You are on page 1of 7

Tribology International 102 (2016) 348354

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Tribology International
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/triboint

Tribology and wear resistance of the stainless steel. The solgel coating
impact on the friction and damage
B. Tlili a,b,n, A. Barkaoui a, M. Walock b,c
a
Universit de Tunis El Manar, Ecole Nationale dIngnieurs de Tunis, LR-11-ES19 Laboratoire de Mcanique Applique et Ingnierie (LR-MAI), 1002 Tunis,
Tunisia
b
LaBoMaP, Arts et Metiers ParisTech, Rue Porte de Paris, Cluny 71250, France
c
Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The solgel coating method is considered to be simple, easy to adopt, requires low processing tem-
Received 1 March 2016 perature and leads to high degree of purity oxide coatings. Moreover, the fabrication of metal oxide thin
Received in revised form lms by solgel technic is cost effective, reproducible and applicable to large substrates without any
2 June 2016
shape restriction. This work focuses on optimizing conditions for depositing alumina coatings by solgel
Accepted 3 June 2016
Available online 6 June 2016
method on stainless steel substrates with a low annealing temperature, in order not to degrade the metal
substrate. Moreover, to obtain coatings of several micron thick, the solgel was adapted by adding
Keywords: ceramic powder or by successive layers deposition which reduces the stresses occurring in the coatings
Solgel during the heat treatment. The various as-obtained layers are characterized in terms of morphological
Layer
features, microstructure, hardness and the tribological behavior and wear resistance.
Alumina
The results showed that the deposited alumina coating at low temperature crystallized in -Al2O3.
Tribology
Wear Adding to that, the increase of the temperature favors the presence of -Al2O3 structure. Moreover, the
measurements demonstrate that the mechanical properties of solgel deposited alumina coatings in
terms of hardness, wear resistance are improved in comparison with uncoated stainless steel or the
classic nitrited steel.
& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction availability of the material (or its components) determines the


supply and can have a signicant impact on cost; durability (cor-
Degradation by wear surfaces is one of the most current rosion resistance, wear etc.) is also an important economic argu-
industrial phenomena, apart from fatigue and corrosion, which ment; the appearance is probably the least important criterion
cause replacement of parts in the engineering industry. This except in some special cases (jewelry etc.). In the great majority of
phenomenon is often disastrous, but it results in an increase in cases, notably in mechanical engineering, it is the mass mechan-
losses by degradation of the surface of opposing pieces. The choice ical properties which are essential for the selection argument that
of material for the production of parts is often a complex issue is performed. However, the same material can meet all required
because it has to meet many requirements that are sometimes specications. As regards the appearance and durability, it is then
contradictory. Among the various properties that the designer necessary to use special surface treatment. To meet the reliability
must pay attention, there are (but not limited to): the mechanical requirements in these areas that have been developed treatments
properties, it is mass properties (hardness, resilience, yield or coatings that increase the longevity of parts. The thin lms
strength, fatigue resistance, etc.) that will condition the dimen- methodology exhibit a different technics and process like: physic-
sioning pieces; the cost of raw material is obviously a criterion of chemical and electrochemical which aim to adapt the surface to
prime importance; ease of implementation (shaping, machining, the intended use. In this study we will focus on the surface
etc.) is also an important criterion in economic terms; the treatment process developed by the solgel (SG) technology in a
stainless steel [13]. In fact, the solgel technology that has
n
enjoyed success in the last 20 years, for deposition of hard thin
Corresponding author at: Universit de Tunis El Manar, Ecole Nationale
lms, good corrosion resistant ceramics (e.g. SiO2, ZrO2, Al2O3) or
d'Ingnieurs de Tunis, LR-11-ES19 Laboratoire de Mcanique Applique et Ing-
nierie (LR-MAI), 1002 Tunis, Tunisia. functional ceramics for sensors, membranes, thermal barrier etc.
E-mail address: tlilii_brahim@yahoo.fr (B. Tlili). [3,4]. The SG technology often fails if the lm is thicker than about

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.06.004
0301-679X/& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
B. Tlili et al. / Tribology International 102 (2016) 348354 349

1 mm, because of the damaging shrinkage strains during drying Table 2


and densication [4]. Moreover, the solgel technic seems to be Nominal composition of steel AISI4820.
advanced to other process since being simple, cheap, low-
Material C Si Mn Cr
temperature and not requiring vacuum [5]. This SG method
enables preparation of good purity and highly homogeneous AISI4820 0.2162 0.25 1.2 1.2
materials that form the coating one or more constituents in the
form of mono-or multilayers. It was also found that thin coated
lm prepared by the solgel approach exhibit better adhesion to used for formatting) is also tested for a comparative study with
substrate compared to the CVD and PVD techniques [6]. Dry slid- coated and uncoated stainless steel AISI304. Thereby, to test this
ing wear and some abrasion experiments on solgel coated were steel in wear, a circular samples steel is cut into pieces of 30 mm of
reported in other researches. Hardness alumina layers, the major diameter, and 5 mm of thickness. The chemical composition of this
problem which limits their use in mechanical applications is its material is mentioned in the following Table 2.
low resistance for cracking under stress. In spite of its hardness,
alumina coating is very brittle [710]. It is known that the 2.2. Coatings synthesis
mechanical properties of the materials may be enhanced if the
grain size reaches the nano-metrics range. The mechanical prop- The solgel coating has proven important results concerning
erties of the layer are at the center of interest of numerous studies the corrosion resistance by modication of the chemical nature of
including alumina layers [1116]. Moreover, alumina is also doped the interface and the preservation of the coated tool to a tem-
with nanoparticles creating nano-composites in order to improve perature of 1000 C [21]. In the present work, a solgel coating
its mechanical properties. The result show that materials having alumina is developed by gelling. Alumina is selected because of its
the presence of a mono-disperse phase also improves the tribo- high hardness and was successfully used as powder charge solgel
logical properties of the material [5]. On another side, stainless alumina coating.
steel is used as a structural material in various industries thanks to A standard experimental protocol is held for the elaboration of
its good corrosion resistance and high mechanical properties [16]. the alumina gel [21]. The alumina isopropoxide precursor Al (OiPr)3,
However, it is quite prone to pitting attack in chloride acid 98% (Aldrich) is dissolved in water with 0.01 M at watery solution in
environments. Considering the above reasons, the life of this the presence of the acid HNO3. This solution is heated at 85 C
stainless steel is limited while performing in such environments. under magnetic agitation in a conned environment during 24 h.
Therefore, a surface treatment seems to be necessary to protect it The viscosity of the gel is controlled after maturation: 10 mPa s.
[1719]. For the mixed -Al2O3 powder/-Al2O3 gels, the powder of alumina
The purpose of this work is to enhance hard solgel coatings (CT 3000SG-Alcan) is introduced into the gel with a way ratio of
onto stainless substrates to improve their behavior as wear. The 20%. The gel loaded with the powder is maintained under agitation
chosen method is the hydrolysis and poly-condensation of orga- during 24 h at room temperature (25 C). To make sure of the good
nometallic precursor (to form a gel) and the dip-coating process dispersion of the powder within the gel, the mixture is treated by
(to deposit the matured gel on the stainless steel). All the pro- ultrasounds during 120 seconds. Laser particle size analyzer follows
cessing parameters are controlled: the gel viscosity, the dipping the impact of the powder dispersion. The gels are deposited on the
speed, the grain size of alumina powder added to the gel and the substrate by using a dip-coater. Each substrate is dipped into the
conditions to disperse it in order to amplify the thickness of the solution at a constant speed of 60 mm/mn, and then withdrawn at
coating. After the deposition, the drying and thermal treatment approximately the same speed. The coated substrates are then
conditions will be optimized to ensure the layer adhesion to the annealed at 500 C or 700 C for 1 h at a heating rate of /mn.
stainless steel and the presence of -Al2O3 (and/or) -Al2O3 phase, Composite solgel coatings were prepared by spraying this mixture
which exhibits the best behavior in terms of friction and wear onto the stainless steel substrates, followed by drying and heating at
properties. different degrees of temperature to convert the sol to a hydrated
nanostructured or/and -alumina gel phases. The process of
deposition, drying and heat-treatment were repeated twice to
2. Experimental techniques prepare a multilayer coating.
All the coated samples, The hardness value measured at load
2.1. Specimens increases from 425 Hv25g for AISI304 stainless steel surface up to
780 Hv25 g for -alumina solgel coated surface (corresponding to
Stainless steel is rarely used for shaping mechanical parts. Its approximately 85%).
performances (good workpiece surface quality after the formatting
process, a long life of tools) are requested for special shapes too 2.3. Samples characterization
[20]. The layer developed by the solgel process has a good
compromise between performance and cost. Before the solgel In this analysis, a microstructural scanning electron microscope
process, all substrate surfaces are prepared by soft polishing, so (SEM) equipped with an energy spectroscopy X (EDX) light dis-
they have the same surface quality. The so polished surface persion is employed. The identication of the lm phase formed
(approx. 0.3 mm, Ra) is cleaned by ethanol and acetone meaning by the solgel on the stainless steel was studied using XRD tech-
ultrasounds. The hardness of the AISI304 stainless steel is about nique (simens D-500 system) with the CuK radiation. SEM is also
420 HV25 g, and the chemical composition is illustrated in the used to identify and analyze the waste and debris trails formed
following Table 1. Moreover, AISI H11 nitrited steel (classic steel during wear tests.

Table1
2.4. Wear tests
Nominal composition of stainless steel AISI304 mass examined in wt%.
The study of the wear and tribology behavior is developed by a
Material Mn Si Cr Ni Fe pin-on-disc tribometer (MT/10/SCM from Microtest) without
AISI304 2 1 1820 810.5 Balance
lubrication in room temperature, at a humidity of about 31%. The
counter-body was a 6 mm diameter of 100Cr steel ball. The tests
350 B. Tlili et al. / Tribology International 102 (2016) 348354

were elaborated out with 1 N load and a rotating speed of


0.01 m s  1 for a total wear distance of 40 m. Mass loss was mea-
sured with a 10  5 g analytical balance before and after the tests.
Moreover, the density of the lm of solgel (Al2O3) and stainless
steel are respectively: 3.82 g/cm3 and 8.02 g/cm3. Four different
tests were carried out for each thin layer condition. Volume loss
after the wear test was determined for each specimen from the
mass loss measurements taking the real density of the material
into account or of the coating. From these data, the specic wear
rate (mm3 Nm  1), as reported by Cludio et al. [22], was calcu-
lated by dividing by the normal applied load and the total sliding
length as the following equation indicates:
V K W L 1
3
In this equation, V is the wear volume  (mm ), L is the sliding
distance (m), being the coefcient V =L the wear rate, W is the
applied load (N) and K is the specic wear rate (mm3 Nm  1). This
form of equation can be used to estimate the wear behavior of
substrate/coating systems [23]. This preliminary comparative
study of tribology aims to assess the behavior of this coating type
at environment temperature under a soft wear, which allows the
determination of the friction coefcient, the coating adhesion with
stainless steel and the identication of the damage type.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Morphology and thickness of the heat-treated lm

Fig. 1 shows the SEM photographs of the surface (a) and the
polished cross-section (b) morphologies of multilayer lm
obtained from the solgel coating. In ambient oxygen, the rst
layer is heated at 180 C for 3 h, while the second layer is heated at
500 C for 1 h (the step is repeated for all the number of layer) in
order to remove the organic substances completely from the lm.
It can be seen in Fig. 4, that the solgel coating is smooth and
homogeneous. Moreover, it presents a good cohesion at the metal
interface (Fig. 1a), a compact and defect free structure. These
results are conrmed by literature [24]. It is possibly due to a
solution with a lower molar ratio that will produce rather smaller
alumina colloidal particles. The gel can be dened as a three- Fig. 1. Distribution and thickness (5 mm) of the layers in the coating.

dimensional solid network developed through a stably liquid


medium. If the solid part, that occupies a small fraction of the
space, is formed of colloidal particles, the gel is called colloidal;
and in the case of macromolecules, the polymeric gel will be. They
reported thus with a low molar ratio between the precursor and Al2O3 Multilayer
(5 m)
the catalyst in an acid solution PH (favors hydrolysis) gives a col-
First layer
loidal gel (consisting of colloidal particles).
(1 m)
Moreover, during the treatment process, it was noted that no Substrate
changes in the coating morphology are seen after prolonged of the
immersion time of stainless steel substrate in the gelation solu-
tion. This analysis justies the good quality of the alumina solgel Fig. 2. SEM micrographs of a two-layer Al2O3 lm derived from the sol, (a) surface
morphology and (b) cross-section morphology.
lm. The mean thickness for monolayer is about 1 mm (Fig. 1b). To
go further our study, a regular multilayer coating of total thickness
about 5 mm is applied on the AISI304 substrate stainless steel Fig. 4 shows the XRD patterns of solgel samples heated at
(Fig. 2). 500 C and 700 C for 1 h. Three different structures of substrate,
coating -Al2O3 (samples heated at 500 C) and -Al2O3 (heated at
3.2. Phase composition analysis and structure 700 C) were observed and are analyzed. The strong peaks
detected at 2 43.7; 44.0 and 50.3 correspond to the stainless
The EDS at various spots on the surface of coating stainless steel substrates (AISI304). The solgel deposition of the alumina
steel (AISI304/Al2O3) shows uniform composition throughout the coatings on substrates led to appearance of different crystalline
surface. The representative EDS spectrum, shown in Fig. 3, indi- forms. However, the coating without pics indicates the coating in
cates the presence of Al and O along with Fe and Cr on the surface. amorphous phase. The solgel deposition of Al2O3 layer at 500 C
The Fe, Cr peaks observed in the spectrum might have been ori- shows three diffraction peaks at 2 37.32, 46.2 and 67.0 which
ginated from the substrate due to higher penetration depth of X- are attributed to - Al2O3 phase (reference JCPDS card no. 10-
rays. 0425). The -Al2O3 appears while the sample is heated at 300 C
B. Tlili et al. / Tribology International 102 (2016) 348354 351

Coated stainless steel


800
Stainless steel
750

Hardness (Hv)
700

650

600

450

400
0 50 100 150 200
Loads (g)
Fig. 5. Hardness values of steel substrate, multilayer gel (5 m thickness) coated
substrate- alumina.

Stainless steel
Coated stainless steel
1,0

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

0,0
0 10 20 30 40
Contact length (m)
Fig. 3. EDS bulk analysis of Al2O3 coating. Fig. 6. Variation of the instantaneous friction coefcient of coated and uncoated
stainless steel: sliding distance 40 m, Fn 1 N, T 22 C, and 0.01 m s  1 cir-
cumference velocity.

have the temperature effect on the type of the alumina phase


(Al2O3) obtained. It is clear that the gamma phase is dominant
under 700 C, above there, the alpha phase is favored.

3.3. Mechanical properties

The micro-hardness of the properties of gel coatings is mea-


sured by micro-Vickers indentation method. In fact, the measured
values correspond to a composite hardness (substrate and coating)
[31].
Fig. 5 presents the results of the micro-hardness measurements
(Hv25 Kg) carried out on uncoated and coated AISI304 stainless
steel after a heat treatment at 500 C (-alumina solgel coated
Fig. 4. XRD patterns of alumina coatings at 500 C and 700 C.
surface). It is worth noticed that the substrate hardness is much
higher in the coated zone. The hardness value measured at load
increases from 425 Hv25 g for AISI304 stainless steel surface up to
for 2 h, conrming the formation of oxide coating [25,26]. After a
780 Hv25 g for -alumina solgel coated surface. These results also
heating at 700 C for 1 h, the sample may contain -Al2O3 and - show that the hardness decreases with the load of the indentation.
Al2O3 crystalline phases [26]. Further increase of the temperature This decrease is higher for the coatings. To get an idea about the
causes the formation of the -Al2O3 structure. The diffraction peak overall characterization of the micro-hardness, it should be clear
at 46.21 for -Al2O3 remains after solgel deposition at 700 C, that the micro-hardness of a surface is not only a valued function
but the -peak at 67.01 disappeared. This indicates that small of the crystallite size and a great quantity of grain-boundaries, but
amount of -Al2O3 may be left during the phase transition into also one of the signicant variables that might affect the measured
crystal -Al2O3. Comparable results are obtained for samples micro-hardness values. For instance, the presence of thermally
derived from solutions [2730]. The aim of this working part is to originated residual traction stress on the surface might cause an
352 B. Tlili et al. / Tribology International 102 (2016) 348354

Fig. 8. Traces obtained after rotated wear test on stainless steel AISI304 coated by
Al2O3 after sliding distance of 40 m, Fn 1 N, T 22 C: (a) 0.01 m s  1 cir-
cumference velocity, (b) 0.05 m s  1 circumference velocity.

the morphology of wear tracks. Fig. 6 shows that the evolution of


instantaneous friction coefcient is the same for uncoated and
coated AISI304 stainless steel. The surface defects are present in
the uncoated steel before appearing in the alumina solgel coat-
ing. This result justies well the contribution of the coating to the
uncoated stainless steel in order to have a good wear resistance.
Also, this initial friction coefcient of the coated steel (m 0. 01) is
Fig. 7. Traces obtained after rotated wear test on stainless steel AISI304 coated by
slightly lower than that presented for uncoated substrate
Al2O3 after sliding distance of 40 m, Fn 1 N, T 22 C and 0.01 m s  1 cir-
cumference velocity: a) 2D observation by optical microscope; b) 3D Optical pro- (m 0.14). This difference is related to the modication of the
ler observation; c) 2D Optical proler observation. surface after coating. Next, a soft polishing occurs between the two
antagonists at the beginning of the contact, which causes small
apparent increase in the micro-hardness value [32,33]. If during defects on the surface of the tool. Which is justied by the exis-
surface nishing, the surface gets work-hardened e.g. during tence of noise on the curve of friction coefcient. Moreover, during
extended polishing with 0.25 m diamond paste grit size, there the test, the friction properties increases gradually towards a level
might be an apparent increase in the micro-hardness value [34]. known as the stabilized friction coefcient. The transition period is
Further, it may be noted that during microwave processing, the systematically longer in the presence of the solgel coating. This
cooling takes place in a much shorter time period at the surface. fact justies the contribution of the alumina solgel coating, and
The existing of stiff thermal gradient during cooling might lead to proves the improvement of wear behavior of the coated substrate.
high dislocation density near the coating surface and hence, might De Wit [35] showed that the transition period corresponds, in the
affect the measured values of micro-hardness as well [34,35]. case of the alumina layer, to the formation of debris made up of
amorphous retiles and nano-crystallines. Beyond this transition
3.4. Tribological behavior zone, the amorphous phase is turn into a crystalline phase and
contributes to further wear [36].
In this study, the friction coefcient is determined by treating Optical observations show that, during the rst cycles, debris
data issued from the pin axial position and the tracking of the appear on this coating as particles of less than 1 m in size
applied force/pressure. The SEM and 3D optical proler examine (Fig. 7a). A ow of such particles (debris of alumina) is observed by
B. Tlili et al. / Tribology International 102 (2016) 348354 353

The coated surface stainless steel has been observed by SEM for
two different speed levels (Fig. 8). It's clear that for a low speed, the
surface gets smoother and has no defects. An EDX analysis in the
contact zone has revealed intense peaks corresponding to Al and O)
originally existing in the coating composition (Fig. 8a). This result
justies the presence of the coating in the surface substrate after
wear tests. Moreover, for a higher speed, the sample surface shows
defects (cracks) caused by high variations of thermo-mechanical
parameters (Fig. 8b). Here also the EDX analysis puts into evidence
the presence of aluminum and oxygen layer in the substrate surface,
but with a lower intensity than the previous results. Consequently,
this type of coating can be used for high loads and temperature.
At higher magnications, the coating is still visible and it is
slightly damaged with the presence of cracks (Fig. 9). Two types of
cracks are visible: the rst is seen in the big delaminated cracks
elongated in the sliding direction in zones where the deepest
grooves concentrate (arrow 1.2 in Fig. 9a). The second is mani-
fested in small cracks at its vicinity (arrow 3 in Fig. 9a). From its
morphology, it seems that the growth and coalescence of these
small cracks rise the big detachments. On the other hand, the
Al2O3 coating present after the wear test is still protecting the
substrate from the action of the counter body. This indicates that,
although Al2O3 is a brittle ceramic coating, it still presents good
inner compaction, and that great adhesion to the substrate of the
coating is achieved [24]. In the wear debris of the solgel coating,
only a small number of particles is observed and EDX spectrum
conrms that they are Al2O3 platelets (inset in Fig. 9b). These
platelets correspond in size to the delaminated alumina coating
parts. Similar results are found by Ouyang et al. [25].
The wear rate for the different samples in dry sliding conditions
has been plot in Fig. 10. The wear rate observed strongly varied for
Fig. 9. SEM micrographs of the solgel coating after damage: (a) detail of the wear the different systems. The specic wear rate fraction between the
track with coating cracking arrow marked; (b) wear debris and its EDS inset. stainless steel and coated steel nitride is approximately of the
order of a factor of seven. Justies this quantitative study of the
contribution to the solgel alumina coatings resistance degrada-
tion due to wear. This quantitative study is comparable to the
results (wear experiments have been carried out on solgel silica
coatings) found by Lpez [23].

4. Conclusions

Alumina coatings have been successfully deposited onto


AISI304 substrates by solgel technic.

a. The XRD and SEM analyses demonstrate that the chemical


composition and crystalline structure of the alumina coatings
prepared at 500 C are signicantly different from those of the
alumina coating prepared at 700 C on the same substrate from.
b. The solgel coating has exhibited higher diffraction peaks at
26.2; 35.1 and 58.0 which correspond to -form Al2O3
crystal, conrming the formation of oxide coating. The micro-
structural analysis has shown that this coating is smooth,
Fig. 10. Wear volume of different substrate after sliding distance of 40 m, Fn 1 N, homogeneous and compact.
T 22 C and 0.01 m s  1 circumference velocity. c. The application of alumina coating reduces the instantaneous
and stabilized friction coefcients. The variation between the
pull-off during various interrupted tests. Some of the ne particles two surface states depends more on the normal force than on
are moved outside the contact zone, whereas the rest remains the surface roughness.
trapped (Fig. 7b). The trapped ones constitute a third body, which d. The wear behavior of solgel coatings deposited stainless steel
contributes to the kinematic adapting of the contact. When the was studied and compared to other antagonists. Basing on the
pull-off ow of particles is steady, the transition period is reached. dened mechanical properties, it follows that the hardness of
The surface roughness Ra is about 0.8 mm after wear testing of the the solgel coating is higher than those of uncoated stainless
AISI304 coated stainless steel. It shows the average depth of the steel and nitride steel. Through pin-disc test for the different
wear trace (Fig. 7c). For non-coated steel, the transition period substrates, it has been established that alumina layers improve
corresponds instead to the development and growth of oxides that the tribological behavior of stainless steel, and reduce wear
appear during the rst cycles. and damage.
354 B. Tlili et al. / Tribology International 102 (2016) 348354

Acknowledgments [12] Patscheider J, Zehnder T, Diserens M. Surf Coat Technol 2001;146/147:2018.


[13] Naga SAR, Naga SMH, Mokhtar MOA. Tribol Int 1992;25:12934.
[14] Yang Kai, Rong Jian, Liu Chenguang, Zhao Huayu, Tao Shunyan, Ding Chuan-
The present research work has been supported by the group of xian. Tribol Int 2016;93:2935.
ENIT project and the group numbers in the LR-11-ES19 and [15] Dancer CEJ, Yahya NA, Berndt T, Todd RI, de Portu G. Tribol Int 2014;74:8792.
LaBoMaP laboratory. The authors gratefully acknowledge the [16] Dancer CEJ, Yahya NA, Berndt T, Tod RI, de Portu dG. Tribol Int 2014;74:8792.
[17] Ciftci Ibrahim. Tribol Int 2006;39:5659.
support received from these institutions. [18] Farahat Ahmed IZ, Hamdy Abdel Salam. Mater Des 2014;57:53845.
[19] Beliardouh NE, Bouzid K, Nouveau C, Tlili B, Walock MJ. Tribol Int
2015;82:44352.
[20] Rahoui S, Turq V, Bonino J-P. Surf Coat Technol 2013;235:1523.
References [21] Wang D, Gordon, Bierwagen P. Prog Org Coat 2009;64:32738.
[22] Cludio R, da Silva vila, Jr, Pintaude Giuseppe. Tribol Int 2008;41:47381.
[1] Bottino A, Broglia M, Capannelli G, Comite A, Pinacci P, Scrignari M, Azzurri F. [23] Lpez AJ, Urea A, Rams J. Thin Solid Films 2011;519:790410.
Int J Hydrog Energy 2014;39:4717 e4724. [24] Tiwari SK, Sahu RK, Pramanick AK, Singh Raghuvir. Surf Coat Technol
[2] Marsal A, Ansart F, Turq V, Bonino JP, Sobrino JM, Chen YM, Garcia J. Surf Coat 2011;205:49607.
Technol 2013;237:23440. [25] Ouyang JH, Sasaki S. Tribol Int 2005;38:4957.
[3] Brinker CJ, Hurd AJ, Schunk PR, Frye GC, Ashley CS. J Non-Cryst Solids [26] Adraider Y, Pang YX, Nabhani F, Hodgson SN, Zhang ZY. Surf Coat Technol
1992;147&148:42436. 2011;205:53459.
[4] Sidane Djahida, Chicot Didier, Yala Sabeha, Ziani Salima, Khireddine Hat, Iost [27] Pitsch C, Viefhaus D, Bergmann U, Atakan B. Thin Solid Films
Alain, Decoopman Xavier. Thin Solid Films 2015;593:7180. 2007;515:365360.
[5] Piwoski Ireneusz, Soliwoda Katarzyna. Ceram Int 2010;36:4754. [28] Ishizaka T, Kubota S, Kurokawa Y, Ikoma T. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 2003;64:801
[6] Hbert Thomas, Svoboda Stefan, Oertel Bernd. Surf Coat Technol 6.
2006;201:48791. [29] Yu JG, Yu JC, Ho WK, Jiang ZT. New J Chem 2002;26:607.
[7] Cho SJ, Moon H, Hockey BJ, Hsu SM. Acta Metall Mater 1992;40:18592. [30] Chengbin Jing, Xiujian Zhao, Haizheng Tao. J SolGel Sci Technol 2006;38:19
[8] Yust CS, Carignan FJ. ASLE Trans 1984;28:24552. 23.
[9] Cho SJ, Moon H, Hockey BJ, Lawn BR, Bennison SJ. J Am Ceram Soc [31] Jnsson, Hogmark. Thin Solid Films 1984;114:25769.
1989;72:124952. [32] Fulrath RM. J Am Ceram Soc 1959;42:4239.
[10] Troczynski, T, Yang, Q, Wilson, S, Hawthorne, HM. In: Proceedings of the [33] Xu C. Ceram Int 2005;31:53742.
International Symposium on Eco-Materials, 39th Annual Conference of [34] Li Jie, Lu Yonghao, Zhang Haoyang, Xin Long. Tribol Int 2015;81:21522.
Metallurgists, Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum. [35] de Wit E, Blanpain B, Froyen L, Celis J-P. Wear 1998;217:215.
Ottawa, 2023 August 2000. [36] Ben Cheikh Larbi A, Tlili B. Surf Coat Technol 2006;201:15118.
[11] Wilson S, Hawthorne HM, Yang Q, Troczynski T. Surf Coat Technol 2000;133
134:38996.

You might also like