Exam 3

1. A protein kinase can ________.

(a). be the receptor for a hormone (b). convert ATP to cAMP (c). directly activate G proteins (d). decrease the cytosolic calcium level (e). be
phosphorylated by other proteins
2. G protein-linked receptors interact with G proteins________. (a). with the G protein binding domain adjacent to the cytosol-exposed segment
between two sets of helices (b). with the G protein binding domain directly adjacent to the ligand-binding site when the receptor binds GTP (c).
with the membrane spanning region of the receptor most distant from the ligand-binding -helices (d). with the membrane-spanning region of
the G protein adjacent to the ligand-binding -helices
3. During G-protein activation, ________ binds ________, thus become activated. (a). G; GTP (b). G; GTP (c). G; ATP (d). G; GDP (e).
G; GDP
4. Cyclic AMP is ________. (a). an allosteric regulator of G (b) an allosteric regulator of PKA (c). an allosteric regulator of phosphodiesterase
(d). an allosteric regulator of protein kinase B (e). an allosteric regulator of phospholipase C
5. Tyrosine-kinase receptors ____. (a). bind to nonpolar signal molecules such as NO and steroids (b). enzymatically hydrolyze the signal
molecule shortly after its arrival (c). enzymatically degrade GTP to GDP (d). directly allow specific ions to enter the cell after ligand binding
(e). send signals though recruiting SH2 domain proteins
6. In a typical cell, calcium ions ________. (a). bind to calmodulin and activate it (b). are often concentrated within the nucleus (c). are not very
widely used as second messengers (d). are concentrated within the cytosol (e). none of the above
7. The receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a typical receptor tyrosine kinase. Therefore, it does NOT ________. (a). aggregate and
undergo autophosphorylation (b). bind to proteins with SH2 domains (c). activate hetero-trimeric G proteins (d). respond to ligand (e). have a
cytosolic domain
8. Phospholipase C cleaves PIP2 into ________ and ________. (a). PIP and phosphate (b). MAP kinase and cAMP (c). PKC and DAG (d).
Ca++ and calmodulin (e). diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate
9. Both Phospholipase C and ________ utilize PI-4,5-P2 as their substrate. (a). PKB (b). PKC (c). MAPK (d). PI3K (e). Ras
10. Which of the following signaling components is a second messenger?
(a). PKA (b). acetylcholine (c). Calcium (d) NFAT
11. During Ras activation, ________ binds ________. (a). Ras; GTP (b). RasGEF; ATP (c). RasGEF; GDP (d). RasGap;GTP
12. In a typical cell, calcium ions ________.
(a). bind to calmodulin and inactivate it (b). are often concentrated within the endoplasmic reticulum (c). are not very widely used as second
messengers (d). are concentrated within the cytosol (e). all of the above
13. The PDGFR is a typical receptor tyrosine kinase. Therefore, it does ________. (a). require G proteins (b). bind to proteins with PH
domains (c). have seven transmembrane domains (d) form a dimer
14. Paracrine hormones ________.
(a). include androgens and estrogens (b). include epinephrine and norepinephrine (c). are stable for long periods (d). act locally (e). act
over large distances
15. Which if the following proteins contain switch helix?
(a). phospholipase (b). MAP kinase (c). Ras (d). Albumin (e). tyrosine-kinase receptors
16. The binding of ________ to endothelial cells triggers the production of ________, which leads to muscle relaxation.
(a). histamine; nitric oxide (b). acetylcholine; calcium (c). somatotropin; growth factors (d). histamine; calcium (e). acetylcholine; nitric
oxide
17. Local mediators ________. (a). include androgens and estrogens (b). include epinephrine and norepinephrine (c). include EGF (d). are
stable for long periods (e). act over large distances
18. SH2 domain-containing proteins bind to which of the following proteins? (a). phospholipase (b). MAP kinase (c). PDGFR (d). Ras (e). Myc
19. All GPCRs have a similar structure with ______ transmembrane regions. (a) single (b) two (c) three (d) seven
20. When a GPCR binds an extracellular signal, an intracellular G protein, composed of _____ subunits, becomes activated. (a) two (b) three (c)
four (d) seven
21. Which of the following statements is true? (a) MAP kinase is important for phosphorylating MAP kinase kinase. (b) PI 3-kinase
phosphorylates IP3. (c) Ras becomes activated when an RTK phosphorylates its bound GDP to create GTP. (d) STAT proteins phosphorylate
JAK proteins, which then enter the nucleus and activate gene transcription. (e) None of the above.
22. When unstimulated, the G subunit is bound to ____. (a) Adenylyl Cyclase (b) Potassium Channel (c) Ras (d) GPCR (e) None of the above
23. Akt promotes the survival of many cells. It is activated by an intracellular signaling pathway that is triggered by an RTK that activates PI 3-
kinase, as diagrammed in the Figure below. Which of the following statements is true?
survival signal

inactivated Bad

activated Akt
Bad P P P

PHOSPHORYLATION OF Bad,
RELEASE OF ACTIVE Bcl2 INHIBITION OF
Bad SEQUESTERS APOPTOSIS
CELL DEATH
INHIBITORY PROTEIN, Bcl2 active Bcl2

1
(a) In the absence of a survival signal, Akt localizes to the plasma membrane by binding to PIP3. (b) In the absence of survival signal, Bad
inhibits apoptosis. (c) In the presence of survival signal, the cell death inhibitory protein Bcl2 is active. (d) In the absence of survival signal,
Bad is phosphorylated. (e) None of the above.
24. Figure shown below describes how normal signaling works with a Ras protein acting downstream of an RTK. You examine a cell line with
a constitutively active Ras protein that is always signaling. Which of the following conditions will turn off signaling in this cell line?
NORMAL SIGNALING REQUIRES Ras AND TWO PROTEINS X AND Y

signal molecule
active Ras protein

CYTOSOL Y
X
GTP
active signaling
protein Y
active signaling
active receptor
protein X
tyrosine kinase
SIGNALING
(a) addition of a drug that stimulates Ras
activity (b) addition of a drug that decreases the affinity of protein Y and Ras (c) addition of a drug that blocks protein Y from interacting
with its target (d) addition of a drug that increases the activity of protein Y

25. A researcher extracts the cytosol and cytoskeletal components out of the cell and places the mixture into a tube. What result do you expect if
the researcher adds a non-hydrolyzable GTP analog to the mixture in vitro? (a). Destabilization of all polymerized microtubules present in the
tube (b). destabilization of all polymerized microfilaments present in the tube (c). overstabilization of all polymerized microfilaments present in
the tube (d). overstabilization of all polymerized microtubules present in the tube (e). no effect
26. Rho family proteins regulate polymerization of ________ into ________ in microfilament production. (a). F-actin, G-actin (b). keratin,
intermediate filaments (c). tubulin, microtubules (d). tubulin, intermediate filaments (e). G-actin, F-actin
27. MAPs regulate the ________. (a). assembly of microfilaments (b). assembly of microtubules (c). synthesis of kinesin (d). synthesis of
dynein (e). assembly of intermediate filaments
28. Ring-shaped complexes of -tubulin serve to ________ in the centrosome. (a). depolymerize microfilaments (b). depolymerize
microtubules (c). protect microfilaments (d). nucleate assembly of microtubules (e). stabilize microfilaments
29. How is skeletal muscle contraction regulated by calcium? (a). Calcium binds to actin and causes the thin filaments to slide. (b). Calcium
binds to tropomyosin and induces a conformational change. (c). Calcium binds to troponin and exposes myosin binding sites on thin filaments.
(d). Calcium binds to calmodulin and activates the ATPase activity of myosin. (e). Calcium binds to myosin and activates its ATPase activity.
30. Stimulation of a muscle cell by a nerve impulse causes all of the following responses EXCEPT ________. (a). release of neurotransmitter at
the neuromuscular junction (b). calcium pumping into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (c). depolarization of the muscle cell
31. Movement of nonmuscle cells involves all of the following steps EXCEPT ________. (a). protrusion (b). detachment (c). attachment (d).
contraction (e). transcytosis
32. ______ proteins bind to the end of actin filaments. (a) cofilin (b) CapZ (c) tropomyosin (d) filamin (e) -actinin
33. The _________ proteins are important for nucleation of the branched actin structures commonly found in the lamellipodia of moving cells.
(a) -TuRC (b) ARP (c) ERM (d) Formin
34. ___________ proteins are important for the formation of unbranched actin filaments commonly found in filopodia. (a) Formin (b) -TuRC
(c) ERM (d) ARP
35. Proteins belonging to the ________ family of GTPases regulate changes in the actin cytoskeleton in response to extracellular signals. (a)
Rho (b) Ras (c) Ran (d) Rab
36. Cytokine receptors have no intrinsic enzyme activity but are associated with cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases called ______, which become
activated on the binding of cytokine to its receptor and go on to phosphorylate and activate cytoplasmic transcriptional regulators called STATs.
(a)PI3K (b) JAKs (c) PTEN (d) MAPK
37. Some intracellular signaling pathways involve chains of protein kinases that phosphorylate each other, as seen in the ______ signalling
module. (a)PI3K (b) PTEN (c) MAPK (d) PLC
38. Lipids can also partake in relaying signals in the cell, as seen when _____ cleaves the sugar-phosphate head off a lipid molecule to generate
the two small messenger molecules. (a)PI3K (b) PTEN (c) MAPK (d) PLC
39. Depolarization of smooth muscle cells induces prolonged Calcium increase. (a) True (b) False
40. Calmodulin is essential for Troponin dissociation from F-Actin in skeletal muscle. (a) True (b) False