivision of the church usually at the sides, parallel to the
nave.
o Altar- a place where the priest performs the mass usually situated on the
intersected of the bema and nave.
o Ambone- a pulpit, especially the one found in the basilicas church.
o Ambulatory- a passage way in the building, especially the one around the
apse or around atrium.
o Apse- a recess of semi circular or polygonal plan, covered by semi dome
or vault.
o Atrium- the principal room in the house, usually open to the sky.
o Bema- the rudimentary transept which gave the t-shaped form or the
rectangular portion transverse to the nave.
o Cathedra- the bishops chair usually at the back of the apse on the
longitudinal axis of the building.
o Chancel- the portion of the church in the east railed and set apart for us of
the clergy.
o Choir- primarily the part of the church where the singers are seated or
accommodated
o Ciborium- a place where consecrated water was kept, a canopy generally
of marble and supported on columns over the altar.
o Clerestory- the walls carried on columns which separate the nave on the
aisle, sometimes trabeated or arcuated.
o Clerestory window- the opening of a clerestory walls between the roof of
the side aisles and that of the nave.
 o Cloister- a court surrounded by an ambulatory usually arcaded.
o Cloistered vault- a square or polygonal dome.
o Epistle lectern- a reading desk of an early Christian church where letters
are laid, usually found in the left side of the choir platform.
o Gospel lectern- the table where announcements and doctrines are
placed, usually at the right of the choir.
o High altar- located at the center of the sanctuary, below the altar is the
crypt of the saint.
o Narthex- a covered vestibule of one or more stories, usually open and
colonnaded at the front.
o Nave- a part of a church nearest to the entrance forming the middle aisle.
o Sanctuary- a consecrated place which is usually found around the altar
covering a semi- arch at the rear of a church.
o Transept- a large division of a church lying at the right angles to the long
axis of the building.
o Triforium- a blind space between the ceiling and the lean-to roof over the
side aisle.
o Triforium gallery- the triangular space between the roof of the side aisle
and its ceiling, sometimes reserved for women devotees.

1. BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

Architectural character-simplicity in the external design, richness in internal treatment,

fusion of the domical construction with the classical columnar style

Construction materials
Clay and rubble(exterior)
Marble(interior)
Dome-became obligatory in byzantine churches
Three types of dome development:
Simple dome-dome and pendentives were part of the same sphere
Compound dome-dome is not part of the pendentives but rises above them
Melon-shaped dome-consists of curved flutings
Extensive use of mosaic decoration
Ornaments
Ceiling of the dome-head & shoulder of christ
Pendentives-faces of four evangelists
Apse-figure of mother and child
Walls-covered with representations of saints and pictures of incidents in life of
Christ
Symbolic Ornaments:
1. Peacock immortal life
2. Endless knot eternity
3. Chi rho - Christ
Hagia Sophia
Most dominant structure
Means holy wisdom

MODULE 02: HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2

CHURCH ARCHITECTURE:

I.INFLUENCES
a. Geographical-Interesting contrast in the placement of Christian versus non
Christian monument.
b. Geological-materials obtained from the ruins of Roman building
c. Climate-Temperature and tropical climate dictated the style of architecture.
d. Religion-Christianity greatly inspired the development of architecture wherein
the church was built.

II. SALIENT FEATURES

a. Architectural Character:
Under imperial sponsorship, Early Christian architecture flourished
throughout the Roman Empire on a monumental scale. Christian religious
building were of two types, the longitudinal hall, or the basilica, and the
centralized building, frequently a baptistery or a mausoleum
1. The Basilica religious building that has a longitudinal hall

2. The Centralized Building used as baptisteries, mausoleum, and martyria

 b. Decorative:
Fresco

Mosaic

Illuminated manuscript

III. Method of Construction

1. Trabeated and arcuated / post and lintel
2. Roman method of wall construction / stones
3. Timber roofs with king and queen post trusses / wood
4. Arcaded doorways and windows; vaulted and domed with ties

IV. Contribution of Early Christian Architecture

1. Basilica type or the cruciform plan
2. Use of conical timber roof over domes
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE (15th-17th Century AD)
Renaissance Period- by a new concept of rebirth of the spirit of Classical antiquity

Renaissance Architecture- began in Florence in 1420; associated with growing secularism

and renewed interest in Ancient Roman civilizations

The aim is to equal, if not to surpass, ancient works

Started with the work of Filippo Brunelleschi for the dome of Florence Cathedral
Emergence of the new architect- designers were no longer craftsmen but creative and
versatile artists who assumed the role of scientist and cultured man. The architect was
considered a divinely- inspired genius.

Characteristics:

The plans of Renaissance buildings have a square, symmetrical appearance

Faades are symmetrical around their vertical axis. Church faades are generally
surmounted by a pediment and organized by a system of pilasters, arches and
entablatures.
The Roman orders of columns are used; columns and windows show a progression
towards the centre.
Arches are semi-circular or segmental
Vaults do not have ribs. They are semi-circular or segmental and on a square plan,
The dome is used frequently, both as a very large structural feature that is visible from
the exterior, and also as a means of roofing smaller spaces
Roofs are fitted with flat or coffered ceilings; ceilings are frequently painted

Building Techniques and Processes:

Renaissance architecture is NOT notable for any structural features

Increased refinement and systematization of architectural drawings.
Experiments with the revival of masonry techniques of Ancient Rome
Architects found ideal proportions in the human body and applied them to buildings
City Planning- based on radial street systems and planned on geometric principles
around important monuments, fountains or obelisks
The style was either carried out by Italian sculptors or architects who settled in Northern
European cities or by other Europeans who went to Italy to become fully acquainted with
the developments.

Contributions of Renaissance Architecture:

Standardization of the Classic Orders

Use of balusters
Baroque form of ornamentation
Use of cast iron as structural material

RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE IN ITALY

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
A. EARLY RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE (15th century)
 PALACES (PALAZZOS) rectangular in plan, with interior courtyard (cortile) and
arcades; horizontal emphasis based on Roman buildings; ornamentation from
Classical sources; rusticated wall treatment
CHURCHES compact and centralized with a dome; STYLAR treatment at faade
or ornate clustering of columns and pilasters; balusters; life-sized statues in niches
IMPORTANT ARCHITECTS
o FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI
o LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI

o MICHELOZZO o GUILLANO DA SANGALLO

and FRANCISCO DI
GIORGIO

B. HIGH RENAISSANCE AND MANNERISM (16TH century)

Plans are of the Greek cross form; arcaded loggias; triumphal arch arrangement and
motifs; Palladian motif
Use of rustication and hard stucco
Decorative emphasis on focal features like entrance doorways
2 MAIN THEMES
o a tendency to correctness and the formulation of rules (Vignola, da Sangallo)
o inventiveness bordering on eccentricity MANNERISM (Michaelangelo, Alessi,
Ligorio)
 IMPORTANT ARCHITECTS
o DONATO BRAMANTE o LEONARDO DA VINCI

o MICHAELANGELO
BUONARROTI

o ANDREA PALLADIO

o RAPHAEL

C. BAROQUE AND ROCOCO (17th early 18th century)

1. BAROQUE evolved in the Catholic countries from the dissatisfaction with the strict
ordering of the elements of building which was the essence of the Renaissance
MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS:
o strict symmetry and equilibrium were replaced with experiments with
massing; free and sculptural use of classical orders and ornament, dynamic
opposition and interpenetration of spaces
o use of S-curves, undulating facades and plans based on
o extreme form of theatricality; materials transmuted for illusionist effect
 IMPORTANT ARCHITECTS
o GIANLORENZO BERNINI
o PIETRO DA CORTONA
o FRANCESCO BORROMINI
2. ROCOCO from the French word rocaille (shell)
characterized by natural decorations: leaf and branch shapes, sea-shapes such
as shells, corals, seaweeds, C- and S-shaped scrolls
architecture is more simple rooms were rectangular with the rounded corners,
painted in ivory or pastel tone, no pilasters, simple mouldings to give emphasis
to the gold arabesque decorations

D. NEO-CLASSICISM (mid 18th early 19th century)

a refinement of the various Renaissance styles
characterized by the introduction and widespread use of Greek and Roman orders
and decorative motifs
an architecture based largely on geometry which took little hold in Italy

NOTABLE EXAMPLES
1. FOUNDLING HOSPITAL, Florence 3. PALAZZO RUCELLAI, Florence
(c.1419-24): FILIPPO (c.1446-1451): LEON BATTISTA
BRUNELLESCHI ALBERTI

2. PALAZZO MEDICI-RICCARDI,
Florence (begun around 1444):
MICHELOZZO (original structure)
and MICHAELANGELO (later
additions)
4. LAURENTIAN LIBRARY, Florence
(begun c.1524): MICHAELANGELO
 5. THE CAPITOLINE HILL, Rome 6. ST. PETERS BASILICA, Rome
(designed 1539): .
MICHAELANGELO

DISTINCTIVE FEATURES
o LANTERN is perpendicular to the tomb and the baldachino
o PORTICO art works and mosaic depict scenes from the Bible and Renaissance
ideas and lifestyles; connected to the piazza by an inclined plane (Bernini)
o BALDACHINO acts as a point of reference; immense mass was neutralized by
4 twisted columns
o ALTAR OF THE CHAIR bronze chair which represents the primacy of St. Peter
and the unification of the Church

ARCHITECTS

1. DONATO BRAMANTE (1506)

Created a Greek cross plan with 4 great supporting pillars surmounted by a dome that
was patterned after that of the Pantheon
2. GUILLIANO DA SANGALLO (1513)
Continued the works left by Bramante
3. FRA GIACONDO (1513)
Da Sangallos co-architect
4. RAPHAEL (1514)
Changed plan to Latin cross for religious demands but retained the original dome
5. ANTONIO DA SANGALLO, THE YOUNGER (1516)
Revised Raphaels design which was too tall and narrowraised the floor by 10 feet,
creating an underground areaelaborated the central dome
6. BALDASSAR PERUZZI (1516?)
Proposed the return to Greek cross but changed to Latin cross with the addition of
subsidiary domes
7. MICHAELANGELO (1546)
Returned to Greek cross but added a pronaos to extend to the faadedemolished some of
the works of Raphael and Antonio da Sangallo and claimed to restore Bramantes
8. GIACOMO DA VIGNOLA (1564)
Added a small side dome or cupola
7. GIACOMO DELLA PORTA (1572)
 Along with Fontana, completed the design and construction of Michelangelos dome
which was actually higher than Michelangelos design
8. DOMENICO FONTANA (1585)
Moved the obelisk to the center of the piazza
9. CARLO MADERNO (1606)
Lengthened the nave converting to Latin cross plan
Designed the faade with Corinthian giant columns, nine balconies that open to the
piazza
- LOGGIA DELLA BENEDICCION central balcony where the Pope
gives his blessings
- PORTA SANCTA sacred door which is opened by the Pope every
Jubilee year.
10. GIAN LORENZO BERNINI (1629)
Carried out internal decorations including the bronze baldachin designed the vast piazza
which was later named after him

FRENCH RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

I. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

Building stone and slate were used as traditional materials for monumental and grand
urban buildings while brick, wood and plaster were used for vernacular architecture
Climate required high pitched roof, tall chimneys and larger windows
a) CHURCHES. Reformation made little impact. Counter-reformation caused a return to
basilican plan, nave colonnade, semi-circular apse and combined Gothic and
Renaissance features
b) CHATEAUX
done in Franco-Italian style with axial formal gardens, salons and donjons
c) HOTELS
later became a characteristic building type which influenced domestic planning in
Europe
made up if small rooms for private social activities rather than a great hall; coarser
elements of the household were concealed; rooms were usually grouped together in
threes or fours
o Antichambre
o Chamber
o Cabinet
o Garderobe

II. IMPORTANT ARCHITECTS

PIERRE LESCOT
PHILIBERT DE LORME
SOLOMON DE BROSSE
FRANCOIS MANSART

III. CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRENCH RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

Axial formal gardens

 Use of cast and wrought iron for domes and bridges
Gridiron plan of streets
IV. NOTABLE EXAMPLES

1. PALACE AND PARK OF VERSAILLES

Originally a chateau (built by Louis XIII, 1634), changed into a splendid palace when
Louis XIV moved his court from Paris to Versailles

ARCHITECTS

o LOUIS LE VAU (1666)

added two service wings,
extending from the existing
o ANDRE LE NOTRE laid
building and creating a 25-
out the vast formal gardens
bay faade
with geometrically arranged
avenues and canals

o JULES HARDOUIN-
MANSART designed the
GALERIE DES GLACES
Extravagant decoration
and use of mirrors
(arcade of 17 windows
matched with 17 mirrors
o ANGE-JACQUES GABRIEL
on the other side to
designed LE PETIT
heighten the lighting
TRIANON
 RICHARD MIQUE designed the artificial
peasant village for Marie Antoinette

OTHER FEATURES
o GRAND CANAL mile-long; cruciform in shape where gondolas can sail

2. THE LOUVRE

ARCHITECTS
o PIERRE LESCOT redesigned the wing using Italianate motifs
o PHILIBERT DE LORME connected the Louvre to the Palais de Tuileries for
Catherine de Medici with a gallery (PETIT GALERIE) along the River Siene
o LOUIS LE VAU built the quadrangles north and east sides under Louis XIV
(1660s)
o CLAUDE PERRAULT built the south side in 1670s with a boring, flat faade
from pattern-book sources

3. CHATEAU DE CHAMBORD (1519-47)

Most lavish, extravagant and largest most modern construction of its day
DOMENICO DA CORTONA only one known among the many architects involved

CHATEAU DE CHENONCEAUX
Built by Philibert de Lorme for Henry IIs mistress Diane de Poitiers on a 5-bay
bridge over the River Cher

Islamic Architecture

Features:
Lattice-Pattern- is a crisscrossed or interlaced arrangement of laths, or the pattern made by
such an arrangement.
Muqarnas- are superimposed corbels, angled so that the quoin of the lower corbel is coincident
with the groin of two superimposed corbels above.
Voussoirs- wedge-shaped stone building block used in constructing an arch or vault.
Stucco- a plaster now made mostly from Portland cement and sand and lime; applied while soft
to cover exterior walls or surfaces.

The principal Islamic architectural types are:

Mosque,
Tomb,
Palace and
Fort
Indo-Islamic (Mughal) architecture

o Taj Mahal "A white marble tomb built in 1631-48 in Agra, seat of the Mugal Empire, by
Shah Jehan for his wife, Arjuman Banu Begum, the monument sums up many of the
formal themes that have played through Islamic architecture.

Indonesian-Malay architecture
- The predominantly-Muslim regions of South East Asia have been slow to adopt Middle
Eastern architectural styles for Islamic sites. For centuries, most Javanese mosques
lacked a dome. Instead, they had a multi-tiered roof (of Javanese or even Chinese
influence) comparable with the multi-level pagodas of neighboring Bali.

o The Minangkabau Royal Palace in Sumatra, Indonesia.

Sub-Saharan African Islamic architecture

This style is characterized by the use of mud bricks and an adobe plaster, with large
wooden-log support beams that jut out from the wall face for large buildings such as mosques or
palaces.
 o The Great Mosque of Djenn in Mali

Architecture Forms and Styles of mosques and buildings in Muslim countries

1. Forms- Islamic architectural types include the early Abbasid buildings, T-Type mosques,
and the central-dome mosques of Anatolia.
2. Iwan- is defined as a vaulted hall or space, walled on three sides, with one end entirely
open.
3. Sahn -acts like an indoor garden, where the women in the house can feel free to not
wear the traditional Islamic outfit that is worn in public, and in the Streets
4. Gardens-The Qur'an uses the garden as an analogy for paradise and Islam came to
have a significant influence on garden design.
5. Arabesque-An element of Islamic art usually found decorating the walls of mosques and
Muslim homes and buildings,
6. Calligraphy-Arabic calligraphy is associated with geometric Islamic art (the Arabesque)
on the walls and ceilings of mosques.

ROMANASQUE ARCHITECTURE

The term Romanesque, like many stylistic designations, was not a term contemporary
with the art it describes, but an invention of modern scholarship to categorize a period. The term
Romanesque attempts to link the architecture, especially of the 11th and 12th centuries in
medieval Europe to Roman Architecture based on similarities of forms and materials.

Characterized by the use of:

Pointer arches

Barrel vaults continuous vault of semi-circular or pointed section

 Cruciform piers supporting vaults

Groin vaults- vault formed by intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults

Features:
Massive quality
Thick walls
Round arches
Sturdy piers
Groin vaults- produced by the intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults
Large towers
Decorative arcading

Structural forms
Towers-monumental effect of Romanesque church exteriors was heightened
Aisles-were easily vaulted, but constructing a semi-circular tunnel vault or intersecting
groin vault
Wooden roofs-water proofing, aesthetic and acoustic considerations led in some
regions to experiments with masonry vaults
Tunnel vaults; Groin vaults; Rib vaults
Domes
Walls-become thicker and vaulted
Transverse arches-cross the vaults, creating a clear division into bays

Church planning
Aisles of cruciform churches- extended to pass the transept and terminated by
chapels either side of the central apse
High altar-move closer to east end and a separate altar for laity placed to west end and
screened choir reserved for clergy

Door from cloisters- Benedictine and Cistercian monasteries monks enters church not
by main door
Churches were built in the shape of a cross; another important feature was the use of a
separate bell tower, or campanile that was built beside the main church.

EARLY MEDIEVAL AND ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE

1. Pre-romanesque(800-1050)
a. Carolingian architecture(800-900)
b. Ottonian architecture

2. Romanesque (1050-1150 and beyond)

Examples of Structures:
o Aachen or Aix- La Cathedral,
Germany- the o Santiago De Compostela
oldest cathedral in Cathedral, Spain- reputed
northern Europe burial-place of Saint James the
Greater; The building is a
Romanesque structure with later
Gothic and Baroque additions.

o Krak des Chevaliers,Syria -

means "Fortress of the Knights"
and is a mixture of French and
Arabic.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Aisle in a church on of the divisions parallel to the nave, channel or choir

Ambulatory a cloister or covered passage around East end of church, behind the altar
Apse the circular or multi-angular termination of a church sanctuary
Arcade a range or aches supported by on piers or columns, generally placed over an altar or
tomb
Baptistery a separate building to contain a font, for the baptismal rite
Barrel vault a continuous vault of semi-circular or pointed section
Bar Tracery tracery using stone ribs in complicated patterns
Bay space between one column or pier next, including vault or ceiling above
Buttress mass of masonry or brickwork used to give support
Campanile Italian term for bell tower generally free standing
Chancel part of church reserve for clergy and containing altar and choir
Chapter house ecclesiastical building assembly
Chevel French term for combination of an apse surrounding ambulatory and radiating chapels
Choir part of the church where services are sung, generally in west part of the chancel but
sometimes extending into the nave
Clerestory windowed upper walls of aisle building, above aisle roof
Cloisters covered arcade around a quadrangle connecting a monastic church to the domestic
part of the monastery
Crypt chamber beneath main floor of church
Cupola dome esp. a miniature dome surrounded by lantern
Curtain wall in castles, surrounding the fortified walls
Cusp projecting point or inner side of an arch
Gallery upper floor, open one side to interior or exterior of a building
Gargoyle a projecting water spout carved to throw off water from the roof
Hall church church with aisle same height as nave
Helm roof type of roof in which four faces rest diagonally between the gables and converge at
top
Narthex vestibule or portico starching across main entrabce of the church
Nave the western limb of a church, as opposed to the choir
Pendentives inverted concave angles springing from corners of a square or polygon
Refectory the dining hall in a monastery
Rib vault vault featuring arched ribs which cross diagonally
Sanctuary a holy or consecrated part of the church
Sexpartile vaults vaults with bays divided into 6 parts by two diagonal ribs and one transverse
ribs
Squinch a small arch or series of concentric arches built across angle of a square or polygon
usually to support a dome
Transept projecting arm of a cruciform church
Triforium arcaded wall passage between the nave arcade and clerestory in church interiors
Tympanum area between lintel of doorway and arch above
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE (1200-1500)

Gothic architecture is a style which flourished in Europe during the high and late
medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by renaissance
architecture.

Features:
the pointed arch- most clearly makes Gothic building look different
the ribbed vault- pointed arches at the sides and round arches at the diagonal s would
all reach the same height
o experimentation of ribbed vaults led to taller buildings
the flying buttress- support the walls from the outside because the weight of the vaults
force the walls outward
o to support the additional height of a higher building, which came to be flying
buttresses
Pinnacle a vertical ornament forming the spire of a turret.
bays- division of the plan into square sections
Ambulatory- a continuous aisle which wraps a circular structure or an apse at its base.
Transept- the lateral extensions which form the cross-arms of a Cruciform cathedral or
church, consisting of an open space set in a transverse manner to the nave, partitioning
the nave from the sanctuary.

Four Types of Gothic Arches:

Lancet Arch- An arch that is narrow
and pointed like the head of a spear
Flamboyant Arch- one that is
drafted from four points, the upper
part of each main arc turning
upwards into a smaller arc and
meeting at a sharp, flame-like point.

Equilateral Arch- described by two

circular curves intersecting at the
Depressed Arch- or four-centered
peak of the arch, each curve having
arch is much wider than its
a chord equal to the span
heightand gives the visual effect of
having been flattened under
pressure
EXAMPLES

1. Cathedral of Notre Dame, France

best example of gothic architecture
because of the detailed faced of the
Cathedral.

4. St. Stephen, Vienna

2. Milan Cathedral

5. Cologne Cathedral

3. Salamanca Cathedral, Spain

Elements of Gothic Architecture

 Apse - Particular to the East end of Cathedrals, the Apse is a semicircular form serving
as a culmination. The Apse, generally domed, will often form the Altar. The term is
derived from the Medieval Latin: absisor apsis.
Choir - The section of a Cruciform Cathedral located between the Nave and the main
Altar.
Flying Buttress - A masonry support branching from the sturdy piers and vertical
Standing buttresses.
Lady Chapel - Usually located behind the Sanctuary, these spaces are dedicated to -
sometimes set aside for the use of - the Blessed Virgin.
Pier - Without piers there would be no Great Cathedrals to speak of.
Rose Window - Arguably one of the finest developments in the history of Western art.
Evolving from the simple round windows of the Romanesque period these intricate
works of glass, metal and stone literally flowered into holistic representations of the
known Universe. The Rose Window was initially a French creation, first appearing at St-
Denis.
Sexpartite Vault - Essentially a four part (Quadripartite) vault to which an additional
transverse rib has been incorporated which divides the vault into six segments.
Tracery - Located throughout Gothic cathedrals, tracery adds much to the distinctive
style of Gothic ornament. The variety of Tracery patterns within these cathedrals is
nearly endless. Their interlacing lines are incorporated into vaults, walls, columns,
windows and the woodwork of the screens.

Unique Features of Gothic Churches, Cathedrals and Monasteries:

Antependium: Decorated frontispiece to an altar, featuring allegorical figures in tapestry

or carved forms.
Canopy: An overhanging shade or shelter above an artwork or statue sometimes
situated upon pillars.
Capital:The upper element of an architectural pillar, often finely decorated in
Romanesque and Early Gothic structures.
Column figure:A statue or sculpted figure which serves as a supportive or decorative
shaft within a portal.
Gargoyle: From the Old French: gargouille, meaning: throat. The word refers to sound
which water makes as it passes through the gullet. Originally a reference to the drains
atop cathedrals which were later carved into the form of beasts or animals.
Iconography: Religious imagery painted upon wooden panels. The term is also used to
define the study of symbolism as it relates to the subject of a work of art.
Lady Chapel:These spaces are dedicated tosometimes set aside for the use of
Mary, the Blessed Virgin.
Latin cross: A cross form which contains one arm that is longer than the other three,
traditionally the base arm.
Maest:Artwork or sculpture which portrays the Madonna and the Christ child upon a
throne, usually attended by angels or saints.
Pieta:Artwork or sculpture which portrays the Virgin Mary cradling the lifeless body of
Christ upon her lap.
Relic:A sacred object venerated because of its association to a martyr or saint, in certain
instances, remains of the saint.
Retable: Sometimes referred to as Reredos, these sculpted structures form the back
of altars.
 Ridge turret: Found more commonly on churches without towers, located over the
crossing and named for their location on the ridge of the roof.
Rood Screen:An ornamented piece which serves on the Altar as a separation between
the Choir and the Nave. Quite often Rood Screens will contain or support a crucifix.
Rose window:Evolving from the simple round windows of the Romanesque period these
intricate works of glass, metal and stone literally flowered into holistic representations of
the known Universe. While glass windows were used in cathedrals of other countries,
the Rose Window was initially a French creation; incorporated initially at St. Denis.
Roundel:meaning small circle. In architecture: a curved panel or window recess.
Sacred Conversation:Artwork or sculpture which portrays the Madonna and Christ child
contained in the same setting with saints & angels.
Sarcophagus:A sculpted stone tomb or wooden coffin, adorned with ornamentation.
Tabernacle:A ceilinged alcove used for the display of statuettes or art pieces.
Tetra morph:An allegorical figure containing the symbols of the four Evangelists; lion,
eagle, bull and man. Traditionally, these are associated to Mark, John, Luke and
Matthew.
Triptych:A three paneled art piece, either image or carving, linked by hinges, used in
religious iconography.
Tympanum:The curved vertical space between the arch and the lintel of a doorway. This
location was often considered the premier site on a structure for sculpture, and so
contained significant scenes such as the Last Judgment or Christ enthroned.

Gothic Decoration and Motif of Churches, Cathedrals and Monasteries:

Altarpiece:An individual or group of panels or screens located near or on the altar.
Annulet:A circular finishing found on pillars or piers, sometimes decorated with carvings.
Archivolt:An ornamental molding seen often in arch shaped portals following the lines of
the face with sculpted figures.
Armatures:Iron framework used within mason-less Rose Windows to support the glass
weight.
Ball flower:An ornamented ball sculpture surmounted in the petals of a flower featured,
most often, repetitively within the hollow of moldings. The ball flower motif began to
appear as decoration was more strongly emphasized during the thirteenth century being
most widely employed within English structures.
Bar tracery:The dominant class of tracery consisting of decorative patterns formed from
stone bars. Finer in its size and cut, bar, differentiates itself from other forms of tracery
by allowing another feature of a display to dominate such as stained glass within a
window frame.
Boss (Rib-boss): Ornamental masonry strips used to conceal the breaks in vault work.
Chevron:An ancient design motif used throughout the Mediterranean region consisting,
in simplest form, of two diagonal lines which converge to form a wide or narrow V shape;
there are, however, many variations of employment. Use of multiple adjourning chevrons
forms a zigzag pattern which is found, most commonly, upon arches.
Cinquefoil:A five sided design of converging arcs, often used in frame work.
Cornice:A decorative horizontal outcropping serving to crown a wall or column.
Crockets:A distinctive Gothic motif formed of floral and leaf ornamentation. Primarily
used on spire and pinnacle sculpture.
Cusp: Found within tracery decoration to form the meeting point of foils.
 Fan vaulting:An intricate form of tracery in which the ribs of a Vault arch out in a concave
fan pattern.
Fillet:Delicate adornment strips applied to shafts and archways along the moldings.
Finial:An ornamental capping piece placed at top spires.
Fluting:Carved vertical hollow groove work sculpted into piers, columns and pillars.
Foils: A small arc design used in tracery, often utilized within Rose Windows.
Grisaille:A stained glass window incorporating muted tones as opposed to bright colors.
Grotesques:A class of decorative sculpture forms often found in or on Gothic structures.
A term used broadly for gargoyles, although traditionally a gargoyle serves as a drainage
spout for rain water, while a grotesque may function solely as decoration.
Lierne vaulting:Vaults containing small decorative rib work not originating from the
corners; primarily found in England.
Moldings: Carved contours given to piers and columns to exploit optical effects of light.
Ogee (ogive) arches:A display, non-supportive, feature formed by the meeting of two
double curves; a definitive design element of the later, more decorative, Gothic eras.
Pinnacle:A vertical ornament forming the spire of a turret.
Predella:A series of small images or carvings at the base of an altarpiece.
Quadratura:An intended architectural illusion used to create the sense of a larger room.
Reredos:An elaborate wall carving or screen utilized primarily on or behind the high
altar.
Spandrels:The semi-triangular space formed by arches and the moldings surrounding
them.
VesicaPisces:The oval shape created by the intersecting of two equal circles. An ancient
symbolic motif of profound significance within many cultures. In Christianity the form
represents the sacred body of Christ
Architecture in Australia and New Zealand (1830-1914)

Architectural Characteristics:
Australian domestic buildings were in general low, often of one story only, with wide,
spreading eaves.
Covered, colonnaded verandahs
Decorated iron works and tall upper windows openings.

Materials:
Timber
Stone and Bricks
Roofs: low pitch
Tiles, wood shingles
Corrugated iron

The architecture of Australia and New Zealand- the latter had been formally annexed to the
British Crown only in 1840- accurately and punctually reflected in structure and decoration the
virtues, failings, preferences and prejudices.

Examples:

Sydney
Saint Marks
University, also
Church, Darling
by E.Blacket, a
Point Sydney,
formal Gothic
by E. Blacket, a
design, finely
sandstone
detailed, making
Gothic Revival
an impressive
parish church,
nucleus of the
gracefully
present campus.
exploiting a hill-
top site.

Government
The Houses of
Parliament, House,
Melbourne, by Melbourne, by W.
J.C. Knight and W. Wardell,
Peter Kerr, a allegedly modelled
monumental, on Queen
Classical Victorias Osborne
building,
House, a noble
surmounted by a
stately cupola. beautifully sited,
Italianate palace in
ivory-painted
stucco.
INFLUENCES ARCHITECTURE OF EUROPE

1. Historic (Europe)
18th Century: Year Invention of the Bessemer Converter
1701 to 1800 o Bessemer Converter converts iron to steel; by Henry
Bessemer
Invention of the safety features of the passenger elevator
o By Elisha Otis
19th Century: Year Industrial Revolution
1801 to 1900 o Widespread use of steel
o Start of guilds

World Wars I and II

20th Century: Year o Destruction; exploration of negative space to start anew
1901 to 2000 Climate Change
o You reap what you sow; catalyst for this was the Industrial
Revolution
Information and Communications Technology
o Various software as extensions of ourselves
Globalization
2. Geographic Second smallest continent, covering only 2% of the Earths
(Europe) surface
Birthplace of Western culture (Ancient Greece in particular)
Played a dominant role in global affairs between the 16th
and 20th centuries as European nations controlled at various
times the Americas, Africa, Oceania, and Asia
Comprised of 50 states, of which the largest is Russia
(geographically Asia, politically Europe) and the smallest is
the Vatican City
o Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan
o Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria
o Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic
o Denmark
o Estonia
o Finland, France (most sophisticated, said to be richest
country)
o Georgia, Germany, Greece
o Hungary
o Iceland, Ireland, Italy
o Kazakhstan
o Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg
o Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro
o Netherlands, Norway
o Poland, Portugal
o Romania, Russia
o San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
o Turkey
EXAMPLES OF BUILT ARCHITECTURE
1. SYON HOUSE (London, England)
2. BUCKINGHAM PALACE (London,
England)
3. PALACE OF WESTMINSTER
(London, England)
o Pugin, (R.I.P. at 40 years old), French, last project is
A Dukes 5-room mansion reconstructed in 1760s
Ultra-elegant Neoclassical Adam style
By British Royal Architect Sir Robert Adam (1728-92)
Movie location for Emma (1996 film starring Gwyneth
Paltrow)
Chief residence of the British monarchy with 600 rooms,
begun in 1820 and completed in 1850
Neoclassical style
By John Nash, succeeded by Edward Blore, redesigned in
1913 by Sir Aston Webb
Reception venue of the Royal Wedding of Prince William
and Kate Middleton (2011)
The meeting place of the two Houses of Parliament of the
UK: the House of Lords and the House of Commons; its clock
tower is the famed Big Ben
Classical in plan but authentically Gothic in appearance, a
product of one of the most successful architectural
partnerships ever
By Classical architect Charles Barry (1795-1860) and Gothic
revivalist Augustus Pugin (1812-52)
Westminster Palace
Movie location for Die Another Day, The Da Vinci Code, The
Other Boleyn Girl, and Harry Potter; included in a cameo
shot in The Mummy Returns
4. EIFFEL TOWER (Paris, France) A monument to commemorate the centennial of the
French revolution in 1889, one of the worlds most
recognizable structures
Open iron latticework of 300-m height
By bridge designer Gustave Eiffel, the magician of iron
(1832-1923, he was a bridge engineer)
Movie location for G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra (2009)

5. GLASGOW SCHOOL OF ART A college under the University of Glasgow, built from 1897
(Renfrew Street, Garnethill, to 1907, second wing 1907 to 1909
Glasgow, Scotland) By alumnus Charles Rennie Mackintosh, winner of the
design competition
Bearing masonry with Art Nouveau
o Art Nouveau New Art
o Bearing masonry carries load

6. SAGRADA FAMILIA (Barcelona, Expiatory Church of the Holy Family (faade was
Catalonia, Kingdom of Spain) completed in the 1890s, abandoned for 100 years,
construction on-going until 2026, thanks to a new year of
intense Catalan nationalism)
o Expiatory: to please God, in context: to appease, peace
 offering
It has 18 towers and 3 grand facades (Nativity, Passion, and
Glory)
o 18 towers
12 apostles
4 Gospel writers
1 Mother Mary
1 Jesus Christ
Originally intended to be Neo-Gothic, but when taken over
in 1883, was introduced with Art Nouveau curves while
maintaining the general Gothic outline
Originally tasked to build a church on that site was
Francesc del Villar, but he resigned a year later. It was
taken over by Antoni Gaudi (1852-1926), the ultimate
exponent of the plant-like curve in the Art Nouveau period,
saying, The straight line belongs to man, the curve to
God. He was a devout Roman Catholic.
o Blessed Antoni Gaudi, on his way to sainthood
Vegetative Art Nouveau
Symbolism and articulation: architecture of Gaudi

7. HELSINKI CENTRAL RAILWAY Main hall is marked by colossal round arch flanked by pairs
STATION (Helsinki, Finland) of decorative atlantes, each holding a large spherical
lamp. Rugged granite was used (abundant in Finland),
making it massive and sleek
o Atlantes decorative column, appearance is male
o Caryatid decorative column of female appearance (e.g.
Bautista House in Malolos)
Art Nouveau in flavour, advanced by a large step forward
Plan was prepared by Carl Albert Edelfelt, but it turned out
too small. Redesign was won by competition of 21 entries
by Eliel Saarinen (1873-1950) and sculptress wife Louise
Gesellius

8. EINSTEIN TOWER (near Potsdam, An astrophysical observatory with a telescope designed to

Germany) validate or disprove Einsteins relativity theories (inside
Albert Einstein Science Park). Conceived in 1917, built in
1919 to 1921
Reinforced concrete, brick, and stucco (stucco: UK English
term for plaster)
Art Nouveau, Expressionist (breaking down Form follows
Function)
By Erich Mendelsohn and young Richard Neutra as his
apprentice
9. UNITE D HABITATION (Marseilles Post-war housing of 337 apartments plus amenities, initiated
and other areas in France and by the French government
Germany, 1946 to 1965) Modernist, Brutalist (in situ beton brut on-site concrete),
single block (165m long and 56m high) raised on mighty
pilotis; a skeleton grid wherein the units were slotted like
small drawers in a cabinet
o Pilotis French for column, sing. Piloti; signature work of Le
Corbusier on tall buildings
Said to be the most famous work of Le Corbusier (real
name Charles-douard Jeanneret, 1887-1965); who, in turn,
is said to be twentieth centurys most famous architect
o Le Corbusier means The Crow
Five points of architecture
Pilotis; roof garden; free plan; ribbon windows; and free
faade
o Most famous work also said to be most controversial.
Why?
No finish
Tenants changed the layout It is in this situation that life is
correct and the architect is wrong. (Le Corbusier)

10. CHAPEL OF NOTRE DAME Roman Catholic pilgrimage chapel

DU HAUT (Ronchamp, France,
1951 to 1955)
Modernist, Expressionist (great curving walls that reflect the
landscape, seemingly random windows [skewed windows
for dramatic effect], extraordinary boat-like roof)
Said to be the finest work of Le Corbusier, demonstrating
that even the most rational of architects could design a
building that is personal and poetic, a work of sculpture in
concrete which springs from faith, not reason.

11. POMPIDOU CENTRE (Paris, Centre National d Art et de Culture Georges Pompidou
France, 1971 to 1977) (President from 1969 to 1974) to house a library, a museum,
etc. (a transparent box described as a six-storey culture
machine)
o Beauborg name instead of Pompidou
Post-modern, High-Tech or Structural Expressionism (Industrial
Look)
By British architect Richard Rogers and Italian architect
Renzo Piano via design competition; built by the brilliant
engineer Peter Rice of Ove Arup. The group won the Pritzker
Prize in 2007 (for turning the world of architecture upside-
down The New York Times)
o Exhibition space is unobstructed; outside engineering
support (braces, pipes are also located outside)

12. LLOYDS BUILDING (London, An office building for Lloyds of London, an association of
England, 1978 to 1986) underwriters of various companies (underwriters: insurance
agents, statisticians; underwrite UK English term meaning

13. COMMERZBANK,
FRANKFURT (Frankfurt, Germany,
1994 to 1997)
14. GUGGENHEIM, BILBAO
(opened in 1997 along the
Nervion River in Bilbao, Basque
Country, Kingdom of Spain)
to assess)
o The name is owed to Lloyds Coffee Shop where the
founders placed their insurance
Post-modern, High-tech. Concrete, stainless steel cladding,
and reflective glass. The framework is built to last although
the technology and service systems (including an all-glazed
lift, lift UK English term for elevator) is not, hence the easy
access
Also by Richard Rogers and Ove Arup (this version is said to
be aesthetically superior to Pompidou)
Movie location for A Good Year (2006)
An office building for Commerzbank; it was the tallest
building in the European Union (EU) from its completion in
1997 until it was superseded in 2005 (by Triumph-Palace in
Moscow, Russia); it was also the first to use steel as main
construction material
o Commerzbank second most important bank in Germany;
Deutsche Bank most important bank in Germany
High-Tech/Green: worlds first so-called Ecological
Skyscraper due to energy efficiency and the use of sky
gardens (at every six floors)
Architectural design by Norman Foster (born 1935),
Structural design by Arup and Krebs & Kiefer, Mechanical
engineering by P&A Petterson Ahrens, and engineering by
Schad&Hoizel
Commerzbank Tower appears in the Euro Contemporary
title set in SimCity4
A museum of modern and contemporary art, among its
many features are permanent exhibits of Spanish artists
o Solomon Guggenheim an art collector; he owns the
building and the one in New York
Deconstructivist (although the architect himself is not);
radically sculpted, intended to resemble a ship due to its
port location; brilliant titanium finish to resemble fish scales.
 This was possible though the current technology of CATIA
(Computer-aided three-dimensional interactive
application)
Designed by Canadian-American architect Frank Gehry

Reichstag used to be the name of the German

15. REICHSTAG DOME (Berlin, Parliament. Now, it is Bundestag but the building in which
Germany, 1999) it meets is still called Reichstag. Paul Wallot constructed
the original neoclassical building in 1894. After a huge fire
and the separation of Germany into East and West, it was
left unused for 60 years until the countrys reunification in
1990. It is commemorated through the construction of the
Reichstag Dome, a glass dome on top and centre of the
old building.
High-Tech/Green: a cone at the centre is in mirror finish to
bring in the light to the chamber below (this saved energy
though natural day lighting and its technology is said to
reduce carbon emissions from the building)
Architectural design by Norman Foster via competition
(glass cupola concept originally by contemporary German
architect Gottfried Bohm)
o Cupola overturned cup

16. LONDON CITY HALL (along Despite its name, it is not a city hall; it is just a 10-storey office
River Thames in London, England, building for the Greater London Authority (GLA) (GLA to
2002) them is like MMDA in the Philippines).
High-Tech/Green/Sustainable:
o Shape (modified sphere, unusual bulbous ala Darth Vaders
helmet): is to reduce surface area (approximately 25% of
equivalent rectangular massing) and improve energy
efficiency
o Cladding: 7,300 sqm of triple-glazed, low-emissivity, coated
clear glass (incorporated therein are the shading devices)
o Eco-strategy: windows can open for natural ventilation;
bore hole water-cooling, heat recovery, displacement
ventilation system, no chillers required. In 2007, solar
photovoltaic panels were installed, generating energy with
zero carbon dioxide emissions. Movement sensors have
been installed on all floors to help ensure that nothing is
switched on when not occupied.
Architectural design by Foster and Partners, construction
management by MACE, structural by Arup and Partners,
landscape architecture by Tonwshends
INFLUENCES ARCHTECTURE IN THE UNITED STATES

Historical

15th Century Christoffa Corombo of Italy brings European colonization to

America as the New World

18th Century: Year 1701 to 1776 Declaration of Independence (penned by the Founding
1800 Fathers of the United States)
1783 Independence as declared in the Treaty of Paris

19th Century: Year 1801 to Industrial Revolution: iron

1900 1854 first public demonstration of the safety features for the
passenger elevator by Elisha Otis
1855 patent and popularity of (Sir) Henry Bessemers
converter for mass-production of steel
20th Century: Year 1901 to World Wars I and II
2000 o America was already quite prosperous before the World Wars
(excluding the time of the Great Depression during the 1930s),
and continued to progress so that when WWII ended, it was
the only country involved that came out wealthy instead of
being penniless.
Climate Change (also due to the Industrial Revolution)
Information and Communications Technology
Globalization
21st Century: Year 2001 to
present (2012)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Worlds third largest country (in terms of land area), almost as
big as the worlds smallest continent
A constitutional republic: where head of the state and other
officials are representatives of the people and must govern
according to existing constitutional laws that limit the power of
the government over its citizens
Comprised of 50 states, 48 of which are contiguous and found
in North American continent, and a federal district
o Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas
o California, Colorado, Connecticut
o Delaware
o Florida
o Georgia
o Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa
o Kansas, Kentucky
o Louisiana
o Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota,
 Mississippi, Missouri, Montana
o Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New
Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota
o Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon
o Pennsylvania
o Rhode Island
o South Carolina, South Dakota
o Tennessee, Texas
o Utah
o Vermont, Virginia
o Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming
o State of Alaska (northwest of Canada, which is the northern
boundary of the contiguous states), State of Hawaii (an
archipelago in the mid-Pacific)
o District of Columbia (more popularly known as Washington
D.C.)
Popular Cities (Top 5 according to population, and others)
o New York City
o Los Angeles
o Chicago
o Houston
o Phoenix
BUILDING SAMPLES

1. UNITED STATES CAPITOL (in
Capitol Hill, D.C., started in
1793 to 1863)
Meeting place of the US Congress, also of the legislature of the
Federal Government (Senate)
(Colonial) American Neoclassicism (with obvious inspirations
from the Louvre in Paris and Pantheon of Rome)
The first design competition was won by French Stephen Hallet,
but a second round was required and it was won by amateur
American architect (and physician, another polymath) William
Thornton, first of many

2. OHIO STATEHOUSE (in Seat of government for the state of Ohio

Columbus, Ohio, started in Greek Revival or Neo-Grecian (as seen in its central recessed
1839) porch with Greek Doric colonnade)
Finished by architect Isaiah Rogers in 1861 (it was begun in 1838
via a design competition, revised by six different architects,
interrupted by a cholera epidemic, and brought to ashes by a
huge fire)

3. THE THOMAS JEFFERSON A presidential memorial dedicated to Thomas Jefferson, an

MEMORIAL (along Potomac American Founding Father and third President of the United
 River, D.C., 1839 to 1843) States
(Colonial) Neoclassical/Classical Revival
By John Russell Pope, succeeded by surviving partners Daniel
Higgins and Otto Eggers
In 2007, it ranked 4th on the list of Americas Favorite Architecture

4. TRINITY CHURCH A church, used to be the highest structure in Wall

5. AUDITORIUM BUILDING One of the first multi-use structures (then a revolutionary

(Chicago, Illinois, 1889) concept), it included offices, a hotel, and a large performance
hall
o Also one (or the actual) of the first to use raft footing for
foundation, a three-storey structure (also one of the first multi-
level at that time), and multi-use, making it a revolutionary
building.
Chicago School (the architectural style, not an actual school)
By partners Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan (Forms follow
function). At that time, a young Frank Lloyd Wright was
employed at the firm as a draftsman.
6. FLATIRON BUILDING (New Official name: Fuller Building. It is an office skyscraper on an
York, 1901 to 1903) awkward triangular site, a heroic survivor of the first age of the
skyscraper
Renaissance
Built by the firm Daniel Burnham (Burnham and Root), but some
credit the design to Charles Atwood
New York has always displayed a sometimes breathtaking
readiness to pull down the old, however honorable, in order to
build something bigger, if not necessarily better; but the Flatiron
Building has survived. D.M. Field

7. CHRYSLER BUILDING (New
York, 1928 to 1930)
o It was the worlds tallest building for 11 months (some sources say
o Ranked ninth in AIAs List of Americas Favorite Architecture
o In the movies: Godzilla, Deep Impact, Armageddon (all in 1998),
Commercial office tower of 77 storeys (1,047 feet or 319 meters)
Art Deco skyscraper (steel frame, stainless steel ornamental
crown, automobile-inspired details)
Architect: William Van Alen
The design was sold to Walter P. Chrysler, who wanted a
provocative building which would not merely scrape the sky but
positively pierce it. Its 77 floors briefly making it the highest
building in the worldat least until the Empire State Building was
completed. It became the star of the New York skyline, thanks
above all to its crowning peak. In a deliberate strategy of myth
generation, Van Alen planned a dramatic moment of revelation:
the entire seven-storey pinnacle, complete with special-steel
facing, was first assembled inside the building,, and then hoisted
into position through the roof opening and anchored on top in
just one and a half hours. All of a sudden it was therea
sensational fait accompli. Peter Gossel and Gabriele
Leuthauser (in the book Architecture in the Twentieth Century,
p. 209)
its a whole year)
A.I. (2001), Spiderman (2002), Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver
Surfer (2007), and Marvels The Avengers (2012)
Official name: Fuller Building. It is an office skyscraper on an
awkward triangular site, a heroic survivor of the first age of the
skyscraper
Renaissance
Built by the firm Daniel Burnham (Burnham and Root), but some
credit the design to Charles Atwood
New York has always displayed a sometimes breathtaking
readiness to pull down the old, however honorable, in order to
build something bigger, if not necessarily better; but the Flatiron
Building has survived. D.M. Field

8. EMPIRE STATE BUILDING Commercial office tower, 102-storeys (1,250 feet or 381 meters
(New York, finished in 1931) tall)
Art Deco skyscraper (steel frame, stone cladding, tapering
towers, concept was pencil)
Architect: William F. Lamb (of Shreve, Lamb and Harmon)
o For 41 years, it held the following records: (1) tallest structure in
New York, (2) in the US, and (3) in the world, until it was
superseded in 1972 by The World Trade Center
o Ranked #1 in AIAs List of Americas Favorite Architecture

9. FALLING WATER (Bear Run,
Pennsylvania, 1936 to 1939)
10. JOHNSON WAX BUILDING
(Racine, Wisconsin; 1936 to
o In the movies: King Kong (1933), Sleepless in Seattle (1993),
Independence Day (1996), Knowing (2009), Percy Jackson and
The Olympians: The Lightning Thief (2010)
Residence, officially Edgar J. Kaufman Sr. House
o Kaufman Sr.: I want house where I can hear the waters.
Organic architecture (other authors: combination of Modernism
and Romanticism)
o Organic architecture: perfect marriage of site and building
o Modernism: reinforced concrete, clean, smooth, geometric
o Romanticism: US term for Expressionism; building according to site
By American architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959), said to be
the most famous American architect of the 20th century,
extraordinarily prolific (prolific: creative), never losing creativity,
never repeating himself
o Has had 1,600 projects; even right before he died at 92 years of
age, he still has projects; had 260 apprentices
o Also called the American Le Corbusier
World headquarters of S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc., a complex
whose main structures are The Administration Building and The
Research Tower
 1939, then again in 1944 to Modern, Streamlined building
1951) o Streamlined means no corners
Also by Frank Lloyd Wright, one of his less frequent office
buildings. He also designed the furniture
o Colored cream and Cherokee red
Color of the product, which is floor wax
Cherokee red a red that comes from nature; Indian tint of red
o Concept of compression and release
Made use of dendriform columns (dendrons trees), the
dendriforms were 23cm diameter at the bottom and 550cm at
the top, and could support 60 tons (5 times more than was
required) before the calyx crushed
o The lily pads of The Great Workroom in inspiration for the 2006
movie Superman Returns
11. SEAGRAM BUILDING Commercial office tower, a skyscraper of 38 storeys (157m tall)
(Manhattan, New York, International Style; It stands as one of the finest examples of
completed in 1958) functionalist aesthetic and a masterpiece of corporate
modernism.
o Steel frame, bronze finish
o Curtain wall of dark glass
By Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, in collaboration with Philip Johnson
o Mies van der Rohe set up guidelines for the Seagram Building,
so that the faade would still look uniform

12. GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM An art museum, where the building itself is the most important
(Upper East Side, New York, piece of art in the collection
completed in 1959) Modern
By Frank Lloyd Wright
o In 1943, Solomon Guggenheim and his art advisor Hilla Rebay
wrote a letter to FLW pleading him to design a permanent
structure for their art collection
o It took 15 years, 700 sketches, and six sets of working drawings to
create the museum
o He died that year in April 9, six months before the museum was
finally completed and opened. This makes it his final project.
 Said to be most controversial project:
No contractor wanted to build it
No artist wanted to participate
Visitors experienced dizzy spells

13. MARINA CITY (along Mixed-use building complex (residential/commercial); also known
Chicago River, Illinois, 1959 as city within a city
to 1962/64) o Identical twin towers, corncobs in shape, 65 storeys each, in
reinforced concrete
o One-third parking (bottom 19/F) and two-thirds
residential/commercial (21-60F)
o Beneath at rover level is a small marina for recreation
o Its model of mixed residential and office uses and high-rise
towers with parking has become a primary model for urban
development and has been widely copied.
Modern
By Bertrand Goldberg, a culmination of thirty years of thought
and development
o Believes in the advantages of circular forms: the aerodynamic
properties in a cylindrical high-rise structure, the structural
equidistance from the centre, the absence of special corner
conditions, and the creation of centrifugal or kinetic spaces
resulting from non-parallel walls
Plus similar floor plans that open up towards the exterior

14. LAKE POINT TOWER (along
Lake Michigan, 1965 to
1968)
Mixed-use high rise building, also known as park in the city
o The first residential complex in a major city to have its own 1
hectare park including a playground, pool, duck pond, and
waterfalls three stories above ground
o 70 storeys, 196m tall
o It has a triangular core of nine elevators and three stairwells, from
it radiate three arms at 120-degree apart: less surface area
exposed to directional wind loads in comparison to conventional
rectangular design
o The outer walls were strategically curved to ensure that various
residents could not see into other condominiums
o The skin is a curtain wall of bronze-tinted glass framed by gold-
anodized aluminum

Modern/International Style
 By John Heinrich and George Shipporeit, from an original
concept by their teacher Ludwig Mies van der Rohe in 1921

15. JOHN HANCOCK CENTER A 100-storey, Class A, multi-use building, 344m tall. Originally
(Chicago, Illinois, home to the John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company
completed in 1970) o The 44th-floor sky lobby features Americas highest indoor
swimming pool
Structural Expressionism
o Steel frame, tapering from bottom to top
o The skyscrapers distinctive X-bracing exterior is actually a hint
that the structures skin is indeed part of its tubular system
Suggests material and structural honesty
o The exterior cladding is black anodized aluminum with tinted
bronze glass
Designed by renowned architects Skidmore, Owings & Merrill,
with chief designer Bruce Graham and structural engineer Fazlur
Khan
o Distinguished Architects 25-Year Award from the American
Institute of Architects

16. JOHN HANCOCK TOWER (in Officially named Hancock Place and colloquially knows as The
Boston, Massachusetts, Hancock, is a 60-storey at 241 meters height commercial office
completed in 1976) tower
o Easily recognizable as the reflective obelisk skyscraper (due to the
plan twist: a parallelogram)
o Steel frame, glass curtain wall using only the largest possible
paned of glass (it is said to have no spandrel panes and very few
mullions)
o When bad things happen to good buildings was an article on
Architecture Weekly that described the unforeseen wind
problems that broke glass panels by the dozen. They all had to be
replaced, and temporarily the nakedness was covered by
 plywood, earning it the nickname tallest plywood building in the
world
o Aside from broken glass, the wind caused much sway at the top
floors, calling for dampers. It was also found later that despite the
dampers, higher velocity winds could destroy it. Diagonal bracing
was added. All these ballooned to $100M on top of the original
budget of only $75M.
Minimalism (some articles say Corporate Modern)
By Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, particularly Henry N. Cobb (other
articles say I.M. Pei)

17. THE ATHENEUM (along A visitor orientation centre for a Utopian planned community (4-
Wabash River on New storeys with offices, exhibit space, and an auditorium)
Harmony, Indiana, 1975 to o Utopia ideal;
1979) Modern, International Style
o A three-dimensional play of disciplined geometries
o Steel framed, porcelain enamel cladding (26 square panels)
Designed by architect Richard Meier, in his signature
sophisticated white
o Both building and architect received the AIA Twenty-Five Year
Award in 2008, after a nomination by Peter Eisenman
o Pritzker Prize winner in 1984

18. WALT DISNEY WORLD Recreational theme park, particularly the Dolphin and Swan
(opened in 1990 along Lake Hotels
Buena Vista, Florida) o Enormous statues of fish, swans, and dolphins (about 50ft tall, 60
tons each, made of fiber glass)
o Lots of water features: cascades as high as 9-storeys
o Hotel rooms had disability features and other items designed by
the architect, such as murals, designer chairs, cutlery
(This is because the architect himself has a disability.)
Populist Architecture (also Entertainment Architecture or
Entertainment-Themed Architecture); ranked 70th in AIAs List of
Americas Favorite Architecture
Designed by Postmodernist architect Michael Graves (July 9,
1934)
o He prepared an entire story for a Swan and a Dolphin as a
potential Walt Disney film characters
o His designs are often described as whimsical (quirky, playful)
 and often colored turquoise and coral
o He is identified among the New York Top Five and teaches
Design and Theory at Princeton
19. SFMOMA (San Francisco, An art museum devoted solely to 20th century modern art (steel
California, completed in frame, brick cladding); full name: San Francisco Museum of
1995) Modern Art
Post-modern: an image-oriented design for a prominent building,
a strictly symmetrical composition of platonic masses with stripes
o Began from International Style of the 1950s and became a style
by itself by the 1970s
o A rejection of the Modern movement; primarily to solve the
problems created by the former
o Postmodern:
Rejection of Modern
Aim was to solve problem of climate change
+++ in historic and cultural context
Adapts form for the sake of form itself
From Postmodernist Robert Venturi: Less is a bore.
By Swiss architect Mario Botta (born 1943, assistant to Le Corbusier
and then to Louis Kahn). He was a Modernist but he adhered to
historical determinism.
ARCHITECTURE IN JAPAN

GEOGRAPHY Located in Eastern Asia, but Japan is an island so it is in the North

Pacific Ocean. It is also located east of the Korean peninsula.
Consists of several thousands of islands, of which Honshu,
Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku are the four largest.
Mt. Fuji most famous volcano and biggest peak in Japan
Japanese Alps highest mountain range
Surrounded by Pacific ocean and the Sea of Japan

CLIMATE Due to the large North South extension of the country, the climate
varies strongly in different regions.
The climate in most of the major cities, including Tokyo, is
temperate to subtropics and consists of four seasons. The winter is
mild and the summer is hot and humid. There is a rainy season in
early summer, and typhoons hit parts of the country every year
during late summer. The climate of the northern island of
Hokkaido and the Sea of Japan coast is colder, and snow falls in
large amounts. In Okinawa, on the other hand, the mean
temperature of January is a warm 17 degrees Celsius.
Because Japan is located in a region, where several continental
plates meet, the country experiences frequent earthquakes.

ARCHITECTURAL Originally heavily influenced by Chinese architecture from the

CHARACTER tang dynasty.
Refinement, combined with minuteness in carving and
decorations are noticeable in timber construction.
Especially notable for sloping and curved roofs. The projecting
roofs, ornamented with dragons and other monsters, are
supported on a succession of small brackets and are most striking
features.
Timber is the traditional building material for Japanese houses. It
makes them airy which is important during the humid summer
months.
Torii gateway
When Japan opened herself to the rest of the world around the
year 1868, Western architecture began to displace traditional
Japanese architecture. Nevertheless, some modern Japanese
detached houses still have a typically Japanese appearance.
EXAMPLES
1. MEIJI SHRINE (Shibuya, Tokyo)
2. GOLDEN PAVILION TEMPLE
(Kyoto, Japan)
3. HIMEJI CASTLE (Honmachi,
Himeji, Hyogo)
4. FUJI BROADCASTING CENTER
(Daiba, Minato, Tokyo)
A Shinto shrine dedicated to the deified souls of
Emperor Meiji and Empress Shoken.
It is the most important and popular Shinto
shrine in Tokyo, hosting many festivals and
ceremonies.
Located in a forest that covers an area of
700,000 square-meters (about 175 acres). This
area is covered by an evergreen forest that
consists of 120,000 trees of 365 different species.
The shrine was built in the traditional
nagarezukuri style and is made up primarily of
Japanese cypress and copper.
Officially named Rokuon-ji, is a Zen Buddhist
temple.
The garden complex is an excellent example of
Muromachi period garden design. This period is
considered to be a classical age of Japanese
garden design. It was a way to integrate the
structure within the landscape in an artistic way.
Designated as a National Special Historic Site
and a National Special Landscape, and it is one
of the 17 locations comprising the Historic
Monuments of Ancient Kyoto World Heritage
Site.
The pavilion functions as a shariden, housing
relics of the Buddha (Buddha's Ashes).
Widely considered as Japan's most spectacular
castle. Unlike many other Japanese castles,
Himeji Castle was never destroyed in wars,
earthquakes or fires and survives in its original
form.
Hilltop Japanese castle complex.
traditional wooden architecture, stone walls
and white-plastered walls
It is both a national treasure and a UNESCO
world heritage site.
Built during the 90s.
Known as the Fuji TV headquarters.
An innovative design divides building space into

5. KYOTO INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE CENTER
(Takaragaike, Saky-ku,
Kyoto, Japan)
6. NAKAGIN CAPSULE TOWER
(Shimbashi, Tokyo, Japan)
7. MODE GAKUEN COCOON
TOWER (Shinjuku, Tokyo)
an office tower and a media tower linked by
three enclosed pedestrian bridges, which
strengthen the structure and make it highly
earthquake resistant.
Main feature is a massive spherical observation
platform.
Architect: Kenzo Tange
abbreviated as ICC Kyoto
a large conference facility
Unusual hexagonal framework, resulting in few
vertical walls or columns.
The total facility provides 156,000 m of meeting
space, and consists of the main Conference Hall
with large meeting room (capacity 2,000) and a
number of smaller rooms, an Annex Hall
(capacity 1,500) and Event Hall, with the Grand
Prince Hotel Kyoto nearby.
Designed by architect Sachio Otani
Mixed use residential and office tower
Each capsule measures 2.3 m (7.5 ft) 3.8 m
(12 ft) 2.1 m (6.9 ft) and functions as a small
living or office space. Capsules can be
connected and combined to create larger
spaces.
Designed by architect Kisho Kurokawa
As of October 2012, around thirty of the 140
capsules remained in use as apartments, while
others were used for storage or office space, or
simply left abandoned and in disrepair.
204-metre (669 ft), 50-story educational facility
The building is home to three educational
institutions: Tokyo Mode Gakuen (fashion
vocational school), HAL Tokyo (special
technology and design college), and Shuto Ik
(medical college).
White aluminum and dark blue glass exterior form
the structure's curved shell, which is crisscrossed
by a web of white diagonal lines earning it the
 name "Cocoon Tower".
Designed by Tange Associates

8. MODE GAKUEN SPIRAL A 170-metre (558 ft), 36-story educational facility.

TOWERS (Nagoya, Aichi, The building is home to three vocational schools:
Japan) Nagoya Mode Gakuen, HAL Nagoya and
Nagoya Isen.
Three buildings of class rooms around the spiral
core are called Wings. The towers' wing-like
shape, narrow at the top, changes the rotation
axis as they rise and create an organic curve.
The towers are highlighted with a double-glassed
air flow window system and a natural air
ventilation system. The central core of the
building is a highly rigid cylindrical structure. This
structure securely protects the building against
twisting and earthquakes. This cylindrical
structure is called an inner truss tube and
comprises concrete-filled, steel tubular columns,
with braces deployed around the core.

ARCHITECTURE IN PAKISTAN

GEOGRAPHY Situated in the western part of the Indian subcontinent, with

Afghanistan and Iran on the west, India on the east, and the
Arabian Sea on the south.
divided into three major geographic areas:
o the northern highlands; the Indus River plain,
o with two major subdivisions: provinces of Punjab and Sindh; and
o the Balochistan Plateau
The northern and western highlands of Pakistan contain the
Karakoram and Pamir mountain ranges.

CLIMATE Lies in the temperate zone, immediately above the tropic of

cancer.
Pakistan has four seasons: a cool, dry winter marked by mild
temperatures from December through February; a hot, dry spring
from March through May; the summer rainy season, or southwest
monsoon period, from June through September; and the
retreating monsoon period of October and November.
ARCHITECTURAL great variation of climate has less general effect on architectu
CHARACTER than might be expected as protection against heat
o North-West seemed to have received more attention than wint
comfort.
o Pierced or latticed, windows to exclude sunlight and heat a
general
o High angle and frequency of sunny days, helped to produce th
characteristics external carved decoration, as an effect mo
contrast of light and shade.
o Flat roof is almost universal except in the east, where the need
deal with heavy and continuous rain produced steeply-pitche
roofs.
Indus valley civilization
o Uniform, appropriate structure with broad roads as well as
well thought out sanitary and drainage facilities.
o Brick constructions, Wood and loam served as construction
materials.
Buddhist and Hindu architecture
o Outstanding architectural monuments were again
developed with the rise of Buddhism.
o Important remnants of Buddhist construction are
stupas and other buildings.
Mughal architecture
o Arrival of Islam meant a sudden end of Buddhist
architecture.
o mosques were built with decorations oriented them
strongly to the Arab style
o Iwan - rectangular hall or space, usually vaulted,
walled on three sides, with one end entirely open.
o Wide prayer halls, round domes with mosaics and
geometrical samples and the use of painted tiles.
British colonial architecture
o Representative buildings of the Indo-European style
developed, from a mixture of European and Indian-
Islamic components.
Post-Independence architecture
o modern structures
o buildings of monumental importance
o Integrating culture, independence and modern
architecture.
EXAMPLES

1. HABIB BANK PLAZA Tallest building from 1963 to 2005.

(Karachi, Sindh, Remained tallest for four decades until the construction of MCB
Pakistan) Tower.
22 storeys, 101 meters
Architect: Leo Daly
2. MCB TOWER (Karachi, Headquarters of MCB Bank Limited formerly Muslim Commercial
Pakistan) Bank.
Tallest building in Pakistan.
29 floors, 116 meters
Design and interior design: Arshad Shahid Abdullah (ASA)

3. MINAR-E PAKISTAN Tower of Pakistan

(Lahore, Pakistan) Public monument to commemorate the Lahore Resolution.
Constructed on the site where, on 23 March 1940, seven years
before the formation of Pakistan, the Muslim League passed the
Pakistan Resolution, demanding the creation of Pakistan.
Blend of Mughal, Islamic and modern architecture.
92 meters
Architect: Nasreddin Murat-Khan
Structural design: Abdur Rahman Khan Niazi

4. FAISAL MOSQUE
(Islamabad, Pakistan)
Conceived as the National Mosque of Pakistan and named after
the late King Faisal bin Abdul-Aziz of Saudi Arabia, who
supported and financed the project.
designed by Turkish architect Vedat Dalokay
Shaped like a desert Bedouin's tent.
largest mosque in South Asia
5. PAKISTAN MONUMENT A national monument representing the nation's four provinces
(Islamabad, Pakistan) and three territories.
Blooming flower shape of the monument represents Pakistan's
progress as a rapidly developing country.
The four main petals of the monument represent the four
provinces (Balochistan, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, and
Sindh), while the three smaller petals represent the three
territories (Gilgit-Baltistan, Azad Kashmir and the Federally
Administered Tribal Areas).
Architect: Arif Masood

6. MAZAR-E-QUAID Jinnah Mausoleum or the National Mausoleum refers to the tomb

(Karachi, Pakistan) of the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Glowing tomb can be seen for miles at night.
designed by Yahya Merchant
Made of white marble with curved Moorish arches and copper
grills reset on an elevated 54 square meters platform.

ARCHITECTURE IN NEPAL

GEOGRAPHY Small country which is sandwiched between the respectively

larger countries of India and the Tibetan Autonomous region of
China.
No coast in Nepal, as it shares three quarters of its borders with
India (south, east and west) and the remaining northern border
with China.
Host to the Himalayas in the north of the country which contains
Mount Everest.
Divided into three broad physiographic areas: the Mountain
Region, the Hill Region, and the Tarai Region.

CLIMATE Variation in climate.

Differences in climatic conditions are primarily related to the
enormous range of altitude within such a short north-south
 distance.
The presence of the east-west-trending Himalayan massifs to the
north and the monsoonal alteration of wet and dry seasons also
greatly contribute to local variations in climate.
Altitude also affects annual rainfall or precipitation patterns.

ARCHITECTURAL Drawn deeply from cultures of India and China.

CHARACTER Architectural heritage: stupa, temples, picturesque townships
and native craftsmanship.
3 broad styles
o Pagoda style
Tiered tower with multiple eaves.
Multi-roofed structures with wide eaves supported by
carved wooden struts.
Purpose is to preserve the remains of Sakyamuni, founder
of Buddhism.
Means tomb
Odd number of levels based on achievements of Buddhist
master they were built for.
o Stupa style
Purely Buddhist in concept and execution.
Outstanding feature is a hemispherical mound topped by
a square base supporting a series of 13-circular rings
Top parasol
Four sides of square base (Harmika) pairs of all seeing
eyes
o Shikhara style
Superstructure of this style is a tall curvilinear or pyramidal
tower whose surface is broken up vertically into 5 or 9
sections.
Less popular style.

EXAMPLES

1. NYATAPOLA TEMPLE Tallest and most classical pagoda in Bhaktapur.

(Bhaktapur, Nepal) 5 storeys, 30 meters
Guarded in front by five gigantic pairs of temple guardians.
1st pair of Jaya Mal Pata (strongest man, wrestler)
2nd elephants
3rd lions
4th griffins
5th Baghini and Singhini (tiger and lion goddesses)
Erected in 5 months. So well designed that it withstands a

2. BOUDHANATH STUPA
3. KRISHNA TEMPLE (Patan
Durbar Square)
4. SHIDDHARTHA CHILDREN AND
WOMENS HOSPITAL (Butwal,
Nepal)
5. NARAYANHITI PALACE MUSEUM
(Kathmandu, Nepal)
powerful 8.3 earthquake in 1934.
Built for Siddhi Lakshmi.
Largest stupa in Nepal and the holiest Tibetan Buddhist temple
outside Tibet.
Probably built in the 14th century after the Mughal invasions.
Looks like a giant mandala or diagram of the Buddhist cosmos.
Nine levels of stupa represent the mythical Mt. Meru, center of
the cosmos; and the 13 rings from the base to the pinnacle
symbolize the path to enlightenment.
Built because of a dream. King Siddhi Narasigh dreamt that
gods Krishna and Radha were standing in front of the palace.
He won the war after building the palace.
Beneath its 21 gold pinnacles are 3 floors:
1st enshrines Krishna
2nd Shiva
3rd Lokeshwor
Scenes from Ramayana decorate the interior.
Brick masonry over reinforced concrete, large colonnades
protect interior from sun radiation.
First and only hospital of children and women.
100 bed charity hospital.
Constructed with support from popular Japanese newspaper
Mainichi and prize money from Pritzker award
Architect: Tadao Ando
Scene of the royal massacre on June 1st 2001 and is now
called the Narayanhiti Palace Museum.
Palace opened to visitors on February 26th, 2009 when Nepal
became a Republic.
Architect: Benjamin Polk
6. TRIBHUVAN INTERNATIONAL Sole international airport in Nepal.
AIRPORT (Kathmandu, Nepal) At present, about 30 international airlines connect Nepal to
various other destinations in Asia, Europe, and Middle East.

ARCHITECTURE IN SINGAPORE

GEOGRAPHY Island city-state in Southeast Asia, located at the southern tip

of the Malayan Peninsula between Malaysia and Indonesia.
Separated from Indonesia by the Singapore Strait and from
Malaysia by the Straits of Johor.
96km north of the equator, between longitude 103 degrees 36'
East and 104 degrees 25' East

ARCHITECTURAL Range of influences and styles from different places and

CHARACTER periods. These range from the eclectic styles and hybrid forms
of the colonial period to the tendency of more contemporary
architecture to incorporate trends from around the world.

EXAMPLES

1. ESPLANADE THEATERS ON THE BAY Waterside building located on six hectares of

(Marina Bay, Singapore) waterfront land alongside Marina Bay near the
mouth of the Singapore River.
centre for performing arts
contains:
o Concert hall
one of the five halls in the world with state
of the art acoustics
seats about 1,600
The hall's reverberation chamber is an
open void that spans three levels and has
a volume of 9,500 cubic meters, or about
the volume of four Olympic-sized
swimming pools.
o Theater
capacity of about 2,000 seats

2. OCBC (Oversea-Chinese Banking
Corporation) CENTER
3. SOLARIS
Part of the Fusionopolis cluster which is a master
One of the bioclimatic buildings designed by
Certified BCA Green Mark Platinum, the highest
adapts the horseshoe form of a traditional
European opera house
main stage is framed by an adjustable
proscenium arch, allowing the stage
width to be adjusted from 12m-16m
o Library
first public library for the performing arts
(music, dance, theatre and film)
located at third floor
52 storeys, 197.7 meters skyscraper
Designed by I.M. Pei & Partners together with
now defunct BEP Akitek (Pte) Singapore
Structure consists of two semi-circular reinforced
concrete cores as well as three lateral girders
which helped made construction faster.
Nicknamed the calculator due to its flat shape
and windows which look like button pads.
Located in the research and business park in
central Singapore's one-north community.
plan for the visionary mixed-use development
prepared by Zaha Hadid Architects.
Ken Yeang in collaboration with the CPG
Consultants and engineering by Arup
Singapore.
possible green certification granted by
Singapores sustainable building benchmark.
o Two towers, 8 storeys and 12 storeys high
separated by grand, naturally ventilated
central atrium.
o Office floors are linked by a series of sky
bridges spanning the atrium.
o High performance faade has an External
 Thermal Transfer Value of 39 W/sq.m.
o Has continuous perimeter of landscape
ramp of 1.5 km in a spiraling movement
around the building complex.
o Solar shaft diagonal shaft that cuts through
the upperfloors of tower A that allows
daylight to penetrate deep into the
buildings interior.
o Eco-cell allows vegetation, daylight and
natural ventilation to extend into the car
park levels.
o Sun shading louvers.

4. MARINA BAY SANDS An integrated resort fronting Marina Bay in

Singapore.
Worlds most expensive standalone casino
property.
The 20-hectare resort was designed by Moshe
Safdie Architects.
The local architect of record was Aedas
Singapore.
Engineering was provided by Arup and Parsons
Brinkerhoff (MEP).
Inspired by card decks.
In addition to the casino, other key components
of the plan are three hotel towers with 2,500
rooms and suites, a 200,000-square-foot
(19,000 m2) Art Science Museum and a
convention centre with 1,200,000 square feet
(110,000 m2) of space, capable of
accommodating up to 45,000 people.

5. ILUMA (Burgis Street Area, An entertainment and retail development

Singapore) Designed by WOHA Architects
The design contrasts a vibrant hot colored
rectilinear block against a curvaceous sculpted
form with a cladding of monochrome shades of
grey and white.
Features a custom-designed artistic Crystal Mesh
media faade composed of faceted jewel-like
fixtures that glitter in the day and glow in the
 night.
The crystal media faade was conceived and
developed in close cooperation with a Berlin-
based artist and architect, and features simple
energy-saving bulbs in a custom designed
reflector, controlled by a custom designed
software.

ARCHITECTURE IN THAILAND

GEOGRAPHY Thailand occupies the western half of the Indochinese

peninsula and the northern two-thirds of the Malay
Peninsula in Southeast Asia.
Its neighbors are Burma (Myanmar) on the north and west,
Laos on the north and northeast, Cambodia on the east,
and Malaysia on the south.

Wat - monastery temple in Thailand, Cambodia, or Laos.

EXAMPLES

1. ELEPHANT BUILDING (Paholyothin Road High rise building

& Ratchadaphisek Road, Bangkok, 32 storey, 102 meters
Thailand) Consists of 7 parts:
o Tower A (Office)
o Tower B (Office)
o Tower C (Residential)
o Top Floor (Luxurious residential suites)
o Recreation Ground (Swimming Pool &
Gardens)
o Shopping Plaza, Bank & post office
o Parking garage
awarded no.4 for the "20 World's Most Iconic
Skyscrapers" by CNNGo in February 2011

2. ROBOT BUILDING (191 South Satorn 20 storeys

Road Silom) Houses United Overseas Bank's Bangkok
headquarters.
Buildings features, such as progressively receding
walls, antennas, and eyes, contribute to its robotic
appearance and to its practical function.
Architect: Sumet Jumsai
3. BAIYOKE TOWER (Bangkok, Thailand) 85-storey, 304 m (997 ft) skyscraper hotel
Tallest building
The deck of floor 84 has a rotating observatory.
The floor turns 360 degrees in this observatory in a
time of 5 minutes.
MODULE 04: HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4

ARCHITECTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES: PRE-SPANISH PERIOD

INFLUENCES
An archipelago of more than 7000 island with three major island group (Luzon,Visayas,
Mindanao)
Found in the southern east coast of Asia mainland
x Northern Latitude, y Eastern Longitude
located on the pacific ring of fire with 52 volcanoes and at least one major earthquake
once a year
Resources
- Minerals
Petroleum, iron, copper, gold, limestone, nickel, cobalt, silver
- Nonmetallic minerals
Rock, asphalt, gypsum, asbestos, sulfur and coal
- Quarried
Limestone, adobe and marble
- Wood
Narra, molave, yacal, dao, ipil, guijo, tanguile, etc. palm, nipa, rattan, and bamboo
Religion
- ANIMO-DEISM- existence of life in every direction
- MOHAMMEDANISM- introduced by the Arabs in 1380,flourished in Mindanao
- CHRISTIANITY- introduced by Spaniards by mid 1500s in Visayas
History
- Negritos- earliest settlers in the Philippines- believed to have migrated from Borneo,
Sumatra & Malaya
- Islam- introduced by Arab traders from Malay and Borneo
- Spanish Colonial Era- End of 16th Century
Manila has become a leading commercial center in East Asia
1898 Philippines acquired its independency on Spain, United States took control of
the Philippines until 1946
- American
Roadways, sanitary facilities and schools- brought by American rule
Commerce, trade and agriculture- given additional intention
- World War II
1942- Japanese occupied Manila
 1945- Recovery of the entire island

DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE
Prehistoric Period - prehistoric man seek protection from the cold winds and rain either
in natural formations where they adapt to the existing conditions, or in temporary
shelters which they fashioned out of whatever resources are available.
o Lean-to - framed with tree branches and twigs, and leaves and fronds for sidings
with the floor laid directly on the ground.
o Caves - simplest natural protective barriers from natural elements; elevated
location serve as barrier to both animal and human enemies.
o Tree-house - built with a height of 2 to 20 meters from the ground for added
protection from floods, wild animals or enemies.

INDIGENOUS FOLK DWELLINGS

- houses forms that developed in isolation and were untouched by western influences,
and have changed little in the centuries

Dwellings adapted to the cold climate in highlands

1. Isnegs Binuron

Isneg is known as the people who have gone into the interiors. Their
house is influenced by boat design. Have 15 posts and have TARAKIP,
an annex attached to one or both ends of the house. ATOBTOBO - single
post or special post
2. Kalinga

Upper Kalinga - BINAYON or FINARYON-

octagonal house with 12 posts
b. Lower Kalinga - floor area is divided into one wide middle section
(DATTAGON) and two narrow slightly elevated side sections (SIPI)

3. Ifugao house

Three-level structure supported by girders equipped with rat guards or

HALIPAN
 roof is made of cogon thatch; pyramidal extending down to the floor level.

4. BontocsFayu

Farey is the house for the rich people while Kul-ob or Kokkho-ot is the
house of poor people. The house is square in plan and design to facilitate
various activities.
5. KankanaisBinangiyan

A single room dwelling elevated at 1.50 meters from the ground.

They used jaw bones and skulls of butchered pigs as their decorative
elements and furnishing in their house.
6. Ivatan

The plan is made of two areas, the rakuh (big house) which consisted of
living room and sleeping quarters and the kusina (kitchen).
Made of thick lime-and-stone walls supported by wooden posts
embedded inside the walls
7. TBoli

The house is located in hilltops and mountaintops

One roof house made of dry grass and bamboo
carried by huge wooden posts
The house was built 1.80 meters high stilts and it
is designin various levels with different functions
.
8. Tausugs Bay-sinug

Houses are built on land facing west, rests on

nine posts signifying parts of the body.
BILIK - main house (sleeping area)
Kinds of Roof
o SUNGAN - four sloping sides,
only two side made to form the
apex
 o LIBUT - square with 4 sloping sides, top is open to allow
free circulation of air in the interior
o TAJUK PASUNG - a carved wooden decoration placed in
the edge of the roof ridge
9. Samal
Houses built on water and connected by walkways
10. Maranao

Ma+ ranao (lake)- lake-like, by or near the lake or lake dwellers

Their house is arranged in line pattern along the river, road or lake shore
Ranggar/ langgal- small Islamic prayer house that is located in the
community.
Three major typology of a Maranao House:
o Lawig- small houses
o Mala- a walai/ walay- - single-room structure; split bamboo
enclose silong is used for storage, farming and fishing tools and
format weaving; a necessity in the polygamous culture
o Torogan- ancestral home of the upper class; a big, tall,
extravagant house for Maranao chiefs
11. Badjao
Known as the Sea Gypsies of Sulu. They are boat dwellers.
Three kinds of Badjao house:
o Lipa house- loose and detachable, poles are attached to frame the
shape over which a nipa roof is rolled
o Djenging- walled in all sides by wooden boards, nailed
permanently with window openings and the doors are galvanized
sheet for the roof
o Dapang- a boat of varied sizes and length with outriggers, use for
fishing and as house boats.
12. Yakan
Lumah- yakans traditional house
The house have three components; the main house which is a single
room with no partitions, the kitchen that serves as the cooking and eating
room, and the porch or pantan which is the main entry of the house.
13. Mandaya
Build their dwellings high in the branches of the trees and often on the
edges of the cliffs.
Two kinds of tree houses;
o A crude which is simply resting in the limbs of the trees.
o The second is built in the top of the tree that has been cut 15 or 20
feet.
14. Bahay Kubo
Originally a one room dwelling structure with porch provided on all over
side of the house.
THE SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD

INTRODUCTION
SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
Spanish discovered an agricultural and seafaring society when groups of people
live in the cluster of single houses that were raised above the ground on the
stilts.
ARCHITECTURE
BAHAY NA BATO
- Also known as BahayKastila or Bahayna Tisa.
- A spacious, durable, comfortable and elegant house occupied by large, extended
families

Structural elements
- stone walls may be made of adobe, marble or limestone, volcanic tuff, granite, brick or
river stones with mortar made from a mixture of lime, sand and water
Roof
- Clay tiles and nipa were used as roof covering
Characteristic or features
o Form - have three level architectural composition of Bahay Kubo
GROUND FLOOR - made of cut stone or brick almost 1 meter thick,
bounded with mortar
SECOND FLOOR - supported by huge wooden pillars
ROOF - high hipped or pyramidal roof made of thatch or clay tiles
o Windows
VENTANILLAS - small windows below the main window, protected by
grilles or wooden barandillas
CONCHAS - sliding windows with wooden frames and capiz shells
PERSIANA WINDOWS - framed wooden slats with a herringbone-shaped
rod
MEDIA AGUA - canopies which protected the windows from direct sunlight

Decorative elements
o Callado - wooden fretwork placed on upper portions of the walls, close to the
ceiling
Areas at the ground floor
o Zaguan - housed carriages carozas and old furnitures
o Cuadra (Caballieriza) - stables
o Bodega - storage for old furniture and palay
o Patio - closed courtyard open to the sky. adjacent to zaguan
Areas at the second floor
o Ante-sala or Caida - spacious hall where acquaintances are recieved
o Sala - living room
o Volada - flying gallery that projects beyond the posts
o Balcon - terrace near the living room
o Alcova, Cuarto or silid - bedrooms
o Comedor - dining room
o Cucina - kitchen
o Azotea - open terrace with a cistern forming water
o Comon or Latrina - toilet located away from the main house
CHURCH ARCHITECTURE
- Churches were built in all the parishes and were made tall, and extravagant to become
the most prominent structures in the pueblos
- Churches designs would differ according to the religious that built them:
1. Augustinian churches - characterized by architectonic monumentality; fortress-
like qualities; size would depend upon the amount of tributos collected.
2. Dominican churches - can be found in Ilocos and Cagayan Valley regions;
often made of bricks consolidated with lime-based mortar and plaster.
3. Jesuit and Recollect churches - can be found in the Southern part of the
Philippines made use of limestone and coralline stone

KEY TERMS
APSE- also sanctuary the area where the altar and retablo are located and
where rites are celebrated
ATRIUM- an uncovered inner courtyard
BAPTISTERY- place for baptism
BELLTOWER- towers where bells are hung
BUTTRESS- strong piers that are attached to the wall to strengthen it
CHOIRLOFT-an elevated area above the vestibule for the choir
CROSSING TOWER- a quadrilateral structure that covers the crossing
CUPOLA- also dome. An ovoid or hemispherical structure that covers the
crossing
FAADE- front of the church
GALLERY- extension of the choirloft that runs along the length of the nave
MAIN ALTAR- found at the end of the nave
NAVE- main body of the church
NICHE- a place for sacred image
PEDIMENT- upper most portion of the faade
PULPIT- a raised flatform used by a preacher. It usually has a roof, the tornavoz
RETABLO- also reredo. Backdrop of an altar made up of architectural members,
sculpting and painting.
SACRISTY- vestry. A place where priest and ministers done their vestments also
a storage area
TRANSEPT- in a cruciform church, a wing that runs perpendicular to the nave.
VESTIBUULE- area below the choirloft and nearest the main door
VISITA- an ecclesiastical unit dependent upon a parish. A chapel.
NOTABLE EXAMPLES

1. PAOAY CHURCH, IlocosNorte (UNESCO World Heritage Site, since 1993)

- began in 1699 by Augustinian priest, Fr. ANTONIO ESTAVILLO; completed
between 1702-1710
-its bell tower was made of coral stones and lime powder with molasses by
volutes.

2. TAMAUINI CHURCH, Isabela (one of the National Heritage Museum of the

Philippines)
- Construction began in 1705 by Dominican DOMINGO FORTO and town mayor
PABLO SIASON
- Focal point of the facade is a circular pediment enhanced by colored glass window
framed by moulded floral garlands
- Circular bell tower contrasts in colour and texture because of its white limestone finish

3. BARASOAIN CHURCH, Malolos (declared a National Historical Landmark in 1973)

- Present structure was started in 1885 by Augustinian Fr. JUAN GIRON, and a
builder named MAGPAYO from the ruins of the old church which was destroyed
by the 1880 earthquake
4. SAN SEBASTIAN CHURCH, Manila (declared a National Historical Landmark in
1973)
- Present church was designed by GENARO PALACIOS, a government engineer
after the 1880 earthquake
- GOTHIC style minus the flying buttresses lancet arches, fans vaults, stained
glass, rose windows
- The first prefabricated structure erected in the Philippines; made entirely of
steel which is transported from Belgium to Manila; interior was painted to resemble
faux marble.

5. SAN AUGUSTIN CHURCH, Manila (UNESCO World Heritage, since 1973)

- Oldest existing church in the Philippines (1587-1607)
- built by JUAN MACIAS according to plans approved by the Royal Audienca de
Mexico; in 1854, DON LUCIANO OLIVER, the municipal architect of Manila
renovated the facade by adding height to the towers
- High Renaissance style facade - characterized by the super-positioned
columns; decorated only with a circular window and the semi-circular entrance
- trompe l'oeil by italian artist CAESARE DIBELLA and GIOVANI ALBERONI at
ceiling and pilasters
6. TAAL BASILICA, Batangas (declared a National Shrine by Presidential Decree in
1974)
- built by FRAY MARCOS ANTON (aided by the architect, Don Luciano Oliver) in
1858, completed by Fr. AGAPITO APARICIO in 1878
- Neoclassical facade has coupled ionic columns on the first level, arched
windows mouldings balance the verticality created by the columns
- Interior lacks the usual ornamentations

7. DARAGA CHURCH, Albay (UNESCO World Heritage Site, 1993)

- built by Franciscan missionaries in 1773
- main facade is decorated by four medallions bearing bas-relief separated by
four twisted columns; profuse stone carvings emphasizes at the centre of the
facade the medallion of Our Lady of the Gate, and culminate at the pediment
with the niche with the statue of the Immaculate Conception
- An massive octagonal four-level bell tower stands at the side of the church

8. MIAGAO CHURCH, Iloilo (declared a National Shrine by Presidential Decree in 1973)

- rebuilt under FRAY FRANCISCO GONZALES MAXIMO, 1786-1797)
- simple and massive because it also functions as a fortress; massive dissimilar
belltowers reminiscent of Medieval castles
- local botanical motifs are found in the carvings on the pediment which was
separated from the first level by a frieze and decorative balusters
9. STO. NIO DE CEBU, Cebu
- built by FRAY JUAN DE ALBARRAN, since 1735
- facade has Moorish, Romanesque, and Neoclassical elements; of two levels
following the `Classical pattern with a tableau-like retablo at the centre

10. BACLAYON CHURCH, Bohol

- Built by Fr. JUAN DE TORRES and Fr. GABRIEL SANCHEZ IN 1595;
reputed to be the oldest church made of stone in the country
- Facade was designed in the simple lines of the Early Renaissance with a
massive bell tower at the right

MILITARY ARCHITECTURE

Fortifications were constructed by Spanish friars as a defense against Moro pirates.

1. REAL FUERZA DE SANTIAGO (Fort Santiago)

- Congress of the Philippines declared it a "Shrine Freedom" in 1950
- built upon the timber fort abandoned by Rajah Sulayman at the mouth of the
Pasig River (1571)
- 1583- designed by Fr. ANTONIO SEDEO with Diego Jordan as engineer,
under orders from Gov. Gen. Santiago de Vera to fortify the Southern flank
opening to Bagumbayan
- destroyed by American forces during the 1945 Battle of Manila, and was
restored as a public park

2. INTRAMUROS (Walled city)

- within a city laid out on a pentagon plan with a grid (Laws of the Indies)
- walls have eight opening or gates (extend 25 feet above the moat) :
o Puerta Isabel
o Puerta Real
 o Puerta del Parian
o Sta. Lucia gate
o Postigo gate
o Sto. Domingo gate
o Almacenes gate - the main entrance
o Aduana gate
o
CIVIC ARCHITECTURE
Bridges
1. PUENTE DE ESPAA (Jones bridge)
- the first bridge to span the Pasig River, linking Intramuros to Binondo
2. PUENTE COLGANTE (Quezon bridge)
- a suspension type pedestrian bridge; its framework of ion was imported
from England
- Colgar means "to suspend"

ARCHITECTURE IN THE LATE SPANISH PERIOD

- materials used:
o bricks
o limestone
o hardwood
o capiz shells
o imported G.I sheets
o clay tiles
- 1870 - elaborate lace-like grillwork became popular shift from Geometric to
Floral classification
-1880's - Steel and concrete construction was introduced in the mid-80's asa
result of European and American influence
- 1890's - pierced transoms with elaborate floral scroll work were incorporated
into the design of the walls and windows, providing even more ventilation
- ART NOUVEAU was introduced
- FELIX ROXAS - the first Filipino architect; Architect for the Manila Government
(1866)
-JUANHERVAS- a Catalan and one of the Spanish architects invite to
reconstruct Manila after 1863 and 1880 earthquakes
- designed Tutuban train station

EARLY 20TH CENTURY TO PRESENT

Chalet - a "suburban" (people began moving from the old section of the city to the new
neighbourhoods in Malate and Ermita where houses could be built singly on spacious
lots)
- simple design with a veranda in front of the house

Bungalow - one-storey house with wide picture windows introduced by the Americans in
1848; built in the typical American manner
Government housing project - one storey houses on small lots or tenement housing
- BLISS - design of the simple units were changed and personalized by the owners
Middle-class housing - planned communities with a more natural or organic design
 Subdivisions, Townhouses and Condominiums - increased in number in the 1970's and
continue to provide more sophisticated versions of mass housing

AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD

- was marked by projects in the field of education, health and sanitation, public works,
communications, transportation, resources development and conservation

DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE
Chalet - a "suburban" (people began moving from the old section of the city to the new
neighbourhoods in Malate and Ermita where houses could be built singly on spacious
lots)
- simple design with a veranda in front of the house
Bungalow - one-storey house with wide picture windows introduced by the Americans in
1848; built in the typical American manner

DOMINANT STYLES
NEOCLASSICAL STYLE - influenced by the style used in American for civic architecture
at the time characterized by the use of columns, grand stairway, symmetrical planning
and monumentality
ART DECO - introduced by the Filipino pensionado architects
- seen as a symbol of progress
IMPORTANT ARCHITECTS
Maestros de Obra (Master Builders) - architectural designers who acquired the title
either from practical experience or complete academic training for a Master Builders
course

DANIEL H. BURNHAM - commissioned by Gov. Gen, Howard Taft to draft the master plan for
Manila and Baguio, and to design the Government Capitol Buildings
- Taft Avenue - designed by Burnham to be a "ceremonial boulevard"
- Dewey Boulevard - designed to be a linear parkway with tropical
landscaping on both sides and a spectacular view of Manila Bay
JUAN M. ARELLANO - adhered to the principles of the Parisian Ecole des Beaux Art system in
favoured Neoclassical designs
- Famous works:
a. The Legislative Bldg.
b. Post Office Bldg. at LiwasangBonifacio
c. Metropolitan Theatre
d. Master Development Plan of U.P Diliman
DON TOMAS MAPUA

o first Filipino registered architect

o founder and first Filipino president of Mapua Institute of Technology (1925)
o master of Beaux Arts style and a classical revivalist
o
GREAT WORKS
- Mapua Institute of Technology (MIT) January 25, 1925
-M.I.T. is a private, non-sectarian, Filipino tertiary institute located in Intramuros, Manila
and in Makati
 St. La Salle Hall- also known as the LS Building 1920-1924
-serves as the new campus of De La Salle College (now De La Salle University)
An H shaped four storey structure built in the neoclassical style

ANTONIO MANALAC TOLEDO (1889-1972)

The youngest pensionados sent to the United States in 1904
One of the first professors at the Mapua Institute of Technology
Master of the neo-classical style and has been known for his design of the UP
Padre Faura campus buildings and Agrifina buildings.

GREAT WORKS
Manila City Hall
-former Finance Building in the city
-Neo-classical style
Legislative Building (Padre Burgos Ave., Ermita Manila)
-currently serves as the home of the National Museum of the Philippines
-designed by Ralph Harrington Doane and Antonio Toledo in 1918
-Neo-classical style

PABLO S. ANTONIO

National Artist in Architecture Pablo S. Antonio pioneered modern Philippine

architecture
Greatly influenced by the Art Deco style
an advocate of modernism, his architecture is characterized by clean lines, plain
surfaces, bold rectangular masses while exploiting the potentials of wood, stone,
and reinforced concrete

GREAT WORKS
Ideal Theater
-One of the earliest movie houses in the Philippines
-One of his first major works along with the buildings of Far Eastern University and
Manila Polo Club
-built in the style of Art Deco or a branch of style like Streamline Moderne in the
Philippines.
Life Theater
-used to be one of Manilas prime movie house
-the theatre was adorned with aluminium baffles and columns, consistent with its art
deco design.

Nicanor Reyes Hall (Quezon boulevard in Quiapo Manila) 1930

-One of the building of Far Eastern University- Library and instate of accounting
business and finance
-from the name of the first president of F.E.U.
-art modern design along with art deco style
Galaxy Theater
-designs have sun baffles created a very dignified character to the structure

JUAN NAKPIL (1899-1986) Quiapo, Manila

 o First Filipino member of the American Institute of Architects
o Studied Civil Engineering at the University of the Philippines
o 1925 he went to France to take architecture in the Fountainbleau School of Fine
Arts, and received his diploma d architecture
o first architect to be conferred the National Artist Award (1973)
GREAT WORKS
University of the Philippines Administration Building and Library
o ADMINISTRATION BUILDING
-The ground of the building is use for graduation exercises
-colonnaded void rising three stories high at the center of the structure framed by
offices on both sides.
o LIBRARY
-the main library, which is the seat of the library
-administration is situated at Gonzalez Hall in the middle of the academic oval
Capitol Theater
-built in 1935 and is located at Escolta, Manila
-Art Deco style

GABRIEL FORMOSO

o Contributed many notable landmarks to the Philippine architecture

o Built some of the most beautiful houses in Metro Manila and Baguio
o Studied architecture from 1933 to 1937 at the University of Santo Tomas
o Likha Award and Gold Medal 1990
o Most prolific architect of his generation

GREAT WORKS
PBCom Tower (6795 Ayala Avenue corner V.A Ruffino Street Salcedo Village Makati
City, Philippines)
-construction started 1998 and has 54 floors above ground and 7 below ground
-the building has banking facilities, food court with outdoor garden caf, business center
and roof deck helipad
Pacific Star Building 1989
-located at Senator Gil Puyat Avenue
- A commercial office with 29 floors and a height of 100.02m
-modernism in style and the tallest office building in the Philippines until RuffinoPacific
Tower was built

MANUEL T. MANOSA JR.

6TH UAP National President

Topped the board examination of architecture in 1950
Elected as the president of the Philippine Institute of Architects
Founder of Architectural Center
He received many awards such as Award of Merit, Silver Jubilee Awards,
Outstanding Thomasian for excellence in design, UST CAFA Award 1976, PRC
Award

GREAT WORKS
Camp John Hay
 -used to be the rest and recreational facility for employees of the military and department
of Defens of the United States
-named taken from the name of roosebelts military adviser
-master plan came from Manuel Manosa Jr.s firm the PROS
-camp for American and British soldiers during the war

FELIPE M. MENDOZA

3rd UAP National Architect

promoter of tropical organic architecture
Prime mover of the UAP
Awarded by First Likha Awardee by UAP[ in 1982, PRC Outstanding Architect of
the Year in 1982

GREAT WORKS
BatasangPambansa Complex
-it is the headquarters of thr House of the Representatives of the Philippines
-classically symmetrical in plan
-blending in the west and the east
-uses natural ventilation by openings at the top and generous corridors to allow the flow
of free air
Manila Temple
-it was the first temple built in the Philippines and second to be built in Asia
-temple design: modern adaptation of six-spire design

POST-WAR AND CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES

THE 1950s.
o Brisesoleil (sun breakers) became a favorite feature which defined the Plain
international style; used for headquarters of big companies, & it was extensively used
even in regional offices.
o DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE
Accessoria- two-storey dwellings having individual entrances & facilities; emerged in
the suburban areas(the picturesque apartments we usually see in American movies
having staircases on which
people sit as they watch the others passing by.

THE 1960s
o Dominated by the Third generation of Filipino architects
o Reclamation of manila bay began
o Domestic architecture

THE 1970s
o designers hospitals- commissioned by Imelda Marcos to Arch. Jorge ramos
o Brutalism style was established
- Brutalist buildings usually are formed with striking repetitive angular
geometries, and, where concrete is used, often revealing the texture of the
wooden forms used for the in-situ casting
o dominated by fourth generation of Filipino Architects:
 a. LEANDRO VALENCIA LOCSIN(1928-1994)
b. FRANCISCO TRONQUED MAOSA

THE 1980s
o vernacular revival continued
o Regionalist architecture- more responsive designs to local climate and culture
o proliferation of buildings for commerce, concominiums, and townhouses
o Dominated by the fifth generation of filipino architects

THE 1990s PRESENT

o design was not only about aesthetics, but functional and with low impact on the
environment
o continued proliferation of malls
o Ramos administration encourage global competitiveness
o Mixed use redevelopment projects strive for more pedestrian friendly environment
o Emergence of western design structures

CONSERVATION, PRESERVATION AND RESTORATION

CLASSIFICATION OF HISTORIC SITES AND STRUCTURES

1. National Shrine historic site or object hallowed and honored for their history or
association
2. National Monuments objects, structures or sites dedicated to memorialized or give
reverence to a special historic personage or event
3. National Landmarks sites or structures that are associated with an event, achievement
characteristic, or modification that makes a turning point or stage in Philippine history
4. Heritage Houses houses of ancestry with notable historical and cultural significance
5. Historic sites natural areas or places with historical significance, and places
recognized, marked or declared.
6. Classified structures and sites not falling under above five categories and marked are
listed as classified and recorded in the NHIs National Registry of Historic Structures.

All sites and structures must fall within the NHI Criteria for Identification of Historic Sites and
Structures. In the identification procedure, all sites and structures must, at least be 50 years old
and display a high degree of authenticity to quality for consideration.

NOTABLE EXAMPLES

TRADITIONAL DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE

1. GOVERNMENT HOUSING PROJECTS
1.1 BAGONG LIPUNAN SITE AND SERVICES
1973-1979 government financed total 58,623 houses
The project was initiated by first lady IMELDA MARCOS
Designed by GABINO DE LEON
1.2 PHILAM LIFE HOME VILLAGE
The first middle class housing development outside manila
A housing project of Philam Life Company
Planned by Arch. Angel Nakpil
Houses were designed by Arch Carlos Arguelles
1.3 CONDOMINIUMS
1.3.1 AZURE SAPPHIRE CONDO TOWER 2
 27 storey residential condominium
Located along Fort Bonifacio Global City Taguig
Designed by G&W Architects

1.3.2 CRESENT PARK RESIDENCES

28 storey residential condominium
Located at 30th street corner 2nd Avenue, Bonifacio Global City, Taguig
Designed by G&W Architects

1.3.3 GRAND HAMPTONS PLACE TOWER 2

28 storey residential condominium
Located along Fort Bonifacio Global City Taguig
Designed by G&W Architects

1.3.4 KENSINGTON PLACE

23 storey residential condominium
Located along Fort Bonifacio Global City Taguig
Designed by G&W Architects
2nd B.T.O (built To Own) condominium in Manila

INSTITUTIONAL AND COMMERCIAL POST-WAR ARCHITECTURE

1. GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS (MARCOSIAN ARCHITECTURE)
1.1 CULTURAL CENTER OF THE PHILIPPINES
A government-owned and controlled corporation established to preserve,
develop and promote arts and culture in the Philippines
Provides performance and exhibition venues for various local and international
production at it eponymous 62 hectare complex located in the cities of Pasay and
Manila
The faade of the national theatre is dominated by a two-storey travertine block
suspended 12 meters high deep concave cantilevers on three sides. The rest of
the structure is clad in concrete, texture by crushed seashells, originally found on
the reclamation site
Designed by Architect LEANDRO LOCSIN
1.2 FOLK ARTS THEATER
Also known as the TANGHALANG FRANCISCO BALAGTAS
Designed by Architect LEANDRO LOCSIN
1.3 PHILIPPINE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTER
A convention center located in the Cultural Center of the Philippines complex
Became the home of the office of the vice president of the Philippines until 2005
Designed by Architect LEANDRO LOCSIN
1.4 MANILA FILM CENTERLUNG CENTER OF THE PHILIPPINES
A national building located at the southwest end of the cultural center of the
Philippines complex
Designed by Architect Froilan Hong
1.5 LUNG CENTER OF THE PHILIPPINES
Located along Quezon Ave. Quezon City, Metro Manila
Established on January 16, 1981 by President Ferdinand Marcos under
Presidential Decree No. 1823
Designed by Architect Jorge Ramos
1.6 NATIONAL KIDNEY TRANSPLANT AND INSTITUTE
Located along East Avenue in Quezon City
 Formerly known as the National Kidney Foundation of the Philippines (NKFP)
Center for referreal of kidney patients from various regional hospitals in the
nation and is recognized as the lead agency in voluntary blood services
Renovated by Architect Prosperidad Luis
2. FIRST GENERATION MULTI STOREY STRUCTURES
2.1 RUFINO PACIFIC TOWER
One of the tallest skyscraper in the Philippines and its the tallest steel-framed
building in the country
Home of the Rufino Family Corporations and is commonly known as Rufino
Tower or Rufino Plaza
Designed with exterior double-glazed, unitized curtain walls
2.2 LUNETA HOTAL
One of the few remaining structures that survived the devastating WW II
6 storey art deco style hotel
The only building in Manila during the colonial period with French renaissance
style windows and balcomies, adorned with cast iron grilles
Designed by Spanish Architect-Engineer Salvador Farre and was completed in
1918
2.3 THE MANILA HOTEL
Five star hotel with 570 rooms and is located in the heart of Manila Bay area
The 1st air conditioned and the oldest premier hotel in the Philippines built in
1909-1912
It was the residence of general Douglas MacArthur from 1935-1941
The original H shaped plan was designed by American Architect William Parson
The hotel was remodelled in 1976 by Paris-trained Filipino Architect Andres Luna
De San Pedro
2.4 UY CHACO BUILDING
A 6 storey office building for the Uy Chaco Company
Featuring a corner domed tower, which is originally had several clocks
Became the most distinct landmark of Binondo district after the Binondo Church
Designed by Architect Andres Luna De San Pedro
2.5 REGINA BUILDING
One of the earliest structure made of reinforced concrete and one of Manilas
architectural landmark
A 3 storey commercial building in art deco style
3. HOTELS
3.1 HOTEL DE ORIENTE
Located in Binondo, Manila
The first hotel in the Philippines owned by Don Manuel Perez
Designed by Architect Juan Jose Huervas Y Arizmend
A two storey building with 83 rooms
3.2 DISCOVERY SUITES
Located in OrtigasCenter, Manila
With 225 rooms
3.3 MARRIOT HOTEL
Located at no.10 Newport Boulevard, Newport City Complex Pasay City Manila
A 5 star hotel owned by Renowned Asian lodging brand Genting Group
3.4 MAXIMS HOTEL
Located in Coral Way Avenue Corner Seaside Boulevard, SM Mall of Asia
Complex, Pasay City
The only and 1st six-star luxury casino hotel in the Philippines
 owned by Renowned Asian lodging brand Genting Group
3.5 WATERFRONT HOTEL
A 4-star hotel in Makati with 562 exquisitely designed guest rooms
3.6 SHANGRI-LA HOTEL
A 5-star hotel in Makati with 699 guest rooms and suites
One of the three hotels managed by Shangrila-La Hotels and Resorts
4. TALLEST BUILDINGS
4.1 THE GRAMERCY RESIDENCES
A high-end residential condominium located at Century city, Kalayaan Avenue,
Poblacion, Makati City, Philippines
302 M in height with 37 storeys
Owned by Century Properties Incorporations
Architects: JerdePartneship International and in collaboration with Philippine
architectural firm Roger Villarosa Architects and Associates

4.2 PHILIPPINE BANK OF COMMUNICATIONS TOWER

An office skyscraper that is also known as PBCom Tower and is located at 6795
Ayala avenue corner V.A. Rufino Street, Salcedo Village, Makati City
259 m of height with 52 storeys including 8 level radio tower
Owned by PHILIPPINE BANK OF COMMUNICATIONS
Architects: GF and Partners Architects in cooperation with international architects
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, LLP
4.3 GT INTERNATIONAL TOWER
GT in the name stands for George Ty, the building owner and the chairman of
the Metrobank Group.
Located at 6813 Ayala Avenue Corner H.V. Dela Costa Street, Makati City
An office skyscraper with a height of 217.3 m, with 47 floors above ground and 5
floors belowground
Architects: local architectural firms GF and Partners Architects and Recio +
Casas Architects in cooperation with renowned international architectural firm
Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates as its design consultant
Made of concrete and glass and modern in style
4.4 BSA TWIN TOWER 1 & 2
Located in Bank drive, OrtigasCenter, Mandaluyong City
Commercial/ residential condominium building
215m in height with 55 floors
4.5 ST. FRANCIS SHANGRI-LA PLACE TOWER 1&2
Residential condominium, skyscraper located at Shaw Blvd. Cor. St. Francis St.,
OrtigasCenter, Mandaluyong City
212.88 m in height with 60 floors above ground and 5 floors underground for
parking
Owned by KUOK GROUP
Architects: master planned and designed by Wong Tung International Ltd., in
cooperation with local architectural firm Recio + Casas Architects
4.6 ONE ROCKWELL WEST TOWER
Located at Makati City
210 m in height with 55 floors
Architect: ARQUITECTONICA
4.7 PETRON MEGAPLAZA
Office skyscraper located at 358 Senator Gil Puyat Avenue, Makati City
 210m in height with 45 floors above ground and 5 levels underground for parking
Owner: Megaworld Corporation
Architect: Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, LLP
Architectural style: Postmodern
4.8 UNIONBANK PLAZA
Office skyscraper located at corner Onyx and Sapphire street,
OrtigasCenter,Pasig City
206m in height with 49 levels above ground and 6 basement levels
Owned by Union Bank of the Philippines
Architect: Recio + Casas Architects, RTKL Associates (design consultant)
4.9 GREENBELT LORENZO TOWER
A residential condominium skyscraper located at Antonio Arnaiz Avenue, Makati
205 m in height with 57 floors
Owned by Ayala Land Inc.
Architect: GF and Partners Architects
4.10 1322 GOLDEN EMPIRE TOWER
A residential skyscraper located along 1322 Roxas Boulevard, Manila
203m in height with 57 floors
Owner: Moldex Land Inc.
Architect: Architecture Int. with the cooperation of GF and Partners Architects

FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
FILIPINO ARCHITECTS 60's to 80's

1. TOMAS MAPUA (PRC NO. 0000001)

- First registered Filipino architect
- Founder of Mapua Institute of Technology
- A master of Beaux Arts style and a classical revitalist
- FAMOUS WORKS: De La Salle University, Philippine General Hospital

2. JUAN M. ARELLANO
- FAMOUS WORKS:Manila Metropolitan Theater Or MET, Old Congress Building (also
Known as the Old Legislative Building), Manila Central Post Office

3. ANDRES LUNA DE SAN PEDRO

- One of the earliest practitioners of the modern architectural style and was at ease
with the revivalist style. He used both methods with utmost elegance.
- FAMOUS WORKS: Malacanang Palace, San Vicente De Paul Chapel

4. ANGELO SANCHO NAKPIL

- FAMOUS WORKS: National Press Club Bldg in Manila, PicacheBldg in Quiapo,
Lopez Museum Bldg in Pasay

5. JUAN FELIPE de JESUS NAKPIL

- Founder of the Philippine Architects Society in 1933
- Considered the Dean of Filipino Architects
- FAMOUS WORKS: Quezon Institute Administration, RufinoBldg, Commercial Bank
and Trust Bldg, Capitol Theater, UP Admin and University Library
6. FERNANDO HIZON OCAMPO
- One of Manilas renowned Architect and Civil Engineer
 - FAMOUS WORKS: Manila Metropolitan Cathedral, Cathedral of Immaculate
Concepcion in San Fernando Pampanga, Central Seminary Building UST campus
and Church of Our Lady of Most Holy Rosary in Angeles Pampanga

7. WILLIAM E. PARSONS
- His works are characterized as modern, simplified revivals of the 19th century
Spanish-English Architecture
- FAMOUS WORKS: Baguio Plan together with Daniel Burnham, PGH, YMCA Bldg,
first buildings of UP in Taft Avenue and Padre Faura Pampanga

8. DOLLY QUIMBO PEREZ

- The countrys first Landscape Architect
- Known as Mother of Landscape Architecture
- Began her practice in 1962 and defined landscape for landmarks such as Luneta
Park, LibinganngmgaBayani and the DambanangKagitingan in Mount Samat
- OTHER WORKS: Childrens park in UP Diliman, Taal Vista Lodge in Tagaytay,
Manila Polo Club Makati and Gateway Business Park in Cavite

1. FOURTH WAVE
1.1 JORGE Y. RAMOS
Collaborated with KenzoTange
Won a scholarship to japan because of his thesis about Japanese embassy in the
Philippines

BEST WORKS
1.1.1 PHIPPINE HEART CENTER
Formerly known as Philippine Heart Center For Asia
The first smoke free building
Jorge Ramos landmark project
Located at East Avenue, Quezon City
1.1.2 PHILIPPINE SENATE (GSIS BUILDING)]
Located at Taft Avenue, Manila
Concept: Banaue Rice terreces
Won a passive solar design award
A thesis in energy efficient architecture
1.1.3 GOLDEN MOSQUE
Also known as MOSQUE DEL GLOBO DEL ORO
Was built for the visitation of the Libyan President MaummarKhadafi
Its design sends a message of equality between Christians and muslims

1.2 LEANDRO V. LOCSIN

Known as THE ARCHITECT OF SPACE

NATIONAL ARTIST OF THE PHILIPPINES,1990
Studied pre-law in De Lasalle Bros. in 1935, transferred in University of Sto. Tomas in to
take up Bachelors degree in Music then shifted to architecture
Also known as LINDY
He also called a sculptor/ architect

BEST WORKS
 1.2.1CHURCH OF THE HOLY SACRIFICE(UP DILIMAN)
THE 1ST PROJECT OF Leandro Locsin in his career
The 1st chapel to have a circular in form
The 1st chapel to have an altar on the center
NATIONAL HISTORIC LAND MARK AND CULTURAL TREASURE (2005)
MASTERPIECE OF FILIPINO ARTISTRY AND INGENUITY
1.2.2 DAVAO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT(1980)
Its original name is Francisco Bangoy International Airport
Considered an international airport but currently serves one international
country; Singapore
1.2.3 MONASTERY OF TRANSFIGURATION
The last project of Arch. Leandro Locsin
Pyramid-shaped structure
Also known as MAGNUM OPUS latin word for GREAT WORK

1.3 FRANCISCO BOBBY MANOSA

THE MOST OUTSPOKEN CHAMPION OF INDIGENOUS FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE

Labelled by Asia Week Magazine as ONE OF THE SEVEN VISIONARY ARCHITECTS
IN ASIA
Neo-vernacular in style
1.3.1 COCONUT PALACE (PASAY)
Made use of Imelda Madera (specialized engineered coconut lumber)
Hexagon in plan, salakot shaped roof
Official residence and work place of vice president Jejomar Binay

1.3.2 MARY IMMACULATE PARISH CHURCH

Located within a forest of mango trees
The roof is a combination of anahaw and cogon
The dove figure is made of capiz shells on the ceiling that adds a sense of
movement
1.3.3 SAN MIGUEL BUILDING
Completed in 1976
The last project of Manosa brothers (Manuel, Jose and Francisco)

2. FITH WAVE
2.1 RS LICUP
BEST WORKS
2.1.1 PALACE OF MAKATI
Classical in style
8 storey tower, dome inspired by Haggia Sophia
2.1.2 TUSCANY PANDA BUILDING
townhouse
2.1.3 GOLDEN PANDA BUILDING
Located along Quezon City
2.2 G & W ARCHITECTS
Gilbert and Willie Yu
Founded in 1971
 Ranks among largest architectural, engineering and project development
consultancy firms in the Philippines in terms of resources and annual volume or
process

BEST WORKS
2.2.1 CRESENT PARK RESIDENCES
7TH BTO of G & W ARCHITECTS
Multi corner unit
2.2.2 ETON TOWER
40 storey building
Executive residence and SOTTO (Small Office-Home Office) Units
Green architecture

3. SIXTH WAVE
3.1 WILLIAM V. COSCOLLUELA
College of education: MAPUA Institute of Technology B.S. architecture
Awards: Recipient of the Presidents Gold Medal for Architecture 1956-1957
Award from Philippine Institute of Architects (PIA) 1997
Managing Partners: W.V Coscolluela and Associates
3.2 PHILIP H. RECTO
30 years of experience in field of architecture and design since 1978
Graduate of University of the Philippines
Ranked 2nd place in the graduating class 1970
Actively involved in the preparation of UAP Document 301

BEST WORKS
3.2.1 54 STOREY ONE SAN MIGUEL AVENUE
o An office skyscraper with a height of 183 m and has 54 floors and 7
basement
o One of the highest building in Pasig City
3.2.2 ONE CORPORATE CENTER
o An office skyscraper owned by Amberland Corporation
o 202 m in height with 45 floor above ground and 9 basement for
parking
o Neo-modern architectural concepts
o Earthquake resistance structural design

3.3 RECIO + CASAS ARCHITECT

Jose Pedro Recio and Carmelo MELOY Casas Partnership
BEST WORKS
3.3.1 THE SHANG GRAND TOWER
o High residential condominium skyscraper
o 10th tallest building complete in Makati
o The exterior has a post-modern with traditional art-deco design with
verdant tinted glass
3.3.2 2LKG TOWER
o An office skyscraper with 38 floors above and 5 basement parking
o Owned by International Copra Export Cooperation
o Has a distinct shape in its upper part, emphasized the presence of its
signature RIBBON
 3.4 FELINO A. PALFOX
An architect, environmental planner, urban planner, development consultant
Educated at the Christ the King Mission Seminary, UST,UP, and Harvard
Registered as an Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Architect
The 62nd President of MAP (Management Association of the Philippines )
1989- He founded the PALAFOX ASSOCIATION (a world renowned
architectural design and planning firm in the Philippines for the past 22 years.
3.5 ROGELIO VILLAROSA
Is a prominent architect and PIA Awardee
Received a gold medal of merit award from Phil. Institute of Architect (PIA)

BEST WORKS
3.5.1 EXPORT BANK PLAZA
o Formerly known as Urban Bank
o Office skyscraper
o One of the tallest building in the country
o 37 storey building
o Crowned with helipad

4. FEMALE ARCHITECTS

4.1 MARY ANN ESPINA

o A licensed professional in three related fields : Architecture, Landscape
Architecture, and Environmental Planning
o Has 26 years of active experience in architecture and 20 years in Landscape
architecture
o Completed a Bachelor of Science Degree in Architecture from the University
of San Carlos, Cebu City in 1976
o Assistant professor of the College of Architecture in University of the
Philippines
4.2 YOLANDA REYES
o 26 years of competently practicing her craft
o First female dean of the UST College of Architecture and Fine Arts (CAFA)
o She also elected as the first lady architect as chairman of the Architects
Regional Council Asia (ARCASIA)

BEST WORKS
THE CHAPEL OF TRANSFIGURATION
COLLEGIO DE SAN JUAN DE LETRAN
4.3 SHAMCEY SUPSUP
o Born on May 19, 1986, age 25
o Graduated magna-cumlaude from the University of the Philippines
o Topped the architecture licensure examination in July 2009 in the Philippines
o Won third runner up in the Miss Universe 2011 pageant

4.4 PROSPERIDAD LUIS

o Born in Manila on August 23, 1942
o Studied in the University of the Philippines and earned Master in Architecture
Degree in 1976
 o She is the principal architect at Luis and Associates (L&A)
o Her field of specialization being health facility planning and community
architecture
4.5 CRISTINA TURALBA
o Architect, Urban & Regional Planner and avowed Environmentalist
o Currently chairman of the Active Group Inc.
o Executive director of the SentrongArkitekturang Filipino of UAP

5. ACADEMICIAN

5.1 NORMA ALARCON

o Associate professor at the University of Sto. Tomas, College of Architecture
o Architect Norma Alarcon, historian of the Philippine architecture and expert
on architectural cultural heritage
o Title: THE IMPERIAL TAPESTRY: THE AMERICAN COLONIAL
ARCHITECTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES Author: Norma Alarcon
5.2 GERARD LICO
o Obtained his undergraduate( Bachelor of Science in Architecture), graduate
(Master of Arts in Art History) and doctorate (PHD in Philippine Studies)
studies at the University of the Philippines in Diliman
o His current professional affiliations include the following: UP Diliman Office of
the Campus Architect (OCA) Director, UP College of Architecture (UPCA)
research program Director, advisory board member for architecture and
interior design of the UP office of the initiatives for culture and arts (OICA),
member of Design Environment Committee in UP Diliman, and the Vice Head
of National Committee on Architecture and Allied Arts of the National
Commission for Culture and Arts (NCAA)
o He was awarded TEN OTSTANDING YOUNG MEN (TOYM) in 2004 and
was elevated to the GAWAD CHANSELOR HALL OF FAMES AS
PINAKAMAHUSAY NA MANANALIKSIK in the Arts and Humanities Cluster
in 2005
5.3 RENATO HERAY
o Finished architecture at the FEATI University in 1980
o In 2000 and 2001, Heray captained the team of architects at Kel International
Ltd. Which won 1st place in the international design competition to blueprint
the Huanan Newtown Environmental Landscape Design and Huadu Peoples
Park, both in Guangzhou, China
o Today, Heray is the man behind IC (Immaculate Conception) Architecture
and Landscapes in Kawit, Cavite. He is also the 1st Vice President of the
United Architects of the Philippines Cavite Chapter; and a member of the
Philippine association of Landscape Architects
5.4 ANA MAGALINO-LING
o Was elected as National President of the United Architects of the Philippines
during the 35th National Convention at SMX
o Graduated in 1980 from University of Sto. Tomas with a degree of B.S.
architecture and passed the licensure examinations in 1981
o Ventured into work in a foreign land- Hong Kong in 1982 where she
harnessed her acumen in space planning, production of working drawings,
budget and management.